Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Women's clothing and shoe sizes Men's clothing and shoe sizes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific heat of combustion converter (by mass) Energy density and specific heat of combustion converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient of thermal expansion converter Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Water vapor flow density converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Luminance Converter Luminous Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Diopter Power and Focal Length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Converter electric charge Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Volume charge density converter Electric current converter Linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Electrical resistivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance Converter American Wire Gauge Converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed dose converter Decimal prefix converter Data transfer Typography and image processing unit converter Timber volume unit converter Calculation of molar mass Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev
1 gram per cubic centimeter [g/cm³] = 0.001 gram per cubic millimeter [g/mm³]
Initial value
Converted value
kilogram per cubic meter kilogram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic meter gram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic millimeter milligram per cubic meter milligram per cubic centimeter milligram per cubic millimeter exagrams per liter petagrams per liter teragrams per liter gigagrams per liter megagrams per liter kilogram per liter hectograms per liter decagrams per liter grams per liter decigrams per liter centigrams per liter milligrams per liter micrograms per liter nanograms per liter picograms per liter femtograms per liter attograms per liter pound per cubic inch pound per cubic foot pound per cubic yard pound per gallon (USA ) pound per gallon (UK) ounce per cubic inch ounce per cubic foot ounce per gallon (US) ounce per gallon (UK) grain per gallon (US) grain per gallon (UK) grain per cubic foot short ton per cubic yard long ton per cubic yard slug per cubic foot average density of the Earth slug per cubic inch slug per cubic yard Planck density
More about density
General information
Density is a property that determines how much of a substance by mass is per unit volume. In the SI system, density is measured in kg/m³, but other units are also used, such as g/cm³, kg/l and others. In everyday life, two equivalent quantities are most often used: g/cm³ and kg/ml.
Factors affecting the density of a substance
The density of the same substance depends on temperature and pressure. Typically, the higher the pressure, the more tightly the molecules are compacted, increasing density. In most cases, an increase in temperature, on the contrary, increases the distance between molecules and reduces density. In some cases, this relationship is reversed. The density of ice, for example, is less than the density of water, despite the fact that ice is colder than water. This can be explained by the molecular structure of ice. Many substances, when transitioning from a liquid to a solid state of aggregation, change their molecular structure so that the distance between the molecules decreases and the density, accordingly, increases. During the formation of ice, the molecules line up in a crystalline structure and the distance between them, on the contrary, increases. At the same time, the attraction between the molecules also changes, the density decreases, and the volume increases. In winter, you must not forget about this property of ice - if the water in the water pipes freezes, they can break.
Density of water
If the density of the material from which the object is made is greater than the density of water, then it is completely immersed in water. Materials with a density lower than that of water, on the contrary, float to the surface. A good example is ice, which is less dense than water, floating in a glass on the surface of water and other drinks that are mostly water. We often use this property of substances in everyday life. For example, when constructing ship hulls, materials with a density higher than the density of water are used. Since materials with a density higher than the density of water sink, air-filled cavities are always created in the ship's hull, since the density of air is much lower than the density of water. On the other hand, sometimes it is necessary for an object to sink in water - for this purpose, materials with a higher density than water are chosen. For example, in order to sink light bait to a sufficient depth while fishing, anglers tie a sinker made of high-density materials, such as lead, to the fishing line.
Oil, grease and petroleum remain on the surface of the water because their density is lower than that of water. Thanks to this property, oil spilled in the ocean is much easier to clean up. If it mixed with water or sank to the seabed, it would cause even more damage to the marine ecosystem. This property is also used in cooking, but not of oil, of course, but of fat. For example, it is very easy to remove excess fat from soup as it floats to the surface. If you cool the soup in the refrigerator, the fat hardens, and it is even easier to remove it from the surface with a spoon, slotted spoon, or even a fork. In the same way it is removed from jellied meat and aspic. This reduces the calorie content and cholesterol content of the product.
Information about the density of liquids is also used during the preparation of drinks. Multilayer cocktails are made from liquids of different densities. Typically, lower-density liquids are carefully poured onto higher-density liquids. You can also use a glass cocktail stick or bar spoon and slowly pour the liquid over it. If you take your time and do everything carefully, you will get a beautiful multi-layered drink. This method can also be used with jellies or jellied dishes, although if time permits, it is easier to chill each layer separately, pouring a new layer only after the bottom layer has set.
In some cases, the lower density of fat, on the contrary, interferes. Products with a high fat content often do not mix well with water and form a separate layer, thereby deteriorating not only the appearance, but also the taste of the product. For example, in cold desserts and smoothies, high-fat dairy products are sometimes separated from low-fat dairy products such as water, ice and fruit.
Density of salt water
The density of water depends on the content of impurities in it. In nature and in everyday life, pure water H 2 O without impurities is rarely found - most often it contains salts. A good example is sea water. Its density is higher than that of fresh water, so fresh water usually “floats” on the surface of salt water. Of course, it is difficult to see this phenomenon under normal conditions, but if fresh water is enclosed in a shell, for example in a rubber ball, then this is clearly visible, since this ball floats to the surface. Our body is also a kind of shell filled with fresh water. We are made up of 45% to 75% water - this percentage decreases with age and with increasing weight and amount of body fat. Fat content of at least 5% of body weight. Healthy people have up to 10% body fat if they exercise a lot, up to 20% if they are of normal weight, and 25% or more if they are obese.
If we try not to swim, but simply float on the surface of the water, we will notice that it is easier to do this in salt water, since its density is higher than the density of fresh water and the fat contained in our body. The Dead Sea's salt concentration is 7 times the average salt concentration in the world's oceans, and it is famous around the world for allowing people to easily float on the surface of the water without drowning. Although, it is a mistake to think that it is impossible to die in this sea. In fact, people die in this sea every year. The high salt content makes the water dangerous if it gets into your mouth, nose, or eyes. If you swallow such water, you can get a chemical burn - in severe cases, such unlucky swimmers are hospitalized.
Air density
Just as in the case of water, bodies with a density lower than the density of air have positive buoyancy, that is, they take off. A good example of such a substance is helium. Its density is 0.000178 g/cm³, while the density of air is approximately 0.001293 g/cm³. You can see helium soar in the air if you fill a balloon with it.
The density of air decreases as its temperature increases. This property of hot air is used in balloons. The balloon in the photograph at the ancient Mayan city of Teotihuocan in Mexico is filled with hot air that is less dense than the surrounding cold morning air. That is why the ball flies at a fairly high altitude. While the ball flies over the pyramids, the air in it cools down and is heated again using a gas burner.
Density calculation
Often the density of substances is indicated for standard conditions, that is, for a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. In educational and reference books you can usually find such densities for substances that are often found in nature. Some examples are shown in the table below. In some cases, the table is not enough and the density must be calculated manually. In this case, the mass is divided by the volume of the body. The mass can be easily found using a scale. To find out the volume of a body of a standard geometric shape, you can use formulas to calculate volume. The volume of liquids and solids can be found by filling a measuring cup with the substance. For more complex calculations, the liquid displacement method is used.
Liquid displacement method
To calculate the volume in this way, first pour a certain amount of water into a measuring vessel and place the body whose volume needs to be calculated until it is completely immersed. The volume of a body is equal to the difference in the volume of water without the body and with it. It is believed that this rule was derived by Archimedes. Volume can be measured in this way only if the body does not absorb water and does not deteriorate from water. For example, we will not measure the volume of a camera or fabric product using the liquid displacement method.
It is unknown to what extent this legend reflects actual events, but it is believed that King Hiero II gave Archimedes the task of determining whether his crown was made of pure gold. The king suspected that his jeweler had stolen some of the gold allocated for the crown and instead made the crown from a cheaper alloy. Archimedes could easily determine this volume by melting the crown, but the king ordered him to find a way to do this without damaging the crown. It is believed that Archimedes found the solution to this problem while taking a bath. Having immersed himself in water, he noticed that his body had displaced a certain amount of water, and realized that the volume of displaced water was equal to the volume of the body in the water.
Hollow bodies
Some natural and man-made materials are composed of particles that are hollow, or particles so small that they behave like liquids. In the second case, an empty space remains between the particles, filled with air, liquid, or other substance. Sometimes this place remains empty, that is, it is filled with a vacuum. Examples of such substances are sand, salt, grain, snow and gravel. The volume of such materials can be determined by measuring the total volume and subtracting from it the volume of voids determined by geometric calculations. This method is convenient if the shape of the particles is more or less uniform.
For some materials, the amount of empty space depends on how tightly the particles are packed. This complicates calculations because it is not always easy to determine how much empty space there is between particles.
Table of densities of substances commonly found in nature
| Substance | Density, g/cm³ |
|---|---|
| Liquids | |
| Water at 20°C | 0,998 |
| Water at 4°C | 1,000 |
| Petrol | 0,700 |
| Milk | 1,03 |
| Mercury | 13,6 |
| Solids | |
| Ice at 0°C | 0,917 |
| Magnesium | 1,738 |
| Aluminum | 2,7 |
| Iron | 7,874 |
| Copper | 8,96 |
| Lead | 11,34 |
| Uranus | 19,10 |
| Gold | 19,30 |
| Platinum | 21,45 |
| Osmium | 22,59 |
| Gases at normal temperature and pressure | |
| Hydrogen | 0,00009 |
| Helium | 0,00018 |
| Carbon monoxide | 0,00125 |
| Nitrogen | 0,001251 |
| Air | 0,001293 |
| Carbon dioxide | 0,001977 |
Density and mass
Some industries, such as aviation, require materials that are as light as possible. Since low-density materials also have low mass, in such situations they try to use materials with the lowest density. For example, the density of aluminum is only 2.7 g/cm³, while the density of steel is from 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm³. It is due to the low density that 80% of aircraft bodies use aluminum and its alloys. Of course, you should not forget about strength - today few people make airplanes from wood, leather, and other lightweight but low-strength materials.
Black holes
On the other hand, the higher the mass of a substance per given volume, the higher the density. Black holes are an example of physical bodies with a very small volume and enormous mass, and, accordingly, enormous density. Such an astronomical body absorbs light and other bodies that are close enough to it. The largest black holes are called supermassive.
Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.
*..1..* Table 2 gives the density of the rare metal osmium, equal to 22600 kg/m 3. What does this mean?*..2..* Using density tables (tables are available), determine which substance has the greater density: zinc or silver; concrete or marble; gasoline or alcohol.
*..3..* Three cubes - made of marble, ice and brass - have the same volume. Which one has the most mass and which one has the least?
*..4..* The lightest wood is balsa. The mass of its wood with a volume of 100 cm3 is 12 g. Calculate the density of balsa wood in g/cm3 and in kg/m3.
3. Is the law of communicating vessels of weightlessness valid?
4. There is a solid copper cube on the table. What is the mass of the cube if it exerts a pressure of 8 kPa on the table? Copper density is 8900 kg/m3.
5. What is the load of a raft of 10 logs with a volume of 0.6 m3 each, if the density of the wood is 700 kg/m3?
6. Why do many algae grow vertically in the water, despite the fact that they have soft stems?
7. What is the ship's displacement?
1. a piece of granite with a volume of 10 dm3 is immersed in water. What force must be applied to keep it in water? (density of water is 1000 kg/m3, granite is 2600 kg/m32. a block in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped was dipped in gasoline. The dimensions of the block are 4 * 5 * 10 cm. Determine the buoyancy force acting on the block (density of gasoline 710 kg/m3)
3. Aluminum was placed in vessels filled with mercury.
1, steel 2 and platinum 3 balls of the same volume. Make a drawing, using the cathode to depict the approximate location of the balls in mercury after they stop moving. (Density of mercury 13600 kg/m3, aluminum 2700 kg/m3, steel 7800 kg/m3, platinum 21500kg/m3)
Help please
a) 12,024 kV.
b) 200.4 kV
c) 30, 340 V
d) 2000 V
e) 3.34 V
2. Find the power at a voltage of 200 V and a current of 2 amperes.
a) 100 V
b) 400 V
c) 0.01 V
d) 4 kV
e) 1 kV
3. What amount of heat will be released in a cork spiral with a resistance of 20 Ohms, a current of 5 amperes, 10° t.
a) 50,000 J
b) 10,000 J
c) 2,500 J
d) 2,000 J
e) 500 J.
4. What amount of heat is needed to change the temperature of a piece of lead m = 20 kg, from 20° t to 120° t.
a) 700 J
b) 2.8*10 to the 3rd power J
c) 1.4*10 to the 4th power J
d) 2.8*10 to the 5th power J.
5. What amount of heat is needed to convert 5 kg of ether into steam at a boiling point of 0.4*10 to 6 degrees J/kg.
a)1.25*10 to the power of -5 J
b) 2*10 to the 6th power J
c) 0.4*10 to the 6th power J
d) 8*10 to the 4th power J
6. A gravitational force of 5 N acts on a floating ball; determine the pushing force.
a) 0
b) 5 N
c) 50 N
d) 0.2 N
e) 2.5 N
Length and distance converter Mass converter Converter of volume measures of bulk products and food products Area converter Converter of volume and units of measurement in culinary recipes Temperature converter Converter of pressure, mechanical stress, Young's modulus Converter of energy and work Converter of power Converter of force Converter of time Linear speed converter Flat angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in various number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Women's clothing and shoe sizes Men's clothing and shoe sizes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific heat of combustion converter (by mass) Energy density and specific heat of combustion converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient of thermal expansion converter Thermal resistance converter Thermal conductivity converter Specific heat capacity converter Energy exposure and thermal radiation power converter Heat flux density converter Heat transfer coefficient converter Volume flow rate converter Mass flow rate converter Molar flow rate converter Mass flow density converter Molar concentration converter Mass concentration in solution converter Dynamic (absolute) viscosity converter Kinematic viscosity converter Surface tension converter Vapor permeability converter Water vapor flow density converter Sound level converter Microphone sensitivity converter Converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Luminance Converter Luminous Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and Wavelength Converter Diopter Power and Focal Length Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Converter electric charge Linear charge density converter Surface charge density converter Volume charge density converter Electric current converter Linear current density converter Surface current density converter Electric field strength converter Electrostatic potential and voltage converter Electrical resistance converter Electrical resistivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical conductivity converter Electrical capacitance Inductance Converter American Wire Gauge Converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing radiation absorbed dose rate converter Radioactivity. Radioactive decay converter Radiation. Exposure dose converter Radiation. Absorbed dose converter Decimal prefix converter Data transfer Typography and image processing unit converter Timber volume unit converter Calculation of molar mass Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev
1 kilogram per cubic meter [kg/m³] = 0.001 grams per cubic centimeter [g/cm³]
Initial value
Converted value
kilogram per cubic meter kilogram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic meter gram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic millimeter milligram per cubic meter milligram per cubic centimeter milligram per cubic millimeter exagrams per liter petagrams per liter teragrams per liter gigagrams per liter megagrams per liter kilogram per liter hectograms per liter decagrams per liter grams per liter decigrams per liter centigrams per liter milligrams per liter micrograms per liter nanograms per liter picograms per liter femtograms per liter attograms per liter pound per cubic inch pound per cubic foot pound per cubic yard pound per gallon (USA ) pound per gallon (UK) ounce per cubic inch ounce per cubic foot ounce per gallon (US) ounce per gallon (UK) grain per gallon (US) grain per gallon (UK) grain per cubic foot short ton per cubic yard long ton per cubic yard slug per cubic foot average density of the Earth slug per cubic inch slug per cubic yard Planck density
Magnetomotive force
More about density
General information
Density is a property that determines how much of a substance by mass is per unit volume. In the SI system, density is measured in kg/m³, but other units are also used, such as g/cm³, kg/l and others. In everyday life, two equivalent quantities are most often used: g/cm³ and kg/ml.
Factors affecting the density of a substance
The density of the same substance depends on temperature and pressure. Typically, the higher the pressure, the more tightly the molecules are compacted, increasing density. In most cases, an increase in temperature, on the contrary, increases the distance between molecules and reduces density. In some cases, this relationship is reversed. The density of ice, for example, is less than the density of water, despite the fact that ice is colder than water. This can be explained by the molecular structure of ice. Many substances, when transitioning from a liquid to a solid state of aggregation, change their molecular structure so that the distance between the molecules decreases and the density, accordingly, increases. During the formation of ice, the molecules line up in a crystalline structure and the distance between them, on the contrary, increases. At the same time, the attraction between the molecules also changes, the density decreases, and the volume increases. In winter, you must not forget about this property of ice - if the water in the water pipes freezes, they can break.
Density of water
If the density of the material from which the object is made is greater than the density of water, then it is completely immersed in water. Materials with a density lower than that of water, on the contrary, float to the surface. A good example is ice, which is less dense than water, floating in a glass on the surface of water and other drinks that are mostly water. We often use this property of substances in everyday life. For example, when constructing ship hulls, materials with a density higher than the density of water are used. Since materials with a density higher than the density of water sink, air-filled cavities are always created in the ship's hull, since the density of air is much lower than the density of water. On the other hand, sometimes it is necessary for an object to sink in water - for this purpose, materials with a higher density than water are chosen. For example, in order to sink light bait to a sufficient depth while fishing, anglers tie a sinker made of high-density materials, such as lead, to the fishing line.
Oil, grease and petroleum remain on the surface of the water because their density is lower than that of water. Thanks to this property, oil spilled in the ocean is much easier to clean up. If it mixed with water or sank to the seabed, it would cause even more damage to the marine ecosystem. This property is also used in cooking, but not of oil, of course, but of fat. For example, it is very easy to remove excess fat from soup as it floats to the surface. If you cool the soup in the refrigerator, the fat hardens, and it is even easier to remove it from the surface with a spoon, slotted spoon, or even a fork. In the same way it is removed from jellied meat and aspic. This reduces the calorie content and cholesterol content of the product.
Information about the density of liquids is also used during the preparation of drinks. Multilayer cocktails are made from liquids of different densities. Typically, lower-density liquids are carefully poured onto higher-density liquids. You can also use a glass cocktail stick or bar spoon and slowly pour the liquid over it. If you take your time and do everything carefully, you will get a beautiful multi-layered drink. This method can also be used with jellies or jellied dishes, although if time permits, it is easier to chill each layer separately, pouring a new layer only after the bottom layer has set.
In some cases, the lower density of fat, on the contrary, interferes. Products with a high fat content often do not mix well with water and form a separate layer, thereby deteriorating not only the appearance, but also the taste of the product. For example, in cold desserts and smoothies, high-fat dairy products are sometimes separated from low-fat dairy products such as water, ice and fruit.
Density of salt water
The density of water depends on the content of impurities in it. In nature and in everyday life, pure water H 2 O without impurities is rarely found - most often it contains salts. A good example is sea water. Its density is higher than that of fresh water, so fresh water usually “floats” on the surface of salt water. Of course, it is difficult to see this phenomenon under normal conditions, but if fresh water is enclosed in a shell, for example in a rubber ball, then this is clearly visible, since this ball floats to the surface. Our body is also a kind of shell filled with fresh water. We are made up of 45% to 75% water - this percentage decreases with age and with increasing weight and amount of body fat. Fat content of at least 5% of body weight. Healthy people have up to 10% body fat if they exercise a lot, up to 20% if they are of normal weight, and 25% or more if they are obese.
If we try not to swim, but simply float on the surface of the water, we will notice that it is easier to do this in salt water, since its density is higher than the density of fresh water and the fat contained in our body. The Dead Sea's salt concentration is 7 times the average salt concentration in the world's oceans, and it is famous around the world for allowing people to easily float on the surface of the water without drowning. Although, it is a mistake to think that it is impossible to die in this sea. In fact, people die in this sea every year. The high salt content makes the water dangerous if it gets into your mouth, nose, or eyes. If you swallow such water, you can get a chemical burn - in severe cases, such unlucky swimmers are hospitalized.
Air density
Just as in the case of water, bodies with a density lower than the density of air have positive buoyancy, that is, they take off. A good example of such a substance is helium. Its density is 0.000178 g/cm³, while the density of air is approximately 0.001293 g/cm³. You can see helium soar in the air if you fill a balloon with it.
The density of air decreases as its temperature increases. This property of hot air is used in balloons. The balloon in the photograph at the ancient Mayan city of Teotihuocan in Mexico is filled with hot air that is less dense than the surrounding cold morning air. That is why the ball flies at a fairly high altitude. While the ball flies over the pyramids, the air in it cools down and is heated again using a gas burner.
Density calculation
Often the density of substances is indicated for standard conditions, that is, for a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. In educational and reference books you can usually find such densities for substances that are often found in nature. Some examples are shown in the table below. In some cases, the table is not enough and the density must be calculated manually. In this case, the mass is divided by the volume of the body. The mass can be easily found using a scale. To find out the volume of a body of a standard geometric shape, you can use formulas to calculate volume. The volume of liquids and solids can be found by filling a measuring cup with the substance. For more complex calculations, the liquid displacement method is used.
Liquid displacement method
To calculate the volume in this way, first pour a certain amount of water into a measuring vessel and place the body whose volume needs to be calculated until it is completely immersed. The volume of a body is equal to the difference in the volume of water without the body and with it. It is believed that this rule was derived by Archimedes. Volume can be measured in this way only if the body does not absorb water and does not deteriorate from water. For example, we will not measure the volume of a camera or fabric product using the liquid displacement method.
It is unknown to what extent this legend reflects actual events, but it is believed that King Hiero II gave Archimedes the task of determining whether his crown was made of pure gold. The king suspected that his jeweler had stolen some of the gold allocated for the crown and instead made the crown from a cheaper alloy. Archimedes could easily determine this volume by melting the crown, but the king ordered him to find a way to do this without damaging the crown. It is believed that Archimedes found the solution to this problem while taking a bath. Having immersed himself in water, he noticed that his body had displaced a certain amount of water, and realized that the volume of displaced water was equal to the volume of the body in the water.
Hollow bodies
Some natural and man-made materials are composed of particles that are hollow, or particles so small that they behave like liquids. In the second case, an empty space remains between the particles, filled with air, liquid, or other substance. Sometimes this place remains empty, that is, it is filled with a vacuum. Examples of such substances are sand, salt, grain, snow and gravel. The volume of such materials can be determined by measuring the total volume and subtracting from it the volume of voids determined by geometric calculations. This method is convenient if the shape of the particles is more or less uniform.
For some materials, the amount of empty space depends on how tightly the particles are packed. This complicates calculations because it is not always easy to determine how much empty space there is between particles.
Table of densities of substances commonly found in nature
| Substance | Density, g/cm³ |
|---|---|
| Liquids | |
| Water at 20°C | 0,998 |
| Water at 4°C | 1,000 |
| Petrol | 0,700 |
| Milk | 1,03 |
| Mercury | 13,6 |
| Solids | |
| Ice at 0°C | 0,917 |
| Magnesium | 1,738 |
| Aluminum | 2,7 |
| Iron | 7,874 |
| Copper | 8,96 |
| Lead | 11,34 |
| Uranus | 19,10 |
| Gold | 19,30 |
| Platinum | 21,45 |
| Osmium | 22,59 |
| Gases at normal temperature and pressure | |
| Hydrogen | 0,00009 |
| Helium | 0,00018 |
| Carbon monoxide | 0,00125 |
| Nitrogen | 0,001251 |
| Air | 0,001293 |
| Carbon dioxide | 0,001977 |
Density and mass
Some industries, such as aviation, require materials that are as light as possible. Since low-density materials also have low mass, in such situations they try to use materials with the lowest density. For example, the density of aluminum is only 2.7 g/cm³, while the density of steel is from 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm³. It is due to the low density that 80% of aircraft bodies use aluminum and its alloys. Of course, you should not forget about strength - today few people make airplanes from wood, leather, and other lightweight but low-strength materials.
Black holes
On the other hand, the higher the mass of a substance per given volume, the higher the density. Black holes are an example of physical bodies with a very small volume and enormous mass, and, accordingly, enormous density. Such an astronomical body absorbs light and other bodies that are close enough to it. The largest black holes are called supermassive.
Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.
The bodies around us consist of various substances: iron, wood, rubber, etc. The mass of any body depends not only on its size, but also on the substance of which it consists. Bodies of the same volume, consisting of different substances, have different masses. For example, having weighed two cylinders made of different substances - aluminum and lead, we will see that the mass of the aluminum cylinder is less than the mass of the lead cylinder.
At the same time, bodies with the same masses, consisting of different substances, have different volumes. Thus, an iron bar weighing 1 ton occupies a volume of 0.13 m 3, and ice weighing 1 ton occupies a volume of 1.1 m 3. The volume of ice is almost 9 times greater than the volume of an iron bar. That is, different substances can have different densities.
It follows that bodies with the same volume, consisting of different substances, have different masses.
Density shows the mass of a substance taken in a certain volume. That is, if the mass of a body and its volume are known, the density can be determined. To find the density of a substance, you need to divide the mass of the body by its volume.
The density of the same substance in solid, liquid and gaseous states is different.
The densities of some solids, liquids and gases are given in tables.
Densities of some solids (at normal atmospheric pressure, t = 20 ° C).
|
Solid |
ρ , kg/m 3 |
ρ , g/cm 3 |
Solid |
ρ , kg/m 3 |
ρ , g/cm 3 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Window glass |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Pine (dry) |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Plexiglas |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Rafinated sugar |
Polyethylene |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Oak (dry) |
Densities of some liquids (at normal atmospheric pressure t = 20 ° C).
|
Liquid |
ρ , kg/m 3 |
ρ , g/cm 3 |
Liquid |
ρ , kg/m 3 |
ρ , g/cm 3 |
|||||||||
|
The water is clean |
||||||||||||||
|
Whole milk |
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|
Sunflower oil |
Liquid tin (at t= 400°C) |
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Machine oil |
Liquid air (at t= -194°C) |
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1 kilogram per cubic meter [kg/m³] = 1 gram per liter [g/l]
Initial value
Converted value
kilogram per cubic meter kilogram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic meter gram per cubic centimeter gram per cubic millimeter milligram per cubic meter milligram per cubic centimeter milligram per cubic millimeter exagrams per liter petagrams per liter teragrams per liter gigagrams per liter megagrams per liter kilogram per liter hectograms per liter decagrams per liter grams per liter decigrams per liter centigrams per liter milligrams per liter micrograms per liter nanograms per liter picograms per liter femtograms per liter attograms per liter pound per cubic inch pound per cubic foot pound per cubic yard pound per gallon (USA ) pound per gallon (UK) ounce per cubic inch ounce per cubic foot ounce per gallon (US) ounce per gallon (UK) grain per gallon (US) grain per gallon (UK) grain per cubic foot short ton per cubic yard long ton per cubic yard slug per cubic foot average density of the Earth slug per cubic inch slug per cubic yard Planck density
More about density
General information
Density is a property that determines how much of a substance by mass is per unit volume. In the SI system, density is measured in kg/m³, but other units are also used, such as g/cm³, kg/l and others. In everyday life, two equivalent quantities are most often used: g/cm³ and kg/ml.
Factors affecting the density of a substance
The density of the same substance depends on temperature and pressure. Typically, the higher the pressure, the more tightly the molecules are compacted, increasing density. In most cases, an increase in temperature, on the contrary, increases the distance between molecules and reduces density. In some cases, this relationship is reversed. The density of ice, for example, is less than the density of water, despite the fact that ice is colder than water. This can be explained by the molecular structure of ice. Many substances, when transitioning from a liquid to a solid state of aggregation, change their molecular structure so that the distance between the molecules decreases and the density, accordingly, increases. During the formation of ice, the molecules line up in a crystalline structure and the distance between them, on the contrary, increases. At the same time, the attraction between the molecules also changes, the density decreases, and the volume increases. In winter, you must not forget about this property of ice - if the water in the water pipes freezes, they can break.
Density of water
If the density of the material from which the object is made is greater than the density of water, then it is completely immersed in water. Materials with a density lower than that of water, on the contrary, float to the surface. A good example is ice, which is less dense than water, floating in a glass on the surface of water and other drinks that are mostly water. We often use this property of substances in everyday life. For example, when constructing ship hulls, materials with a density higher than the density of water are used. Since materials with a density higher than the density of water sink, air-filled cavities are always created in the ship's hull, since the density of air is much lower than the density of water. On the other hand, sometimes it is necessary for an object to sink in water - for this purpose, materials with a higher density than water are chosen. For example, in order to sink light bait to a sufficient depth while fishing, anglers tie a sinker made of high-density materials, such as lead, to the fishing line.
Oil, grease and petroleum remain on the surface of the water because their density is lower than that of water. Thanks to this property, oil spilled in the ocean is much easier to clean up. If it mixed with water or sank to the seabed, it would cause even more damage to the marine ecosystem. This property is also used in cooking, but not of oil, of course, but of fat. For example, it is very easy to remove excess fat from soup as it floats to the surface. If you cool the soup in the refrigerator, the fat hardens, and it is even easier to remove it from the surface with a spoon, slotted spoon, or even a fork. In the same way it is removed from jellied meat and aspic. This reduces the calorie content and cholesterol content of the product.
Information about the density of liquids is also used during the preparation of drinks. Multilayer cocktails are made from liquids of different densities. Typically, lower-density liquids are carefully poured onto higher-density liquids. You can also use a glass cocktail stick or bar spoon and slowly pour the liquid over it. If you take your time and do everything carefully, you will get a beautiful multi-layered drink. This method can also be used with jellies or jellied dishes, although if time permits, it is easier to chill each layer separately, pouring a new layer only after the bottom layer has set.
In some cases, the lower density of fat, on the contrary, interferes. Products with a high fat content often do not mix well with water and form a separate layer, thereby deteriorating not only the appearance, but also the taste of the product. For example, in cold desserts and smoothies, high-fat dairy products are sometimes separated from low-fat dairy products such as water, ice and fruit.
Density of salt water
The density of water depends on the content of impurities in it. In nature and in everyday life, pure water H 2 O without impurities is rarely found - most often it contains salts. A good example is sea water. Its density is higher than that of fresh water, so fresh water usually “floats” on the surface of salt water. Of course, it is difficult to see this phenomenon under normal conditions, but if fresh water is enclosed in a shell, for example in a rubber ball, then this is clearly visible, since this ball floats to the surface. Our body is also a kind of shell filled with fresh water. We are made up of 45% to 75% water - this percentage decreases with age and with increasing weight and amount of body fat. Fat content of at least 5% of body weight. Healthy people have up to 10% body fat if they exercise a lot, up to 20% if they are of normal weight, and 25% or more if they are obese.
If we try not to swim, but simply float on the surface of the water, we will notice that it is easier to do this in salt water, since its density is higher than the density of fresh water and the fat contained in our body. The Dead Sea's salt concentration is 7 times the average salt concentration in the world's oceans, and it is famous around the world for allowing people to easily float on the surface of the water without drowning. Although, it is a mistake to think that it is impossible to die in this sea. In fact, people die in this sea every year. The high salt content makes the water dangerous if it gets into your mouth, nose, or eyes. If you swallow such water, you can get a chemical burn - in severe cases, such unlucky swimmers are hospitalized.
Air density
Just as in the case of water, bodies with a density lower than the density of air have positive buoyancy, that is, they take off. A good example of such a substance is helium. Its density is 0.000178 g/cm³, while the density of air is approximately 0.001293 g/cm³. You can see helium soar in the air if you fill a balloon with it.
The density of air decreases as its temperature increases. This property of hot air is used in balloons. The balloon in the photograph at the ancient Mayan city of Teotihuocan in Mexico is filled with hot air that is less dense than the surrounding cold morning air. That is why the ball flies at a fairly high altitude. While the ball flies over the pyramids, the air in it cools down and is heated again using a gas burner.
Density calculation
Often the density of substances is indicated for standard conditions, that is, for a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. In educational and reference books you can usually find such densities for substances that are often found in nature. Some examples are shown in the table below. In some cases, the table is not enough and the density must be calculated manually. In this case, the mass is divided by the volume of the body. The mass can be easily found using a scale. To find out the volume of a body of a standard geometric shape, you can use formulas to calculate volume. The volume of liquids and solids can be found by filling a measuring cup with the substance. For more complex calculations, the liquid displacement method is used.
Liquid displacement method
To calculate the volume in this way, first pour a certain amount of water into a measuring vessel and place the body whose volume needs to be calculated until it is completely immersed. The volume of a body is equal to the difference in the volume of water without the body and with it. It is believed that this rule was derived by Archimedes. Volume can be measured in this way only if the body does not absorb water and does not deteriorate from water. For example, we will not measure the volume of a camera or fabric product using the liquid displacement method.
It is unknown to what extent this legend reflects actual events, but it is believed that King Hiero II gave Archimedes the task of determining whether his crown was made of pure gold. The king suspected that his jeweler had stolen some of the gold allocated for the crown and instead made the crown from a cheaper alloy. Archimedes could easily determine this volume by melting the crown, but the king ordered him to find a way to do this without damaging the crown. It is believed that Archimedes found the solution to this problem while taking a bath. Having immersed himself in water, he noticed that his body had displaced a certain amount of water, and realized that the volume of displaced water was equal to the volume of the body in the water.
Hollow bodies
Some natural and man-made materials are composed of particles that are hollow, or particles so small that they behave like liquids. In the second case, an empty space remains between the particles, filled with air, liquid, or other substance. Sometimes this place remains empty, that is, it is filled with a vacuum. Examples of such substances are sand, salt, grain, snow and gravel. The volume of such materials can be determined by measuring the total volume and subtracting from it the volume of voids determined by geometric calculations. This method is convenient if the shape of the particles is more or less uniform.
For some materials, the amount of empty space depends on how tightly the particles are packed. This complicates calculations because it is not always easy to determine how much empty space there is between particles.
Table of densities of substances commonly found in nature
| Substance | Density, g/cm³ |
|---|---|
| Liquids | |
| Water at 20°C | 0,998 |
| Water at 4°C | 1,000 |
| Petrol | 0,700 |
| Milk | 1,03 |
| Mercury | 13,6 |
| Solids | |
| Ice at 0°C | 0,917 |
| Magnesium | 1,738 |
| Aluminum | 2,7 |
| Iron | 7,874 |
| Copper | 8,96 |
| Lead | 11,34 |
| Uranus | 19,10 |
| Gold | 19,30 |
| Platinum | 21,45 |
| Osmium | 22,59 |
| Gases at normal temperature and pressure | |
| Hydrogen | 0,00009 |
| Helium | 0,00018 |
| Carbon monoxide | 0,00125 |
| Nitrogen | 0,001251 |
| Air | 0,001293 |
| Carbon dioxide | 0,001977 |
Density and mass
Some industries, such as aviation, require materials that are as light as possible. Since low-density materials also have low mass, in such situations they try to use materials with the lowest density. For example, the density of aluminum is only 2.7 g/cm³, while the density of steel is from 7.75 to 8.05 g/cm³. It is due to the low density that 80% of aircraft bodies use aluminum and its alloys. Of course, you should not forget about strength - today few people make airplanes from wood, leather, and other lightweight but low-strength materials.
Black holes
On the other hand, the higher the mass of a substance per given volume, the higher the density. Black holes are an example of physical bodies with a very small volume and enormous mass, and, accordingly, enormous density. Such an astronomical body absorbs light and other bodies that are close enough to it. The largest black holes are called supermassive.
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