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Name
The word “Bible” does not appear in the sacred books themselves, and was first used in relation to the collection of sacred books in the east in the 4th century by John Chrysostom and Epiphanius of Cyprus. The Jews designated their sacred books by the names: “scriptures”, “sacred writings”, “testament”, “books of the covenant”, “law and prophets”. Christians designated the New Testament writings with the title “Gospel and Apostle.”
Composition of the Bible
The Bible consists of many parts, combined into the Old Testament and the New Testament.
Old Testament (Tanakh)
The first, according to the time of creation, part of the Bible in Judaism is called the Tanakh; in Christianity it was called the Old Testament, in contrast to the “New”. The name “Hebrew Bible” is also used. This part of the Bible is a collection of books written in Hebrew long before our era and selected as sacred from other literature by Hebrew teachers of the law. This part of the Bible is the common Scripture for both Judaism and Christianity.
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, which in the Jewish tradition are artificially counted as 22, according to the number of letters of the Hebrew alphabet, or as 24, according to the number of letters of the Greek alphabet. All 39 books of the Old Testament are divided into three sections in Judaism.
The first is called "Teaching" (Torah) and contains the Pentateuch of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Book of Leviticus, Book of Numbers, Deuteronomy.
The second section, called “Prophets,” covers the books: Joshua, the Book of Judges, 1st and 2nd books. Kings, or the Book of Samuel (counted as one book), 3rd and 4th books. Kings, or the Book of Kings (counted as one book), Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, book. The Twelve Minor Prophets (counted as one book).
The third section, entitled “Scriptures,” includes: the Book of Job, the Book of Ruth, the Psalms, the Book of Proverbs of Solomon, the Song of Songs, the Book of Ecclesiastes, the Book of Daniel, Lamentations of Jeremiah, the Book of Ezra and Nehemiah (counted as one book), 1st and 2 Chronicles (counted as one book) and the Book of Esther. Connecting the book Ruth with the book Judges in one book, as well as the Lamentations of Jeremiah from the book. Jeremiah, instead of 24 books we get 22. Twenty-two sacred books were considered by the ancient Jews in their canon, as Josephus Flavius testifies. This is the composition and order of the books in the Hebrew Bible.
All these books are considered canonical in the Christian Church.
New Testament
The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament, a collection of 27 Christian books (including the 4 Gospels, the Epistles of the Apostles and the book of Revelation of John the Theologian), written in the 1st century. n. e. and which have come down to us in ancient Greek. This part of the Bible is most important for Christianity, while Judaism does not consider it divinely inspired.
The New Testament consists of 27 books belonging to eight inspired writers: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Peter, Paul, James and Jude. The books of the New Testament, like the book. The Old Testament, according to its content, falls into three sections: historical books - the four Gospels and the book belong here. Acts of the Apostles; teaching books - the apostolic epistles belong here; to the department of the book. Only one book belongs to the prophets - the Apocalypse.
In the Slavic and Russian Bible books Nov. Head arranged in the following order: Gospels - Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts of Luke, Epistles of James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude and so on The Fourteen Epistles of the Apostle Paul in this order: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 to Timothy, 2 Timothy, to Titus, to Philemon, to the Hebrews and, finally, the revelation of John the Evangelist.
The books are arranged in this order. New Head in the most ancient manuscripts - the Alexandrian and Vatican, the Apostolic Rules, the Rules of the Councils of Laodicea and Carthage, and in many ancient Church Fathers. But this order of placement of the books of the New Testament. cannot be called universal and necessary, in some Bibles. in collections there is a different arrangement of books, and now in the Vulgate and in editions of the Greek. New Head The Council Epistles are placed after the Epistles of the Apostle Paul before the Apocalypse. This or that placement was guided by many considerations, but the time of appearance of the books did not matter much, which can most clearly be seen from the placement of Pavlov’s Epistles. The order we indicated was guided by considerations regarding the importance of the places or churches to which the messages were sent: first, messages written to entire churches were delivered, and then messages written to individuals. If the Epistle to the Hebrews comes last, it is because its authenticity has long been doubted. Guided by chronological considerations, we can place the Epistles of the Apostle. Paul in this order: 1st Thessalonians, 2nd Thessalonians, Galatians, 1st Corinthians, Romans, Philemon, Philippians, Titus and 2 Timothy.
BIBLE
The books of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are canonical.
|
Books of the Old Testament: Book of Joshua Psalter Books of the New Testament: |
PENTATEUCH OF MOSES
BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
|
What does the word Bible itself mean?
We owe the word Bible to the Greek word “biblion” - book. Which, in turn, comes from the name of the ancient port - Byblos, located at the foot of the Lebanese mountains, through which Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece. So the name of the ancient port was included in 1829 languages into which the Bible is translated today ( There are about 3,000 languages and dialects on Earth, of which 1,500 belong to small ethnic groups). So, The Bible is just a word - a Book.
Bible.
But let's open the Book of Books. We will immediately see that the Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament (written before the prophet Malachi, who lived in the 5th century BC) and the New Testament, created in the first century AD.
This tradition is based on the fact that many translations use the expression "Old Testament" in 2 Corinthians 3:14. In the Synodal Version (1998 ed.) this verse reads: “But their minds are blinded: for the same veil remains untaken until now in the reading of the Old Testament, because it is removed by Christ.” Jesus Christ himself spoke of the collection of sacred books as “the Scriptures” (Matthew 21:42; Mark 14:49; John 5:39). The Apostle Paul called them “the sacred Scriptures” and “the Scriptures” (Romans 1:2; 15:4; 2 Timothy 3:15).
P Initially, the texts of the Old Testament were almost entirely written in Hebrew. Only a few fragments are in the so-called Aramaic language: The Book of Daniel (2:4 b- 7:28), the First Book of Ezra (4:8 - 6:18; 7:12-26), the Book of Tobit, the Book of Judith and the Book of Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach (the last three books have reached us only in Greek translation). The Books of Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom of Solomon, and the Second Book of Ezra are written in Greek. The third book of Ezra has come down to us only in a Latin translation, although it was written in the Semitic language.
The first section of the Old Testament, the Torah, was finally edited and established under Ezra around 444 BC. (Neh.8:1-12; 2 Ezra 9:37-48; cf. Babylonian Talmud. Sanhedrin.21 ).
Apparently, soon after this, section H"biim was canonized; in any case, already in 132 BC, the Holy Scriptures were divided into three sections: Law (o nomoV), Prophets (oi profhtai) and “other” books ( Sirach, preface).The first two sections are often mentioned in the Gospels (Matt. 5:17; 7:12; Luke 24:27, etc.), and in one place the third section is also named “Psalms”:
But let's return to the Bible. Both covenants were first brought into canonical form at the Third Ecumenical Council, which took place in Carthage in 397.. ( according to other sources, the Council of Laodicea 363 AD.) . The documents of these councils have not survived, but it is known for certain that already in the 5th century AD. The Bible was divided into the Old and New Testaments. Today's canon contains 39 books
Title New Testament in relation to the collection of canonical books began to be applied from the second half of the 2nd century, although the very concept of the New Testament, or the New Union (with God), goes back to the Book of the Prophet Jeremiah: “Behold, the days have come,” says Yahweh, “and I have concluded with the house Israel and with the house of Y'hudah a new covenant [b'rit ha dash a]” (Jer.31:31, RH). In Christian books proper, the concept New Testament(h kainh diaqhkh) first found in the Apostle Paul in the words of Jesus (1 Cor.11:25; cp. Luke 22:17-20
WITH The first known list of revered books is considered to be Canon Muratori, compiled, according to many researchers, in Rome around 200. It lacks both letters of Peter, the Epistle of James, the Third Epistle of John, and the Epistle to the Hebrews, but the apocryphal Apocalypse of Peter (APOKALUYIS PETROU) is present. However, the generally accepted view that the lost Greek original of the Latin translation of the Muratori Canon originated in Rome around 200 has been convincingly challenged in favor of its later origin (IV century) and another homeland (East) ( Sundberg A. Canon Muratori: a Fourth Century List. - HTR. Vol. 66, 1973, N. 1, pp. 1 - 41).
.
IN the first quarter of the 4th century, the Church did not recognize the inspiration of most of the so-called conciliar epistles and the Epistle to the Hebrews ( Eusebius. Church history.VI.13:6).
WITH According to the Council of Laodicea in 363, the New Testament included 26 books (except for the Revelation of John). After this, the question of the New Testament canon was discussed at two more councils - the Council of Hippo (393) and Carthage (419) - until it was finally finally resolved in 692 at the Council of Trullo.
However, the first documented canon was established only from the time of the new Council of Trent, convened during the Reformation in 1545 and lasting until 1563. By order of this council, a mass of books recognized as apocryphal were destroyed, in particular, the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah and Israel.
So the Bible is really the Book of Books - a collection of individual works that are divided into three groups: historical, instructive and prophetic. Most of the books bear the names of their authors. However, even today millions of believers believe the text of the Bible is the written Word of God.
The Greek word for this process in the original New Testament sounds like "theopneustos"- “divinely inspired”, but another term has become commonly used - “inspiration”, which arose from the Latin inspirare (to inhale, to blow). Among Christians there are very different ideas about “inspiration”. Apologists of one point of view believe that an “illuminated” person is capable of only partially participating in the writing of the Bible. Others advocate the theory of “literal inspiration,” according to which every word of the Bible is written in the original as it was inspired by God.
The translation of the Old Testament into modern Russian began in the mid-90s of the last century by decision of the board of the Russian Bible Society. The work is carried out by a team of authors under the leadership of Mikhail Georgievich Seleznev, candidate of philological sciences, editor-in-chief of the RBO and leading researcher at the Institute of Oriental Cultures of the Russian State University for the Humanities. During all this time, individual books of the Old Testament were published by the Russian Bible Society in the series: "THE OLD TESTAMENT. TRANSLATION FROM ANCIENT HEBREW". To date, 13 books of the Old Testament have been published: Genesis (translation by M. G. Seleznev), Exodus (translation by M. G. Seleznev and S. V. Tishchenko*), Deuteronomy (translation by S. V. Tishchenko and M. G. Seleznev), Joshua (translation by M. G. Seleznev), Judges (translation by M. G. Seleznev), Esther (translation by E. B. Smagina*), Job (translation by A. S. Desnitsky*), Proverbs (translation A. S. Desnitsky, E. B. Rashkovsky*, E. B. Smagina), Ecclesiastes (translation by A. E. Grafov*), Isaiah (translation by A. E. Grafov), Jeremiah (translation by L. V. Manevich* ), Lamentation of Jeremiah (translation by L. V. Manevich) and Daniel (translation by E. B. Smagina). By 2010, it is planned to complete the translation of all canonical books of the Old Testament.
Translators turn directly to the ancient original of the Old Testament books - to texts in Hebrew and in some cases in Aramaic. The translation is made from the standard scholarly edition of the Old Testament - Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart, 1990). In their work, the team of authors is guided by two basic principles: scientific correctness and adherence to the norms of the modern Russian language. Thus, the creators of the series are faced with the task of combining exact adherence to the ancient original with an impeccable artistic form of translation. This type of translation is usually called semantic.
In the entire history of translations of the Holy Scriptures into Russian, a task of this kind has been posed for the first time. The work takes into account the latest achievements of modern biblical studies and conducts a thorough analysis of various textual evidence of biblical books. This can be done by highly qualified translators and the extensive collection of the RBO scientific library. For the first time, translations into Russian involve, among other things, data from the Qumran manuscripts. The authors also take into account the experience of the most authoritative translations of the Bible into modern European languages (New Revised Standard Version, New International Version, Revidierte Elberfelder, Bible Jerusalem, Nouvelle Edition Geneve, La Sacra Biblia Nuova Riveduta).
The Old Testament was written thousands of years ago. It is not surprising that his images, the nature of his presentation, and his realities are often difficult for the modern reader to understand. It is worth adding to this that in the original text there is always something that cannot be conveyed even with the most masterly translation, but without which the meaning or important intonation of the text eludes... According to the authors of the series, a bridge between the difficult passages of the Old Testament and the modern reader should become historical and philological notes that accompany all translations published in the series. The notes are aimed at a wide range of readers with varying levels of background and experience in reading the Holy Scriptures. Laconic and concise in form, they provide the interested reader with a lot of valuable information, often never previously published in Russian.
The Old Testament is the doctrinal text of two world religions, which represents one of the most beautiful literary examples of antiquity. Rediscovering the literary and aesthetic side of this monument for readers is another task facing the creators of the Russian translation. Can a translation be considered accurate and truthful if it conveys high literature in a clumsy, ugly language that no one has ever spoken or written? That is why the team of translators makes great efforts to ensure that the created text is written in an elegant, clear language that conveys all the color and diversity of the biblical original.
* Sergey Vladimirovich Tishchenko, Candidate of Sciences, leading researcher at the Institute of Oriental Cultures of the Russian Humanitarian University;
* Evgenia Borisovna Smagina, Candidate of Sciences, classical philologist, specialist in Aramaic and Hebrew languages, researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences;
* Andrey Sergeevich Desnitsky, Candidate of Sciences, classical philologist and Hebraist, researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences;
* Evgeniy Borisovich Rashkovsky, Doctor of Science;
* Andrey Eduardovich Grafov, translator, member of the Union of Translators;
* Luka Vitalievich Manevich, classical philologist and Hebraist, researcher at the Russian Bible Society.
Download: Bible - Old and New Testament
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Download: Bible - (only) Old Testament
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Illustrated Bible in engravings by J. Carolsfeld
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Name
The word “Bible” does not appear in the sacred books themselves, and was first used in relation to the collection of sacred books in the east in the 4th century by John Chrysostom and Epiphanius of Cyprus. The Jews designated their sacred books by the names: “scriptures”, “sacred writings”, “testament”, “books of the covenant”, “law and prophets”. Christians designated the New Testament writings with the title “Gospel and Apostle.”
Composition of the Bible
The Bible consists of many parts, combined into the Old Testament and the New Testament.
Old Testament (Tanakh)
The first, according to the time of creation, part of the Bible in Judaism is called the Tanakh; in Christianity it was called the Old Testament, in contrast to the “New”. The name “Hebrew Bible” is also used. This part of the Bible is a collection of books written in Hebrew long before our era and selected as sacred from other literature by Hebrew teachers of the law. This part of the Bible is the common Scripture for both Judaism and Christianity.
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, which in the Jewish tradition are artificially counted as 22, according to the number of letters of the Hebrew alphabet, or as 24, according to the number of letters of the Greek alphabet. All 39 books of the Old Testament are divided into three sections in Judaism.
The first is called "Teaching" (Torah) and contains the Pentateuch of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Book of Leviticus, Book of Numbers, Deuteronomy.
The second section, called “Prophets,” covers the books: Joshua, the Book of Judges, 1st and 2nd books. Kings, or the Book of Samuel (counted as one book), 3rd and 4th books. Kings, or the Book of Kings (counted as one book), Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, book. The Twelve Minor Prophets (counted as one book).
The third section, entitled “Scriptures,” includes: the Book of Job, the Book of Ruth, the Psalms, the Book of Proverbs of Solomon, the Song of Songs, the Book of Ecclesiastes, the Book of Daniel, Lamentations of Jeremiah, the Book of Ezra and Nehemiah (counted as one book), 1st and 2 Chronicles (counted as one book) and the Book of Esther. Connecting the book Ruth with the book Judges in one book, as well as the Lamentations of Jeremiah from the book. Jeremiah, instead of 24 books we get 22. Twenty-two sacred books were considered by the ancient Jews in their canon, as Josephus Flavius testifies. This is the composition and order of the books in the Hebrew Bible.
All these books are considered canonical in the Christian Church.
New Testament
The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament, a collection of 27 Christian books (including the 4 Gospels, the Epistles of the Apostles and the book of Revelation of John the Theologian), written in the 1st century. n. e. and which have come down to us in ancient Greek. This part of the Bible is most important for Christianity, while Judaism does not consider it divinely inspired.
The New Testament consists of 27 books belonging to eight inspired writers: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Peter, Paul, James and Jude. The books of the New Testament, like the book. The Old Testament, according to its content, falls into three sections: historical books - the four Gospels and the book belong here. Acts of the Apostles; teaching books - the apostolic epistles belong here; to the department of the book. Only one book belongs to the prophets - the Apocalypse.
In the Slavic and Russian Bible books Nov. Head arranged in the following order: Gospels - Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts of Luke, Epistles of James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude and so on The Fourteen Epistles of the Apostle Paul in this order: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 to Timothy, 2 Timothy, to Titus, to Philemon, to the Hebrews and, finally, the revelation of John the Evangelist.
The books are arranged in this order. New Head in the most ancient manuscripts - the Alexandrian and Vatican, the Apostolic Rules, the Rules of the Councils of Laodicea and Carthage, and in many ancient Church Fathers. But this order of placement of the books of the New Testament. cannot be called universal and necessary, in some Bibles. in collections there is a different arrangement of books, and now in the Vulgate and in editions of the Greek. New Head The Council Epistles are placed after the Epistles of the Apostle Paul before the Apocalypse. This or that placement was guided by many considerations, but the time of appearance of the books did not matter much, which can most clearly be seen from the placement of Pavlov’s Epistles. The order we indicated was guided by considerations regarding the importance of the places or churches to which the messages were sent: first, messages written to entire churches were delivered, and then messages written to individuals. If the Epistle to the Hebrews comes last, it is because its authenticity has long been doubted. Guided by chronological considerations, we can place the Epistles of the Apostle. Paul in this order: 1st Thessalonians, 2nd Thessalonians, Galatians, 1st Corinthians, Romans, Philemon, Philippians, Titus and 2 Timothy.
BIBLE
The books of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are canonical.
|
Books of the Old Testament: Book of Joshua Psalter Books of the New Testament: |
PENTATEUCH OF MOSES
BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
|
What does the word Bible itself mean?
We owe the word Bible to the Greek word “biblion” - book. Which, in turn, comes from the name of the ancient port - Byblos, located at the foot of the Lebanese mountains, through which Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece. So the name of the ancient port was included in 1829 languages into which the Bible is translated today ( There are about 3,000 languages and dialects on Earth, of which 1,500 belong to small ethnic groups). So, The Bible is just a word - a Book.
Bible.
But let's open the Book of Books. We will immediately see that the Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament (written before the prophet Malachi, who lived in the 5th century BC) and the New Testament, created in the first century AD.
This tradition is based on the fact that many translations use the expression "Old Testament" in 2 Corinthians 3:14. In the Synodal Version (1998 ed.) this verse reads: “But their minds are blinded: for the same veil remains untaken until now in the reading of the Old Testament, because it is removed by Christ.” Jesus Christ himself spoke of the collection of sacred books as “the Scriptures” (Matthew 21:42; Mark 14:49; John 5:39). The Apostle Paul called them “the sacred Scriptures” and “the Scriptures” (Romans 1:2; 15:4; 2 Timothy 3:15).
P Initially, the texts of the Old Testament were almost entirely written in Hebrew. Only a few fragments are in the so-called Aramaic language: The Book of Daniel (2:4 b- 7:28), the First Book of Ezra (4:8 - 6:18; 7:12-26), the Book of Tobit, the Book of Judith and the Book of Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach (the last three books have reached us only in Greek translation). The Books of Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom of Solomon, and the Second Book of Ezra are written in Greek. The third book of Ezra has come down to us only in a Latin translation, although it was written in the Semitic language.
The first section of the Old Testament, the Torah, was finally edited and established under Ezra around 444 BC. (Neh.8:1-12; 2 Ezra 9:37-48; cf. Babylonian Talmud. Sanhedrin.21 ).
Apparently, soon after this, section H"biim was canonized; in any case, already in 132 BC, the Holy Scriptures were divided into three sections: Law (o nomoV), Prophets (oi profhtai) and “other” books ( Sirach, preface).The first two sections are often mentioned in the Gospels (Matt. 5:17; 7:12; Luke 24:27, etc.), and in one place the third section is also named “Psalms”:
But let's return to the Bible. Both covenants were first brought into canonical form at the Third Ecumenical Council, which took place in Carthage in 397.. ( according to other sources, the Council of Laodicea 363 AD.) . The documents of these councils have not survived, but it is known for certain that already in the 5th century AD. The Bible was divided into the Old and New Testaments. Today's canon contains 39 books
Title New Testament in relation to the collection of canonical books began to be applied from the second half of the 2nd century, although the very concept of the New Testament, or the New Union (with God), goes back to the Book of the Prophet Jeremiah: “Behold, the days have come,” says Yahweh, “and I have concluded with the house Israel and with the house of Y'hudah a new covenant [b'rit ha dash a]” (Jer.31:31, RH). In Christian books proper, the concept New Testament(h kainh diaqhkh) first found in the Apostle Paul in the words of Jesus (1 Cor.11:25; cp. Luke 22:17-20
WITH The first known list of revered books is considered to be Canon Muratori, compiled, according to many researchers, in Rome around 200. It lacks both letters of Peter, the Epistle of James, the Third Epistle of John, and the Epistle to the Hebrews, but the apocryphal Apocalypse of Peter (APOKALUYIS PETROU) is present. However, the generally accepted view that the lost Greek original of the Latin translation of the Muratori Canon originated in Rome around 200 has been convincingly challenged in favor of its later origin (IV century) and another homeland (East) ( Sundberg A. Canon Muratori: a Fourth Century List. - HTR. Vol. 66, 1973, N. 1, pp. 1 - 41).
.
IN the first quarter of the 4th century, the Church did not recognize the inspiration of most of the so-called conciliar epistles and the Epistle to the Hebrews ( Eusebius. Church history.VI.13:6).
WITH According to the Council of Laodicea in 363, the New Testament included 26 books (except for the Revelation of John). After this, the question of the New Testament canon was discussed at two more councils - the Council of Hippo (393) and Carthage (419) - until it was finally finally resolved in 692 at the Council of Trullo.
However, the first documented canon was established only from the time of the new Council of Trent, convened during the Reformation in 1545 and lasting until 1563. By order of this council, a mass of books recognized as apocryphal were destroyed, in particular, the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah and Israel.
So the Bible is really the Book of Books - a collection of individual works that are divided into three groups: historical, instructive and prophetic. Most of the books bear the names of their authors. However, even today millions of believers believe the text of the Bible is the written Word of God.
The Greek word for this process in the original New Testament sounds like "theopneustos"- “divinely inspired”, but another term has become commonly used - “inspiration”, which arose from the Latin inspirare (to inhale, to blow). Among Christians there are very different ideas about “inspiration”. Apologists of one point of view believe that an “illuminated” person is capable of only partially participating in the writing of the Bible. Others advocate the theory of “literal inspiration,” according to which every word of the Bible is written in the original as it was inspired by God.
