From the moment a person built himself a dwelling with a roof, walls, floor and ceiling, he tried, as far as possible, to create more and more comfortable conditions inside this dwelling, which we now call a microclimate. The industrial and then technological revolutions caused the rapid growth of technologies that provide indoor comfort. However, as opportunities grow, so do needs; advanced technologies of yesterday become the norm of today.

The modern standard for indoor microclimate parameters in our country is given in GOST 30494-96 “Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters".

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

Serviced area of the premises(habitat zone) - space in a room, limited by planes parallel to the floor and walls: at a height of 0.1 and 2.0 m above the floor (but not closer than 1 m from the ceiling with ceiling heating), at a distance of 0.5 m from internal surfaces of external and internal walls, windows and heating devices.

Premises with permanent occupancy- a room in which people stay for at least 2 hours continuously or 6 hours in total during the day.

Room microclimate- the state of the internal environment of a room, affecting a person, characterized by indicators of air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility.

Optimal microclimate parameters- a combination of values of microclimate indicators that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide normal thermal state the body with minimal stress on the thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room.

Acceptable microclimate parameters- combinations of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and decreased performance with increased stress on the thermoregulatory mechanisms do not cause damage or deterioration in health.

Cold season- a period of the year characterized by an average daily outside air temperature of 8 °C and below.

Warm period of the year- a period of the year characterized by an average daily outside air temperature above 8 °C.

Radiation temperature of a room is the area-averaged temperature of the internal surfaces of room enclosures and heating devices.

Resulting room temperature- a complex indicator of the radiation temperature of the room and the air temperature of the room, determined according to Appendix A.

Ball thermometer temperature- temperature in the center of a thin-walled hollow sphere, characterizing the combined influence of air temperature, radiation temperature and air speed.

Local asymmetry of the resulting temperature- the difference in the resulting temperatures at a point in the room, determined by a ball thermometer for two opposite directions.

Air speed- air velocity averaged over the volume of the serviced area.

This GOST 30494-96 established parameters characterizing the microclimate of premises:

air temperature;

air speed;

relative humidity;

resulting room temperature;

local asymmetry of the resulting temperature;

and indicated the optimal and acceptable norms for them (Tables 1.1 and 1.2).

Relative humidity in the room should be measured in the center of the room at a height of 1.1 m from the floor.

The resulting room temperature t su at an air speed of up to 0.2 m/s should be determined by the formula

t su = 0.5 t p + 0.5 t r

where t p is the air temperature in the room, °C;

t r - radiation temperature of the room, °C.

At air speed from 0.2 to 0.6 m/s t su should be determined by the formula

t su = 0.6 t p + 0.4 t r .

Radiation temperature t r should be calculated from the temperatures of the internal surfaces of fences and heating devices

t r =  (A i t i) /  A i ,

where A i is the area of the internal surface of fences and heating devices, m 2 ;

t i - temperature of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, °C.

Table 1.1

Optimal and permissible temperature standards, relative humidity and air movement speed in the serviced area of residential buildings and dormitories

Period of the year	The name of a room	Air temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %
Period of the year	The name of a room	optimal	acceptable	optimal	acceptable, no more	optimal, no more	acceptable, no more
Cold -	Living room
	Living room
	The same, in areas with the temperature of the coldest five-day period minus 31 ° C and below



	Bathroom, combined toilet
Cold	Facilities for recreation and study sessions
	Inter-apartment corridor
	Lobby, staircase
	Storerooms
	Living room

The following classification is given for the premises of public buildings:

Table 1.2

Optimal and permissible norms of temperature, relative humidity and air speed

in the service area of public buildings

Period of the year		Air temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %		Travel speed air, m/s
Period of the year		optimal	acceptable	optimal	acceptable, no more	optimal, no more	acceptable, no more
Cold





	Premises with permanent occupancy

Requirements for indoor microclimate parameters are also reflected in the “Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Residential Buildings and Premises” SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00.

Heating and ventilation systems must ensure acceptable microclimate and indoor air conditions. The optimal and permissible microclimate parameters in residential buildings are given in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3

Optimal and permissible microclimate parameters in residential buildings

Name of premises	Air temperature, 0 C		Relative humidity, %		Air speed, m/s
	optimal	let's say - May	optimal	permissible	optimal	acceptable
Cold season
Living room
The same, in the areas of the coldest five-day period ≤ -31 0 C


Bathroom, combined toilet
Inter-apartment corridor
Lobby, staircase
Storerooms
Warm period of the year
Living room

N/N - not standardized.

For water heating, the surface temperature of heating devices should not exceed 90 0 C. For devices with a heating surface temperature of more than 75 0 C, it is necessary to provide protective barriers.

In any construction, the question immediately arises: “What thickness should the thermal insulation of the wall and roof be?”

The thickness of the insulation, or more precisely the thermal resistance, is calculated according to SP 50.13330.2012.

At the end of the article you can download a program in Excel to calculate the thickness of thermal insulation and the same file contains all the necessary tables.

Initial data for calculating the thickness of thermal insulation

To calculate the required thickness of thermal insulation, the following data is required:

1) Design temperature internal air;

2) Duration and average temperature of the heating period;

3) The name of the enclosing materials (or as they call it “pie”) and their thermal conductivity parameters;

Estimated indoor air temperature

For residential and public buildings it is assigned in accordance with GOST 30494-2011 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters:

Table 1 (GOST 30494-2011) - Optimal and permissible standards for temperature and relative air humidity in the serviced area of residential buildings and dormitories

Period of the year	The name of a room	Air temperature, °С		Relative humidity, %
Period of the year	The name of a room	optimal	acceptable	optimal	acceptable, no more
Cold	Living room	20-22	18-24 (20-24)	45-30	60
	Living room in areas with the coldest five-day temperature (probability 0.92) minus 31 °C and below	21-23	20-24 (22-24)	45-30	60
	Kitchen	19-21	18-26	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Toilet	19-21	18-26	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Bathroom, combined toilet	24-26	18-26	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Facilities for recreation and study sessions	20-22	18-24	45-30	60
	Inter-apartment corridor	18-20	16-22	45-30	60
	Lobby, staircase	16-18	14-20	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Storerooms	16-18	12-22	Not standardized	Not standardized
Warm	Living room	22-25	20-28	60-30	65
Note - Values in parentheses refer to homes for the elderly and disabled.

Table 2 (GOST 30494-2011) - Optimal and permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air speed in the serviced area of children's rooms preschool institutions

Period of the year	The name of a room	Air temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %
Period of the year	The name of a room	optimal	acceptable	optimal	acceptable, no more
Cold	Group changing room and toilet:
	for nursery and junior groups	21-23	20-24	45-30	60
		19-21	18-25	45-30	60
	Bedroom:
	for nursery and junior groups	20-22	19-23	45-30	60
	for middle and preschool groups	19-21	18-23	45-30	60
	Lobby, staircase	18-20	16-22	Not standardized	Not standardized
Warm	Group bedrooms	23-25	18-28	60-30	65
Notes 1 In the kitchen, bathroom and pantry, air parameters should be taken according to table 1. 2 For preschool institutions located in areas with the coldest five-day temperature (provision 0.92) minus 31 °C and below, the permissible design air temperature in the room should be taken 1 °C higher than that indicated in Table 2.

Table 3 (GOST 30494-2011) - Optimal and permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air speed in the service area of public and administrative buildings

Period of the year	Room name or category	Air temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %
Period of the year	Room name or category	optimal	acceptable	optimal	acceptable, no more
Cold	1	20-22	18-24	45-30	60
	2	19-21	18-23	45-30	60
	3a	20-21	19-23	45-30	60
	3b	14-16	12-17	45-30	60
	3v	18-20	16-22	45-30	60
	4	17-19	15-21	45-30	60
	5	20-22	20-24	45-30	60
	6	16-18	14-20	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Bathrooms, showers	24-26	18-28	Not standardized	Not standardized
Warm	Premises with permanent occupancy	23-25	18-28	60-30	65

For work premises, the internal temperature is regulated by GOST 12.1.005-88 System of occupational safety standards. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area:

Table 1 (GOST 12.1.005-88) Optimal and permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air speed in the working area of industrial premises

Period of the year	Category works	Temperature, °C					Relative humidity, %
		optimal	acceptable				optimal	acceptable on workers places
			top border		lower border
			in the workplace
			permanent	fickle	permanent	fickle
Cold	Light - Ia	22 — 24	25	26	21	18	40 — 60	75
	Light - Ib	21 — 23	24	25	20	17	40 — 60	75
	Moderate - IIa	18 — 20	23	24	17	15	40 — 60	75
	Moderate - IIb	17 — 19	21	23	15	13	40 — 60	75
	Heavy - III	16 — 18	19	20	13	12	40 — 60	75
Warm	Light - Ia	23 — 25	28	30	22	20	40 — 60	55 (at 28°C)
	Light - Ib	22 — 24	28	30	21	19	40 — 60	60 (at 27°C)
	Moderate - IIa	21 — 23	27	29	18	17	40 — 60	65 (at 26°C)
	Moderate - IIb	20 — 22	27	29	16	15	40 — 60	70 (at 25°C)
	Heavy - III	18 — 20	26	28	15	13	40 — 60	75 (at 24 ° C and below)

This data is duplicated by GOST tables in SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises and SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.

The calculated temperature is taken according to the minimum value from these tables.

Operating conditions of the structure

Depending on the mode of operation of the internal premises and environment, operating conditions are divided into 2 groups (A and B).

The humidity conditions of the premises are determined according to Table 1 SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings

Table 1 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Humidity conditions in building premises

The temperature and humidity of indoor air can be found in the tables of GOST 30494-2011 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters and GOST 12.1.005-88 System of occupational safety standards. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area (tables are given in the article above).

Humidity zones of the territory of Russia should be taken according to the Humidity Zone Map of Appendix B SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings.

Figure 1. Map of humidity zones

Based on these data, according to Table 2 of SP 50.13330.2012, operating conditions for enclosing structures are assigned.

Table 2 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Operating conditions of enclosing structures

Humidity conditions premises of buildings (according to table 1 SP 50.13330.2012)	Operating conditions A and B in the humidity zone (according to Appendix B)
	dry	normal	wet
Dry	A	A	B
Normal	A	B	B
Damp or Wet	B	B	B

This indicator is necessary when choosing the thermal conductivity coefficient and directly affects the thickness of the insulation because By absorbing moisture, the insulation loses its heat-insulating properties.

Duration and average temperature of the heating period

Outdoor air parameters can be found in SP 131.13330.2012 Construction climatology, Updated edition of SNiP 23-01-99*.

The average outside air temperature, as well as the duration of the heating period, are taken according to Table 3.1 SP 131.13330.2012 for a period with an average daily outside air temperature of no more than 8 °C, and when designing medical treatment facilities, children's institutions and boarding homes for the elderly no more than 10 °C WITH;

For example, for the city of Ufa, the duration of the heating period with an average daily air temperature below 8 °C is 209 days, while the average temperature of the heating period is minus 6 °C. For medical and preventive care, children's institutions and nursing homes for the elderly, you need to look at data for the average daily air temperature below 10 ° C (224 days, minus 5 ° C, respectively).

If a given village is not on the list, then they either take the nearest point that is on the list, or use meteorological observation data.

Name of enclosing structures

First of all, it is necessary to determine what materials the enclosing wall will be made of. At the design stage, we set some parameters right away, for example, the thickness of the masonry is determined by strength calculations, the brand of brick is assigned, the material of the main insulation is assigned, and its thickness is calculated by the selection method.

Any material has thermal conductivity. Thermal conduction is the process of transferring heat from hotter parts of the body to cooler ones. Thermal conductivity is measured in W/(m °C). For enclosing structures, the lower this figure, the better.

Thermal resistance is the body's ability to prevent the spread of heat. Thermal resistance and thermal conductivity are inversely proportional and the higher this indicator, the “warmer” the wall. Thermal resistance is measured in (m² °C)/W.

For calculations, we need to know all the components of the wall or roof structure, their thickness, and the thermal conductivity parameters of the components. The structure of a wall or roof is usually called a “pie”, i.e. A roofing pie is a layer-by-layer description of the roofing components.

Thin layers that do not particularly affect the thermal conductivity of the structure, but are necessary for other purposes, such as vapor barrier, can be ignored when calculating the thermal resistance of the structure.

Calculation of thermal insulation thickness

First of all, it is necessary to determine GSOP (degree-days of the heating period, °C ∙ day/year). This parameter is determined by formula 5.2 SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings:

GSOP = ( t V - t from) z from,

Where t c - calculated internal air temperature, taken at minimum temperatures according to GOST 30494-2011, GOST 12.1.005-88 (see above);

t from, z from - average outside air temperature, °C, and duration, days/year, of the heating period, adopted according to the set of rules for a period with an average daily outside air temperature of no more than 8 °C, and when designing medical and preventive care, children's institutions and boarding houses for the elderly no more than 10 °C (accepted according toSP 131.13330.2012 Construction climatology).

Table 3 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Basic values of the required heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures

Buildings and premises, coefficients A And b	Degree-days of the heating period, °С day/year	Basic values of the required heat transfer resistance (m 2 ∙ °C)/W of enclosing structures
Buildings and premises, coefficients A And b	Degree-days of the heating period, °С day/year	Stan	Coverings and ceilings over driveways	Attic floors over unheated crawl spaces and basements	Windows and balcony doors, shop windows and stained glass	Lanterns
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1 Residential, medical and children's institutions, schools, boarding schools, hotels and hostels	2000	2,1	3,2	2,8	0,3	0,3
	4000	2,8	4,2	3,7	0,45	0,35
	6000	3,5	5,2	4,6	0,6	0,4
	8000	4,2	6,2	5,5	0,7	0,45
	10000	4,9	7,2	6,4	0,75	0,5
	12000	5,6	8,2	7,3	0,8	0,55
a	—	0,00035	0,0005	0,00045	—	0,000025
b	—	1,4	2,2	1,9	—	0,25
2 Public, except for those mentioned above, administrative and domestic, industrial and other buildings and premises with damp or wet conditions	2000	1,8	2,4	2,0	0,3	0,3
	4000	2,4	3,2	2,7	0,4	0,35
	6000	3,0	4,0	3,4	0,5	0,4
	8000	3,6	4,8	4,1	0,6	0,45
	10000	4,2	5,6	4,8	0,7	0,5
	12000	4,8	6,4	5,5	0,8	0,55
a	—	0,0003	0,0004	0,00035	0,00005	0,000025
b	—	1,2	1,6	1,3	0,2	0,25
3 Production with dry and normal modes *	2000	1,4	2,0	1,4	0,25	0,2
	4000	1,8	2,5	1,8	0,3	0,25
	6000	2,2	3,0	2,2	0,35	0,3
	8000	2,6	3,5	2,6	0,4	0,35
	10000	3,0	4,0	3,0	0,45	0,4
	12000	3,4	4,5	3,4	0,5	0,45
A	—	0,0002	0,00025	0,0002	0,000025	0,000025
b	—	1,0	1,5	1,0	0,2	0,15
Notes 1 Values for GSOP values different from the table ones should be determined using the formula where GSOP is the degree-day of the heating period, °C day/year, for a specific location; a, b- coefficients, the values of which should be taken according to the table data for the corresponding groups of buildings, with the exception of column 6, for the group of buildings in pos. 1, where for the interval up to 6000 °C ∙ day/year: A = 0,000075, b= 0.15; for the interval 6000 - 8000 °C ∙ day/year: A = 0,00005, b= 0.3; for the interval of 8000 °C ∙ days/year and more: A = 0,000025; b = 0,5. 2 The normalized value of the normalized heat transfer resistance of the blind part of balcony doors must be at least 1.5 times higher than the normalized value of the normalized heat transfer resistance of the translucent part of these structures. 3 * For buildings with excess sensible heat of more than 23 W/m 3, the normalized values of the reduced heat transfer resistance must be determined for each specific building.

The thermal resistance of a wall section can be determined using formula E.6 SP 50.13330.2012:

where α in is the heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structure, W/(m 2 ∙ °C), adopted according to Table 4 of SP 50.13330.2012;

Table 4 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Heat transfer coefficients of the internal surface of the enclosing structure

Inner surface of the fence	Heat transfer coefficient α in, W/(m 2 ∙ °C)
1 Walls, floors, smooth ceilings, ceilings with protruding ribs in relation to height h edges to distance A, between the faces of adjacent edges h/a ≤ 0,3	8,7
2 Ceilings with protruding ribs at the ratio h/a > 0,3	7,6
3 Windows	8,0
4 Rooflights	9,9
Note— The heat transfer coefficient α in the inner surface of the enclosing structures of livestock and poultry buildings should be taken in accordance with SP 106.13330.

α n is the heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the enclosing structure, W/(m 2 ∙ °C), adopted according to Table 6 of SP 50.13330.2012;

Table 6 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Heat transfer coefficients of the outer surface of the enclosing structure

External surface of enclosing structures	Heat transfer coefficient for winter conditions, α n, W/(m 2 ∙ °C)
1 External walls, coverings, ceilings over passages and over cold (without enclosing walls) undergrounds in the Northern construction-climatic zone	23
2 Floors over cold basements communicating with outside air, floors over cold (with enclosing walls) undergrounds and cold floors in the Northern construction-climatic zone	17
3 Attic floors and over unheated basements with light openings in the walls, as well as external walls with an air gap ventilated by outside air	12
4 Ceilings over unheated basements and technical, underground spaces not ventilated with outside air	6

R s- thermal resistance of the layer of a homogeneous part of the fragment, (m 2 ∙ °C)/W, determined for unventilated air layers according to table E.1 SP 50.13330.2012, for material layers according to formula E.7 SP 50.13330.2012

δ s— layer thickness, m;

λ s— thermal conductivity of the layer material, W/(m ∙ °C), accepted based on test results in an accredited laboratory; in the absence of such data, it is assessed according to Appendix C SP 50.13330.2012.

Table E.1 (SP 50.13330.2012)

Air layer thickness, m	Thermal resistance of a closed air layer, m 2 ∙ °C/W
	horizontal with heat flow from bottom to top and vertical		horizontal with heat flow from top to bottom
	at air temperature in the layer
	positive	negative	positive	negative
0,01	0,13	0,15	0,14	0,15
0,02	0,14	0,15	0,15	0,19
0,03	0,14	0,16	0,16	0,21
0,05	0,14	0,17	0,17	0,22
0,1	0,15	0,18	0,18	0,23
0,15	0,15	0,18	0,19	0,24
0,2 — 0,3	0,15	0,19	0,19	0,24
Note— When covering one or both surfaces of the air gap with aluminum foil, the thermal resistance should be doubled.

By increasing the thickness of the insulation we increase the thermal resistance R s, and using the selection method we ensure that R0 was greater than the required thermal resistance.

Why is such a thickness of insulation needed?

If we try to calculate an ordinary house made of brick (wall thickness 2 bricks, 510 mm) or a house made of timber, we will see that for many regions such houses are not suitable for thermal engineering calculations, but living in such houses is quite comfortable, there is no condensation on the walls and many people think that they are “warm”. However, the thickness of thermal insulation is now selected for economic reasons, and not for technical properties. Those. You will feel the difference in the thermal resistance of the wall with your wallet, and not with the microclimate of the room. A house insulated according to the standards will spend less resources on heating and subsequently such investments will pay off by saving money during operation.

Moreover, if you are building a private house for yourself and expect to use it for a long time, then you can take the thickness of the insulation more than the calculated one, which will pay off in the future.

In Europe there is a standard for “passive houses” or energy efficient houses. The thermal resistance of such walls is 2 times higher than our standards require, despite the fact that the climate in Europe is warmer.

Russia also has energy efficiency standards for houses (see Table 15 SP 50.13330.2012). If we design insulation exactly according to the standards, we will get a building of energy efficiency class C. By increasing the thickness of the insulation and applying other developments in the field of energy efficiency (modern windows and doors, heat recovery), we can increase the energy efficiency class of the building.

In it you will also find background information: calculated coefficients and temperatures, map of humidity zones.

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Date of introduction 1999-03-01

Preface

DEVELOPED by the State Design and Research Institute SantekhNIIproekt (GPKNII SantekhNIIproekt), Research Institute of Building Physics (NIIstroyfiziki), Central Research and Experimental Design Institute of Housing (TsNIIEPzhilishcha), Central Research and Experimental Design Institute of Educational Buildings ( TsNIIEP educational buildings), Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after. Sysin, Association of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Heat Supply and Building Thermal Physics Engineers (ABOK).

INTRODUCED by the State Construction Committee of Russia

ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (MNTKS) on December 11, 1996.

Name of State/Name of Authority government controlled construction
Republic of Azerbaijan / State Construction Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic
Republic of Armenia / Ministry of Urban Development of the Republic of Armenia
Republic of Belarus / Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Republic of Belarus
Georgia / Ministry of Urbanization and Construction of Georgia
Republic of Kazakhstan / Agency for Construction and Architectural and Construction Control of the Ministry of Economy and Trade
Kyrgyz Republic / Ministry of Architecture and Construction of the Kyrgyz Republic
Republic of Moldova / Ministry of Territorial Development, Construction and Public Utilities of the Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation / Gosstroy of Russia
Republic of Tajikistan / State Construction Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan
Republic of Uzbekistan / State Committee for Architecture and Construction of the Republic of Uzbekistan

INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
ENTERED INTO EFFECT on March 1, 1999 by Decree of the State Construction Committee of Russia dated January 6, 1999 No. 1

Application area

This standard establishes the microclimate parameters of the serviced area of residential, public, administrative and domestic buildings. The standard establishes general requirements for optimal and permissible microclimate parameters and control methods.
The standard does not apply to the microclimate indicators of the working area of industrial premises.
The requirements set out in sections 3 and 4 regarding permissible microclimate parameters (except for local asymmetry of the resulting temperature) are mandatory.

Definitions, classification of premises

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
Serviced area of the premises (habitat area)- space in the room, limited by planes parallel to the floor and walls: at a height of 0.1 and 2.0 m above the floor level (but not closer than 1 mt of the ceiling with ceiling heating), at a distance of 0.5 m from the internal surfaces of the external and internal walls, windows and heating devices.
Premises with permanent occupancy- a room in which people stay for at least 2 hours continuously or 6 hours in total during the day.
Room microclimate- the state of the internal environment of a room, affecting a person, characterized by indicators of air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility.
Optimal microclimate parameters- a combination of values of microclimate indicators that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide a normal thermal state of the body with minimal stress on the thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room.
Acceptable microclimate parameters- combinations of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and decreased performance with increased stress on the thermoregulatory mechanisms do not cause damage or deterioration in health.
Cold season- a period of the year characterized by an average daily outside air temperature of 8 °C and below.
Warm period of the year- a period of the year characterized by an average daily outside air temperature above 8 °C.
Radiation room temperature- area-averaged temperature of the internal surfaces of room enclosures and heating devices.
Resulting room temperature- a complex indicator of the radiation temperature of the room and the air temperature of the room, determined according to Appendix A.
Ball thermometer temperature- temperature in the center of a thin-walled hollow sphere, characterizing the combined influence of air temperature, radiation temperature and air speed.
Local asymmetry of the resulting temperature- the difference in the resulting temperatures at a point in the room, determined by a ball thermometer for two opposite directions.
Air speed- air velocity averaged over the volume of the serviced area.
Classification of premises
Premises of category 1 - premises in which people, lying or sitting, are in a state of rest and relaxation.
Premises of category 2 - premises in which people are engaged in mental work and study.
Premises Categories include premises with large numbers of people, in which people are predominantly in a sitting position without outdoor clothing.
Premises of category 3b - premises with large numbers of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position in street clothes.
Premises of the 3rd category are premises with large numbers of people, in which people are predominantly in a standing position without outdoor clothing.
Premises of category 4 - premises for outdoor sports.
Premises of category 5 - premises in which people are scantily clad (locker rooms, treatment rooms, doctors' offices, etc.).
Premises of category 6 - premises with temporary occupancy of people (lobbies, dressing rooms, corridors, stairs, bathrooms, smoking rooms, storage rooms).

Microclimate parameters

3.1 In the premises of residential and public buildings, optimal or acceptable microclimate standards in the serviced area should be ensured.
3.2 Required microclimate parameters: optimal, acceptable or combinations thereof - should be established in regulatory documents depending on the purpose of the room and the period of the year.
3.3 Parameters characterizing the indoor microclimate:
air temperature;
air speed;
relative humidity;
resulting room temperature;
local asymmetry of the resulting temperature.
3.4 Optimal and permissible microclimate standards in the serviced area of the premises (in the established design parameters of outdoor air) must correspond to the values given in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Optimal and permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air speed in the serviced area of residential buildings and dormitories

NN - not standardized
Note - Values in parentheses refer to homes for the elderly and disabled

table 2
Optimal and permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air speed in the service area of public buildings

- NN - not standardized
  Note - For preschool institutions located in areas with the coldest five-day temperature (provision 0.92) minus 31 °C and below, the permissible design air temperature in the room should be taken 1 °C higher than that indicated in the table.

The local asymmetry of the resulting temperature should be no more than 2.5 °C for optimal and no more than 3.5 °C for acceptable values.

3.5 When ensuring microclimate indicators at various points in the service area, the following is allowed:
- air temperature difference is no more than 2 °C for optimal indicators and 3 °C for acceptable ones;
- the difference in the resulting room temperature along the height of the serviced area is no more than 2 °C;
- change in air speed - no more than 0.07 m/s for optimal indicators and 0.1 m/s - for acceptable ones;
- change in relative air humidity - no more than 7% for optimal indicators and 15% for acceptable ones.
3.6 In public buildings, during non-working hours, it is allowed to reduce the microclimate indicators, provided that the required parameters are achieved by the beginning of working hours.

Control methods

4.1 Measurement of microclimate indicators during the cold season should be carried out at an outside air temperature no higher than minus 5 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements under a cloudless sky during daylight hours.
4.2 For the warm period of the year, microclimate measurements should be performed at an outside air temperature of at least 15 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements under a cloudless sky during daylight hours.
4.3 Measurement of temperature, humidity and air speed should be carried out in the service area at a height:
- 0.1; 0.4 and 1.7 m from the floor surface for preschool institutions;
- 0.1; 0.6 and 1.7 m from the floor surface when people are in the room primarily in a sitting position;
- 0.1; 1.1 and 1.7 m from the floor surface in rooms where people mainly stand or walk;
- in the center of the serviced area and at a distance of 0.5 m from the inner surface of the external walls and stationary heating devices in the rooms indicated in Table 3.
In rooms with an area of more than 100 m2, measurements of temperature, humidity and air velocity should be carried out in equal areas, the area of which should not exceed 100 m2.
4.4 The temperature of the inner surface of walls, partitions, floors, and ceilings should be measured at the center of the corresponding surface.

Table 3
Measurement locations

Type of buildings	Selecting a room	Measurement location
Single-family	In at least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m2 each, having two external walls or rooms with large windows, the area of which is 30% or more of the area of the external walls	In the center of the planes spaced from the inner surface of the outer wall and the heating device by 0.5 m and in the center of the room (the point of intersection of the diagonal lines of the room) at the height specified in 4.3
Apartment buildings	In at least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m2 each in apartments on the first and last floors
Hotels, motels, hospitals, childcare centers, schools	In one corner room on the 1st or top floor
Other public and administrative	In every representative room	The same, in rooms with an area of 100 m2 or more, measurements are carried out in areas whose dimensions are regulated in 4.3

For external walls with light openings and heating devices, the temperature on the inner surface should be measured in the centers of areas formed by lines extending the edges of the light opening slopes, as well as in the center of the glazing and heating device.
4.5 The resulting room temperature should be calculated using the formulas specified in Appendix A. Air temperature measurements are carried out in the center of the room at a height of 0.6 m from the floor surface for rooms with people in a sitting position and at a height of 1.1 m in rooms with people in a sitting position in a standing position, either by the temperatures of the surrounding surfaces of the fences (Appendix A), or by measurements with a ball thermometer (Appendix B).
4.6 The local asymmetry of the resulting temperature should be calculated for the points specified in 4.5 using the formula

t asu = t su 1 - t su 2, (1)

where t su 1 and t su 2 are temperatures, °C, measured in two opposite directions with a ball thermometer (Appendix B).
4.7 Relative humidity in the room should be measured in the center of the room at a height of 1.1 m from the floor.
4.8 When manually recording microclimate indicators, at least three measurements should be taken with an interval of at least 5 minutes; with automatic registration, measurements should be taken within 2 hours. When compared with standard indicators, the average value of the measured values is taken.
Measuring the resulting temperature should begin 20 minutes after installing the ball thermometer at the measurement point.
4.9 Microclimate indicators in premises should be measured using devices that have been registered and have the appropriate certificate.
The measuring range and permissible error of measuring instruments must comply with the requirements of Table 4.

Table 4
Requirements for measuring instruments

APPENDIX A Calculation of the resulting room temperature (mandatory)

The resulting room temperature tsu at an air speed of up to 0.2 m/s should be determined by the formula

(A.1)

where t p is the air temperature in the room, °C;
t r - radiation temperature of the room, °C.
The resulting room temperature should be taken at an air speed of up to 0.2 m/s equal to the temperature of a ball thermometer with a sphere diameter of 150 mm.
At air speed from 0.2 to 0.6 m/s t su should be determined by the formula

t su = 0.6 t p + 0.4 t k (A.2)

Radiation temperature tr should be calculated:
according to the temperature of the ball thermometer according to the formula

(A.3)

where t b - temperature according to a ball thermometer, °C;

m is a constant equal to 2.2 for a sphere diameter of up to 150 mm or determined according to Appendix B;
V - air speed, m/s. by temperatures of internal surfaces of fences and heating devices

, (A.4)
where A i is the area of the internal surface of fences and heating devices, m2;
t i - temperature of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, °C.

APPENDIX B Ball thermometer device (reference)

A ball thermometer for determining the resulting temperature is a hollow sphere made of copper or other heat-conducting material, blackened on the outside (the degree of emissivity of the surface is not lower than 0.95), inside which either a glass thermometer or a thermoelectric converter is placed.
A ball thermometer for determining the local asymmetry of the resulting temperature is a hollow sphere, in which one half of the ball has a mirror surface (the degree of surface emissivity is not higher than 0.05), and the other half has a blackened surface (the degree of surface emissivity is not lower than 0.95).
The temperature of the ball thermometer measured at the center of the ball is the equilibrium temperature from radiative and convective heat exchange between the ball and the environment.
Recommended sphere diameter is 150 mm. The thickness of the walls of the sphere is minimal, for example, made of copper - 0.4 mm. The mirror surface is formed by the galvanic method by applying a chrome coating. Gluing polished foil and other methods are allowed. Measuring range from 10 to 50 °C. The time the ball thermometer remains at the measuring point before measurement is at least 20 minutes. The measurement accuracy at temperatures from 10 to 50 °C is 0.1 °C.
When using a sphere of a different diameter, the constant t should be determined by the formula
m = 2.2 (0.15 / d) 0.4 , (B.1)
where d is the diameter of the sphere, m.

Key words: microclimate, optimal and permissible indicators, technical requirements, test methods

Description:

Human health and performance are largely determined by the microclimate and air conditions of residential and public buildings. Domestic and foreign hygienists have established a connection between the microclimate in the home and at the workplace and the state of people’s health. Ensuring the specified microclimate indicators is one of the main tasks of specialists in building thermal physics, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Abroad, studies of human thermal sensations indoors have formed the basis for a large number of national and international standards for thermal microclimate and air parameters.

New GOST for microclimate parameters of residential and public buildings

E. G. Malyavina, Associate Professor, Department of Heating and Ventilation, MGSU

For industrial buildings, internal air parameters are standardized by GOST 12.1.005-88 “General sanitary and hygienic requirements for work area air.” The air parameters in it are specified depending on human energy consumption (for selected categories of work) for the warm and cold periods of the year at optimal and acceptable levels. The same data is given in SNiP

2.04.05-91*. There is also SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 “Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises”, which was relatively recently adopted at the federal level by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia into the State System of Sanitary and Epidemiological Standardization of the Russian Federation.

In this document, in addition to internal air parameters, surface temperatures and permissible values for the intensity of thermal radiation of workplaces from industrial sources are also standardized. Without discussing now the advantages and disadvantages of SanPiN, we note that it, in essence, was the first domestic regulatory document that comprehensively covers thermal microclimatic effects on humans.

Until recently, there was no such comprehensive regulatory document for residential and public buildings. The calculated parameters of the thermal state of internal air and its mobility have traditionally been given in SNiP 2.04.05-91 * "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. "The standard temperature difference between the temperature of internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the outer fence, indirectly reflecting the radiation temperature of the room, is in SNiP II-3-79* "Construction heating engineering". Moreover, the values of this difference only in the latest edition of SNiP II-3-79* are sufficient to ensure human comfort; previously they were aimed at eliminating condensation on the inner surface of the fence. Estimated temperatures of internal air for heating, some other parameters in various rooms public buildings are given in SNiP 2.08.02-89* “Public buildings and structures”.

The appearance of GOST "a 30494-96 "Residential and public buildings. Indoor Microclimate Parameters”, which implements an integrated approach to normalizing microclimate indicators, should undoubtedly be considered a positive development.

GOST was based on the principles of preserving the health and performance of people in various types of activities. Hygienic standards reflect modern scientific and technical knowledge obtained by studying human reactions to the influence of certain environmental factors. They take into account modern thermal technical requirements for enclosing structures buildings and heating and ventilation systems.

GOST 30494-96 "Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters" was first put into effect by Resolution N1 of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Construction, Architectural and Housing Policy dated January 6, 1999, in March of this year. The standard was developed by GPKNII SantekhNIIproekt, NIIstroyfiziki, TsNIIEPzhilishcha, TsNIIEP educational buildings, Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after. Sysin, Association of Engineers ABOK. On December 11, 1998, the standard was adopted by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (INTKS), which unites the State Construction Administration bodies of the CIS countries.

In accordance with GOST, the microclimate of a room is the state of the internal environment of a room that has an impact on a person, characterized by the temperature of the air and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility." The standard establishes the microclimate parameters of the serviced area of residential, public, administrative and domestic buildings. Compared to previously applicable standards, the serviced area is 0.5 m closer to external fences and heating devices, which is quite consistent with the increased requirements for thermal protection of external fences. The calculated parameters of the microclimate are standardized depending on the functional purpose of the premises, among which the standard distinguishes residential, preschool institutions and 6 categories of premises in public buildings, differing in the intensity of activity, type of clothing and length of stay of people in them. This approach made it possible to take a differentiated approach to microclimatic regulation for almost any public building.

The required microclimate parameters are set for the warm and cold periods of the year. Moreover, in GOST the boundary between these periods is considered to be an outside air temperature of 8 o C, and in the above-mentioned SanPiN - 10 o C.

GOST establishes general requirements for optimal and permissible microclimate indicators and methods for their control. Optimal microclimate parameters are “combinations of microclimate indicator values that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensure the normal thermal state of the body with minimal stress on the thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of thermal comfort at least 80% of people in the room. “Acceptable microclimate parameters include such combinations of indicators that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and decreased performance with increased stress on the thermoregulatory mechanisms and do not cause damage or deterioration in health.” The range of optimal parameters is narrower and is within the acceptable zone, but only acceptable parameters are mandatory to comply with. This requirement implements a new approach to the development of regulatory documents, when the consumer properties of buildings are allowed to be improved if desired and if funds are available.

The values of optimal and permissible microclimate standards in the serviced area of the premises (in the established design parameters of outdoor air) are given in GOST for the following indicators: temperature, movement speed, relative air humidity; resulting room temperature; local asymmetry of the resulting temperature.

The assessment of the temperature conditions of the premises is provided by two temperatures - air and the resulting room. The resulting temperature is a complex indicator of the air temperature and the radiation temperature of the room.

The resulting temperature can be calculated by measuring the temperature of the air and all surfaces facing the room, or it can be measured with a ball thermometer. The first method may be difficult to implement, since the standard does not specify how to measure the temperature and surface area of the heating device, especially if it has a finned surface.

To eliminate the negative impact on a person of the simultaneous influence of heated and cooled surfaces, the local asymmetry of the resulting room temperature is limited, which is defined as “the difference in the resulting temperatures at a point in the room, determined by a ball thermometer for two opposite directions.”

A ball thermometer for determining the local asymmetry of the resulting temperature is a ball thermometer in which one half of the ball has a mirror surface (the degree of emissivity of the surface is not higher than 0.05), and the other is blackened (the degree of emissivity is not lower than 0.95).

The parameter ranges established by the standard are tightened towards comfortable values compared to those given in Appendices 1 and 5 of SNiP 2.04.05-91*. The permissible relative humidity during the cold period in almost any room where it is standardized should not exceed 60%, previously - 65%, the optimal air speed in living rooms during the cold period is 0.15 m/s instead of 0.2 m/s according to SNiP 2.04.05=91*. For areas with an estimated outside air temperature (parameters A) during the warm period of 25 o C and above or with an estimated relative air humidity (parameters A) of more than 75%, no deviations are made from the specified upper limits of temperature and humidity of internal air.

As permissible conditions, GOST provides for combinations of lower air temperature with a higher resulting temperature. For example, in the standards for optimal conditions of residential buildings there is only one temperature - 20 o C, which belongs to the ranges of both standardized temperatures. Because of this, a radiant heating system, recognized as more comfortable for humans compared to radiator and convector systems, will not be able to maintain optimal, from the point of view of GOST, conditions, since in the presence of infiltration of external air, the internal air temperature will always be slightly lower than the average radiation temperature.

Air parameters in accordance with the standard must be ensured and controlled throughout the entire volume of the serviced area, for which GOST establishes places for measuring their values and provides permissible deviations at various points in the serviced area. In terms of air temperature, they are limited to 2 o C for optimal indicators and 3 o C - for permissible; for relative humidity - 7% for optimal and 15% - for permissible, for air speed - 0.07 and 0.1 m/s, respectively.

However, the text is not without contradictions. On the one hand, air speed is measured at various points in the service area and permissible speed ranges are standardized; on the other hand, the speed of air movement is understood as “the speed of air movement averaged over the volume of the serviced area.” The same can be said for relative humidity.

Indicators that include an assessment of radiation temperature are standardized only for the middle of the room. At the same time, in addition to the standard ranges of the resulting room temperature, the permissible spread of this temperature over the height of the room is established to be no more than 2 o C for optimal indicators and 3 o C for acceptable ones. The local asymmetry of the resulting temperature should be no more than 2.5 o C for optimal and no more than 3.5 o C for acceptable values. Unfortunately, these parameters at the border of the service area are not measured or standardized. In addition, the requirements established for local asymmetry of the resulting temperature are not mandatory. The fact that GOST provides local asymmetries not of radiation temperature, but of the resultant one, essentially allows for local asymmetries of radiation temperature that are twice the norm for the resultant temperature.

In GOST, the local asymmetry of the resulting room temperature is defined as the difference in temperatures measured in two opposite directions by a ball thermometer with a recommended sphere diameter of 150 mm. It seems that a more stringent assessment of the local asymmetry of radiation temperature relative to the opposite sides of a flat elementary area more accurately describes the process of heat exchange between unfavorably located surfaces on the human body than relative to a hemisphere with a diameter of 15 cm. For example, areas on the chest and back of a person can feel simultaneous hypothermia and heating. The assessment of this heat sensation cannot be carried out using a device that integrates the temperatures of all surrounding surfaces with a sphere. A ball thermometer is more suitable for assessment radiation and resultant temperatures in the center of the room and, in my opinion, is not suitable for measuring such characteristics as the asymmetry of radiation and resultant temperatures, which should be assessed at the border of the service area.

Calculations have shown that the asymmetries of radiation temperature relative to elementary areas and hemispheres with a diameter of 150 mm differ from each other by more than four times! If, with standard thermal protection (according to the second stage) and window sizes, for example, in an area with an estimated outside air temperature of -28 0 C, the asymmetry of radiation temperature at a distance of 0.5 m from the window relative to the hemisphere at any height from the floor is within 3 o C, then relative to a vertical elementary platform in ordinary rooms with radiator, convector and air heating at a height of 1.1 m from the floor, it is equal to 9.4-9.7 o C. That is, judging by the results regarding the hemisphere, then the norms for the asymmetry of the resulting room temperatures are always met with a reserve, and if a relatively flat elementary site, then during the calculation period the norms of optimal conditions are not met at a height of 1.1 m, even at a distance of 1 m from the window, the norms of acceptable conditions at a height of 1.1 m are not met only at a distance of 0.5 m from the window. Although, as already mentioned, the asymmetry of the resulting temperature, not being a mandatory parameter, is normalized only for the middle of the room. It seemed interesting to correlate the microclimate parameters established in GOST with the indicators adopted in the international standard ISO 7730, which implements the method proposed by O. Fanger for assessing the comfort of the thermal microclimate of a room. The method makes it possible to comprehensively take into account the radiation temperature of the room, temperature, humidity and air mobility , human heat production and thermal insulation of clothing. As quantitative characteristics of the comfort of thermal conditions based on the listed factors, the indicators PMV - the expected value of thermal sensation and PPD - the expected probability of an unpleasant thermal sensation as a percentage are calculated. The following scale of psychophysiological subjective thermal sensation corresponds to the PMV values:

The relationship between PMV and PPD indicators is established by the following data given in Table 1.

Table 1
Distribution of individual thermal sensations
(based on experiments involving 1,300 people)
under different thermal conditions

Values heat sensations,	Probability unpleasant Feel	Percentage of people rating the situation is no worse than
Values heat sensations,	Probability unpleasant Feel	Comfort	Chilly or heat	Slightly cold or slightly hot
+2	75	5	25	70
+1	25	27	75	95
0	5	55	95	100
-1	25	27	75	95
-2	75	5	25	70

For cases where the PMV indicator lies between -2 and +2, Fanger proposed a formula, the calculation of which was performed on a computer. The PMV and PPD values of combinations of optimal and acceptable parameters standardized by GOST for office premises were calculated. The initial values of the accepted parameters and the calculation results are given in Table 2.

table 2

Temperature air, o C	Radiation temperature, o C	Relative humidity, %	Speed air, m/s	PMV	PPD
Optimal combinations of parameters
20	20	45	0,20	0,15	5,4
20	20	30	0,20	0,07	5,1
19	17	45	0,20	-0,18	5,6
19	17	30	0,20	-0,25	6,2
21	15	45	0,20	-0,11	5,2
21	15	30	0,20	-0,19	5,7
19	21	45	0,20	0,12	5,2
19	21	30	0,20	0,04	5,0
21	19	45	0,20	0,18	5,6
21	19	30	0,20	0,09	5,1
Valid parameter combinations
18	18	30	0,3	-0,31	8,2
18	18	60	0,3	-0,35	8,7
18	16	30	0,3	-0,74	16,8
18	16	60	0,3	-0,85	19,3
23	15	30	0,3	-1,11	27,5
23	15	60	0,3	-1,15	28,6
23	21	30	0,3	0,44	9,7
23	21	60	0,3	0,55	11,9

The table shows that the optimal combinations of parameters fully comply with this concept and according to ISO 7730. As for the permissible combinations, their extreme values can lead to a significant percentage of people feeling discomfort.

In conclusion, I would like to express my satisfaction with the publication of a very necessary document, which will undoubtedly be developed in the future. At the same time, it would be desirable to harmonize all standardized indicators, as well as to bring closer approaches to assessing the microclimate in regulatory documents issued by various departments.

Literature

1. Gubernsky Yu.D., Korenevskaya E.I. Hygienic principles of microclimate conditioning in residential and public buildings. M.: "Medicine", 1978.-192 p.

2. Banhidi L. Thermal microclimate of premises: calculation of comfortable parameters based on human thermal sensations / Transl. from Hungarian V.M. Belyaeva; Ed. V.I.Prokhorov and A.L.Naumova.-.: Stroyizdat, 1981.-248 p.

3. Interstate standard. Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters. GOST 30494-96. Gosstroy of Russia, State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 1999.

4. International standard. Moderate thermal environments - Determination of the PMV and PPD indicators and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. ISO 7730. Second edition. 1994-12-15.

5. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 1993.

6. Standard ASHRAE 55, 1992.

7. Skanavi A.N. Design and calculation of water and air heating systems for buildings. M.: Stroyizdat, 1983.-304 p.

8. Bogoslovsky V.N. Construction thermophysics. M.: Higher. school, 1982.-415 p.

GOST 30494-2011.
Residential and public buildings.

GOST 30494-2011

INTERSTATE STANDARD

RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Indoor microclimate parameters

Residential and public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor enclosures

ISS 13.040.30

Date of introduction 2013-01-01

Preface

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by the "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-97 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. The procedure for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by OJSC SantekhNIIproekt, OJSC TsNIIPromzdanii

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 "Construction"

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (MNTKS), (Minutes No. 39 of December 8, 2011) Voted for adoption:

Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Country code according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Abbreviated name of the national standardization body
Azerbaijan	AZ	State Committee for Urban Planning and Architecture
Armenia	A.M.	Ministry of Urban Development
Kyrgyzstan	KG	Gosstroy
Russian Federation	RU	Ministry of Regional Development
Ukraine	U.A.	Ministry of Regional Development of Ukraine
Moldova	M.D.	Ministry of Regional Development
Uzbekistan	UZ	Uzstandard

(Amendment. IUS N 7-2016).

4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated July 12, 2012 N 191-st, the interstate standard GOST 30494-2011 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation on January 1, 2013.

Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the monthly published index “National Standards”.

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of the changes is published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards"

1 area of use

This standard establishes the parameters of the microclimate of the serviced area of residential premises (including dormitories), kindergartens, public, administrative and domestic buildings, as well as the air quality in the serviced area of these premises and establishes general requirements for optimal and permissible microclimate and air quality indicators. This standard does not apply to the microclimate parameters of the working area of industrial premises.

2 Terms and definitions

In this standard, the following terms with corresponding definitions apply:

2.1 acceptable microclimate parameters: Combinations of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and decreased performance with increased stress on the thermoregulatory mechanisms and do not cause damage or deterioration in health.

2.2 Air quality

2.2.1 air quality: The composition of air in a room, which, with prolonged exposure to a person, ensures the optimal or acceptable state of the human body.

2.2.2 optimal air quality: The composition of air in a room, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensures a comfortable (optimal) state of the human body.

2.2.3 acceptable air quality: The composition of air in a room, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensures an acceptable state of the human body.

2.3 local asymmetry of the resulting temperature: The difference in the resulting temperatures at a point in the room, determined by a ball thermometer for two opposite directions.

2.4 room microclimate: The state of the internal environment of a room that has an impact on a person, characterized by air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility.

2.5 serviced area of the premises (habitat area): The space in the room, limited by planes parallel to the floor and walls: at a height of 0.1 and 2.0 m above the floor level - for people standing or moving, at a height of 1.5 m above the floor level - for sitting people (but not closer than 1 m from the ceiling with ceiling heating), and at a distance of 0.5 m from the internal surfaces of external and internal walls, windows and heating appliances.

2.6 optimal microclimate parameters: A combination of microclimate indicator values that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide a normal thermal state of the body with minimal stress on the thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room.

2.7 premises with permanent occupancy: A room in which people stay for at least 2 hours continuously or 6 hours in total during the day.

2.8 radiation temperature of the room: Area-averaged temperature of the internal surfaces of room enclosures and heating devices.

2.9 resulting room temperature: A complex indicator of room radiation temperature and room air temperature, determined according to Appendix A.

2.10 air speed: Air velocity averaged over the volume of the serviced area.

2.11 ball thermometer temperature: The temperature at the center of a thin-walled hollow sphere, characterizing the combined influence of air temperature, radiation temperature and air velocity.

2.12 warm season: A period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above 8 °C.

2.13 cold season: A period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature of 8 °C or lower.

3 Classification of premises

This standard adopts the following classification of public and administrative premises:

premises of the 1st category: premises in which people, lying or sitting, are in a state of rest and relaxation;
premises of the 2nd category: premises in which people are engaged in mental work and study;
premises of category 3a: premises with large numbers of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position without street clothes;
premises of category 3b: premises with large numbers of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position in street clothes;
premises 3 in category: premises with large numbers of people, in which people are mainly in a standing position without street clothes;
premises of the 4th category: premises for outdoor sports;
premises of the 5th category: premises in which people are scantily clad (locker rooms, treatment rooms, doctors' offices, etc.);
premises of the 6th category: premises with temporary occupancy of people (lobbies, dressing rooms, corridors, stairs, bathrooms, smoking rooms, storage rooms).

4 Microclimate parameters

4.1 In the premises of residential and public buildings, optimal or acceptable microclimate parameters in the serviced area should be ensured.

4.2 Parameters characterizing the microclimate in residential and public premises:

air temperature;
air speed;
relative humidity;
resulting room temperature;
local asymmetry of the resulting temperature.

4.3 Required microclimate parameters: optimal, acceptable, or combinations thereof should be set depending on the purpose of the room and the period of the year, taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents*.

_______________
* In the Russian Federation there are also

4.4 Optimal and permissible microclimate parameters in the serviced area of residential premises (including dormitories), kindergartens, public, administrative and household buildings should be taken for the corresponding period of the year within the limits of the parameter values given in Tables 1-3:

Table 1

in the service area of residential buildings and dormitories

Period of the year	The name of a room	Air temperature, °C				Relative humidity, %
Period of the year	The name of a room	optimal	permissible	optimal	permissible	optimal	permissible no more	optimal no more	permissible no more
Cold	Living room	20-22	18-24 (20-24)	19-20	17-23 (19-23)	45-30	60	0,15	0,2
	Living room in areas with the coldest five-day temperature (probability 0.92) minus 31 °C and below	21-23	20-24 (22-24)	20-22	19-23 (21-23)	45-30	60	0,15	0,2
	Kitchen	19-21	18-26	18-20	17-25	Not standardized	Not standardized	0,15	0,2
	Toilet	19-21	18-26	18-20	17-25	Not standardized	Not standardized	0,15	0,2
	Bathroom, combined toilet	24-26	18-26	23-27	17-26	Not standardized	Not standardized	0,15	0,2
	Facilities for recreation and study sessions	20-22	18-24	19-21	17-23	45-30	60	0,15	0,2
	Inter-apartment corridor	18-20	16-22	17-19	15-21	45-30	60	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Lobby, staircase	16-18	14-20	15-17	13-19	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Storerooms	16-18	12-22	15-17	11-21	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized
Warm	Living room	22-25	20-28	22-24	18-27	60-30	65	0,2	0,3
Note - Values in parentheses refer to homes for the elderly and disabled.

table 2

Optimal and permissible norms of temperature, relative humidity and air speed
in the service area of preschool institutions

Period of the year	The name of a room	Air temperature, °C		Resulting temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %		Air speed, m/s
Period of the year	The name of a room	optimal	permissible	optimal	permissible	optimal	permissible, no more	optimal, no more	permissible, no more
Cold	Group changing room and toilet:
	for nursery and junior groups	21-23	20-24	20-22	19-23	45-30	60	0,1	0,15
		19-21	18-25	18-20	17-24	45-30	60	0,1	0,15
	Bedroom:
	for nursery and junior groups	20-22	19-23	19-21	18-22	45-30	60	0,1	0,15
	for middle and preschool groups	19-21	18-23	18-22	17-22	45-30	60	0,1	0,15
	Lobby, staircase	18-20	16-22	17-19	15-21	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized
Warm	Group bedrooms	23-25	18-28	22-24	19-27	60-30	65	0,15	0,25
Notes 1 In the kitchen, bathroom and pantry, air parameters should be taken according to table 1. 2 For preschool institutions located in areas with the coldest five-day temperature (provision 0.92) minus 31 °C and below, the permissible design air temperature in the room should be taken 1 °C higher than that indicated in Table 2.

Table 3

Optimal and permissible norms of temperature, relative humidity and air speed
in the service area of public and administrative buildings

Period of the year	Room name or category	Air temperature, °C		Resulting temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %		Air speed, m/s
Period of the year	Room name or category	optimal	permissible	optimal	permissible	optimal	permissible, no more	optimal, no more	permissible, no more
Cold	1	20-22	18-24	19-20	17-23	45-30	60	0,2	0,3
	2	19-21	18-23	18-20	17-22	45-30	60	0,2	0,3
	3a	20-21	19-23	19-20	19-22	45-30	60	0,2	0,3
	3b	14-16	12-17	13-15	13-16	45-30	60	0,3	0,5
	3v	18-20	16-22	17-20	15-21	45-30	60	0,2	0,3
	4	17-19	15-21	16-18	14-20	45-30	60	0,2	0,3
	5	20-22	20-24	19-21	19-23	45-30	60	0,15	0,2
	6	16-18	14-20	15-17	13-19	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized	Not standardized
	Bathrooms, showers	24-26	18-28	23-25	17-27	Not standardized	Not standardized	0,15	0,2
Warm	Premises with permanent occupancy	23-25	18-28	22-24	19-27	60-30	65	0,15	0,25

The local asymmetry of the resulting temperature should be no more than 2.5 °C for optimal and no more than 3.5 °C for acceptable values.

4.5 Calculation of the resulting temperature is given in Appendix A.

4.6 When ensuring microclimate indicators at various points in the service area, the following is allowed:

the difference in air temperature is no more than 2 °C for optimal indicators and 3 °C for acceptable ones;
the difference in the resulting room temperature along the height of the serviced area is no more than 2 °C;
change in air speed - no more than 0.07 m/s for optimal indicators and 0.1 m/s - for acceptable ones;
change in relative air humidity - no more than 7% for optimal indicators and 15% for acceptable ones.

4.7 In residential and public buildings, according to regulatory and technical documents*, during the cold period of the year, during non-working hours, it is allowed to reduce the microclimate indicators, taking the air temperature below the standard, but not below:

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15 °C - in residential premises;
12 °C - in public, administrative and domestic premises.

The normalized temperature must be ensured before use.

5 Air quality

5.1 The air quality in the premises of residential and public buildings is ensured in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents* with the required level of ventilation (the amount of air exchange in the premises), ensuring the permissible values of carbon dioxide content in the premises. By reducing air exchange, the energy consumption of the ventilation system is reduced, as well as the energy efficiency of ventilation systems is increased.

_______________
* Valid in the Russian Federation.

The required air exchange in a room can be determined in two ways:

based on specific air exchange rates;
based on the calculation of air exchange necessary to ensure acceptable concentrations of pollutants.

The air flow rates of ventilation systems taken to ensure air quality depend on the number of people in the room, their activities, technological processes (emissions of pollutants from household and office equipment, from building materials, furniture, etc.), as well as from heating and ventilation systems.

The use of the second method, based on the balance of hazards in the room, makes it possible to determine air exchange taking into account outdoor air pollution and a given level of air quality (comfort) in the room.

In this case, the defining harmful substance is carbon dioxide ( CO2), exhaled by people. The equivalent of harmful substances emitted by fences, furniture, carpets, etc. is also considered carbon dioxide ( CO) By .

Requirements for indoor air quality should be taken according to the design specifications in accordance with Table 4.

Table 4

Classification of indoor air

Table 5

5.2 The amount of outside air supplied into the room by the ventilation system per person to ensure a given air quality depends on the concentration of carbon dioxide in the outside air and the efficiency of air distribution in the room.

The basic amount of outside air per person is given in Table 4.

Depending on the efficiency of the air distribution system, the required outdoor air flow L, m³/h, in the ventilation system should be determined by the formula

L = η L δ, (1)

Where η - efficiency coefficient of the air distribution system, determined by calculation or accepted according to Table 6;

L δ- estimated minimum amount of outside air, m³/h.

Approximate values of the efficiency coefficient are given in Table 6.

Table 6

Air distribution system efficiency factors

5.3 For children's institutions, hospitals and clinics, air quality indicators of class 1 should be adopted.

For residential and public buildings, as a rule, the air quality class should be taken; Optimal air parameters for these buildings may be accepted according to the design specifications, taking into account outdoor air pollution and the source of indoor air pollution.

6 Control methods

6.1 During the cold season, microclimate measurements should be performed at an outside air temperature of no higher than minus 5 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements under a cloudless sky during daylight hours.

6.2 During the warm season, microclimate measurements should be performed at an outside air temperature of at least 15 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements under a cloudless sky during daylight hours.

6.3 Measurement of temperature, humidity and air speed should be carried out in the service area at a height:

0.1; 0.4 and 1.7 m from the floor surface - for preschool institutions;
0.1; 0.6 and 1.7 m from the floor surface - when people stay in the room mainly in a sitting position;
0.1; 1.1 and 1.7 m from the floor surface - in rooms where people mainly stand or walk;
in the center of the service area and at a distance of 0.5 m from the inner surface of the external walls and stationary heating devices - in the rooms indicated in Table 7.

Table 7

Measurement locations

Building	Selecting a room	Measurement location
Single-family	At least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m² each, having two external walls or rooms with large windows, the area of which is 30% or more of the external wall area	In the center of the planes spaced from the inner surface of the outer wall and the heating device by 0.5 m, and in the center of the room (the point of intersection of the diagonal lines of the room) at the height specified in 5.3
Apartment buildings	In at least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m² each in apartments on the first and last floors
Hotels, motels, hospitals, childcare centers, schools	In one corner room on the first or last floor
Other public and administrative	In every representative room	In the center of planes spaced 0.5 m from the inner surface of the outer wall and the heating device in rooms with an area of 100 m² or more, measurements are carried out in areas whose dimensions are regulated in 5.3

In rooms with an area of more than 100 m², measurements of temperature, humidity and air velocity should be carried out in equal areas, the area of which should not exceed 100 m².

6.4 The temperature of the inner surface of walls, partitions, floors, and ceilings should be measured at the center of the corresponding surface.

For external walls with light openings and heating devices, the temperature on the inner surface should be measured in the centers of the areas formed by lines extending the edges of the slopes of the light opening, as well as in the center of the glazing and heating device.

6.5 The resulting room temperature should be calculated using the formulas specified in Appendix A. Air temperature measurements are carried out in the center of the room at a height of 0.6 m from the floor surface for rooms with people in a sitting position and at a height of 1.1 m in rooms with people in a sitting position in a standing position, either by the temperatures of the surrounding surfaces of the fences (see Appendix A), or by measurements with a ball thermometer (see Appendix B).

6.6 Local asymmetry of the resulting temperature t asu, °C should be calculated for the points specified in 5.5 using the formula

t asu = tsu1 − tsu2, (2)

Where tsu1 And tsu2- temperatures, °C, measured in two opposite directions with a ball thermometer according to Appendix B.

6.7 Relative humidity in the room should be measured in the center of the room at a height of 1.1 m from the floor.

6.8 When manually recording microclimate indicators, at least three measurements should be taken with an interval of at least 5 minutes; with automatic registration, measurements should be taken within 2 hours. When compared with standard indicators, the average value of the measured values is taken.

Measuring the resulting temperature should begin 20 minutes after installing the ball thermometer at the measurement point.

6.9 Microclimate indicators in premises should be measured using devices that have been registered and have the appropriate certificate.

The measuring range and permissible error of measuring instruments must comply with the requirements of Table 8.

Table 8

Requirements for measuring instruments

Appendix A (mandatory).
Calculation of the resulting room temperature

The resulting room temperature should be taken at an air speed of up to 0.2 m/s equal to the temperature of a ball thermometer with a sphere diameter of 150 mm.

Resulting room temperature tsu, °C, at air speed up to 0.2 m/s should be determined by the formula

tsu = (t p + t r) / 2, (A.1)

Where t p- room air temperature, °C;

t r- radiation temperature of the room, °C.

At air speed from 0.2 to 0.6 m/s tsu, °C, should be determined by the formula

tsu = 0,6t p + 0,4t r, (A.2)

Radiation temperature t r, °C, should be calculated:

According to the temperature of the ball thermometer according to the formula

t r = t b + t m√V(t b − t p) , (A.3)

Where t b- temperature according to a ball thermometer, °C;

m- constant equal to 2.2 for a sphere diameter of up to 150 mm;

V- air speed, m/s;

Based on the temperatures of the internal surfaces of fences and heating devices according to the formula

= Σ( A i t i) / Σ A i, (A.4)

Where A i- area of the internal surface of fences and heating devices, m²;

t i- temperature of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, °C.

Appendix B (mandatory).
Ball thermometer device

A ball thermometer for determining the local asymmetry of the resulting temperature is a hollow sphere, in which one half of the ball has a mirror surface (the degree of surface emissivity is not higher than 0.05), and the other half has a blackened surface (the degree of surface emissivity is not lower than 0.95).

The temperature of the ball thermometer measured at the center of the ball is the equilibrium temperature from radiative and convective heat exchange between the ball and the environment.

Recommended sphere diameter is 150 mm. The thickness of the walls of the sphere is minimal, for example, made of copper - 0.4 mm. The mirror surface is formed by the galvanic method by applying a chrome coating. Gluing polished foil and other methods are allowed. Measuring range from 10 °C to 50 °C. The time the ball thermometer remains at the measuring point before measurement is at least 20 minutes. The measurement accuracy at temperatures from 10 °C to 50 °C is 0.1 °C.

When using a sphere of a different diameter, the constant m should be determined by the formula

m = 2,2(0,15 / d) 0.4 , (B.1)

Where d- sphere diameter, m.

Bibliography

SP 60.13330.2010* "SNiP 41-01-2003 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"

________________
* The document is not valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. Valid.

SanPiN 2.1.2.2645 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises

EN 13779-2007* Ventilation for non-residential buildings. Performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems (EN 13779-2007)

Key words: room microclimate, optimal parameters, acceptable parameters, air temperature, air speed, relative air humidity, resulting room temperature, local asymmetry of the resulting temperature, air quality