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Fourth Logic ("student")

The Fourth Logic in its system of priorities assigns the most insignificant place to Logic.

The Fourth Logic is not interested in spending your life on intellectual work and the search for meaning. She sincerely does not care about the truth, the main thing is that it works. One cannot expect breadth and richness of mental activity from her. Such a person will learn as much as is required to realize his higher-ranking functions.

The Fourth Logic is characterized by clarity, simplicity and conciseness in the presentation of thoughts. Such people have a very methodical mind that throws away everything unnecessary. If a person with the Fourth Logic does not understand any thought, he will simply forget about it so as not to be overloaded.

The Fourth Logic speaks as it thinks, in short, complete phrases. The speech of the Fourth Logic flows without difficulty, but is often chaotic, tense and inconsistent.

It is difficult for the Fourth Logic to think in abstract categories. When she does this, it feels as if she is using words whose meaning she does not understand. She usually tries to be as specific as possible.

Usually the Fourth Logic is able to consider only a separate fact, without connecting it with other facts. System analysis is very difficult for her.

The ideology of the Fourth Logic usually has little to do with her life. She can say whatever she wants, but she doesn’t follow it at all. Here life is separate from thought. In this sense, it is better to trust the reasoning of the Fourth Logic with great caution.

The Fourth Logic can think independently, but the activation of intellect here occurs only at the moment of the need for choice, under the pressure of external circumstances. She will not strain her brain unnecessarily. Due to her effectiveness, she tries to take the shortest path, and where serious intellectual effort is required, it is easier for her to trust the authority that she chooses for herself.

Any information coming from outside is absolutely unreliable for the Fourth Logic. It needs to be rechecked, and this can be achieved, from the point of view of the Fourth Logic, by collecting the opinions of people with a higher standing Logic. Which she does successfully, collecting advice before making an important decision.

The Fourth Logic believes what those “who know” tell it. She herself cannot play with theories.

The Fourth Logic may have its own worldview system, but it is not fundamental for such a person. In order not to “steam”, it can be easier for the Fourth Logic to accept a ready-made system - religious, philosophical, life. Moreover, of all the theories, the Fourth Logic chooses the simplest and most understandable.

Fourth Logic tends to be “infected” by someone else’s truth, but this may not last long - as long as it is in contact with the person telling it his truth. When another interlocutor is nearby, Fourth Logic can also sincerely share his ideas.

The Fourth Logic is characterized by idle curiosity. She can be interested in a variety of things, read many books, communicate with people of very different views. And everywhere she will be interested for some time, and she will perceive all this as her own.

The Fourth Logic can easily develop other people's views, take part in any conversations, she is not afraid of blows to Logic and even direct doubts about her mental abilities. Therefore, she is completely free in her self-expression.

The Fourth Logic does not press with its opinion, even if it provides undeniable and very well-thought-out evidence. She can put pressure on the higher functions of her psychotype.

The Fourth Logic is the most tenacious. She can adapt to any regime, any leader, any spouse, any boss, and will follow them, finding much reasonableness in their arguments, sincerely agreeing with them.

One of the weaknesses of the Fourth Logic is the inability to function in stressful situations. In these cases, the ability to think simply “turns off”, and the person is seized with panic, he cannot make an informed decision.

Even if the stress is not very strong, a person’s ability to think is blocked, and he begins to rely on his upper functions, and according to Logic, he is led by those who will lead him at that moment.

Fourth Logic does not mean absence of mind. People with Fourth Logic can be very intelligent. The vast majority of the Earth's population has the Fourth Logic. And among them are many people whom we deservedly consider great thinkers.

Today we will talk about who they are ethics And logic. All people are divided into two groups according to their type of thinking. A predisposition to ethical or logical thinking is given to a person from birth, and is formed in the first years of life. Logic and ethics are two different types of intelligence that see this world completely differently. Let's look at how they differ from each other.

Ethics

Ethics well versed in feelings and emotions. The details and nuances of the mood of the people around them do not escape their gaze. And even if a person tries to hide his feelings, an ethicist will still notice this by the smallest nuances of facial expressions, voice, and gaze. He will see sadness behind the feigned gaiety, kindness behind the ostentatious severity.

Ethicists themselves are capable of emotionally influencing people, changing the mood of those around them, and creating the atmosphere necessary in a given specific situation. They will calm you down, cheer you up, sympathize with you. However, they do it naturally and naturally, without making any special efforts.

Ethicists are just as successful in understanding issues relationships between people. They know who loves whom, who hates whom, who is delighted with whom, and who avoids whom. Ethics have a good sense of how other people treat them and know how to influence this attitude. In general, they are creative in building relationships and create them the way they want.

Ethicists may concede an argument only because they do not want to offend. Or compliment your appearance to please the person, even if he doesn’t look his best today. They praise to inspire and support if they see that a person is trying.

In general, ethicists perceive the world through people and feelings. They live by quarreling, making peace, loving and hating, rejoicing and suffering. For them, there are no once and for all defined moral rules, much less “spied” on someone. Often they create these rules themselves. Moral issues are important to them, but they also approach them creatively. They see a complex ethical situation from different angles and take into account subjective, personal circumstances.

Logicians

Logicians are well versed in facts and cause-and-effect relationships. It is important for them that actions have a purpose, otherwise these actions are meaningless. Logicians are well versed in issues of labor organization; they can organize people for productive activities.

They pay attention to people’s business qualities; it’s easy for them to understand whether a person is a good professional. They evaluate others on their intelligence and ability to work effectively. They can have a good understanding of business issues and know how to make money. Use rules, structures, systems, graphs and tables. They consider this a convenient way to present information.

In a dispute, they are not inclined to concede if the opponent, in their opinion, is wrong. They use facts and statistics to convince their interlocutor. They believe that there is an objective truth and try to convey it to people. They praise and give compliments when people really deserve it.

In general, logicians perceive the world through logical relationships. They prove, convince, analyze, calculate. For logicians, laws and their implementation are important. They believe that there should be justice in the world, and are ready to fight for it.

Summary

Ethics:

They are well versed in feelings and relationships.
They know how to emotionally influence people.
They perceive the world through people and relationships.
Successfully resolve conflicts.
They persuade, ask, inspire.
They take a creative, comprehensive approach to moral issues and evaluate actions from the point of view of “good and bad.”
They evaluate the spiritual qualities of people.
Not very strong in solving logical problems and issues related to making money.

Logic:

They work well with facts and cause-and-effect relationships.
They know how to operate equipment and understand its structure.
They perceive the world through logical relationships.
They know how to make money.
They prove, convince, analyze.
Not very flexible in matters of morality, they evaluate actions from the point of view of “right or wrong.”
They evaluate the professionalism, intelligence and business qualities of people.
Not very strong at resolving conflicts and influencing people emotionally.

I have given here an overview, condensed description of ethics and logic so that you can see the big picture. This will help you figure out whether you are an ethicist or a logician.

Current page: 1 (book has 1 pages in total)

Gareth Moore
Lateral logic. The puzzling path to out-of-the-box thinking

Published with permission from MICHAEL O'MARA BOOKS LIMITED

Introduction

Welcome to the pages of Lateral Logic! This book gives you 90 different challenges, and each of them should stimulate your brain to look for innovative solutions and use your imagination. Having gone all the way to the end, you can safely consider yourself a master of creative thinking and abstract logic!

The tasks in the book are divided into three levels: beginner, specialist and expert. Even if you are already familiar with lateral thinking puzzles, it is still better to start at the very beginning and move forward gradually, since many of the questions offered in the first level are stepping stones to the problems of subsequent ones. In addition, by immediately jumping to the end of the book, you risk depriving yourself of the joy of solving previous puzzles.

So, this book contains 90 different problems - 30 for each of the three difficulty levels, and each problem has an average of two riddles. As a rule, riddles under the same number are either related thematically or form a series of successively more complex semantic tasks. Just as we begin to master the book as a whole from the first level, so in each task it is better to start with the first puzzle, and then move on to the second, so as not to “peep” the answer to the previous one.

Some of the tasks are designed to help you develop lateral thinking skills by carefully dosed motivation for creativity. This helps release the inherent creativity in all people that you may not have known you had within you until now!

Tips and solutions

After each problem you will find links to the "Tips" and "Solutions" sections. Don’t be shy - feel free to look at the “Hints” if you reach a dead end when solving a puzzle. When there are several clues, then, after reading the first, return to the task before reading the second, and use the same principle for each subsequent clue. They are arranged according to the degree to which the answer is revealed - from least to most, so the more clues you read, the easier the task will become.

Each puzzle is given a complete correct solution, but before checking your own with it (especially when you are not sure about it), I advise you to first read the clues, even if, in your opinion, you do not need them, and thus check that it matches whether the course of your reasoning with the proposed one. By doing this, you do not risk getting a spoiler of the right decision if yours is different.

For some lateral thinking puzzles, there may be options for reasonable solutions other than those in the book, but it is worth keeping in mind that in the vast majority of cases, your goal is to find the simplest and most rational one. Solutions often turn out to be bizarre and incredible, but you must practice the skill of obtaining the most clear and realistic answer in each case. I leave it to you to determine whether the alternative solutions you arrive at meet these criteria.

You will also find riddles with special, unique answers in this book. From the text it will immediately be clear to you that you are dealing with exactly such a case, since for such problems there is only one correct solution.

How to solve lateral thinking problems

As a rule, lateral thinking tasks require imagining answer options that do not directly follow from the question asked. A classic example is a hypothetical situation where there are three light bulbs in one room and three switches in another. You know that each switch controls one of the three light bulbs, but you don't know which one. All lights are off. You cannot see the room with the light bulbs from the room with the switches. The challenge is to figure out which switch controls which light bulb without entering any room more than once. You are alone in the rooms, so there is no way to ask someone to see which switch turns on which light bulb.

If you could enter and exit each room twice, the problem would be simple to solve. You would go into a room with switches, turn one of them, and then go into a room with light bulbs and note which light bulb turned on. Then we would return to the room with the switches, turn the second one and again, returning to the room with the light bulbs, see which one lit up this time. It is clear that the third switch activates the third light bulb - problem solved.

But you're only allowed one visit to the switch room, so you'll have to figure out which light bulb each of the three switches lights in a different way. To solve a riddle, it is best to start by thinking about all the available possibilities, namely:

1) do not turn any of the switches

2) turn one switch

3) turn two switches

4) turn all three switches

Option 1 will not help, because it is obvious that you will not find out anything. Using option 2, you will identify one “switch - light bulb” pair, but the chances of guessing the other two will be 50/50. Similarly, option 3 will help you determine which switch corresponds to the unlit light bulb, but the chances of matching the other two will also be 50/50. Option 4 no better than option 1.

In a regular type of riddle, the answer would be one of the above options, since in tasks that do not involve lateral thinking, the proposed question already contains all possible answer parameters. In our case, you need to think about options that are NOT explicitly given. Once you have mastered this, it may turn out - and this happens quite often - that the problem has many different potential answers (as already discussed), but you should always look for the simplest and most reasonable one.

Let's return to our light bulbs. If the conditions did not mention that you are alone, then the simplest solution would be to send an assistant into the room with the light bulbs and ask him what happens when you turn the switches. Yes, no helper was mentioned in the question, but having used lateral thinking, one would inevitably have to think about how to solve the problem using more than the information and ideas provided by the question text.

You could find a more complex way to solve the problem - for example, install a video camera in a room with light bulbs, then turn the switches one by one and then see in the video recording in what order the light bulbs lit up. This is an extremely rational solution, but more complex than what will be presented below, so from a subjective point of view it cannot be called so ingenious. Another rational, but also difficult solution is to install mirrors so that you can observe from one room what is happening in another... If you do not add a huge number of reservations to each question on lateral thinking, then it is almost impossible to exclude many potential answers other than the one you are looking for.

Given the large number of variations with switches, all you have to do to solve this puzzle is think about light bulbs rather than switches. I'll give you a hint: if they clarify to you that the solution does not involve the use of additional equipment, but requires the ability to reach the light bulbs, will this help?

You have already been told in no uncertain terms that in the room electric light bulbs, not some vague light sources. This is important because the solution you are being forced to make would not be possible if we were talking about some more modern types of lighting. So the question comes down to this: Do light bulbs have some property - other than the fact that they emit (or don't emit) light - that you can use to solve a problem?

The solution - if you haven't already guessed - is based on the fact that the light bulbs get hot when they are on. You turn two switches and wait to let the light bulbs turn on and warm up. Then you neutralize one of the switches and go to the room with the light bulbs. At this stage, you have three light bulbs at your disposal in three different states: on; off, but warm; off, but cold. Using this information, you can match the light bulbs with the corresponding switches. Ready!

Now that you understand how lateral thinking works, let's solve another puzzle.

There are about a dozen identical coins on the table, with which you want to show a trick to your friend. You invite her to write her name on one side of any coin with a marker, and then squeeze the money tightly in her fist, “so that the inscription is firmly imprinted.” After this, having uttered the traditional “magic” spells in such cases, ask your friend to put the coin on the table with the face down and mix all the coins while you turn away. The trick is that without turning over any of the coins, you accurately select the signed one from among them. How is this possible?

The solution is largely similar to the previous puzzle - you are required to use a property of the coin that is not directly obvious. You can try to simply guess where the coin with your friend's name is located, or use some complex mechanical or electronic device to track the coin you are looking for... However, the solution is actually delightfully simple.

Just touch each coin in turn until you find the one that turns out to be warmer than the others - after all, the girl was tightly clenching it in her fist while you were casting the “spells”. This is her coin! By the way, when you actually get around to doing this trick, it will be much easier if you keep the coins cold beforehand. As a lateral thinking puzzle, this trick again required you to think about something not explicitly mentioned in the conditions and use it to come up with a perfectly rational and reasonable solution.

Now that you've seen two example puzzles, you're fairly prepared to start working on the problems in this book. If you find solutions that, in your opinion, are superior to those proposed by us (or at least as good), send them to me at [email protected]. Those of your original solutions that turn out to be good enough, we may present them as alternative options in a future edition of the book.

Dr Gareth Moore

Newbie

Lateral warm-up

RIDDLE 1. ROOKIE

Lateral 1
Lateral – literally “side” (from lat. latus – “side”). – Note ed.

Thinking, as the term suggests, means the ability to think about things from an angle different from the traditional one accepted in everyday life - in other words, it is the ability to think sideways, from the side, unconventionally, that is laterally.

Here's your first introductory problem:

Is it legal for a man to marry his widow's sister?

Hints

After each problem in this book, you will find a link that takes you to the Hints section. Hints are divided into several stages, each of which involves a higher degree of specificity. If, while solving a problem, you reach a dead end, simply read the first clue from the list, and then return to the solution. Read the following tips only if necessary and according to the same principle - each time returning to the solution.

Solutions

Along with the link to the hints, you will also find a link that takes you to the Solutions section. In some cases there is only one correct solution, in others the proposed answer is the most rational, because for some lateral thinking problems there may be several answers, both reasonable and very outlandish!

Hints and solutions to riddle 1.

Get to the bottom of it

RIDDLE 2. ROOKIE

Both puzzles in this challenge require you to piece together seemingly disparate pieces of information to reach a clear conclusion.

Bear

A traveler builds a house in a certain area. Magical southern landscapes open from all sides of the house. From one window the owner of the house sees a bear.

What color is the bear?

And now another mystery.

window washer

A window cleaner stands on the ledge of a building and washes windows on the 20th floor of a skyscraper. A sudden strong gust of wind causes a washer high above the ground to lose his balance. He falls off the ledge.

The safety belt was not attached to the ledge, so the washer falls freely, but remains alive without receiving a single injury.

How is this possible? Especially considering that the building does not have balconies or other external structures.

Hints and solutions to riddle 2.

Birth of children

RIDDLE 3. ROOKIE

In countries of a certain culture, women are required to follow the rule:

You can have as many children as you like until a boy is born. After this, children are not allowed to be born.

How does this rule affect the overall balance of male and female children in a given society?

You must assume that male and female children have an equal chance of being born on a case-by-case basis.

It should also be borne in mind that no other external factors influence the answer in any way.

Hints and solutions to riddle 3.

Nominal determination

RIDDLE 4. ROOKIE

Solve the following two puzzles.

1

David's mother has three children. The name of the first child is May, the second is June. What is the name of the third child?

2

Can you name three consecutive days without mentioning Saturday, Sunday or Wednesday?

Hints and solutions to riddle 4.

Cross out the words in a passage from Jane Austen's novel

RIDDLE 5. ROOKIE

Cross out some of the words in the given passage from Pride and Prejudice so that the remaining words can be written into a short story of your own. This is a great challenge for creative thinking, which is suitable even for those who think that creativity is not their strong point!

See example.

No matter how hard Mrs. Bennet and her five daughters tried, they still could not get from the head of the family such a description of Mr. Bingley that could satisfy their curiosity. They attacked Mr. Bennet in a variety of ways: direct questions, cunning guesses, distant hints. But he did not fall for any tricks. And in the end they had to be content with second-hand information received from their neighbor, Lady Lucas. The latter's reports were very promising. Sir William was delighted with Mr. Bingley. He is still very young, handsome, extremely amiable and, to top it all, expresses his intention to definitely attend the next ball, where he plans to arrive with a whole group of his friends. Nothing better could have been desired. Anyone who is interested in dancing has no trouble falling in love. Everyone had the brightest hopes of quickly winning Mr. Bingley's heart.

Attention! This is an introductory fragment of the book.

If you liked the beginning of the book, then the full version can be purchased from our partner - the distributor of legal content, LitRes LLC.

It contains 90 (!) riddles that awaken imagination, ingenuity and resourcefulness, and all together they form a secret program for the development of mental abilities.

Imagine: you went away for the weekend as an ordinary person, and returned as a master of creativity and logic. Cool? And how! And also fun. We're already scratching our heads. Join us!

Lateral logic

Lateral thinking is the ability to see things from an unexpected angle. In everyday worries, we get used to thinking and acting in the same way. We walk along beaten paths, although there are others nearby - perhaps shorter and more interesting ones.

Lateral thinking helps to stir up imagination, go beyond the usual and look at the other side.

After practicing with problems, you will be able to break patterns and find great solutions at work and in life. Shall we try?

Let's divide the cake

During the holidays, friends came to visit you and brought cake with them (yay!). How to divide it into eight equal pieces with just three straight cuts?

Tip: If it doesn't work out, think about whether the cake has some kind of unexpected twist? A turnaround in the literal sense of the word. -

Stories of the Unexplained

This puzzle will awaken the creative inside you. What do you see in these pictures? At first glance, zigzag and straight. But if you use your imagination, they can turn into something more interesting.

Here is our version: the first picture is of tents standing in an open field in two rows, and the second is of power line poles going into the distance when you look at them while lying on your side in the grass.

Now you! Tell me what you see in the pictures?

We call upon the poetic gift

Use your innate poetic abilities (you definitely have them) and add one line to make a full couplet.

Riddles to test your wits

Finally - a few riddles to test your wits. There are so many of them in the book, we chose the shortest ones.

1. A fly got into the coffee I ordered, so I sent it back. When they brought me coffee again, I knew for sure that the waiter had simply taken out the fly and poured the coffee into another cup. How could I know this?

2. Two professional soccer teams take the field, but the referee blows the final whistle before either man can kick the ball. The score is not 0:0 and, undoubtedly, one of the teams has already won. How is this possible?

3. You are in a holiday home in a secluded area, it is late at night. You need light, but the electric lights don't work and you can't turn them on. You have a candle, some firewood and an oil lamp. There is only one match left. What should you light first?

I decided on my own - tell your friends a wish 😉

What else

The book has 3 levels: beginner, specialist and expert. Solving riddles can spark your imagination, sharpen your thinking, and unleash abilities you never knew you had.

There are 204 pages of riddles and puzzles that you can solve alone or with friends, on weekends and at work (in between), becoming smarter and having fun.

P.S. Do you want to become the best version of yourself, live a life full of meaning and get good discounts on the best MYTH books? Subscribe to our newsletter. Every week we select the most useful excerpts from books, tips and life hacks - and send them to you.

Wait, where are the answers?

Surely you have decided everything yourself, but there must be answers at the end. So:

Before giving the coffee to the waiter, I added sugar to it.
These were women's teams, so none of the men kicked the ball.
A match, of course!

About the book

There are ninety different problems in the book - thirty of each level of difficulty, and each contains an average of two riddles. Typically, the puzzles on the same page are related, either by theme or in the sense of forming a series of sequential challenges. As with the book as a whole, it's best to start with the first puzzle on the page and then...

Read completely

About the book
This book gives you ninety different challenges, and each one will force your brain to look for new ways and use your imagination. If you can make it all the way to the end, you will greatly improve your logic and creative thinking - and will be able to better solve many problems in the real world.

This is not just a collection of puzzles, but a specially designed program for developing your mental abilities.

The tasks in the book are divided into three levels: beginner, specialist and expert. Start with the very first ones and move forward gradually, because many of the questions offered to you are steps to the next level of problems.

The tasks are designed to help you develop your lateral thinking skills. This will help unleash creativity you never knew you had!

Who is this book for?
This is a book for those who love solving puzzles and want to become more creative.

about the author
Gareth Moore is the author of a large number of books for brain training and collections of puzzles for children and adults, including The Little Book of Puzzles, The Kids" Book of Crosswords, The Brain Workout, Train the Brain and others. He also runs the monthly magazine Sudoku Xtra and the puzzle website www.puzzlemix.com Moore received his PhD from the University of Cambridge, where he worked on the development of artificial intelligence.

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