Natural fibers of animal origin presentation. Natural fibers. The structure of wool fiber

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Cotton is an annual plant with a tree-like form. It grows as a bush, the fruits are capsules containing seeds covered with long hairs. These fibers are called cotton or "white gold".

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Cotton fiber is a single plant cell that develops from the husk cell of the cotton plant after flowering. Cotton seeds are enclosed in a fruit boll, which, upon reaching full maturity, opens and the seeds along with the cotton come out, after which the cotton is immediately collected and processed.

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Cotton is the oldest spinning plant, native to India. It was grown in the Indus and Ganges valleys on the East coast of the Hindustan Peninsula and the Deccan Plateau on extensive plantations

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fabrics

Ivan Tames was the first to produce cotton fabrics in Russia in 172. The Russified Dutchman had a linen establishment in Moscow. By the end of the 18th century, cotton production spread to the Tver, Ivanovo, Vladimir and Moscow regions. The competing era of linen and cotton began, in which cotton fabrics took the leading position.

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Properties of cotton

Cotton is characterized by relatively high strength, chemical resistance (it does not deteriorate for a long time under the influence of water and light), heat resistance (130-140 ° C), average hygroscopicity (18-20%) and a small proportion of elastic deformation, as a result of which cotton products are very wrinkled. Cotton's abrasion resistance is low. Advantages: Softness Good absorption capacity in warm weather Easy to paint Disadvantages: Easily wrinkles Tends to shrink Turns yellow in light

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TYPES OF FABRICS

Cotton fabrics are divided into two main types: household and technical. Household fabrics are intended for sewing clothes, and you can also find decorative fabrics used for making curtains and upholstery. Cotton fabrics can be of different widths: 80, 90, 140 and 160 cm. Summer flannelette blankets, tablecloths, bedspreads and gauze are also made from cotton. Technical fabrics can be used for packaging and containers.

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Fleece is a dense soft fabric with thick pile. Used in the manufacture of lightweight blankets, pajamas, warm underwear and home clothing. Flannel is a soft fabric. Has double-sided brushing. Flannel is used to make pajamas, underwear, women's dressing gowns, children's clothing and diapers. . Bumazeya is a fabric that has one-sided brushing, usually on the wrong side. They sew children's clothing and women's dresses from paper.

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Corduroy is a fairly dense fabric. On the front surface there are longitudinal scars from the sewing of light coats, suits, skirts, trousers and men's shirts. Corduroy with a rib of more than 5 mm is called corduroy cord, and with a narrow rib it is called corduroy rib. Velvet is a soft fabric. There is a thick pile on the front side. It is used in sewing jackets, trousers, women's dresses, and is also used in interior decoration and the production of curtains.

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Waffle fabric is a fabric distinguished by its original weave, visually reminiscent of waffles. Has good absorbent properties. Therefore, it has found its application in the manufacture of towels. Calico is a dense unusual fabric. Its warp threads are much thinner than the weft threads. They sew workwear, men's and bed linen from calico. Satin has a shiny and smooth face. Used in sewing men's underwear, shirts, women's and children's dresses. Chintz, crinkled chintz - fabric with a printed variegated pattern of plain weave. Used in sewing shirts, light children's and women's dresses.

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LINEN

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Flax is a herbaceous annual plant from the flax family. This is one of the most important industrial crops. In our country, two forms of flax are grown: fiber flax, which contains flax fiber in its stems, and oil flax, whose seeds contain a lot of fatty oil. Flax farming is a branch of crop production concerned with the cultivation of flax. Fiber flax forms a straight, thin stem 60-160 cm high, branching at the top.

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Fiber flax is a very ancient culture... In the X-XIII centuries. Fiber flax became the main spinning plant in Rus'. Trade in flax fiber and linen fabrics developed, with its centers in the 13th-16th centuries. became Pskov and Novgorod. Later, fiber flax began to be grown throughout almost the entire territory of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. Flax is the most ancient cultivated plant after wheat.

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Flax cleaning

Since time immemorial, the center of flax production has been the outskirts of the city of Yaroslavl, especially the village of Velikoye, as well as the Pskov and Vladimir provinces, where flax was sown and processed in large quantities

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Flax was removed only in dry weather and knitted into sheaves

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Flax ratchet.

In order to separate the remains of the bone from the fiber and achieve proper separation of the fibers, the flax was ruffled immediately after creasing.

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Combed flax

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Folk spinning

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Folk weaving

In the old days, Russian silk was the name given to thin linen fabrics that could only be woven in Russia.

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Modern weaving

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Application of flax fiber

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Internet resources

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/6915/COTTON http://www.valleyflora.ru/hlopok.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/60538/ Len http://www.valleyflora.ru/len.html pictures http://conceptiobiznes.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/hlopok.jpg http://world.fedpress.ru/sites/fedpress/ files/vladimir_vladimirovich/news/hlopok.jpeg http://royalfabrics.ru/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/velvet1.jpg http://blog.textiletorg.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/ 06/velvet.jpg http://www.conkorde.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/hlopok.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D1%82%D0 %BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D1%84%D0%BE %D1%82%D0%BE&pos=37&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timira.ru%2Fgallery%2Ftkani.jpg http://cdn.gollos.com/files/6785/Nameless.jpg http:/ /images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=45&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fslavlen.com%2Fd%2F45545%2Fd%2F003..jpeg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=25&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitbichi.by%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010 %2F08%2Fw690-300x225.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=3&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=108&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.prom .ua%2F2229010_w100_h100_lno_volokno.jpg

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Natural fibers of animal origin.

MBOU "Ziminsk secondary school - kindergarten" Razdolnensky district Republic of Crimea technology teacher of the highest qualification category: Shcherba Irina Vasilievna

Epigraph of our lesson

• “Tell me and I’ll forget. Show me and I will remember. Let me try and I’ll understand.”

Chinese proverb

• Materials science studies the properties of textile fibers.
• All textile fibers are divided into natural and chemical.

• Natural fibers of animal origin

• Wool fibers are the hair of various animals: sheep, camels, goats, llamas, etc., but sheep wool is most widely used (95%). Fine wool from merino and angora goats is considered the best. Wool taken from a sheep is called rune . Camel wool is warm and is an excellent insulator that maintains a constant body temperature. Alpaca (llama) wool has all the properties of camel wool. “Kviviut” – musk ox wool is 7-8 times softer and warmer than cashmere.

• Until now, no one knows exactly why the ancient fleece was called golden. Perhaps the wool of ancient Colchis rams really had a golden hue, and perhaps the inhabitants of ancient Colchis mined gold using sheep skins: they spread the skin on the bottom of a stream, and the wool retained the golden grains of sand brought by the water. Of course, it was not yet known that the fleece itself contained gold...
• And recently, the British Nuclear Research Center decided to determine the chemical composition of sheep wool. Particularly sensitive instruments detected gold in the fibers. It was found in the protein structure of hair and other animals. Moreover, the gold content of different animals is approximately the same. Unfortunately, none of the scientists has yet been able to answer the question: where does the gold in wool come from and what is it for?

Wool is a natural fiber of animal origin.

Ancient woolen fabrics were discovered during excavations of burial mounds. Having lain for several thousand years underground, some of them were superior in thread strength to modern ones. The bulk of wool is obtained from sheep; merino sheep produce fine wool. Sheep are sheared once or in some cases twice a year. from one sheep they get from 2 to 10 kg. wool From 100 kg. 40–60 kg of raw wool is obtained. clean. Camel wool is used to make outerwear and blankets. In addition to sheep, wool from rabbits, llamas, and bison was used in America; in Asia, camels and goats were used. Before being sent to textile factories, wool is subjected to primary processing: sorted, i.e. fibers are selected according to quality; crush - loosen and remove clogging impurities; wash with hot water, soap and soda; dried in tumble dryers. Then the yarn is made, and from it in textile factories it is made into fabric. In the finishing industry, fabrics are dyed in various colors and various designs are applied to the fabrics. Dress, suit, and coat fabrics are made from wool fibers.

The Legend of Silk

• Legend has it that the Chinese Empress Hen-Ling-Chi (2600 BC) was the first to discover this remarkable fiber. She accidentally dropped the cocoon into hot water and saw that silk threads had separated from the softened cocoon. The Empress came up with the idea that the thread with which the caterpillar wraps itself could be unwound and weaved into cloth. She was amazed by the beauty and strength of the silk thread, collecting thousands of cocoons and weaving fabric from them. The fabric turned out to be wonderfully thin, light, and beautiful. Clothes were sewn for the emperor. So the silkworm butterfly gave silk to the whole world, and the empress was elevated to the rank of deity for her valuable gift. Silk was worth its weight in gold; A bundle of silk fabric was given a double weight of gold. Thus was born the ancient culture of sericulture, based on the vital activity of the silkworm, feeding on the leaves of the white mulberry (mulberry).

The production of silk fabrics has been known since the third millennium BC. in China - the Great Chinese Silk Road.

• The raw material for the production of natural silk fabrics is silk fiber - a product of the secretion of the glands of mulberry and oak silkworm caterpillars. The cocoon thread has a length from 500 to 1500 m and a thickness of 10-12 microns. By unwinding several cocoons, raw silk is obtained, from which twisted silk is produced, used for the manufacture of fabrics and silk threads.
• In 121 BC. The first camel caravan was sent with silk and bronze mirrors. The Silk Road is a system of caravan routes that for more than a thousand years connected the cultural centers of the vast continental space between China and the Mediterranean. From the 2nd century AD silk became the main product that Chinese merchants carried to distant countries. Lightweight, compact and therefore especially convenient for transportation, it attracted the attention of buyers along the entire route of caravans, despite its high cost. Silk fabrics gave an unusual feeling of softness, sophistication, beauty and exoticism. They wanted to possess and admire it. The Egyptian queen Cleopatra loved luxurious robes made of this material.

Properties of wool fiber

• Wool fibers are characterized by good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity and breathability, and have high dust holding capacity and shrinkage. Wool fibers are resistant to all organic solvents used in dry cleaning of clothing.

• The strength of wool fibers depends on thickness and length (from 20 to 450 mm).
• The color of the coat can be white, gray, red and black.
• The shine of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales.
• Wool fiber has good elasticity. Wool products do not wrinkle.
• Wool's resistance to sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers.
• When burning, the wool fibers are sintered; when the fibers are removed from the flame, their burning stops, and a sintered black ball forms at the end of the woolen thread. At the same time, the smell of burnt feathers is felt.

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The structure of wool fiber

• 1 – scaly layer;
• 2 – cortical layer;
• 3 – core.

• 1 - fluff;
• 2 – transitional hair;
• 3 – spine;
• 4 – dead hair.

Properties of silk fiber

• The thickness of the cocoon thread is uneven throughout its entire length.
• The strength of silk is higher than the strength of wool.
• The color of boiled cocoon threads is white and slightly creamy. At temperatures above 110 C, fibers lose strength.
• Natural silk has good hygroscopicity.
• Soft, shiny, beautiful-looking silk products, however, have low wear resistance and high cost.
• It feels cool to the touch.
• When exposed to direct sunlight, silk breaks down faster than other natural fibers.
• During burning, the silk fibers are sintered; when removed from the flame, their burning stops. A black caked ball forms at the end, easily rubbed, and the smell of a burnt feather is felt.

• a – cocoon thread;
• b – boiled silk

Wool

Silk

• Wool is used to produce yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felting products, etc.

Card No. 1. Properties of wool fibers and fabrics made from them.

Length

2 – 45 cm.

Various, the thicker the fiber, the stronger

White, grey, red, black

Properties

Flaws

Good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity, breathability. When exposed to heat and moisture, wool fiber acquires the ability to elongate up to 60% or shrink

Dust holding capacity, shrinkage

After combustion, it forms a black lump, rubbed with fingers, the smell of a burnt feather remains

They produce dress, suit and coat fabrics: drape, gabardine, cashmere

Product care

Wash by hand at t30C, with detergents, dry flat, iron at t150-160C using an iron

Card No. 2. Properties of silk fibers and fabrics made from them

Length

500 – 1500m

Thickness - very thin, like a spider's web, but very strong.

White, creamy.

Properties

Flaws

It has high hygroscopicity and breathability. They are elastic, so the fabrics do not wrinkle easily, are smooth, soft, beautiful, have shine, and drape well.

They stretch, crumble, and have significant shrinkage.

After combustion, it forms a black lump, rubs it with your fingers, and the smell of a burnt feather remains.

Product care

Wash by hand at t30 - 40C, rinse with water and vinegar. Squeeze lightly. Iron at t150 – 160C on the wrong side.

Comparison of wool and natural silk fibers

Wool

Fiber appearance

Natural silk

Rough matte

Type of thread break

Crimped fiber brush

Smooth, shiny

Character of filament burning

Straight fibers

Black ball, burnt feather smell

• Which animals provide the largest amount of total wool processed in textile factories?
• Sheep provide the bulk of the wool.
• How does the strength of a fabric depend on the thickness of the fiber?
• The thicker the fibers, the stronger the fabric.
• What colors do natural wool fibers come in?
• White, grey, pink and black colors.
• What is the felting property of wool fibers?
• Under the influence of moisture and friction, wool fibers fall off.
• What properties do wool fibers have?
• High hygroscopicity, heat-shielding properties, elasticity.
• What textile materials are made from wool?
• Dresses, costumes, coats, felt, felt.

• What is the purpose of primary processing of silk?
• Treatment of cocoons with hot steam to soften silk glue; unwinding threads from several cocoons at the same time.
• Describe the properties of natural silk?
• They have high hygroscopicity and breathability. They are elastic, so the fabrics do not wrinkle easily, are smooth, soft, beautiful, have shine, and drape well.
• What fabrics are made from natural silk?
• They produce dress and blouse fabrics such as crepe de Chine and chiffon.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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NATURAL SEWING MATERIALS SCIENCE Section: Lesson topic: FIBERS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN Developed by: Ishnazarova Tatyana Nikolaevna Technology teacher, MAOU Secondary School No. 32, Ulan-Ude

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linen cotton chemical animal origin natural plant origin Textile fibers Classification of textile fibers Wool silk

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Wool taken from sheep in an almost solid, inextricable mass is called fleece. The thinnest, softest, crimped fiber is called fluff. Thicker, stiffer, less crimped fiber is called hair or wool.

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MERINO WOOL (MERINOS) is wool taken from the withers of a Merino sheep. Merino, a breed of fine-wool sheep. Merino wool is uniform and consists of very fine and soft downy fibers. It is long (annual coat length 6-8 cm), white, warm, and has excellent thermostatic properties. Due to natural curls, it is elastic.

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LAMA (LAMA. Llama wool consists of two layers: the top protective hair and the undercoat (fluff). The undercoat is used to make luxury clothing. When fully sheared, both layers are removed and the wool is cleaned of protective hair. When combing, only the undercoat is obtained. The llama's wool is different lightness and softness, the ability to perfectly retain heat (thermal capacity) and provide comfort in a wide range of temperatures (thermostaticity).It does not cause allergic reactions, is able to repel water and, unlike other types of wool, regulate its humidity in a range convenient for humans.

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ALPACA is a type of llama. The alpaca is a rare animal; its wool is expensive; unlike sheep, alpacas are sheared once a year. Alpaca wool has exceptional properties: it is light, soft, uniform and silky, very warm (7 times warmer than sheep), with high thermoregulatory properties; durable (3 times stronger than sheepskin), not subject to rolling, falling or jamming; Unlike the scaly and therefore prickly fibers of sheep's wool, alpaca fibers are smooth and comfortable to the touch.

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CAMEL WOOL (CAMEL) is the downy undercoat of the non-working Bactrian camel (Bactrian), living in Central and East Asia. The most valuable wool is the Mongolian Bactrian. Once a year it is collected (or combed). Camel wool is light (twice lighter than sheep's wool), but at the same time, the most durable, elastic and warm. It protects well from moisture, and is also capable of absorbing and quickly evaporating it, leaving the body dry.

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CASHMERE is the finest down (undercoat) of the high-mountain cashmere goat, which lives in the Tibet region and in the Kashmir province between India and Pakistan. To obtain fluff, the goat is not shorn, but is combed by hand once a year, in the spring, during molting. Cashmere is valued for its exceptional softness, lightness, ability to retain heat and the absence of allergic reactions to it.

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MOHAIR is the wool of Angora goats that live in Turkey (Angora province), South Africa and the USA. Mohair is a luxurious natural fiber. No other wool has such a magnificent long pile with a stable and long-lasting natural shine. Products made from mohair require delicate storage and careful care. They should be hung on hangers to avoid wrinkles, not exposed to high temperatures and dried at room temperature; clean only with a dry method, not forgetting that chemical treatment can shorten their service life.

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ANGORA - This is the fluff of Angora rabbits. Once upon a time, China, in response to Turkey’s inflated prices for the sought-after wool of Angora goats, produced a softer and cheaper yarn called “Angora”. As it turned out, it was the fluff of wild rabbits called Angora. Under these conditions, the Turks called the wool of Angora goats “mohair,” which means “chosen” in Arabic. Subsequently, Angora rabbits began to be bred in Europe and the USA. Angora wool is exceptionally soft, very warm and fluffy, with a characteristic delicate pile. Products made from Angora wool create unique comfort and are therefore very popular and in demand. However, Angora wool also has its drawbacks: weak fixation of rabbit fluff in the yarn can cause abrasion of the fabric; the need to protect the angora from excessive wetting and clean it only chemically.

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Wool fibers range in length from 20 to 450 mm and vary in thickness. The strength of wool fibers depends on their thickness and structure. The color of the coat can be white, gray, red and black. The shine of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales. Wool fiber has high hygroscopicity and good elasticity and heat protection. Due to their good elasticity, wool products do not wrinkle. Wool's resistance to sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers. Reaction to combustion Wool fibers sinter during combustion; when the fibers are removed from the flame, their combustion stops. A black sintered ball forms at the end, which is easily rubbed with your fingers. During the combustion process, the smell of burnt feathers is felt. PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBER

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Wool fiber is used to make dress, suit and coat fabrics. Thanks to its feltability, wool can be used to make cloth, drape, felt, felt, and other textile products. Wool fabrics go on sale under the names: gabardine, cashmere, drape, cloth, tights and others.

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The secret of making silk was first discovered in China five thousand years ago. An ancient legend says that one day Xi Ling Chi, the wife of the third emperor of China, Huang Di, who was also called the “Yellow Emperor,” was drinking tea in the garden of the palace under the crown of a mulberry tree and a silkworm cocoon fell from the tree into her cup of tea. The young empress and her maids were extremely surprised to see how the cocoon began to unfold in the hot water, releasing a thin silk thread. Having become interested, the girl began to watch how the cocoon unfolded. Xi Ling Chi was so amazed by the beauty and strength of the silk thread that she collected thousands of cocoons and wove clothes for the emperor from them. So a tiny silkworm butterfly gave silk to all of humanity, and the empress, in gratitude for such a valuable gift, was elevated to the rank of deity.

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