Children have highly developed regulatory mechanisms aimed at maintaining the necessary daily physical activity. According to the observations of K. Smirnov and co-authors (1972), preschool children with artificial restriction of motor activity for some time significantly increased it during the remaining time of the day.
Attempts to establish approximate norms of physical activity have been made repeatedly.
The level of physical activity at school age is significantly
This is largely due not to the age-related need for it (kinesophilia), but to the organization of physical education at school, the involvement of children in organized and independent activities during extracurricular hours
The Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR recommended a daily two-hour volume of physical activity for schoolchildren, which could compensate for the need for movement. Within 2 hours, a sufficient physiological load can be achieved (depending on the content of the exercises and the amount of load during extended breaks, the motor density of physical education lessons and additional activities during extracurricular hours). The International Council of Physical Education and Sports in 1968 issued a special manifesto on sports, which determined the daily duration of physical exercise in school. According to experts, it should be from 1/6 to 1/3 of the total study time. Thus, scientists agree that the optimal amount of weekly physical activity should be 12-14 hours with sufficient physiological load.
The norm of physical activity in childhood is recognized to be a value that fully satisfies the biological needs for movement, corresponds to the capabilities of a growing organism, contributes to its development and health promotion
Achieving such a volume of physical activity by students of secondary schools is most often an impossible task.
In most developed countries, as a rule, 3-4 compulsory physical training sessions per week are provided. The content of classes includes general developmental exercises, sports and outdoor games, swimming, and dance exercises. Physical education programs are extremely varied. The teacher is given the right to use a variety of physical education means and additional physical activity depending on the individual level of physical fitness of the students. Thus, in most US schools, in addition to compulsory lessons, weekly competitions and three additional classes are held outside of school hours.
The comprehensive physical education program adopted in Ukraine, in addition to two or three compulsory lessons per week, provides for additional and elective classes and physical exercises during the day. In general, children should get about two hours of physical activity every day. But even under the most favorable conditions, a general education school is not able to provide the required amount of physical activity, so actual specially organized physical activity is limited to 3-4 hours a week for the majority of schoolchildren, which is 30% of the hygienic norm.
Children attending youth sports schools are busy training from 8 to 24-28 hours a week, which is several times higher than the weekly workload of students in secondary schools.
Excessive motor activity is referred to as hyperkinesia. Recently, early sports specialization causing hyperkinesia has become widespread. Research by scientists has shown that with hyperkinesia, a specific complex of functional disorders and clinical changes occurs. This condition is accompanied by dangerous changes in the central nervous system and neuroregulatory apparatus of children. There is depletion of the sympathetic-adrenal system, protein deficiency and decreased immunity (Balsevich, Zaporozhanov, 1987; Sukharev, 1991; etc.).
The criterion for the optimal norm of physical activity is the reliability of the functioning of all body systems, the ability to adequately respond to changing environmental conditions. Violation of homeostasis and inadequacy of reactions indicate going beyond the optimal norm, which ultimately leads to deterioration of health
There is a certain relationship between the body’s reaction and daily physical activity. The problem of regulating physical activity is quite complex, and many aspects must be taken into account when solving it.
Hygienic norm of physical activity per day (locomotion, thousand steps)
5-6 years – 11.0-15.0
7-10 years – 15.0-20.0
11-14 years old – 10.0-25.0 (boys), 17.0-23.0 (girls)
15-17 years old – 15.0-30.0 (boys), 20.0-15.0 (girls)
Corresponding Member of MANPO, Corresponding Member of PANI Yu.P. Kobyakov
Determining the optimal mode of physical activity for different age groups and introducing it into people’s everyday lives has long been one of the immediate, particularly pressing problems of the theory and methodology of physical education and has attracted the attention of both individual researchers and teams of authors.
This is the situation that some authors designate with the terms: “critical” optimum volume of physical activity, “hygienic norm”, “real indicator” and “highest limit”, “critical minimum” and “upper limit” (L.P. Matveev).
In childhood, motor activity manifests itself through the natural biological need of the growing body for movement. The main storyline of the child’s behavior during this period is play, and he himself intuitively, without outside interference, always unmistakably determines for himself its measure. The task of adults in this situation is extremely simple and is not to disturb the child, not to restrain his natural desire to move (B. Spock, 1995; N.M. Amosov, I.V. Muravov, 1985, etc.). This measure is characterized by extreme variability. N.T. Lebedeva, who studied motor activity in children of the first year of school, comes to the conclusion that per day an urban first-grader takes from 7 to 47 thousand steps (or from 5 to 30 km). Boys are more active than girls. The number of steps increases from Monday to Wednesday, then decreases towards the end of the week.
At the same time, during schooling, a regime of strict regulation is formed, which, with logical inevitability, confronts the child with the task of rational use of time, including time allocated for physical exercises. At the same time, an analysis of the dynamics of human age-related development also leaves no doubt that each period of life has its own level of motor activity. All this points to the need to determine optimal or proper norms of physical activity. When discussing the general concept of motor activity from the perspective of this approach, it is most valuable to consider it within the framework of macro- and meso-intervals of time. In this case, we take time periods lasting from 1 day to a week as mesointervals.
In adolescence and at all subsequent stages of the vital cycle, the social function in a person’s life begins to increasingly prevail over the biological one, which is quite natural, since in a civilized community motivational and value orientations are dominant.
The importance of the social function in a person’s life is evidenced by its contribution to the daily time budget, approximately equal to one third of the latter for most of the active period (Fig. 1). The figure shows that time spent on educational and, subsequently, production activities occurs due to a reduction in free time, giving rise to the problem of planning and its rational use. The impossibility of fully realizing a person’s natural need for movement under these conditions can be compensated by daily compulsory physical education classes for students 1 and independent classes for the adult population.
The greatest information load in the presented figure is carried by its middle part, reflecting the time relationship between a person’s educational and work activities and his free time. The figure makes it possible to see how great and incomparable the workload during student years is with other periods of life. A comparison of the structure presented in the figure with the graphic images of the physiological functions of the body available in the literature on age-related physiology shows that the contours of none of them in the final stage of their development have such an illogical outline. This leads to the conclusion that the transition from work to well-deserved rest should have a gradual, step-by-step nature with a consistent decrease in the share of work, reminiscent of the “pull-in” mode of preparing children for school in the older groups of kindergarten (in the figure, these periods of life are indicated by the number 4 ).
Rice. 1. The relationship between the main components of the daily routine throughout life.
Legend:
1 - sleep; 2 - study (work); 3 - free time; 4 - “retracting” periods of life
In the domestic literature, 3 methods for measuring physical activity have been formed: by time expenditure (per day, per week), by the number of locomotions produced, usually per day (pedagometry), by energy expenditure (in cal or J per unit of time). The most objective of them, but also the most labor-intensive, is the last one.
Modern science does not yet have a sufficient amount of information to judge the dynamics of energy expenditure in the process of ontogenesis, since the materials obtained are extremely fragmentary in nature and provide grounds for judging the magnitude of energy expenditure only in micro- and meso-time intervals and mainly in adults during production activities.
Of course, obtaining reliable and objective information that allows one to judge the proper norms of physical activity of various social groups of the population, especially student youth, is influenced by many other factors that determine the storyline of their behavior in everyday life, which cannot but affect the value conclusions and recommendations of researchers on this problem.
Nevertheless, a number of works contain general hypothetical ideas about the values of the proper norms of human motor activity in the postnatal period (Table 1). The table shows that N.M. Amosov and I.V. Muravov attach much greater importance to the factor of physical activity in human life than a group of researchers from VNIIFK. This is especially true for children, which fully corresponds to the concept adopted by the authors.
Some decrease in physical activity during school and student years should, according to the authors, be compensated by an increase in the intensity of classes. Developing their idea further, they express the point of view that with age (if we return again to the medical periodization of ages, then this will be the period of second maturity, elderly and senile age) the time spent on physical activity with a health-improving orientation should increase.
This idea, as well as the concept of specialists from VNIIFK, becomes more accessible when turning to the method of visualizing tabular data (Fig. 2). The graphical representation allows us to see that the relationship between age and the amount of physical activity in N.M.’s view. Amosov and I.V. Muravova does not have a linear relationship and, in principle, can be graphed in the form of a chain function with a minimum that occurs at student age (point O) to a parabola of any type (lines BOS, BOD).
Defending his concept, N.M. Amosov performed on himself the only experiment known to modern science, which consisted of proving the validity of what was in the air and emphasized by many authors (V.N. Nikitin, 1961; A.I. Arshavsky, 1962, 1966; I.V. Muravov, 1968 ; V.V. Frolkis, 1975, 1988; B.S. Gramenitsky, 1976; D.F. Chebotarev et al., 1982; L.Ya. Ivashchenko, 1984, etc.) ideas about the possibility of rejuvenating an aging body by means of physical culture. (The idea is paradoxical, but also extremely tempting, in the spirit of G. Goethe with the physical reincarnation of Faust.) Although the result of the experiment was influenced by surrounding circumstances, not without a certain amount of hyperbolization, we can, in our opinion, consider it positive.
Visualization of the VNIIFK concept makes it possible to detect the presence of a certain function between the studied characters, reminiscent of a hyperbola, although the distribution of numbers on the graph is not linear (Fig. 2, curve EK). (The information content of each of the curves presented on the graph could increase significantly if the number of experimental points were large enough.)
Rice. 2. Dynamics of time spent on physical exercises at different age periods in the views of various authors (lines VOS, VOD - N.M. Amosov, I.V. Muravov; line EK - VNIIFK. Extrapolation based on the author's data was carried out by us - Yu. TO.)
The graph clearly shows the fundamental difference in the approaches of the two teams of authors to assessing the factor of human motor activity in childhood and especially in old age.
Deepening the understanding of the norms of motor activity in a macro-interval of time equal to the duration of the entire vital cycle can be facilitated by understanding new trends in approaches to the philosophical understanding of the basic processes of the body’s vital activity.
The rapid progress of this spectrum of sciences in the past century has put on the agenda the question of a new paradigm of thinking, which would allow us to rethink our ideas about the human body as an integral system in all the diversity of its interactions with the external environment. The systems approach has become such a paradigm, capable of answering pressing questions of natural science. Based on it, it became possible to discover the fundamental principles of organization of living nature objects, the leading among which, according to P.K. Anokhin, the principle of self-organization of the functional systems of the human body appeared. Its meaning is that if the system does not ensure its functioning at the level necessary for the course of metabolic processes, it turns out to be unable to maintain homeostasis, then this state in itself turns into a stimulus for mobilizing the reserve capabilities of the system to bring it within the norm.
It is known that the constancy of the internal environment of the body, expressed in the stability of its “material” characteristics (for example, in the composition of the blood - pH, the content of CO2 and O2 in it, alkaline reserve, etc.), ensured through the mechanism of homeostasis, is an important indicator health.
In accordance with the modern definition of philosophical thought in the field of medicine, in recent years the concept of a number of researchers has gained recognition that, along with the existence of homeostasis of “substance,” there must be a homeostasis of energy and information.
Modern science has come to understand the existence of energy homeostasis on the basis of studies of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields, which made it possible to formulate the theory of balance, the correspondence of the frequency-resonant code of the Universe to the frequency-resonance code of the functional state of a person. Violation of this equilibrium state in any direction leads to pathology.
Modern ideas about information homeostasis are largely hypothetical in nature, although the importance of information entering the central nervous system from numerous receptors about the state of “material” constants, its coding and urgent information about the work of executive organs and regulatory mechanisms is beyond doubt. This thesis, according to the researchers, is confirmed by the topographic duplication of the receptor apparatus in the projection zones located in the distal parts of the upper and lower extremities, in the iris of the eyes, the auricle, etc., which, as if by nature itself, were originally intended in order to ensure the reliability and stability of information flows from affectors to the center and back to effectors. Understanding these and other facts has given researchers the opportunity to propose definitions of the general principle for constructing functional systems and the information foundations of mental activity.
In everyday reality, all 3 processes - metabolism, energy and information - are in continuous and close interaction with each other, manifesting one of their facets at each moment in time.
However, movement is the basis of all physiological functions of the body that ensure its interaction with the external environment, including the mechanism of homeostasis. With logical inevitability, the conclusion follows that if movement is an obligatory component of all types of homeostasis, then it itself, starting from a certain period of the vital cycle, should be distinguished by the constancy of its characteristics. From the standpoint of this approach, the only correct idea is that at the flowering stage (Fig. 3), the full development of the organism is possible only if its biological need for movement is maximally satisfied. If this condition is not met, then defects in physical development inevitably arise, obvious or hidden pathology of individual functional systems, clearly manifested, for example, in young men during a medical examination in connection with conscription into the army. Already at this stage of age-related development, hypokinesia becomes a significant risk factor in the development of various diseases. Therefore, until approximately 25 years of age, i.e. Until a person reaches the peak of motor potential (according to V.K. Balsevich), the level of motor activity, measured by energy expenditure (in feces), must consistently increase. At the final stage of the flourishing stage, in the age range of 25-35 years, there is a process of improving the coordination mechanisms of life of all functional systems, for the completion of which the motor potential accumulated in previous years will be sufficient.
Rice. 3. Schematic diagram of the relationship between the level of motor activity (dashed line) and indicators of the dynamics of age-related development (solid line) throughout life
In the future, it is important to emphasize that provided that the individual is oriented towards the principles of a healthy lifestyle and the development of life processes according to an optimistic scenario, until the end of the vital cycle to ensure the stability of life constants, the level of physical activity remains constant. Rice. 3 shows that in most of the postnatal period of life, the graphic representation of this concept follows the contours of the curve reflecting the dynamics of age-related development. The numerical values of the average values of physical activity in different age periods (in kcal) used in this case were used only to illustrate the general trend in the development of the dynamics of physical activity, thus postulating the principle of unconditional individualization of the latter.
In old and senile age, movement in all the variety of forms of its manifestation acts as an antithesis, as a means and method of combating the processes of involution. The contradiction between our approach and the concept of N.M. Amosova and Y.A. Bendet (1989), who talk about the apparent need to increase time spent on physical exercise in old age. We share their point of view in this part, but at the same time we believe that an increase in load volumes is an inevitable and physiologically justified result of a decrease in the intensity of exercises performed at this age. The total amount of energy expenditure thus remains unchanged. One of the signs of the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis can, apparently, be the stability of body weight, which, as we believe, is one of the integral indicators of health.
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1 About 40 years ago, experimental studies carried out at school No. 327 in Moscow and the University of Tartu showed the beneficial effects of daily physical exercise on the physical condition and performance of schoolchildren and students.
It affects a person’s personality and entails changes in self-esteem, emotional states and social relationships. 3. Research on the characteristics of the emotional sphere of mature women with musculoskeletal disorders 3.1 Research program The study was conducted in the Khakass regional public organization of the All-Russian Society of Disabled People at the address: Vyatkina 16 ...
Recommendations for parents and teachers. We have put forward a hypothesis: the use of non-standard equipment in the system of work on the formation of motor activity of children will contribute to faster and better formation of motor skills and abilities, and increased interest in physical education activities. To achieve effective formation of motor activity in younger...
The work of Soviet and foreign scientists has shown that improvement of the qualities of motor activity and progressive growth of sports results are possible with a maximum and high level of motor activity. The maximum level of motor activity is accompanied by the predominant development of qualities that ensure success in the chosen sport. The concept of maximum remains very conditional and is determined by age, gender, and type of sports specialization.
A high level of physical activity has an optimal effect on the development of physical qualities. With this motor mode, the body’s resistance to the effects of unfavorable environmental factors (cooling, overheating, acceleration and overload) increases. Physical development in this case is harmonious and corresponds to average age standards. When determining the amount of physical activity available to a schoolchild, one should proceed primarily from optimal standards that ensure his versatile, harmonious development, and not from the needs of accelerated athletic growth.
Is there any genetically programmed norm of physical activity? Apparently yes. However, it can be covered many times with targeted training. In 1983, 13-year-old Monika Frisch became the winner of the marathon race in Austria. She exceeded the permissible running limit (3 km) by 14 times!
The motor activity of children with an average daily number of locomotions exceeding 30,000 steps exceeds the evolutionarily acquired biological need for movement. At the same time, the number of locomotions within 10,000 steps per day is insufficient. The deficit in the daily need for movement in this case ranges from 50 to 70% (Table 9).
Table 9. Approximate norms of motor activity for schoolchildren aged 11-15 years (according to A.G. Sukharev, 1972)
Table 10. Approximate norms of daily physical activity (according to AKh. Sukharev, 1972)
Approximate age norms of daily physical activity, ensuring a normal level of vital activity, improvement of the somatic, vegetative and natural protective functions of the body, resulting in low-intensity cyclic work (running, walking), range from 7.5 to 10 km for children 8 - 10 years old, from 12 to 17 km - for 11-14 year olds of both sexes. The daily volume of movements in girls aged 15 - 17 years is significantly less than in boys (Table 10).
The data presented in this table can serve as nothing more than conditional indicative standards for schoolchildren. Regulation of physical activity in terms of volume and intensity should be strictly individual. Of course, these standards of physical activity are much inferior to the physical activity used in specialized sports.
Fomin A.F. Human physiology, 1995
The fact that physical activity improves physical characteristics and increases performance is well known. It is no less known that the scientific and technological revolution leads to a decrease in the coherence in the work of the muscular system and internal organs due to a decrease in the intensity of proprioceptive impulses from skeletal muscles to the central apparatus of neurohumoral regulation (brain stem, subcortical nuclei, cerebral cortex). At the level of intracellular metabolism hypokinesia (insufficient motor activity) leads to a decrease in the reproduction of protein structures: the processes of transcription and translation are disrupted (removal of the genetic program and its implementation in biosynthesis). With hypokinesia, the structure of skeletal muscles and myocardium changes. Immunological activity decreases, as well as the body’s resistance to overheating, cooling, and lack of oxygen.
Already after 7-8 days of lying motionless, people experience functional disorders; apathy, forgetfulness, inability to concentrate on serious activities appear, sleep is disrupted; muscle strength drops sharply, coordination is impaired not only in complex, but also in simple movements; the contractility of skeletal muscles worsens, the physicochemical properties of muscle proteins change; the calcium content in bone tissue decreases. Physical inactivity is especially harmful for children. With insufficient physical activity, children not only lag behind their peers in development, but also get sick more often, have problems with posture and musculoskeletal function.
Prevention of hypokinesia is carried out with the help of physical exercises. During muscular work, not only the executive (neuromuscular) apparatus itself is activated, but also through the mechanism of motor-visceral reflexes (i.e. reflexes from muscles to internal organs) the work of internal organs, nervous and humoral regulation. Therefore, a decrease in physical activity worsens the condition of the body as a whole. Both the neuromuscular system and the functions of internal organs suffer.
Justification of a rational motor regimen for children and rationing of physical activity is one of the most difficult problems. Both hypokinesia and the functional state that is phenomenologically opposite, hyperkinesia, have their costs. Therefore, the need for strict differentiation of the load depending on gender and age, as well as the level of physical development of schoolchildren, follows from the very concept of individual adequacy of the load.
In most economically developed countries, as a rule, no more than 3-4 compulsory physical training sessions per week are provided. Its basis is general developmental exercises, sports and outdoor games, swimming, and dance exercises. Physical education programs are extremely varied. The teacher is given the right to use a variety of means of physical education and additional physical activity, depending on the individual level of physical fitness of the students. Thus, in most US schools, in addition to compulsory lessons, weekly competitions and three extra classes are held outside of school hours.
The comprehensive physical education program adopted in our country, in addition to two compulsory lessons per week, provides for additional and elective classes and physical exercises during the school day. In general, children should get about two hours of physical activity every day.
The motor activity of children, with an average daily number of locomotions exceeding 30,000 steps, exceeds the evolutionarily acquired biological need for movement. At the same time, the number of locomotions within 10,000 steps per day is insufficient. The deficit in the daily need for movement in this case ranges from 50 to 70% (Table 1).
Table 1
Characteristics of physical activity of schoolchildren aged 11-15 years
Level of motor activity | Number of locomotions per day (thousand steps) | The ratio of the number of movements performed to natural, biologist. needs (%) | Total volume (h) | |
during the week | ||||
Deficit 50-70% | ||||
Moderate | Deficit 20-40% | |||
Correspondence | ||||
Maximum | Excess by 10-30% | 20 or more | 1000 or more | |
Approximate age norms of daily physical activity, ensuring a normal level of vital activity, improvement of the somatic, vegetative and natural protective functions of the body, resulting in low-intensity cyclic work (running, walking), range from 7.5 to 10 km for children 8-10 years old, from 12 to 17 km for 11-14 year olds of both sexes. The daily volume of movements in girls aged 15-17 years is significantly less than in boys (Table 2).
table 2
Approximate age daily norms
motor activity
Age group (years) | Number of locomotions (thousands) | Approximate mileage | Duration of work associated with muscle efforts (per hour) |
15-17 (boys) | |||
15-17 (girls) |
The data presented in this table can serve as nothing more than conditional indicative standards for schoolchildren. Regulation of physical activity in terms of volume and intensity should be strictly individual.
Physical exercise plays a big role in shaping posture. Posture is the habitual position of the body at rest (standing, sitting) and when moving (walking, running). It is formed already in early childhood, when the child begins to sit, stand and walk independently, i.e. when he develops normal curves of the spine. However, the possibility of their deformation remains not only in preschool age, but also throughout schooling due to improper sitting at a desk, asymmetrical carrying of weights, and imitation of the incorrect posture of elders.
Correct posture is a normal posture when standing and sitting: the shoulders are turned and are at the same level of the shoulder blades, do not protrude, are located symmetrically, the stomach is tucked, the legs are straightened at the knees when standing. The natural curves of the spine allow you to maintain a normal posture. Physiologically correct posture ensures optimal functioning of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and musculoskeletal systems. Correct posture makes it easier to coordinate movements.
To form correct posture, preventive measures are necessary to prevent its violation. These, first of all, include the exclusion of monotonous, long-maintained postures, carrying heavy objects in one hand, and sleeping in a soft bed.
If posture is impaired, the configuration of the curves of the spine changes, the head is lowered, the shoulders are brought together, the shoulder blades are asymmetrical, breathing, blood circulation, digestion, coordination of movements, and simply appearance worsen.
The spinal column has 4 curves: a forward convexity (cervical and lumbar lordosis) and a backward convexity (thoracic and sacral kyphosis) , which are formed by 6-7 years and consolidated by 18-20 years.
Depending on the severity of the curves of the spine, several types of posture are distinguished:
· normal - moderately pronounced curvature of all parts of the spine;
· straightened - weakly expressed curvature of the spinal column. The back is sharply straightened, the chest protrudes slightly forward;
· stooped - a pronounced curvature of the spinal column in the thoracic region. The cervical curve is noticeably increased and the lumbar curve is reduced. At the same time, the chest is flattened, the shoulders are brought forward, the head is lowered;
· Lordotic posture - a pronounced curvature in the lumbar region with a decrease in the cervical curve. The abdomen protrudes or droops;
· kyphotic - compensatory strengthening of thoracic kyphosis due to excessive curvature simultaneously in the cervical and lumbar spine. In this case, as a rule, the shoulders are pulled forward, the head is protruded, and the elbow and knee joints are usually bent.
Lateral curvatures of the spinal column to the left or right of the vertical line form scoliotic posture, characterized by an asymmetrical position of the torso, in particular the shoulders and shoulder blades. Scoliosis is functional in nature, regardless of its severity. As a violation of posture, they can affect blood circulation and breathing.
The type of posture may correspond to the profession, congenital defects or negative ergonomic influences (height of the chair - table when eating, writing, reading, lighting, forced working posture). It has been proven that posture changes in the process of targeted development of underdeveloped muscles, which helps to correct and prevent it.
Physical exercises aimed at maintaining correct posture are selected in such a way as to consolidate the usual correct position of the head, shoulders, torso, and develop the strength of the muscles of the torso and neck, upper and lower extremities. Strengthening the correct posture reflex is facilitated by exercises with holding various objects on the head, exercises performed on reduced support, coordination exercises, and static poses. It is necessary to constantly correct the position of the body when performing exercises, to create in the child a clear idea of correct posture (in particular, the adverse consequences of its violations), a persistent feeling of discomfort with incorrect posture. This will allow you to constantly monitor the maintenance of the correct posture both in a sitting position, and when walking, and during physical exercises.
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