NATIONAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATIONS
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, which regulates interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. At the heart of a democratic national policy is respect for people representing any ethnic community, orientation towards cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policies in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
Respect for
the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us the love for the Fatherland; zabo
that about the preservation of the historically established state
the unity of peoples united by a common fate in their
earth;
Political and legal orientation for approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
the rights of peoples, to ensure a sovereign state
the stability of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic basis.
The Constitution guarantees human rights and freedoms regardless of nationality, their equality, understanding, observance and protection (Articles 2, 19). Everyone has the right to use their native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training, creativity (Article 26). On the entire territory of the Russian Federation, the state language is Russian; republics have the right to establish their own state languages, used along with Russian (Art. 68). Actions aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, promoting racial, national or linguistic superiority are prohibited (Articles 13, 29).
In the "Concept of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation" (1996), the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
Equality of human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless
simo from his race, nationality, language;
Prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on
signs of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
Preservation of the historically established integrity of Ros
the Russian Federation;
Equality of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation in
relations with federal state bodies
Noah power;
Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous minorities;
The right of every citizen to define and indicate
their nationality without any coercion
niya;
Promotion of the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
Timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and
conflicts;
Prohibition of disruptive activities
state security, the excitement of social, racial,
ethnic and religious discord, hatred or enmity;
Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tion outside its borders, support of compatriots, live
living in foreign countries, in the preservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions, in the uk
strengthening their ties with the Motherland in accordance with the norms
international law.
The consistent implementation of these principles meets the entire variety of interests of the peoples of Russia.
NIS Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national policy.
ШШTerms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Check yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show what is common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of the two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of these tendencies. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? What are their main reasons? 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, discuss, do
1. UN documents indicate that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ness, leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; directed
lia on respect and understanding of the diversity of cultures;
means an active attitude to reality, form
based on the recognition of universal rights and freedoms
adorable. Based on personal experience, facts of history and modern
people, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
2. Explain why it is especially important to follow
the principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
jointly overcome common difficulties.
3. Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more and more
more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from society
military development of the XX century; if you do not agree - argue
those their views.
4. Think over the answer to the question: how a professional de
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
foster interethnic cooperation, prevention
conflicts?
5. Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
ki of the Russian Federation in the field of interethnic relations, scientists of gender
it is believed that it consists in switching from the national territory
torial direction to cultural, educational and
cultural and educational. How do you understand this conclusion
scientists, do you share this point of view?
Work with the source
Read a fragment of the work of ethnologist V.A.Tishkov.
Ethno-nationalism in the post-Soviet states
The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethno-nationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. So called
National movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among the peoples of the former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in the establishment of decentralized forms of government and administration, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small nations, in the growth of the social and political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in some cases became the basis for shaping programs and actions, as well as promoting ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, conflict and violence.
The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to the traumas suffered in the past and the degraded status of non-Russian cultures, in conditions of a social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population often takes on aggressive forms. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestigious positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, to change the demographic composition of the population by forcibly expelling ethnic "outsiders", to change administrative or interstate boundaries, to carry out a secret secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including by force of arms. Instead of improving governance and socio-cultural living conditions, extreme nationalism proposes seemingly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause intercultural tensions and conflicts ...
The growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, shaped on behalf of numerically dominant peoples, is no less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to acquire the status of a nationwide ideology, to appropriate the idea of nationwide patriotism and to replace the formation of a general civil identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethnonation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and neglect of minorities.
Tishkov V. A, Requiem for Ethnicity: Studies in Socio-Cultural Synthropology. - M., 2003.- S. 319-320.
NO Questions and tasks to the source. 1) What is ethnonationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethno-nationalism and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and modernity the position that radical ethno-nationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What caused and in what way is the nationalism of small peoples manifested? 5) What is
What is the essence and danger of ethno-nationalism of the hegemonistic type? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civil culture, stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive effect on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Argument your answer.
They argue about it
The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mono-national state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What is your opinion?
"Cold hell" for the Swedish king Charles XII, the place of death of the great armada of Napoleon, "angel of death" for Nazi Germany - all these are epithets that are usually associated with Russia. It is enough to think about them, and it becomes clear what a great role this country has played in world history. Russia continues to occupy a prominent place in international politics even now, when its contradictions with Western countries over Syria and, most importantly, due to the events in Ukraine once again reached their climax, and we all witnessed the creation of two political blocs - the Eastern and Western. In this regard, of great interest, especially for experts and those who actively follow the development of the international situation, is the analysis of the peculiarities of Russia, which allow it to occupy such a prominent position. At the same time, when analyzing Russia's uniqueness, one cannot move away from discussing the political processes and power structures existing in the country, which set the framework for making state decisions. In this regard, an analysis of the peculiar internal political situation that has developed in Russia may turn out to be very relevant.
Political structure of Russia and factors influencing it
The population of Russia, covering an area of over 17 million square kilometers, is at least 150 million. According to official data, almost 30 languages are spoken in Russia, and a total of 160 peoples live in this country. Each of them has their own difficult history, the echoes of which are still heard in Russian society. All this creates conditions for a very difficult internal political situation.
On paper, the political structure of Russia looks quite simple: there is a presidential political structure in the country, in which the head of state is elected by a majority of citizens' votes and makes all the most important decisions. However, everything is so simple only in theory, but in fact the situation in Russia is much more complicated. There are many factors that really affect the internal political situation in this country. Let's consider them in more detail.
1. The recent past and associated nationalism
The consequences of the collapse of the "Red Empire" (Soviet Union) are still felt in Russian society. It should be borne in mind that in Russia the people are not the same as in Iran, Turkey, Italy, Greece and other countries, whose citizens can read about the imperial greatness of their countries only in history books or learn about it from the preserved cultural monuments. Only 23 years ago, the Russians dominated a vast territory that stretched from the shores of Japan in the east to the Berlin Wall in the west, from the North Pole in the north to the borders of Iran in the south. Not so long ago, 15 independent states were formed from the fragments of this huge empire, but Russians still remember their former greatness and with pain in their hearts remember Gorbachev's speech about the death of the Soviet Union, as well as the ease with which Yeltsin gave away his inheritance. Memories of this leave a strong imprint on the political processes in modern Russia. Perhaps, at some point in time, the realization of what Russia really lost became the basis for the development of a strong depression in Russian society. However, even now it feels itself in a completely new way: the revival of the past has become a sacred goal for a significant part of the Russian population. This goal has become a reliable propaganda mechanism for Russian politicians, and it should be admitted that in reality some of them consider this goal to be not at all alien to themselves.
Today, within Russian society, any decision is assessed from the point of view of “what happened before,” and confident judgments on this score are made on the basis of what Russia has seen in the past. It is on this basis that Russian politicians and the entire political community are building their tactics - all in order to avoid accusations of weakness and betrayal. If Russian politicians wish to enlist the support of the electorate, they, as a rule, appeal to a sense of nostalgia for the past, while explaining all the difficulties existing in the country by the events of days gone by and thereby weakening attention to them. Probably, our readers will be interested to know that when asked whether Crimea was really worth the collapse of the ruble exchange rate, one university teacher from Russia replied: “The dollar is just a piece of paper, and if necessary, we we will live on one potato ”.
2. National question
Despite the fact that it is customary in Russian society to be proud of its past, the threat of nationalism seriously affects the Russian political structure. This problem is especially acute when it comes to national minorities such as Chechens and other peoples of the Caucasus. In general, it can be argued that some of the national minorities in Russia not only do not want to merge with Russian society and become an object of Slavization, but are actively dissociating themselves from the Slavic ethnos. Even in Moscow, as one of the largest multicultural centers, it is clearly felt that immigrants from these regions are trying in every way to demonstrate their national uniqueness, which is reflected even in their appearance.
In fact, any person living in Moscow can clearly observe with his own eyes the cultural confrontation that is taking place in the city. It is enough to go to a cafe, plunge into the university environment, visit dormitories or take a walk in the park, and immediately you feel that you are among people who like to get together, smoke cigarettes or a hookah, so beloved by Russians. You instantly understand how much ethnicity influences them. Almost every company of people traces their national identity. Of course, this does not mean at all that absolutely all the peoples living in Russia are trying to stand out from the general number. An example is the Tatars, who have perfectly entered Russian society and maintain constructive relations with the Slavic majority. The same can be said with regard to the Armenians, who, to a large extent, have become close to the population of the central regions of the country. At the same time, the common people sometimes use the racist term "khachi" for them. To be honest, not only Armenians are called this way. According to researchers of social life in Russia, in recent years, such a name is increasingly used to address Kazakhs, Chechens, Uzbeks and representatives of other nationalities.
This pronounced nationalist approach is well founded and is closely linked to the country's recent past. When the "Red Empire" ceased to exist and some national minorities within the Russian structure, such as the Chechens, also wanted to follow the path of other former Soviet republics, Putin strongly opposed this and in 1999 initiated the second wave of the Chechen war. In response, a series of terrorist attacks followed, including on the theater center on Dubrovka in 2002. Then everyone realized that this story was still far from its denouement. A series of special operations in Chechnya in December last year also recalled potential threats in this regard.
All this means that the national question in Russia continues to be a very acute topic and sometimes puts the politicians of this country in an extremely difficult position. The authorities are obliged to suppress the activities of terrorist groups, but, on the other hand, if they act unwisely, then perhaps this will create the preconditions for a wave of protests throughout Russia.
3. Parties
Regarding the issue of parties in Russia, it should be borne in mind that Russian society and the internal political structure in this country are close not so much to Europe as to Asia. In fact, Russia's domestic policy is to a much lesser extent based on certain parties and for the most part is focused on specific individuals. This means that in Russia the authority of parties is based on specific politicians, and not vice versa.
For those who now support the government and its internal politics, Putin's personality and course are of great importance. In reality, it doesn't matter to them whether the president is a member of United Russia or not. Those who oppose the current situation in the country accuse Putin of establishing a dictatorship, and his entourage of nepotism and attempts to establish their own power in Russia. They practically do not take such a party as United Russia seriously.
In general, we can say that parties in Russia are either inferior or obey certain Russian traditions. Instead of being a political player or a place where future politicians gain experience, Russian parties are associations where they find “their own” and forge cadres.
4. Economy
Indeed, even now Russian society, or at least a significant part of Russian citizens, believe that when choosing between the dignity of their country and economic well-being, one should choose the former. At the same time, one should not forget that the current emotional situation in the country is a temporary phenomenon, and the economy, as a vital structure of society, is an unconditional reality. In practice, it is economic policy and material prosperity that have become the key to the great popularity of the current political structure in Russia. Moreover, prior to the onset of the Ukrainian crisis and the annexation of Crimea, the country's political structure found widespread support in society - even when Putin admitted the possibility of Russia joining NATO. It was the economy and economic growth that created the conditions for the great popularity of the current Russian authorities in their homeland.
5. Putin
Modern Russia can be called Putin's Russia. This country is developing within the framework of the policy of the current president, his ideology and according to his plan. In fact, the reins of government in Russia are in the hands of the president, and not of any political or intellectual movement. Putin makes the final decision on all issues of the country's domestic policy, and it is regulated in accordance with his decisions. Once the Russian president believed that the only way to end the Chechen crisis was by force, and he authored the strategy that launched the second military campaign, but after a while he began to talk about universal brotherhood and helped the former militia head the autonomous government.
At the moment, Putin is considered a charismatic figure in Russia. To assess how strong his influence in society is, it is enough to look at the social network VKontakte, beloved by Russians, in which you can find many propaganda banners heroizing the current Russian president.
6. Opposition
One of the peculiarities of Russia is the situation with the opposition. In Russia, as in other countries of the world, there are opposition political parties that are engaged in introducing their ideas to the masses. However, an important nuance lies in the fact that a significant part of the Russian opposition, or, more precisely, its leaders, began their activities due to the specific relationship with Putin personally. In the recent past, many oppositionists were in power, but today they have become its opponents.
An example is Mikhail Kasyanov, one of the most prominent political leaders opposing Putin. In 2008, he ran for the presidency and became a competitor to Putin's party, although in 2000-2004 he served as prime minister under Putin. You can also remember the oligarch Boris Berezovsky, another notorious opponent of Putin, who was killed in 2013 in London. Once he, too, was one of the staunch supporters of the Kremlin.
Epilogue
In general, one should take into account the fact that Russia's policy, especially internal, on the one hand, is influenced by the eternal problem of nationalities, and on the other, by factors of chance and even events taking place outside the country itself. Thus, the Ukrainian crisis caused a surge of nationalism in Russia and led to the emergence of a whole series of nationalist slogans in political circles, and the annexation of Crimea became a new political motivation for the Russian government.
In addition, we have to admit that Russia lives in the era of Putin, because it is he who determines the country's policy, including domestic policy. Thus, we can conclude that three types of factors play a decisive role in Russia's domestic policy, on the basis of which the tactics of its authorities are formed, namely: natural (such as the national question), transitory (for example, external events and the growth of Islamic fundamentalism ) and presidential (that is, the personal position of Putin himself). If it is still possible to understand the essence of the first factor, then with the second it is already much more difficult to do, and the third does not lend itself to any analysis at all.
Department of Fire Safety of Buildings
Outcome
Constitutional foundations of the state ethnic policy of the Russian Federation
What do you understand by the term "national politics"?
What factors is it determined by?
Democratic nationality policy is based on:
The principle of respectful attitude towards people representing any ethnic community;
The attitude towards cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.
The foundation of the national policy of the Russian Federation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Working with the text of the Constitution, answer the following questions:
1. What are the two principles of policy in the field of interethnic relations contained in the preamble to the Constitution?
2. Having analyzed articles 2,13,19,26,29,68, determine how
Does the basic law guarantee rights and freedoms regardless of nationality?
3. What language of communication, education and creativity is fixed for the citizens of the Russian Federation?
4. What language is considered the state language on the territory of the Russian Federation?
5. Are there restrictive clauses in the field of ethnic relations? Which?
Working with the textbook material on p. 93, study the Concept of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation (1996) and analyze the principles of this policy. Express your attitude to this document. Argument your opinion.
The UN documents indicate that tolerance is a moral duty, a legal and political need, it leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; aims to respect and understand the diversity of cultures; means an active attitude to reality, formed on the basis of the recognition of universal human rights and freedoms. Based on personal experience, historical and contemporary facts, show how the principles of tolerance can be implemented in interethnic relations.
Explain why today it is especially important to follow the principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other, to jointly overcome common difficulties.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more and more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethnocultural diversity.
If you agree with this point of view, then confirm its correctness with the facts of social development of the XX century; if you do not agree, give reasons for your views.
Analyzing the main trend of the modern policy of the Russian Federation in the field of interethnic relations, scientists believe that it consists in switching from the national-territorial direction to the cultural-educational and cultural-educational.
How do you understand this conclusion of scientists, do you share this point of view?
Homework: Learn § 9, complete the task. Prepare an answer to the question: how can the professional activities of a historian, lawyer, economist contribute to interethnic cooperation, conflict prevention?
What is the impact of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?
Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism, analysis of historical experience, the optimal ways of regulating interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, includes issues of history and modern everyday life, the spiritual world of the individual, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; therefore scientists use the methods of a number of humanities. From the middle of the XIX century. comprehensively investigates the problem ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, interaction between the individual and the social environment.
Ethnology distinguishes two levels of interethnic relations. One level is the interaction of peoples in different spheres of social life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. Another level is the interpersonal relations of people of different ethnicity in different forms of communication - work, family and household, educational, informal types of relationships ...
Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and his motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastery of cultural norms, the influence of the family, the immediate environment.
The ethnic processes of our time are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, rapprochement of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation- the striving of peoples for national independence.
Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful, or, conversely, conflicting, hostile.
INTERETHNIC COOPERATION
The spontaneously emerging cooperation has been known to mankind for many centuries, consisting of a huge number of communities, representing in the aggregate an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the XX century. there is an increase integration tendentium twofold:
economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within the
national country. It may be in the interest of
childbirth living in a single state, to promote the
reinforcing this unity.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of a bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. not a single small culture has disappeared and, in fact, the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state has been preserved, while hundreds of small cultures have disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the bodies of totalitarian power have led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. The centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, the ecological situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forcible resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of aiding the German occupiers, caused great damage to the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a heavy impact on their fates. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe, other parts of the world in the last third of the XX century. integration in the economic sphere, and then in politics, was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the emergence of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with
population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU has introduced a single citizenship, a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the EU Council, the European Court of Justice. The EU Constitution has been developed. However, it can come into force only after it is approved by all EU countries (by a parliamentary decision or a popular referendum). Russia does not stand aside from the integration processes of the XXI century. This, in particular, manifests itself:
in taking care of the formation of a common economic, hum
legal space with several countries,
included in the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the spheres
economics, justice, security, science, education,
culture. Big place in ude partnership documents
allowed joint action to comply with the principle of not
discrimination, including counteraction to any form
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
I“The more enlightened the states, the more they communicate
i give each other ideas and the more the sy-.
I la and the activity of the universal mind. " 1
\: K. Helvetia i
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
You are familiar with the concept of "social conflict". Conflicts between ethnic communities are significant for the individual and humanity. In scholarly writings, ethnic conflict is often defined as any form of civil, political or armed confrontation in which parties (or one of them) mobilize, act and suffer based on ethnic differences.
This definition provoked objection, because it considers the conflict as a stage of extreme aggravation of contradictions. A broader interpretation was proposed: ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation over the possession of limited resources to social competition, in all cases when the opposing side is defined in terms of the ethnicity of its members.
Interethnic conflicts are generated not by the existence of ethnic groups, but by political, social conditions, in
which they live and develop. Quite often, the creation of the “image of the enemy” is also facilitated by the appeal to those pages of historical memory, where previous grievances and facts (sometimes perverted) of the distant past are captured.
Consider the main causes of conflicts, clearly expressed in the goals and actions of the warring parties.
Territorial reasons- the struggle for changing borders, for joining another ("related" from the cultural and historical point of view) state, for the creation of a new independent state. These demands merge with the political goals of movements striving to form their "own" sovereign state. Demands of a separatist 1 character are especially dangerous, because they directly affect large masses of people, are associated with questions about the division or abolition of the state. “We are talking about,” writes one of the Russian ethnologists, “in what state to live, to whom to obey, what language to speak, who to pray, how to move, who will protect the life and property of people, finally, what anthem to sing and what heroes and what graves to honor ”.
Economic reasons- the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property, material resources, among which, in particular, land and mineral resources are of great value.
Social reasons- the requirements of civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in wages, equality in employment, especially for prestigious positions in government.
Cultural and linguistic reasons- requirements for the preservation or revival, development of the language, cultural community. The belittling of the role of the native language, which unites an ethnic community into a single whole, is especially acutely perceived and often serves as a cause of conflict.
There are hundreds of national cultures in the world, each ethnic group has a unique culture, treats it with care. Attempts to belittle its significance for the sake of the culture of another, larger ethnic group provoke protests and may cause conflict. There is another danger: sometimes an ethnos proceeds from the fact that its culture is called upon to dominate in relation to other cultures.
The source of interethnic tension is nationalism - ideology, psychology, politics of groups of people who assert the priority of national values over all others, the supremacy of the interests of their ethnic group,
1 Separatism(here) are claims of sovereignty and independence for an ethnically designated territory against the state authority of the country of residence.
opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups. The idea of national exclusivity often takes the form of xenophobia, 1 leading to the extermination of so-called “inferior” races and peoples.
The bloody results of chauvinism will forever remain in the memory of mankind. This is the genocide of the Armenian people in 1915, when the actions of the Ottoman Empire led to the death of 1.5 million people. This is the greatest tragedy organized by the Nazis - the Holocaust (total destruction through burning), which led to the death of 6 million people - more than half of the Jewish population of Europe. These are the actions of the Nazis to destroy the Slavic population of the "eastern space" and turn the rest into a labor force for the "superior race".
REGULATION OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with an ethnic component? So far, a positive answer is impossible due to the fact that many ethnic groups live in pre-conflict conditions, experience significant social difficulties, feel (including in everyday life) disregard for their culture, language, traditions, and customs. All this causes mass protest moods, often leading to socially dangerous, destructive behavior (especially in a crowd).
It will take a long time for most people to be able to be tolerant. But even now it is possible to soften and conflict preventionation by regulating interethnic relations. Let's remind: to regulate means to order, to establish.
Humanistic approach- the main reference point in the implementation of moral, political, legal regulation of interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are:
recognition and respect for cultural diversity,
femininity for the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence against
relations between peoples;
the development and continued functioning of democracy,
ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, ethnic
communities, regardless of their nationality
ty;
the focus of government agencies, mass media
howl information, education, sports, all forms of literature
ry and arts for the formation of citizens, especially young
deja, culture of interethnic communication. Necessary
upbringing tolerance- respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, desire to understand and accept their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior. Tolerance largely determines the consciousness and behavior of an individual, population groups, representatives of government bodies, and contributes to the development of personal responsibility for the prudent solution of ethnic problems.
Scientists identify several intersecting paths settlement of conflicts. First - application of legal mechanisms, first of all, changes in legislation in multiethnic states, the elimination of ethnic privileges. The second way is negotiation between the conflicting parties, both direct (between the delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures). Unfortunately, quite often the parties (or one of them), instead of the policy of negotiations aimed at cooperation and limiting access to weapons, rely on an uncompromising diktat and armed violence. This leads to an intensification of the conflict, intimidation of society, mass casualties and destruction. Negotiations can be difficult and lengthy. But in a number of cases, they contribute, if not to overcome the conflict, then to mitigate it.
The third way is informational. It presupposes, first of all, the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations. A public dialogue (in the press, on television) of representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the goal of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
Effective, especially if conflicts are of a religious connotation, are joint peacekeeping statements by representatives of different confessions. The leader of the Orthodox clergy Alexander Men said: "Understanding, tolerance are the fruits of the highest culture ... Remaining Christians and Muslims, without offending each other, give a hand - this is our way."
The psychological impact of the media (especially electronic) requires a careful approach to the way information is presented. Information, even neutral, about the facts of extremism can trigger a new wave of conflict. It is necessary to abandon the dramatization of events that is sometimes characteristic of reporters, because this can be fixed in historical memory and after a while revive the spirit of conflict. The heroization of terrorists and extremists should not be allowed in order to avoid turning them into heroes and leaders. It must be remembered that ill-conceived words can shoot stronger than a bullet.
State support for multiculturalism policy adjoins the information path, which is especially important in connection with the growth of population migration. For example, in Canada, this policy aims to promote the development and preservation of their own culture of all ethnic groups, contacts and interaction of members of different groups in the interests of national unity. Immigrants are assisted in mastering at least one of the official languages so that they can become full members of Canadian society.
One of the causes of conflicts is the insecurity of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low wages and pensions, poor housing, and difficulties in obtaining education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is to improve the life of a citizen, to create and consolidate among ethnic groups a psychological sense of satisfaction with a favorable stability of life. This requires the regulation of social processes, including agreements between the opposing parties on a fair distribution of resources, on increasing jobs, improving housing conditions, on equality in employment, education, and access to power structures.
CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STATE
NATIONAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATIONS
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, which regulates interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. At the heart of a democratic national policy is respect for people representing any ethnicical community, orientation towards cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policies in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
patriotic respect for
the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us the love for the Fatherland; zabo
that about the preservation of the historically established state
the unity of peoples united by a common fate in their
earth;
political and legal focus on approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
the rights of peoples, to ensure a sovereign state
the stability of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic basis.
In the "Concept of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation" (1996), the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
equality of human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless
simo from his race, nationality, language;
the prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens to
signs of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
preservation of the historically established integrity of Russia
the Russian Federation;
equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in
relations with federal state bodies
Noah power;
guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples;
the right of every citizen to determine and specify
their nationality without any coercion
niya;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and
conflicts;
prohibiting activities aimed at undermining
state security, the excitement of social, racial,
ethnic and religious discord, hatred or enmity;
protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tion outside its borders, support of compatriots, live
living in foreign countries, in the preservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions, in the uk
strengthening their ties with the Motherland in accordance with the norms
international law.
NIS Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national policy.
ШШTerms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Check yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show what is common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of the two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of these tendencies. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? What are their main reasons? 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, discuss, do
UN documents indicate that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ness, leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; directed
lia on respect and understanding of the diversity of cultures;
means an active attitude to reality, form
based on the recognition of universal rights and freedoms
adorable. Based on personal experience, facts of history and modern
people, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
Explain why it is especially important to follow
the principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
jointly overcome common difficulties.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more and more
more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from society
military development of the XX century; if you do not agree - argue
those their views.
Think about the answer to the question: how a professional de
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
foster interethnic cooperation, prevention
conflicts?
Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
ki of the Russian Federation in the field of interethnic relations, scientists of gender
it is believed that it consists in switching from the national territory
torial direction to cultural, educational and
cultural and educational. How do you understand this conclusion
scientists, do you share this point of view?
Read a fragment of the work of ethnologist V.A.Tishkov.
The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethno-nationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. So called
national movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among the peoples of the former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in the establishment of decentralized forms of state structure and administration, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small peoples, in the growth of the social and political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in some cases became the basis for shaping programs and actions, as well as promoting ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, conflict and violence.
The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to the traumas suffered in the past and the degraded status of non-Russian cultures, in conditions of a social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population often takes on aggressive forms. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestigious positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, to change the demographic composition of the population by forcibly expelling ethnic "outsiders", to change administrative or interstate boundaries, to carry out a secret secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including by force of arms. Instead of improving governance and socio-cultural living conditions, extreme nationalism proposes seemingly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause intercultural tensions and conflicts ...
The growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, shaped on behalf of numerically dominant peoples, is no less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to acquire the status of a nationwide ideology, to appropriate the idea of nationwide patriotism and to replace the formation of a general civil identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethnonation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and neglect of minorities.
Tishkov V. A, Requiem for Ethnicity: Studies in Socio-Cultural Synthropology. - M., 2003.- S. 319-320.
NO Questions and tasks to the source. 1) What is ethnonationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethno-nationalism and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and modernity the position that radical ethno-nationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What caused and in what way is the nationalism of small peoples manifested? 5) What is
Is it the essence and danger of ethno-nationalism of the hegemonistic type? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civil culture, stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive effect on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Argument your answer.
They argue about it
The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mono-national state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What is your opinion?
