After Germany's attack on the USSR, the underground activities of the Communist Party sharply intensified. The dual situation was over. Putting aside questions of social structure, the Communist Party launched, first of all, patriotic propaganda, appealing to the traditions and exploits of Joan of Arc, the heroes of the Great French Revolution and the Franco-Prussian War. Already in July 1941, the underground communist “Humanité” wrote: “Frantirers of 1941! Arise "To expel the enemy from the sacred land of our Motherland! Now is the right moment, because our brothers from the Red Army are holding the main forces of the Nazis in the USSR. To arms, citizens! " Since the summer of 1941, the Communist Party has intensified organizational work to create the National Front. Home The task of the National Front should be “anti-German actions with the aim of liberating the Motherland from foreign oppression and treason,” L'Humanité pointed out. In its ranks “Gaullists, communists, atheists, believers, workers, peasants, intellectuals; French people belonging to any social strata - in general, all patriots collectively.” The leadership of the Communist Party held negotiations with former leaders of the Socialist Party, Christian trade unions, and influential intelligentsia. At the beginning of July 1941, the founding meeting of the Organizing Committee of the National Front took place. The organizing committee refused to recognize the Vichy government, condemned the policy of attantism (waiting) and called on all French to immediately begin the fight against the occupiers and traitors. “This is not about just expecting the country to be liberated from the victories of Russia or England. Yes, these victories will ensure our freedom, but every Frenchman must strive to bring this hour closer in the interests of France,” the Committee’s appeal stated. In the summer and autumn of 1941, local committees and professional sections of the National Front (student, youth, railway workers, etc.) began to emerge locally. During 1942, organizations under the auspices of the National Front continued to develop actively. One of the leaders of the National Front was the outstanding scientist, Nobel Prize laureate F. Joliot-Curie.

Frederic Joliot-Curie (1900-1958), physicist, Nobel Prize laureate, one of the leaders of the National Front during the war, member of the PCF since 1942. Retaining his posts at the Radium Institute and the Collège de France, he used his laboratory to manufacture explosives and radio equipment for Resistance fighters until 1944, when he himself had to go into hiding.

Non-communist Resistance groups also began to strive for unity in the struggle. The newspaper “Liberation-Nord” wrote on September 21, 1941: “The only fundamental question on which no compromise is possible is the question of the independence of the Motherland and, consequently, the liberation of the territory... This liberation requires the cooperation of everyone: England, the USSR, the United States, the Democrats , communists, everyone who is threatened by the hegemony of Nazi Germany and who intends to resist it; finally, all those who still retained a sense of honor.”
On July 14, 1942, the national holiday, the National Front, together with other resistance groups, organized mass demonstrations in several major cities.

In the second half of 1941, the first acts of armed struggle took place in France, mainly organized by the communists and the Resistance structures created under the auspices of the communists. The communists began to expand the scale of operations of their sabotage groups (whose number by the summer of 1941 amounted to several hundred people). At the same time, under the auspices of the PCF, international sabotage groups of anti-fascist emigrants were created, along with the French communists, representatives of various nationalities fought in them: Spaniards, Germans, Italians, Poles, Armenians, Jewish refugees from different countries. In August 1941, the communists organized a series of assassination attempts on Germans in order to give the armed struggle a wider political resonance. On August 21, 1941, in Paris, at the Barbès-Rochechouart metro station, communist Pierre Georges (“Colonel Fabien”) shot and killed a German officer.

Pierre Georges (1919-1944), known under the pseudonym "Colonel Fabien", French communist, member of the International Brigade, organizer and executor of the first successful attempt on the life of a Nazi officer in France. Died at the end of the war under unclear circumstances

In October 1941, combat groups organized further successful assassination attempts on German officers in the cities of Nantes and Bordeaux. Communist terrorist attacks were used as a pretext to intensify repression. A system of hostages was officially introduced, responsible with their lives for the safety of German soldiers and officers. In October 1941, 50 hostages were shot near Nantes (in a concentration camp near Chateaubriand) and two days later another 50 hostages were shot in Bordeaux. Most of those executed were communists arrested and extradited by the Vichy police. The shootings in Chateaubriand and Bordeaux deeply shocked the whole of France. In total, during the years of occupation, about 30 thousand hostages were shot in France, of which about 11 thousand were in Paris and the surrounding area.

An order from the German military commandant to shoot hostages in response to attempts on the lives of German soldiers. October 1941

After the first assassination attempts and the first executions of hostages, the issue of armed struggle became especially acute. The executions of the hostages caused an outburst of indignation and a desire to take revenge on the executioners. The entire illegal press expressed outrage at the position of the Vichy government, which “covered itself with shame and cowardice.” However, many underground organizations opposed individual terror. Thus, one of the newspapers wrote: “We consider isolated assassination attempts absolutely useless... the murder of a German soldier somewhere at night at a crossroads cannot in any way affect the fate of the war. This act cannot in any way be compared with the necessary sabotage of equipment, transport and especially military production.” The Free French leadership issued an appeal - on the one hand, it admitted that “it is absolutely justified that the French are killing Germans,” but still gave advice to wait and not risk people in vain. Ethical problems also faced the communists. Many accused them of needlessly shedding the blood of their own comrades. One of the leaders of the Communist Party recalled: “Not all the guys have yet clearly understood that war consists of destroying the enemy. And that, before having the opportunity to destroy it with entire regiments, it was necessary to act on our own and deal with the enemies one by one.” The leadership of the PCF either called on its supporters to carry out terrorist attacks, or renounced them, which put ordinary communists in a difficult position.

At the beginning of 1942, the combat organizations of the Communist Party were reorganized into a single military organization, called the French Frantireurs and Partisans (FTP). In order to give the partisan movement a more massive character, it was decided to accept not only communists, but also patriots of different persuasions into the FTP detachments.
Already in the spring of 1942, the leadership of the Communist Party began to call for the organization of a mass armed uprising against the occupiers. “Let the earth burn everywhere under the feet of the invaders, let their patrols on the demarcation line feel unsafe, let their sentries hear elusive enemies roaming around them at night; let the factories burn, let the cars explode, let the trains derail, let the blood of the Boches flow, let the punishment of traitors begin,” called the underground “Humanité.” The FTP detachments organized the main acts of sabotage on railways and canals, trying to paralyze German military transport. Since there was a catastrophic shortage of weapons, most often the franchisors used the simplest means of sabotage: they unscrewed nuts on railways, damaged switches, brakes and other parts. In June 1942, the first partisan camp was created in the Paris region - a prototype of future Maquis camps. Initially there were only about a dozen partisans there.

In the summer of 1942, the Comba group, which already had small “volunteer groups”, began organizing the so-called “Secret Army”. Initially, it was assumed that the members of the “Secret Army” would not participate in current military operations; they only made a promise to take up arms at the right time.
By this time, the leadership of the Free French also began to advocate intensifying armed methods of struggle. “The duty of every Frenchman and every Frenchwoman is to actively fight with all the means at their disposal, simultaneously against the enemy himself and against the Vichys who are accomplices of the enemies,” said de Gaulle in April 1942. “National liberation is not can be separated from the national uprising." However, the Free French leadership postponed the start of a broad armed struggle until the landing of Allied troops in Europe, fearing otherwise an excessive number of casualties. Until then, patriots had been advised to limit themselves to sabotage, to maintain “methodical, deliberate, disciplined patience,” expecting that “weapons will arrive in time on the day we need them,” along with the corresponding orders.

By this time, Free France under the leadership of de Gaulle had also achieved some success. Already in the summer of 1941, it had significant territories in Africa and the Pacific Ocean, had a small army, and conducted successful propaganda. On 26 September 1941, the British government recognized the Free French National Committee as "the representative of all free Frenchmen, wherever they may be found." At the same time, a message was published about the recognition of General de Gaulle and his movement by the Soviet government. This was followed by recognition from the exile governments of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Greece, Yugoslavia and Holland located in London. The US government did not officially recognize the Free French National Committee, but maintained informal contacts with it; The Lend-Lease law was extended to the Free French. However, de Gaulle's relations with the allies developed uneasy and conflicts arose periodically. This showed de Gaulle the need to seek more active contacts within the country. The first information about the internal Resistance movement began to penetrate London in the summer of 1941. In his speech on October 2, 1941, de Gaulle already said: “Little by little, a broad French Resistance is being created, and we have the right to believe that it will have more and more influence on military operations.” At the same time, wanting to bring the Resistance under his control, de Gaulle emphasized that “the National Committee must unite the entire French Resistance inside and outside the country.” Back in the spring of 1941, the “Central Bureau of Information and Action” (BCRA) was created on the basis of de Gaulle’s headquarters. His task was to “develop the resistance of the French people” with the goal in the future of carrying out “general sabotage of the enemy rear in order to facilitate the Allied landings on the continent.” From July 1941, the BSRA began to transfer “action groups” to France, one of their tasks was to establish contacts and control over local Resistance organizations. However, the first “action groups” failed: local organizations, which at that time had complete independence, were not eager to obey orders from London. In addition, it was necessary to develop a unified political program that could serve as a unifying basis. In a speech on November 15, 1941, de Gaulle for the first time officially used the traditional slogan of the French revolutions: “We say “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” because we want to remain faithful to the democratic principles that the genius of our nation gave to our ancestors and which are the stakes in this war not for life, but for death."
To begin the unification of the various Resistance factions under the leadership of the Free French, de Gaulle sent special “political missions” to France. The first of these was the mission of Morand, a former Christian trade unionist who, after the defeat of France, reached London and joined de Gaulle. On November 5, 1941, Moranda was parachuted into the southern zone. He was tasked with finding out the views and intentions of the Resistance groups in order to prepare for their unification and accession to General de Gaulle. Moranda managed to establish contacts with former leaders of the Socialist Party and part of the trade unions, but was unable to achieve the accession of the main Resistance groups to de Gaulle, whose leaders were wary of the intentions of the head of the Free France. The solution to this problem fell to the lot of the outstanding figure of the French Resistance, Jean Moulin (the story of Jean Moulin can be read in more detail here: and further on the links)

Moulin, a former prefect and leader of the Popular Front, in the spring of 1941 established contacts with a number of Resistance figures in the southern zone and decided to get to London to personally report to de Gaulle about the situation in the country. On October 20, 1941, Moulin arrived in London and presented his report on the state of the French Resistance to the British authorities and personally to de Gaulle. Moulin considered the decisive condition for further successes of the Resistance to be immediate and comprehensive assistance from the English government and the Free French. He asked to provide moral, political and financial support to the Resistance organizations, to provide them with means of communication and to begin supplying weapons. Moulin's report and his personality made a strong impression on both the British authorities and General de Gaulle. He was the first representative of the internal Resistance to arrive in London. On December 24, 1941, de Gaulle handed Moulin an order: “I appoint Prefect J. Moulin as my representative and representative of the National Committee in the unoccupied ... metropolitan zone. Moulin is entrusted with implementing in this zone the unity of actions of all persons resisting the enemy... In carrying out his task, Moulin reports personally to me.” Thus, having arrived in London as a representative of the internal Resistance, Moulin returned to France as an official delegate of de Gaulle with the task of uniting all Resistance groups and ensuring their subordination to the leadership of the Free French. Moulin had at his disposal significant financial resources, a radio station, communications agents and was subordinate only to de Gaulle. On January 1, 1942, Moulin parachuted into southern France.

Jean Moulin (1899-1943), legendary hero and unifier of the French Resistance, emissary of de Gaulle, creator and first leader of the National Council of the Resistance. Died under torture by the Gestapo

Jean Moulin quickly came into contact with the resistance figures in the southern zone he already knew, to whom he promised financial support and connections with London. Most Resistance leaders did not immediately agree to Moulin's demands. While they sympathized with the Free French, they still did not intend to “stand at attention”, carrying out other people’s orders. Nevertheless, Moulin showed rare persistence. Meeting with the leaders of various organizations, he convinced them to “direct the activities of their groups in accordance with the plan of military operations on Day X, which will be developed in London by agreement between the headquarters of General de Gaulle and the headquarters of the Allies.” He tried to ensure that certain serious operations were undertaken only with the consent of London. Moulin promised to arm the members of the Resistance, but on the condition that only half of the weapons received from London were used to arm combat groups and immediate action; the other half was to remain in reserve to prepare extensive actions at hour X.
Moulin created several specialized organizations that served the entire Resistance, but reported directly to Moulin as de Gaulle's delegate. The main one, the Air and Maritime Operations Service, was in charge of connections with London. She had radio stations and secret airfields at her disposal, and was responsible for sending, receiving and distributing all cargo arriving from London. The second organization was the Information and Press Bureau. The tasks of this service included distributing propaganda materials received from London, as well as collecting information of interest to the Free France. Staffed by experienced journalists, the Bureau quickly grew into a major illegal press agency with ties to all Resistance organizations. The third specialized organization was the so-called General Research Committee. Its main goal was to recruit personnel and develop plans for the seizure of power and the post-war structure of France.
Moulin established connections with the leaders of the trade union movement. Now many prominent figures of the Resistance from different groups sought to secretly get to London in order to personally meet de Gaulle. In February 1942, the underground newspaper Libération-Sud declared for the first time that “at present there is only one leader - General de Gaulle, the symbol of French unity and will.” Underground newspapers wrote that de Gaulle “represents the will of the French people and symbolizes their resistance to the oppressors.” During meetings with the leaders of the Resistance, many emphasized that unification was possible only on the basis of a clear political program, because not all members of the Resistance were satisfied with de Gaulle’s vague declarations and they did not agree “to entrust their future to a person with an unknown political past without sufficient guarantees.” In response, de Gaulle presented a draft Manifesto addressed to all forces of the Resistance, which in the summer of 1942 was published in the underground press and then announced on the radio. The Manifesto assumed that “the eternal French ideal of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity would henceforth find such an implementation in our country that every person at the beginning of his social activity would have an equal chance of success with others; so that everyone enjoys the respect of everyone, and, if necessary, help from them.” The manifesto largely dispelled doubts about the relativity of de Gaulle's personality and plans.
In June 1942, the leaders of the Free French conveyed to the allies (England, the USSR and the USA) an official proposal to rename the Free France to the Fighting France, proposing to include all French citizens “waging the liberation struggle, wherever they are” in the movement. .
Some prominent figures of the Third Republic began to join Fighting France. On May 5, 1942, Leon Blum, who was in Riom prison, illegally sent a letter to London, claiming that de Gaulle “was the first to awaken the will to Resistance in France and continues to personify it,” and therefore should lead the future “transitional government” of France. Blum defended de Gaulle from accusations of dictatorial aspirations. At the same time, a number of leaders of the right-wing nationalist group “Combat Crosses” expressed support for “Fighting France”.

The practical unification of the Resistance organizations took place under the leadership of Jean Moulin. At the beginning of August 1942, Moulin received a directive from London to create a Coordination Committee uniting the Resistance organizations of the southern zone.
By the fall of 1942, Moulin obtained the consent of the leaders of Combes, Franc-Tirer and Libération-Sud to unite. Arriving in London, the leaders of all groups signed a protocol in which they recognized the power of de Gaulle “as the political and military leader of Fighting France” and expressed their readiness to coordinate their actions. It was agreed that each of the three main organizations in the southern zone would create its own paramilitary groups and merge them into the “Secret Army,” the head of which would be appointed by General de Gaulle. General Delestrain, who had not previously participated in the Resistance movement, but was known for his patriotic sentiments, was appointed to the post of commander of the Secret Army. The leadership of “Fighting France” committed itself to funding all Resistance organizations, supplying them with communications equipment, instructors and weapons. The unification of the Resistance forces of the southern zone occurred on the basis of recognition of the power of de Gaulle and on the basis of the policy of Attantism. The “Secret Army” was supposed to begin hostilities only on the day of the Allied landing (“X-Day”) and act on instructions from London.

Throughout 1942, the prestige of the Vichy government and Petain personally declined continuously. The cooperation of the Vichy authorities with the Germans caused increasing dissatisfaction. In July 1942, General Oberg issued an order for the execution of relatives of members of the Resistance. In August-October 1942, the Gestapo and Vichy police jointly developed and carried out a number of operations against the Resistance forces. The head of the German military administration officially expressed gratitude to the Vichy government “for the assistance provided by the French police in arresting the terrorists.” Massive roundups of Jews and Resistance members, as well as Laval's frank admission that he wanted Germany to win, caused serious murmurs even among those sections of the population that had previously supported Vichy.
After the occupation of the southern zone, masses of the population began to emerge from their state of stupor. Even part of the Vichy administration began to secretly go over to the side of the Resistance. The halo of “patriot” and “father of the nation” created around Petain began to dissipate. A particularly severe blow to the prestige of the authorities was dealt by the deportation of French workers and youth to Germany, which affected hundreds of thousands and then millions of families.

Export of French workers to work in Germany. Historical photo, 1942

Those evading mobilization enjoyed the support and sympathy of the entire population. Workers staged strikes and protest demonstrations. The peasants supplied the draft dodgers with food. Patriotic entrepreneurs submitted incorrect lists of available personnel to the police. Even Vichy officials sometimes obtained false documents for draft dodgers. At this time, many draft dodgers began to run away from cities and hide in the countryside. In the language of the time, this was called “going into the maquis” (from the Corsican word “maquis” - a dense bush in which in former times Corsicans escaped from the police). From late 1942 to early 1943, the first Maquis camps appeared in sparsely populated forest and mountainous areas, created mainly by young workers and students hiding from deportation. Persons who went into maki (makisars) found themselves in an illegal or semi-legal position. They willingly established connections with the Resistance, and sometimes even formed their own armed units. Changes in the mood of the population led to the rapid growth of all Resistance organizations, and new illegal organizations appeared. The new situation contributed to the rapid growth of armed struggle. The partisan movement began to actively develop in the southern zone, where previously it was very weak. In April 1943, the underground communist newspaper L'Humanité published "General Directives for the Preparation of an Armed Uprising." Based on the assumption that the uprising “would occur simultaneously with the landing of the Allies on the continent” (which at that time was expected in the summer of 1943), the Communist Party proposed preparing a massive popular uprising in advance. The “General Directives” advised all Resistance organizations upon news of the Allied landings to “immediately mobilize their members, declare a general strike, arm the population, arrest or destroy gendarmes and police officers, occupy public buildings - prefectures, city halls, post offices, radios, etc., remove representatives Vichy authorities and replace them with delegations of patriotic groups." From the beginning of 1943, L'Humanité was published under the slogan: “Unite, arm, fight!” Under the auspices of the Communist Party, the National Front, FTC detachments, the Communist Youth Union and other organizations operated. Calls for armed struggle began to appear in the press of various Resistance organizations. “We are fighting and will fight with arms in hand,” said, for example, the Libération-Sud action program published on January 10, 1943. By the beginning of 1943, almost all the main Resistance groups had their own military organizations and “were ready to immediately arm existing groups.” In February 1943, the Communist Party, the National Front, the FTP, Combat, Libération and several other Resistance groups signed a joint appeal in which they promised to “join their efforts to support the workers in their resistance, whatever form it may take.” . They recommended that workers “join the ranks of militant patriotic organizations to fight against the invaders and prepare to support the actions of the landing troops when a second front is created in Europe.”
On November 27, 1942, the Coordination Committee of the Southern Zone met for the first time in Lyon. Soon Combat, Frant-Tirer and Libération-Sud merged into one organization: the United Resistance Movement (MUR). Moulin remained chairman, Frenet became commissioner for military affairs, d'Astier - commissioner for political affairs, Lévy - commissioner for intelligence, security and technical means. Delestrain and Frenet began organizing the Secret Army. At the same time, Delestrain, being an ardent supporter of the unification of all patriotic forces, established regular contacts with the leadership of the communist detachments of franc-tireurs and partisans (FTP) and agreed to coordinate actions between the military committee of the FTP and the “Secret Army” in the southern zone.

General Charles Delestrain (1879-1945), first commander of the Secret Army, one of the main military organizations of the French Resistance. Died in the Dachau concentration camp

In the northern zone, unification proceeded at a slower pace. In the spring of 1943, de Gaulle sent his representatives to the northern zone, who were instructed to form the Coordination Committee and headquarters of the Secret Army, modeled on the southern zone. After lengthy negotiations with the leaders of the Resistance, de Gaulle’s delegates achieved a decision to unite the paramilitary Resistance groups of the northern zone into the “Secret Army” under the subordination of General Delestrain. Representatives of the FTC who participated in these negotiations agreed to become part of the “Secret Army”, but objected to the imposed tactics of Attantism.

Political conflicts with the allies forced de Gaulle to unite all the Resistance forces as quickly as possible in order to have support within the country. To ensure wider support for Fighting France, political and trade unionists from various parties with authority in France and abroad were invited to London. Soberly assessing the influence of the Communist Party, de Gaulle wanted to attract this powerful force to his side, while retaining the overall leadership. De Gaulle himself wrote about it this way: “I believed that their participation would be a significant contribution to that peculiar war that was waged under occupation. But it was necessary to ensure that they acted as part of a single organization and, to put it bluntly, under my leadership.” In January 1943, a representative of the Communist Party, Fernand Grenier, arrived in England, authorized by the Central Committee of the PCF “to represent the party in the Fighting France movement led by General de Gaulle with the aim of collaborating in strengthening the struggle for the liberation of France.” In London, Grenier was officially appointed as an adviser to the Commissariat of Internal Affairs and Labor in Fighting France. He was given the opportunity to speak on behalf of the Communists on English radio, although his speeches were censored by the BSRA services.
According to one of the leaders of the PCF, J. Duclos, “the agreement reached between the party and General de Gaulle regarding a program of joint action contained two main points: the need for a national uprising in order to liberate France; The people have the full right to decide their own fate after victory.”

Clandestine meeting of the secretariat of the French Communist Party, 1943. From left to right: Benoit Franchon, Auguste Lecoeur, Jacques Duclos and Charles Tillon. Historical drawing

On June 3, 1943, the French Committee of National Liberation (FCNL) was established in Algeria and its founding declaration was adopted. The objectives of the FCNO were defined as follows: “In close cooperation with all allies, the Committee will continue the joint struggle for the complete liberation of French and Allied territories until victory over all hostile powers. The Committee solemnly undertakes to restore all French liberties, the laws of the republic and the republican regime, completely destroying the regime of arbitrariness and personal power currently imposed on the country.” Essentially, the FKNO took over the functions of the Provisional Government, although it did not officially call itself that. On August 27, 1943, England, the USA and the USSR simultaneously published statements recognizing the FKNO; within a few weeks the Committee was recognized by 19 more governments. On September 3, 1943, the FCNO, at the initiative of de Gaulle, made a fundamental decision “to bring to justice Marshal Pétain, as well as members or former members of the so-called government of the French State.” Having become the sole leader of the FKNO, de Gaulle sought to unite the Resistance under his leadership and rely on it. In order to give the FKNO a more democratic appearance, it was decided to include representatives of the Resistance movement and political parties in its composition, as well as to create a Provisional Consultative Assembly in Algeria, in which, among others, representatives of the Communist, Socialist and Radical parties, prominent leaders of the Resistance movement sat. However, de Gaulle did not allow the General Secretary of the PCF, M. Thorez, who was then in the USSR, to enter Algeria.

At the beginning of 1943, the leadership of Fighting France returned to their previous idea: to create something like a “Parliament of the Resistance”, which would include representatives of all its organizations and could support de Gaulle in the struggle for power. Moulin was entrusted with an extremely important political mission: to unite all Resistance organizations and parties that opposed the occupiers and Vichy into a single National Council of the Resistance (NCR) under the auspices of de Gaulle. To give the NSS the necessary authority, it was intended to include all the main political parties, the main Resistance organizations and trade unions. De Gaulle's instructions to Moulin stated: "The unification must be carried out on the basis of the following principles:
Against the Germans, their allies and accomplices, by all means, and especially with weapons in their hands;
Against all dictatorships, especially against the dictatorship of Vichy, whatever form it may take;
For freedom;
Together with de Gaulle in the battle that he is leading for the liberation of the territory for the restoration of the rights of the French people."
Returning to France, Moulin, together with de Gaulle's delegates in the northern zone, began consultations with the leaders of Resistance organizations, parties and trade unions, inviting them to unite on the basis of these principles. As a result, the National Council of the Resistance included 16 groups: among them 8 Resistance organizations (“National Front”, OSM, “Saint de la Resistance”, “Saint de la Liberation”, “Liberation-Nor”, “Comba”, “Fran-Tirer” ", "Liberation-Sud"), 6 political parties (Communist, Socialist, Republican Federation, Democratic Alliance, etc.), as well as 2 trade union associations: the General Confederation of Labor and the French Confederation of Christian Trade Unions. Each group, regardless of its influence, had one vote. On May 27, 1943, the first meeting of the National Resistance Council took place in Paris. Moulin read out a prepared message from General de Gaulle, stating that the NSS “is an integral part of Fighting France” (and therefore must obey its leadership).

The first underground meeting of the National Resistance Council (NRC). May 27, 1943. Historical photo

The further process of unification of the Resistance was temporarily interrupted due to the arrest and tragic death of Jean Moulin and General Delestrain. Despite the torture, Moulin, who knew all the secrets of the Resistance, did not betray his comrades and was tortured to death by the Gestapo. General Delestrain was deported to a German concentration camp, where he also soon died. After a short break, the National Council of the Resistance (of which J. Bidot now became the chairman) resumed its activities. In the summer of 1943, the NSS issued a “Call to the Nation,” advocating immediate action to prepare “the uprising of the entire nation which, together with the general Allied offensive, will liberate the Motherland.” From that time on, the political role of the National Resistance Council began to increase. Gradually, local NSS bodies began to be organized, which usually bore the name of Liberation Committees.
The growing influence of the NSS and its local bodies worried the leaders of Fighting France. Fearing that the internal Resistance movement would get out of control, they quickly began to create their own special apparatus to control the Resistance and ensure the seizure of power at the time of the liberation of France. The main link was de Gaulle's General Delegation to France. The General Delegation considered financial subsidies to be the main means of influencing Resistance organizations. Funds were distributed primarily among those Resistance organizations that were considered loyal to de Gaulle. The problem of arms supplies also became acute. While the armed struggle was carried out by relatively few FTP detachments and “volunteer groups”, they mainly used homemade weapons or weapons captured from the enemy. With the rise of guerrilla warfare, this was no longer enough. The arming of significant partisan forces could only be ensured with the help of arms supplies from London or Algeria. However, de Gaulle's services, which were in charge of delivering weapons, armed internal Resistance units with caution. As a rule, they supplied weapons (and even then in insufficient quantities) only to the Secret Army organizations, which stored these weapons in warehouses in anticipation of “Day X” (that is, the expected landing of the Allies). The General Delegation feared the growing influence of communists in the local organs of the Resistance, especially in the Paris region.

uTBTSBAEBSSUS zTBOGYS

h FEYUEOYE ZPDB, U MEFB 1941 RP MEFP 1942, PDOPCHTENEOOOP U TBCHETFSHCHBOYEN UCHPEK DYRMPNBFYUEULPK DESFEMSHOPUFY UBNB uTBTSBAEBSUS zhTBOGYS OE RETEUFBCHBMB TBUYTSFSHUS. eUMY S ЪDEUSH YЪMBZBA ьФЯ ДЧБ OBRTBCHMEOYS OBIYEK TBVPFSH TBDEMSHOP, FP ABOUT DEME PVB POY YMY PDOPCHTENOOOP Y UPCHNEUFOP. OP U FAIRY RPT, LBL OBUY RPME DESFEMSHOPUFY UFBMP TBUYTSFSHUS, RETEDP NOK CHP'OILMB OEPVIPDYNPUFSH RPUFBCHYFSH PE ZMBCHE DCHYTSEOYS PTZBO, UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYK OPCHSHCHN ЪBDBUBN. pDYO DE zPMMSH HCE OE NPZ KHRTBCHYFSHUS. KHNOPTSBMYUSH Y HUMPTSOSMYUSH UFPSCHYYE RETED OBNY RTPVMENSH, TBTEYOEYE LPFPTSHHI FTEVPPCHBMP UPRPUFBCHMEOYS TBMYUOSCHI NOOOYK OBAEYI Y PRSHFOSCHI MADEK. rPFTEVPCHBMBUSH OELPFPTBS DEGEOFTBMYBGYS RTY PUHEEUFCHMEOYY TEYEOYK. oBLPOEG, RPULPMSHLH CH PTZBOBI ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPZP HRTBCHMEOYS CHUEI ZPUKHDBTUFCH PVSHYUOP RTYNEOSAFUS LPMMEZYBMSHOSHE NEFPDSH, OBN MEZUE VSHMP VSH DPVIFSHUS RTYOBOYS, EUMY VSH NSCH UB NY RTYOSMY LFY NEFPDSH. DELTEFPN PF 24 UEOFSVTS 1941 S HYUTEDYM oBGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF.

rP RTBCHDE ZPCHPTS, S U UBNPZP OBYUBMB OE RETEUFBCHBM DKHNBFSH PV HYUTETSDEOOY RPDPVOPZP PTZBOB. pDOBLP WITH CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM PFMPTSYFSH PUKHEEUFCHMEOYE bFPZP RMBOB PFYUBUFY YJ-JB FPZP, YuFP UB RPUMEDOYK ZPD NOE RTYYMPUSH RTPCHEUFY CHPUENSH NEUSGECH CH BZHTYLE Y ABOUT CHPUFPLE, OP RTE TsDE CHUEZP YЪ-ЪB OEICHBFLY FBL COMMUNITY "RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOSHCHI" MYG. rP CHP'CHTBEEOYY CH mPODPO RPUME UPVSCHFYK CH UYTYY S UNPZ KhCE RTYUFKHRYFSH L DMYFEMSHOPK PTZBOYBGYPOOPK TBVPFE.

l FPNH CE EUMY VPMSHYOUFCHP YЪ RTYUPEDYOYCHYIUS LP NOE DESFEMEK CHOBYUBME VSHMY NBMP LPNH YJCHEUFOSCH, ЪB YUFELYEE CHTENS OELPFPTSHCHE YY OYI RTYPVTEMY RPRHMSTOPUFSH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, X NEOS RPSCHYMBUSH CHPTNPTSOPUFSH UPJDBFSH LPNYFEF YBCHFPTYFEFOSCHI MYG. with UYUYFBM, YuFP RP PFOPEYOYA L DCHYTSEOYA uTBTSBAEEKUS zhTBOGYY oBGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF DPMTSEO PUHEEUFCHMSFSH THLPCHPDSEHA TPMSH Y PVAEDYOSFSHUS CHPLTHZ NEOS. ABOUT EZP ЪBUEDBOYSI "LPNYUUBTSCH" UNPZHF UPCHNEUFOP PVUKHTsDBFSH CHUE OBUY DEMB. LBTSDPNKH YЪ OYI VHDEF RPTHYUEO PDYO YЪ "DERBTFBNEOFPCH", CHEDBAEIK PRTEDEMOOOPK PVMBUFSHA OBYEK DESFEMSHOPUFY. rTYOSFSHCHE TEYEOYS PVSBFEMSHOSH DMS CHUEI. h GEMPN lPNYFEF DPMTSEO CHSHRPMOSFSH ZHKHOLGYY RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB. x OEZP VKHDHF FBLYE CE RTBCHB Y FBLBS CE UFTKHLFKHTB, LBL X RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB. OP ON OE DPMTSEO OBSHCHBFSHUS RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN, YVP LFP OBYNEOPCHBOYE S UPITBOSM DP FPZP CHTENEY, ULPMSH VSH PFDBMEOOOSCHN POP OH VSHMP, LPZDB UFBOEF CHPNPTSOSCHN UPJDBFSH RTBCH YFEMSHUFCHEOOSCHK PTZBO, RTEDUFBCHMSAEYK CHUA ZHTBOGYA. ynEOOP CH TBUYUEFE ABOUT LFP S CH UCHPEN DELTEFE RTEDHUNBFTYCHBM PVTBBPCHBOYE CH DBMSHOEKYEN lPOUKHMSHFBFYCHOPK BUUBNVMEY, “LPFPTBS DPMTSOB NBLUINBMSHOP YYTPL RTEDUFBCHMSFSH PVEE UFCHOOPE NOOOYE ZHTBOGYY RTY oBGYPOBMSHOPN LPNYFEFE.” pDOBLP RTPYMP NOPZP CHTENEOY, RTETSDE YuEN LFK BUUBNVMEE UHTSDEOP VSHMP KHCHYDEFSH UCHEF.

lBL Y UMEDPCHBMP PCYDBFSH, NPE TEYEOYE CHSHCHOBMP CHPMOOYE UTEDY OEVPMSHYI ZTHRRYTPCHPL ZHTBOGKHIPCH, LPFPTSCHE, RTEFEODHS ABOUT RPMYFYUEULHA TPMSH, RTPSCHMSMY OELPFPTHA BLFY CHOPUFSH BOZMYYY UPEDYOOOSCHY yFBFBI. fY MADI ZPFPCHSH VSHMY UNYTYFSHUS U FEN, YUFPVSH DE ZPMMSH DEKUFCHPCHBM LBL UPMDBF Y PVEUREYUYCHBM UPAYOILBN RPNPESH ZHTBOGKHYULYI CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UYM. OP POY OE NPZMY DPRKHUFYFSH, YUFPVSH ZMBCHB UCHPVPDOSCHI ZHTBOGKHIPCH CHJSM ABOUT UEVS PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPZP RPTSDLB; PFLBBCHYYUSH RTYUPEDYOYFSHUS LP NOE, SING PURBTYCHBMY NPI RPMOPNPYUS, B CH PFOPEOOY VKHDHEEZP zhTBOGY RTEDRPYUIFBMY RPMPTSYFSHUS ABOUT YOPUFTBOGECH tKHCHEMSHFB, yuetyuyMMS YMY UFBMYOB.

rTYOBAUSH, YuFP NETSDH CHZMSDBNY LFYI MADEK Y NPINY UKHEEUFCHPCHBMP OERTYNYTYNPE RTPFPYCHPTEYUYE. u NPEK FPYULY ЪTEOYS CH PUOPCH RPMYFYUEULYI DEKUFCHYK CH LFPC OBGYPOBMSHOPK FTBZEDY DPMTSOB METSBFSH RTPUFBS Y KHVEDYFEMSHOBS YDES. POY TSE, PFDBCHBSUSH PE CHMBUFSH UCHPYN PVSHYUOSCHN RKHUFSHCHN NEYUFBOYSN, RPMBZBMY, YuFP OBYB DESFEMSHOPUFSH DPMTSOB VSCHFSH OE YUEN YOSCHN, LBL LPTDEVBMEFPN RBTFYKOSCHI NOEOYK Y LPNVIOBGY K, LPFPTSCHK TBSHCHZTSCHCHBAF RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOSHE BLFETSCH, Y YUFP CHUE DEMP UIPDYFUS MYYSH L UFBFSHSN, TEYUBN, CHSHCHUFKHRMEOYSN PTBFPTPCH Y TBURTEDEMEOYA NEUF . y IPFS LFPF TETSYN VSHHM UNEFEO UPPVSHFYSNY RTYCHEM zhTBOGYA L LBFBUFTPZHE, PF LPFPTPK, LBL LFP NPZMP LBBFSHUS, POB OILPZDB HCE OE PRTBCHYFUS, y IPFS LFY PFYAS CHMEOOOSCH RPMYFILBOSH VSHMY MYYEOSHCH UCHPYI PVSHYUOSCHI UTEDUFCH DESFEMSHOPUFY RBTMBNEOFB, UYAEDPCH, LBVYOEFPCH NYOYUFTPC, TEDBLGYK, SING RTDDPMTSBMY UCHPA YZTH CH OSHA-KPTLE Y mPODPOE, UFTENSUSH CHCHMEYUSH CH OEE, UB OEYNEOYEN ZHTBOGKHPCH, BOZMPUBLUPOULYE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, DERKHFBFPCH Y TSKHTOBMYUFPCH. y RTYYUYOPK OELPFPTSCHI OERTYSFOPUFEK, LPFPTSCHE YYOYOMY "uchPVPDOOPK zhTBOGYY" EE UPVUFCHOOSH UPAYOILY, B FBLCE LBNRBOYK, LPFPTSCHE CHEM RTPPHYCH OEE YI RTEUUB Y TBDYP, YUBUF P SCHMSMPUSH CHMYSOYE OELPFPTSCHI ZHTBOGKHULYI BNZTBOFPCH. fY RPUMEDOYE NPZMY UNYTYFSHUS U FBLYN RPMYFYUEULYN KHUREYPN, LBLYN SCHMSMPUSH DMS uTBTSBAEEKUS ZhTBOGYY UPJDBOYE oBGYPOBMSHOPZP LPNYFEFB, Y CHUSYUEULY RSHCHFBMYUSH UPЪDBCHBFSH RTERSFUFCHYS.

pTHDYEN CH YI THLBI SCHYMUS BDNYTBM NAYEMSHE. h BDNYTBME HTSYCHBMYUSH LBL VSC DCHB TBOSHI YUEMPCHELB. lBL NPTULPC CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL ON PVMBDBM DPUFPYOUFCHBNY, LPFPTSCHE ЪBUMHTSYCHBMY ZMHVPLPZP KHCHBTTSEOYS Y LPFPTSCHN NSCH CH OBYUYFEMSHOPK UFEREOY VSHMY PVSBOSH PTZBOYBGY EK OBIYI ULTPNOSCHI CHPEOOP-NPTULYI UYM. OP RETYPDYUEULY X OEZP CHDTHZ CHP'OILBMP LBLPE-FP VEURPLLPKUFCHP, Y FPZDB BY RHULBMUS CH YOFTYZY. lBL FPMSHLP PO KHOOBM P NPEN OBNETEOY PVTBPCHBFSH lPNYFEF, PO OBRYUBM NOE RYUSHNP. chShCHUFBCHMSS UEVS RPVPTOILPN DTHTSVSHCH U UPA'OILBNY Y DENPLTBFBNY, BY KHFCHETTSDBM, YuFP NPS RPMYFYLB KHZTPTSBEF LFPC DTHTSVE. th YUFPVSHCH VKHDHEEN URBUFY PF PRBUOPUFY PVE UFY FCHETDSCHOY, BY RTEDMBZBM, YUFPVSHCH WITH PUFBCHYM ЪB UPVPA MYYSH RPYUEFOSCHK RPUF, B CHUA DEKUFCHYFEMSHOKHA CHMBUFSH RETEDBM ENKH. YuFP LBUBEFUS UTEDUFCH, LPFPTSCHE PO RHUFYM CH IPD, YuFPVSH ЪBUFBCHYFSH NEOS UPZMBUIFSHUS, FP LFP VSHMP OE YuFP YOPE, LBL KHZTPЪB PFDEMEOYS CHPEOOP-NPTULZP ZHMPFB, LPFPTSH K, LBL ON ЪBSCHYM RP FEMEZHPOKH, "UFBOEF UBNPUFPSFEMSHOSCHN Y VHDEF RTDDPMTsBFSH CHPKOKH".

nPE TEEYOYE VSHMP PRTEDEMEOOSCHN, B DYULHUYS LPTPFLPK. bDNYTBM UNYTYMUS, PVASUOSS CHUE OEDPTBHNEOYEN. rPVKHTsDBENSHK DPVTSHNY YUKHCHUFCHBNY Y HUYFSHCHBS PVUFBOPCHLH, S UDEMBM CHYD, YUFP EZP PVASUOOEOYS NEOS KHVEDIMY, CHSHCHUMKHYBM EZP PVEEBBOYS Y OBYUYM EZP LPNYUUBTPN oBGYPOBM SHOPZP LPNYFEFB RP DEMBN CHPEOOOPZP Y FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB.

zHOLGYY CH oBGYPOBMSHOPN LPNYFEFE VSHMY TBURTEDEMEOSH UMEDHAEIN PVTBBPN: LLPOPNYLB, ZJOBOUSHCH, CHPRTPUSCH LPMPOYK -rMECHEO, AUFYGYS Y OBTPDOPE RTPUCHEEOOYE lBUUEO, JOPUF TBOOSCH DEMB DETSBO, UKHIPRKHFOSHCH UYMSCH METsBOFYKPN, CHPEOOP-ChPЪDKHYOSCHE UYMSCH chBMEO, UCHSH U NEFTPRPMYEK, CHPRTPUSCH FTHDB, YOZHPTNBGYS dSHEFEMSHN, OEBDPMZP DP FPZP RTYVSCHCHYYK Ъ ZhTBOGYY. lBFTH Y D "bTCBOMSHE, OBIPDICHYYEUS CH FP CHTENS CH LPNBODYTPCHLE, VSHMY OBYEOSH LPNYUUBTBNY VEЪ RPTFZHEMS. with RPTHYUYM rMECHEOKH PVEUREYUYFSH LPPTDYOBGYA DESFEMSHOPUFY ZTBTSDBOU LYI DERBTFBNEOFPCH: “rPMPTSEOYE P UMHTSBEYI OBUYI PTZBOPC, CHPRPTUSCH YI TBUUFBOPCHLY Y NBFETYBMSHOPZP PVEUREYUEOYS, TBNEEEOOYE Obyyi PTZBOYBGYK Y F.R. ...» CHOBYUBME WITH YNYEM OBNETEOYE TBUYYTYFSH UPUFBCH lPNYFEFB RHFEN RTYCHMEYUEOYS OELPFPTSCHI ZHTBOGHYULYI DESFEMEK, RTPTSYCHBCHYI CH BNETYLE. with DBTSE OEPDOPLTBFOP RTEDRTYOINBM YBZY CH LF PN OBRTBCHMEOYY. fBL, S PVTBFYMUS U RTYZMBYEOYEN RTYOSFSH KHYUBUFYE CH OBIYEK TBVPFE L nBTIFYOKH Y BMELUYUKH METSE. with RPMKHYUM CHEUSHNB CHETSMYCHSHCHE PFCHEFSHCH, OP SING VSHCHMY PFTYGBFEMSHOSCHNY RP UHEEUFCHH.

tBVPFB oBGYPOBMSHOPZP LPNYFEFB HCE OMBBDYMBUSH, LPZDB naemshe URTPCHPGYTPCHBM OPCHSHCHK LTYYU. CHETOHCHYUSH H mPODPO RPUME KHUREYOPK LUREDYGYY OB UEO-rshet, U LPFPTPK NSCH EZP CHUE EDYOPDHYOP RPJDTTBCHMSMY, BY UBSCHIM 3 NBTFB ABOUT BUEDBOYY lPNYFEFB, YuFP DEMB CH “uchPVPD OPK ZhTBOGYY" YDHF OE FBL, LBL ENKH IPFEMPUSH VSH, Y PVIASCHYM P UCHPEN HIPDE U RPUFB OBGYPOBMSHOPZP LPNYUUBTB, P YUEN PO NOE PZHYGYBMSHOP UPPVEIM CH RYUSHNE. with RTYOSM PFUFBCHLH, PFUYUMYM EZP CH TEETCH LPNBODPCHBOYS Y ABOUT EZP NEUFP pVKHBOP, CHSCHOBOOPZP U fYIPZP PLEBOB. CHIDS LFP, NAYEMSHE ЪBSCHYM, YuFP PO IPFS Y CHSHCHIPDYF YJ UPUFBCHB OBGYPOBMSHOPZP LPNYFEFB, OP UPITBOSEF ЪB UPVPA CHETIPCHOPE LPNBODPCHBOIE CHPEOOP-NPTULYY UYMBNY. UMPCHOP OBU ZHMPF VSHM EZP CHPFYUYOPK Y BY NPZ YN TBURPTTSSBFSHUS RP UCHPENKH HUNPFTEOYA! ьFPZP, LPOYUOP, NSCH DPRKHUFYFSH OE NPZMY, Y RP UHEEUFCHH CHPRTPU HCE VSHM TEYEO, LBL CHDTHZ CH DAMP CHNEYBMPUSH BOZMYKULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP.

lFP CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHP RPDZPFPCHMSMPUSH DBCHOP. EZP CHDPIOPCHYFEMSNY VSHMY OELPFPTSCHE VEURPLPKOSHCHE BMENEOFSH ZHTBOGKHYULPK BNYZTBGYY, B FBLCE PFDEMSHOSHE RTEDUFBCHYFEMY RBMBFSHCH PVEYO Y BOZMYKULPZP ZHMPFB. ъБЗПЧПТЭНИЛ ЪБТХУИМYУШ UPDEKUFCHYEN bMELUBODETB, NPTULLPZP NYOYUFTB. lBL NYUFTH POY RTEDUFBCHYMY ENKH DEMP FBLYN PVTBBPN, YuFP CH UMHYUBE HIPDB naemshe UCHPVPDOSCHK ZHTBOGKHULYK ZHMPF VHDEF RPMOPUFSHA DEPTZBOYPCHBO Y BOZMYKULYK lPTPME CHULIK ZHMPF MYYYFUS OENBMPCHBTsOPK RPDDETTSLY. lBL MEKVPTYUFKH, POY UFBTBMYUSH CHOKHYYFSH ENKH, YuFP DE zPMMSH Y EZP lPNYFEF FSZPFEAF L ZHBIYINH Y YuFP OHTsOP PUCHPVPDYFSH PF YI CHMYSOYS ZHTBOGHULYE CHPEOOP-NPTULY E UIMSH. BOZMYKULYK LBVYOEF, UFTENSUSH RPDDETTSBFSH CHOKHFTEOOEE TBCHOPCHUEYE UYM, B FBLCE, RP-CHYDYNPNH, UFBTBSUSH UDEMBFS DE ZPMMS VPMEE UZPCHPTYUYCHSHCHN RHFEN PUMBVMEOYS EZP RPYGY K, RPDDETTSBM FPYULH ЪTEOYS bMELUBODETB. BY THEYM RPFTEVPCHBFSH, YUFPVSH WITH PUFBCHYM NAYEMSHE ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN CHPEOOP-NPTULINY UYMBNY “UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY”.

5th 6th NBTFB YDEO Y bMELUBODET OPFPK UPPVEYMYNOE PV LFPN FTEVPCHBOYY. at LFPZP NNEOFB DMS NEOS DEMP VSHMP HCE PLPOYUBFEMSHOP TEYEOP. oEPVIPDYNP VSHMP PE YuFP VSCH FP OH UFBMP CHSHRPMOYFSH TEYEOYE oBGYPOBMSHOPZP LPNYFEFB, Y OBDP VSHMP UDEMBFSH FBL, YuFPVSH BOZMYS PFLBBBMBUSH PF CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHB PE ZHTBOGKHULYE D EMB.

8 NBTFB S OBRYUBM YDEOH, YUFP LBL S UBN, FBL Y OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF RTYOSMY TEYOYE PV PFUFTBOEOY NEMESHE PF DPMTSOPUFY ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP ZHTBOGKHULYN ZHMPFP N Y YUFP NSCH PFLMPOSEN CHUSLPE CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHP BOZMYKULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB RP LFPNH RPCHPDH. with RYUBM: “UCHPVPDOSH ZHTBOGKHYSCH UYFBAF, YuFP YI VPTSHVB ЪB PVEEE DEMP CH UPAYE U BOZMYYUBOBNY RTEDRPMBZBEF, YuFP LOYN DPMTSOSCH PFOPUYFSHUS LBL L UPAJOILBN, Y YuFP RP NPESH BOZMYY OE DPMTSOB UPRTPCHPTsDBFSHUS CHEWOSCHNY RTPCHETLBNYY PZTBOYUEOOYSNY YMY RTEDPUFBCHMSFSHUS ABOUT KHUMPCHISI, OEUPCHNEUFYNSCHY YI UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYEN. ..

eUMY VSHCH LFP FEN OE NEOEE UMKHYUMPUSH, ZEOETBM DE ZPMMSH Y ZhTBOGKHULYK OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF RETEUFBMY VSH VPTPFSHUS OE EBDS UYM ЪB CHSHRPMOEOYE ЪBDBUY, RPULP MSHHLH POB UFBMB VSH OEChPNPTSOPK. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, SING UYYFBAF UBNSHCHN UKHEEUFCHEOOSCHN LBL DMS VKHDHEEZP zhTBOGYY, FBL Y DMS IEE OBUFPSEEZP PUFBCHBFSHUS CHETOSCHNY RPUFBCHMEOOOPK YNY RETED UPVPK GEMY. bFB GEMSH UPUFPYF CH PTTPTSDEOOY ZHTBOGYY Y CH CHPUUFBOPCHMEOY OBGYPOBMSHOPZP EDYOUFCHB CH CHPKOE ABOUT UFPTPOE UPAYOILPC, OP VEЪ RTYOEUEOOYS CH TSETFCHH ZHTBOGKHULPK OEBCHYUYNPUFY , UKHCHETEOYFEFB Y OBGYPOBMSHOSHI YOUFYFHFPCH.”

pFCHEF S RPMKHYUM OE UTBKH. oEUPNOOOOP, RTETSDE YUEN RTEDRTYOINBFSH DBMSHOEKYE DEKUFCHYS, BOZMYYUBOE IPFEMY CHSTsDBFSH Y RPUNPFTEFSH, LBL TBCHETOHFUS UPVSHCHFYS ABOUT OBYEN ZHMPFE. oOP OH AB PDOPN UKHDOE, OH CH PDOPN LYRBCE, OH CH PDOPN ZHMPFULPN HYUTETSDEOOY OE VSHMP OILBLYI RTPSCHMEOYK OUEUPZMBUYS U OBYN TEYEOYEN. oBPVPTPPF, YЪ bFPZP YURSHCHFBOYS CHPEOOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH ZHTBOGYY CHCHYMY EEE VPMEE URMPYUEOOOSCHNY CHPLTHZ DE ZPMMS. sing EEE VPMSHYE RTPOILMYUSH TEYINPUFSHHA RTDPDPMTSBFSH VPTSHVH. mYYSH OEULPMSHLP PZHYGETPCH, UZTHRRYTPCHBCHYIUS CHPLTHZ BDNYTBMB NAYEMSHE, PTZBOYPCHBMY RPUFSHCHDOPE CHSCUFHRMEOYE CH BDBOY CHPEOOP-NPTULLPZP YFBVB, LHDB WITH SCHY MUS, YuFPVSH RETEZPCHPTYFSH U OYNY MYUOP. rPUME bfpzp s rtylbbbm bdnytbmkh obipdjfshus h FEYUEOYE NEUSGB h FBLPN NEUFE, PFLKhDB po OE UNPZ VSCH RPDDETSYCHBFSH UCHSSH U ZHMPFPN. h UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U UPZMBYEOYEN P ATYUDYYLGYY PF 15 SOCHBTS S PVTBFYMUS L BOZMYKULPNH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH U RTPUSHVPK PVEUREYUYFSH CHSHRPMOEEOYE NPESP TEYEOYS, RPULPMSHLH POP RTYOSFP ABOUT VTY FBOULPK FETTYFPTYY. ъBFEN CHCHYDH FPZP, YuFP UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE ЪBCHETEOYS CHUE EEE OE RPUFHRBMY, S PFRTBCHYMUS ABOUT DBYUKH, VKHDHYU ZPFPCHSHCHN LP CHUENKH Y PCYDBS UBNPZP IKHYEZP. rMECHEOKH, dSHEFEMSHNH Y lHME S PUFBCHYM UCHPEZP TPDB UELTEFOPE RPMYFYUEULPE UBCHEEBOIE, RPTKHYYCH YN UPPVEYFSH ZHTBOGKHULPNKH OBTPDKH CHUE OEPVIPDYNPE, EUMY S VKHDH CHSCHOKhTSDE ABOUT RTELTBFYFSH OBYUBFKHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH Y OE UNPZH UBN DBFSH OHTSOSHI PVIASOOOYK. pDOPCHTENEOOOP WITH DPCH DP UCHEDEOYS UPAYOILPC, YuFP, L CHEMYUBKYENKH UCHPENKH UPTSBMEOYA, S OE UNPZH RPDDETTSYCHBFSH PFOPYEOYK U OYNY, RPLB POY UBNY OE CHSHRPMOSF PVSBFEMSHUFCHB, CHUSFSHCHE YNY ABOUT EUVS CH UYMKH UPZMBYEOYS NETSDH OBNY.

lFP VShchMP 23 NBTFB. lP NOE SCHYMUS U CHYYFPN RYL. ON CHTKHYUMNOE OPFKH, ЪBSCHYCH, YuFP EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP OE OBUFBYCHBEF ABOUT PUFBCHMEOYY NEMSHE CH DPMTSOPUFY ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP Y YuFP POP VHDEF UMEDYFSH, YUFPVSHCH FEYUEOYE NEUSGB BDNYTBM OE UNPZ PVEBFSHUS U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY ZHTBOGKHULYI CHPEOOP-NPTULYI UYM. rTY LFPN BOZMYKULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP TELPNEODPCHBMP NOE RTPSCHYFSH RP PFOPYEOYA L OENKH VMBZPTSEMBFEMSHOPUFSH, KHUYFSHCHBS EZP ЪBUMHZY. FEN CHTENEOEN RTYVSCCHYIK U fYIPZP PLEBOB pVHBOP RTYOSM LPNBODPCHBOYE CHPEOOP-NPTULINE ZHMPFPN. h NBE S RTYZMBUYM L UEVE BDNYTBMB NAYEMSHE, TSEMBS RTEDPUFBCHYFSH ENKH CHPTNPTSOPUFSH RTDPDPMTSBFSH UMKHTSVH Y YUFPVSH PVUKhDYFSH U OIN HUMPCHYS YOURELGYPOOPK RPEDLLY, LPFP THA S TBUUUYFSHCHBM DPCHETYFSH ENKH. po OE SCHYMUS. oEULPMSHLYNY DOSNY RPJTSE LFPF CHCHUYYK PZHYGET, NOPZP UDEMBCHYYK DMS OBEZP ZHMPFB, PZHYGYBMSHOP KHCHEDPNYM NEOS P FPN, YuFP EZP UPFTKHDOYUEUFChP Unitary Enterprise "uchPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYEK" PLPOYUEOP . noe VSHMP PUEOSH ZTHUFOP ЪB OEZP.

rPUME LFPPZP DPUBDOPZP YOGYDEOFB OYUFP HCE OE NEYBMP OPTNBMSHOPK DESFEMSHOPUFY "mPODPOULPZP LPNYFEFB", LPFPTSCHK CHTBTSDEVOBS RTPRBZBODB (YUIPDYCHYBS OE FPMSHLP PF OBYI CHPE OOSHI RTPFYCHOYLPCH Y PF chYYY) FAMEBUSH RTEDUFBCHYFSH FP LBL ZTHRRLH BMYUOSCHI RPMYFYILBOPC, FP LBL LHYULH ZHBIYUFULYI BCHBOFATYUFPCH, FP LBL UVTD YUUFHRMEOOOSCHI RTPRBZBODJUF ​​IF H LPNNHOYUFYUUEULPN DHIE, OP DMS LPFPTPZP, S LFP FPTCEUFCHOOOP Y TEYYFEMSHOP ЪBSCHMSA, UBNSHCHN CHBTSOSCHN VSHMP VMBZP UFTBOSH Y ZPUKhDBTUFCHB. OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF UPVYTBMUS OE TECE PDOPZP TBBB CH OEDEMA, CH FPTSEUFCHEOOPK PVUFBOPCHLE, CH VPMSHYPK LPNOBFE LBTMFPO-ZBTDEOUB, LPFPTHA OBSCHCHBMY "ЪБМПН У УБУБН Y." UPZMBUOP RPTSDLH DOS, NSCH ЪBUMHYYCHBMY UPPVEEOYS LBTSDPZP LPNYUUBTB P DEMBY CH EZP DERBTFBNEOFE YMY RP LBLPNH-OYVKhDSH YOPNH ChPRTPUKH, LPFPTSCHK FPF UYUE OHTSOSCHN RPDOSF Sh. lPNYFEF OBBLPNNYMUS U DPLHNEOFBNY Y UPPVEEOYSNY, RPDTPVOP PVUKHTSDBM CHPRPTPUSH Y RTYOINBM TEYEOYS, LPFPTSHCHE PZHTNMSMYUSH RTPFPLPMPN. fY TEYEOYS DPCHPDYMYUSH ЪBFEN DP UCHEDEOYS OBUYI HYUTETSDEOOK Y CHYOULYI YUBUFEK. oh PDOP CHBTSOPE TEYEOYE OE VSHMP OYLPZDB RTYOSFP VEЪ RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOPZP PVUKhTSDEOOYS CH lPNYFEFE.

oBGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF CH GEMPN, LBL LPMMEZYBMSHOSCHK PTZBO, Y LBTSDSCHK YEZP YUMEOPCH CH PFDEMSHOPUFY CHUEZDB PLBSHCHBMY NOE GEOOKHA RPNPESH Y MPSMSHOPE UPDEKUFCHYE. lPOYUOP, UP CHUENY CHBTSOSHNY DEMBNY NOE RTYIPDYMPUSH OBLPNYFSHUS MYYUOP. OP CHUE TSE VTENS, METSBCHYEE ABOUT NOE, UFBMP NEOSHYE CHCHYDH FPZP, YUFP FERETSH NEOS PLTHTSBMY Y PLBSHCHBMY NOE RPNPESH LPNREFEOFOSH UPFTKHDOYLY. lPOYUOP, LFYN NYOYUFTBN, Ъ LPFPTSCHI OH PDYO RTETSDE OE ЪBOYNBM CHYDOPZP PVEEUFCHEOOPZP RPUFB, OEDPUFBCHBMP RPDYUBU OEPVIPDYNPZP BCHFPTYFEFB Y Y'CHEUFOPUFY. OP SING UKHNEMY RTYPVTEUFY FP Y DTHZPE. x LBTsDPZP YЪ OYI, LTPNE FPZP, VSHMY GEOOSHCH LBUEUFCHB Y MYUOSCHK PRSHCHF. h GEMPN TBVPFBS CH lPNYFEFE, SING URPUPVUFCHPCHBMY KHUIMEOYA CHMYSOYS uTBTSBAEEKUS zhTBOGYY. noe YUBUFP RTYIPDYMPUSH CHUFTEYUBFSH UP UFPTPOSCH NPYI UPFTKHDOYLPCH, LPOYUOP, OE PRRPYGYA, OP CHPTBTTSEOYS YMY LTYFYLH RP RPCHPDH NPYI OBNETEOYK Y DEKUFCHYK. h FTHDOSHHE NYOHFSHCH, LPZDB S PVSHYUOP ULMPOSMUS L RTYOSFYA TEYYFEMSHOSHI NO, NOPZYE YUMEOSH lPNYFEFB CHSHCHULBSCCHBMYUSH ЪB LPNRTPNYUU. oP LFP VSHMP DBCE IPTPYP. h LPOYUOPN UUEFE, YЪMPTSYCH UCHPY DPCHPDSH, OH PDY YЪ OBGYPOBMSHOSHI LPNYUUBTPCH OYLPZDB OE PURBTYCHBM NPEZP PLPOYUBFEMSHOPZP TEYEOYS.

y IPFS YOPK TB NOEOYS NPZMY TBDEMYFSHUS, PFCHEFUFCHOOPUFSH GEMYLPN MECBMB ABOUT NO. h VPTSHVE ЪB PUCHPVPTSDEOOYE NOE, VEDOSZE, RTYIPDYMPUSH CHUEZDB CH LPOYUOPN UUEFE PFCHEYUBFSH ЪB CHUE. PP ZhTBOGYY LP NOE CHUE YUBEE PVTBEBMY UCHPY CHPTSH FE, LFP CHUE VPMSHYE UFTENYMUS L BLFYCHOPNH UPRTPPHYCHMEOYA. h LFPN YUKHCHUFCHPCHBMUS CHUE VPMEE SUOSCHK PFCHEF ABOUT NPI RTYYSCCHCHSHCH. h LFPN RTPSCHMSMPUSH FBLTSE Y UIPDUFCHP OBUFTPEOYK, LPFPTPE NOE LBBBMPUSH UFPMSH TSE OEPVIPDYNSCHN, LBL Y CHPMOHAEIN. ChYDS, YuFP ULMPOOPUFSH ZHTBOGKHPCH L TBYAEDYOOYA Y TBBPVEOOOPUFY, LPFPTHA YN OBCHSCHCHBM TETSIN KHZOEFEOYS, URPUPVOB CHSCHBFSH TBTPЪOOOSCH CHURSCHYLY CHPNHEE OYS, WITH TSIM PDOPK NSCHUMSHA: UMYFSH YI CHPEDIOP CH YOFETEUBI uPRTPFYCHMEOYS. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, YNEOOOP EDYOUFCHP PRTEDEMSMP VPECHSHCHE KHUREY uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, EZP OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK IBTBLFET, EZP NETSDHOBTPDOPE OBYEOYE.

oBUYOBS U MEFB 1941 NSCH TBOSCHNY RKhFSNY RPUFEREOOP KHOBCHBMY PVP CHUEN, YuFP RTPYUIPDYMP CH NEFTPRPMYY. rPNYNP FPZP YuFP NPTsOP VSHMP RTPYUEUFSH NETSDH UFTPL CH ZBEFBI YMY KHOBFSH YJ TBYPRETEDBY PVEYI ЪPO, NSCH RPUFPSOOP RPMKHYUBMY CHEUSHNB RPMOHA YOZHTNBGYA CH CHYDE DBOOSHI ABOUT YEK TBCHEDLY, DPOUEOOY OELPFPTSCHI OBUYI BZEOFPCH, LPFPTSCHE HCE OBYUBMY DEKUFCHPCHBFSH ABOUT NEUFBI, RPLBBOYK DPVTPCPMSHGECH, RTYVSHCHBCHYI ETSEDOECHOP YJ ZhTBOGYY, UPPVEEOYK , LPFPTSHCHE RPUFKHRBMY RP DYRMPNBFYUEULYN LBOBMBN, ЪBSCHMEOYK BNYZTBOFPCH, RPTPETSBCHYI YUETE nBDTYD, mYUUBVPO, fBOTSET YMY OSHA-KPTL, Y, OBLPOEG, CH CHYDE RYU EN, LPFPTSCHE U RPNPESH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHI KHMPCHPL RETERTBCHMSMY LOYN UENSHYY DTHYSHHS KHUBUFOYLPCH "UChPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY". h TEЪХМШФБФЭ Х NEOS ULMBDSHCHBMPUSH DEOSH ЪB DOEN FPYUOPE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE PV PVUFBOPCHLE. ULPMSHLP TB, VEUEDHS U UPPFEYUEUFCHEOILBNY, FPMSHLP YuFP RPLYOKHCHYYNY TPJOH, ZDE POY, PDOBLP, VSHMY ЪBOSFSHCH FPK YMY YOPK NETE RPCHUEDOECHOPK TBVPFPK Y ЪOBLPNSCH MYYSH U TSYOSHA UCHPEZP ZPTPDB, S KHVETSDBMUS CH FPN, YuFP VMBZPDBTS NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHN YUFPYUOILBN YOZHPTNBGYY, LPFPTBS DPUFBCHMSMBUSH OBN GEMPK BTNYEK RTEDBOOSCHI MADEK, NOE MHYUYE, YUEN LPNH-MYVP DTHZPNH, YJCHEUFOP RPMPTSEOYE DEM PE ZhTBOGYY.

b LFP CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH RPJCHPMSMP NOE UDEMBFSH CHSHCHPD P TBMPTSEOYY CHYYUFULZP TETSINB. YMMAYYY CH PFOPEOOYY LFPPZP TETSINB TBUUESMYUSH. rTETSDE CHUEZP RPVEDB ZETNBOY, P LPFPTPK ЪBSCHMSMY LBL P UBNP UPVPK TBHNEAENUS DEME, YUFPVSH PRTBCHDBFSH LBRYFHMSGYA, UFBOPCHYMBUSH OECHPNPTSOPK, RPUME FPZP LBL CH CHPKOKH CH UFKHRYMY TPUUYS Y ЪBFEN UPEDYOOOSCH yFBFSHCH, B BOZMYS Y “UCHPVPDOBS ZHTBOGYS” DPLBЪBMY UCHPA URPUPVOPUFSH L UPRTPPHYCHMEOYA. KhFCHETTSDEOYE, YuFP TBDY URBUEOYS "NBFETYBMSHOSHI VMBZ" OEPVIPDYNP VSHMP UPZMBUIFSHUS ABOUT RPTBVPEEOOYE UFTBOSHCH, CHZMSDEMP UNIPFCHPTOP, YVP 1500 FSCHUSYU OBYI MADEK, CHSFSHCHI CH RMEO , OE CHPTBEBMYUSH DPNPC; OENGSH RTBLFYUEULY BOOELUYTPCHBMY UMSHBUY mPFBTYOZYA Y PFTEЪBMY CH BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOPN PFOPYYUECHET UFTBOSH PF PUFBMSHOPK FETTYFPTYY; RTPYCHPDYCHYEUS PLLHRBOFBNY YYASFYS DEOOTSOSHI UTEDUFCH, USHTSHS, UEMSHULPIPSKUFCHEOOSCHY RTPPNSHCHYMEOOOSCHI FPCHBTPCH YUFPEBMY OBUKH LLPOPNYLH, CHUE VPMSHYEE YUUMP ZhTB OGHЪPCH CHSCHOKHTSDEOP VSHMP TBVPFBFSH ABOUT ZETNBOYA. TBZPCHPTSH PV PVPTPOE ZTBOGKHULPK YNRETYY PF "MAVPZP CHTBZB" OE NPZMY HCE OILPPZP PVNBOKHFSH, U FAIRY RPT LBL ZHTBOGKHULKHA BTNYA Y ZHMPF ЪBUFBCHYMY CHPECHBFSH RT PFYCH UPAYOLPCH Y "DEZPMMECHGECH" CH dBLBTE, zBVPOE, UYYYY ABOUT nBDBZBULBTE; CH FP CHTENS LBL OENGSH Y YFBMSHSOGSH Y LPNYUUYK RP RETENYTYA UCHPVPDOP TBURPTTSSBMYUSH H bMCYTE, fHOYUE, lBUBVMBOLE Y VEKTHFE, OENEGLYE UBNPMEFSH RTYENMSMYUSH bMERRP Y d BNBULE, B SRPOGSH PLLHRYTPCHBMY fPOLYO Y lPIYOIYOH. PFOSHCHOE UTBTSBAEBSS ZHTBOGYS UFBMB CHPRMPEEOYEN CHUEI OBDETSD ABOUT CHPCHTBF ЪBNPTULYI FETTYFPTYK. POB RPUFEREOOP KHFCHETTSDBMBUSH CH HLCHBFPTYBMSHOPK bZHTYLE, ABOUT PUFTPCBI PLEBOYY, CH rPODYYETY, CH MECHBOFE, ABOUT PUFTPCHE UEO-rSHET, ABOUT NBDBZBULBTE Y PE ZhTBOGKHULPN UPNBMY. chNEUFE U FEN POB HCE ЪBTBOEE OERTELMPOOP ЪBSCHMSMB P UCHPYI OEPURPTYNSCHI RTBCHBI ABOUT UECHETOKHA bZHTYLKH, UBRBDOHA BZHTYLKH, BOFYMSHULYE PUFTPPCHB Y YODPLYFBK.

YuFP LBUBEFUS "OBGYPOBMSHOPK TECHPMAGYY", U RPNPESHA LPFPTPK TETSYN chyy RShchFBMUS RTYLTSCHFSH UPVUFCHOOKHA LBRYFHMSGYA, FP UPЪDBCHBMPUSH CHREYUBFMEOYE, YuFP CHYYYUFSH KHCHMELBAFU S TEZHPTNBNY, Y LPFPTSCHI OELPFPTSHCHE VSHMY UBNY RP UEVE RPMEOSCH, OP CH GEMPN POY VSHMY DYULTEDYFYTPCHBOSH FEN, YuFP YI RTPchedeoye UCHSCHCHBMY U TBZTPNPN Y RPTBVPEEOYEN zTBOGYY. TBZPCHPTSH CHYYYUFPCH P NPTBMSHOPN PJDPTTPCHMEOYY HLTERMEOYY CHMBUFY, DBCE YI VEUURPTOSCH RPRSHCHFLY OBCHEUFY RPTSDPL CH PVEEUFCHEOOP-LLPOPNYYUEULPK TSYYOY ABOUT DEM CHSTBTSBMYUSH MYYSH CH RBTBDBI MEZYPOETPCH, CHPCHEMYUYCHBOYY NBTYBMB REFEOB, UPЪDBOYY NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHI LPNYUUYK Y LPNYFEFPCH, B RP UKHEEUFCHH POBYUBMY RPDMSHCHE TERTEUUYY, BUYMYE RPMYGYYY GEOKHTSCH, RTYCHYMEZYY Y UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYE YETOPZP TSCHOLB. yFP LPOYUMPUSH FEN, YuFP CH UBNPN CHYYYUFULPN THLPCHPDUFCHE RPSCHYMYUSH RTYOBLY EBNEYBFEMSHUFCHB Y TBVTPDB. chPF LBL TBCHYCHBMYUSH UPVSHCHFYS U LPOGB 1940 Y CHRMPFSH DP MEFB 1942: KhChPMSHOOYE mBChBMS; UPЪDBOIE CH RBTYCE nBTUEMEN DEB, DEMPOLMEN, MAYYETPN, nBTLE, uABTEЪPN Y DTKHZYNY "OBGYPOBMSHOPZP OBTPDOPZP PVAEDYOEOYS", LPFPTPPE RTY RTSNPK RPDDETZLE PLHLHRBOFPCH TEOLLP O BRBDBMP ABOUT RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP Y CHAMP LTYLMYCHHA RTPRBZBODH CH RPMSHЪKH UPFTKHDOYUEUFCHB U OENGBNY; VEULPOYUOSCH YЪNEOOYS RPMOPNPYUK dBTMBOB; PFUFBCHLY YUMEOPCH LBVYOEFB: yVBTOEZBT, vPDKHOB, bMSHVETB, zhMBODEOB, RKTHFPOB, yECHBMSHE, BYBTB Y DTHZYI, LPFPTSCHE PDO ЪB DTKHZYN ЪBSCHMSMY, YuFP ChPЪMPTSEOOBS ABOUT OYI ЪBDББУБ ОКЭШЧРПМОНБ; ЪБЗБДПУОПЭ ЪППЦІДБOOPE RTELTBEEOYE RTPGEUUB CH TYPNE {174} ; PFUFBCHLB chEKZBOB; RPLHOYEOYE lPMEFFB ABOUT mBChBMS; ABOUT RPUMEDOEZP ZMBCHPK RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB. UBN NBTYBM REFEO PFLTSCHFP RTYOBCHBM UCHPE PFYUBSOPE RPMPTSEOYE. “s PEKHEBA ULCHETOSCHK CHEFET, LPFPTSCHK DHEF YЪ NOPZYI TBKOPCH zhTBOGYY, ZPCHPTYM PO, CHCHUFKHRBS RP TBDYP CH BCHZKHUFE 1941. veURPLPKUFChP PCHMBDECHBEF KHNBNY. h DKHYY CHLTBDSHCHBEFUS UPNOEOYE. bCHFPTYFEF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB PURBTYCHBEFUS. rTYLBYSHCHSHCHRPMOSAFUS RMPIP. oBUFPSEYK OEDKHZ PICHBFSHCHBEF ZHTBOGKHULYK OBTPD.” h YAOE UMEDHAEEZP ZPDB, PFNEYUBS CHFPTHA ZPDPCHEYOH UCHPEK RTPUSHVSH P RETENYTYY, BY UBSCHIM CH TEYUY, FTBOUMYTPCHBCHYEKUS RP TBDYP: “with PFOADSH OE ULTSHCHBA, YuFP NPI RTYЪSCCHSHCH CHUFTEFYMY UMBVSHCHK PFLMYL.”

rP NETE FPZP LBL DHFP CHEMYUYE CHYYYUFULPZP TETSINB YUYUEBMP RPCHUADH, CH NEFTPRPMYY CHPOYLBMY PYUBZY uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS. eUFEUFCHEOOP, TEYUSH YMB P DEKUFCHYSI, PUEOSH TBMYUOSHI RP IBTBLFETH, YBUFP OE PUEOSH YUEFLP PRTEDEMOOOSCHI, OP RTEUMEDPCHBCHYI EDYOKHA GEMSH. h PDOPN NEUFE UPUFBCHMSMY, REYUBFBMY Y TBURTPUFTBOSMY TBOPZP TPDB MYUFPCHLY. h DTHZPN UPVYTBMY UCHEDEOYS TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB P RTPPFYCHOYLE. NHCEUFCHECHOSH MADYOPBCHBMY Ztkhrrsh Decufchys, lpfptche Cheshchrpmosmi is ugly TBOPPVTBBYU: POMPHESH about Chitbzb, rptyuh ynheufchb, rpmhye ytburtsa TBUSHCHBMYUSH about RBTBi -Afbi YMI DPUFBCMSMYUSHENYNY RHFSYY, Retiipd Yu PDOPK KOSHD DTHZHA, RTEIN YMYY PFRCHLH Bzeofpch, Retiipd Ztbygshsh, F. R. h TSDE NEUF UPЪDBCHBMYUSH ЪBTPDSHY PTZBOYBGYK uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS, YUMEOSH LPFPTSCHI PVAEDYOSMYUSH NETSDH UPVPK MYVP RP KHLBBOYSN CHCHUYI YOUFBOGYK, MYVP CH UYMH PVEOPUF Y CHZMSDHR. pDOYN UMPCHPN, ЪБ CHOEYOEK RBUUYCHOPUFSHY VEDEKUFCHYEN, LPFPTSCHE, LBBBMPUSH, GBTYMY H NEFTPRPMYY, uPRTPPFYCHMEOYE OBUYOBMP TSYFSH UCHPEK BLFYCHOPK RPDRPMSHOPK TSYOSHA. VPKGSH UPRTPFYCHMEOYS PE ZHTBOGYY ZPFPCHYMYUSH FERTSH OBOPUYFSH HDBTSH RP CHTBZH, OEUNPFTS ABOUT ZHUFHA UEFSH RPMYGEKULYI Y DPOPUYLPCH.

h UEOFSVTE 1941 OBYUBMBUSH UETYS YЪPMYTPCHBOOSCHI OBRBDEOYK ABOUT OENEGLYI CHPEOOPUMHTSBEYI. RETCHSHCHNY VSHMY KHVYFSH LPNEODBOF ZBTOI'POB CH OBOFE, PZHYGET CH vPTDP Y DCHB UPMDBFB CH rBTYTSE ABOUT KHMYGE YBNRYPOOE. ъBFEN YUYUMP KHVYFSHI UFBMP TBUFY. NUFS ZHTBOGKHBN, CHTBZ UPFOSNY TBUUFTEMYCHBM ЪBMPTSoilPCH, VTPUBM CH FATSHNSCH FSHUSYU RBFTYPFPCH, LPFPTSCHE RPFPN CHSHCHUSCHMBMYUSH Y ZHTBOGYY, DKHYIM YFTBZHBNY Y TERTEU UYTPCHBM ZPTPDB, HERE UPCHETYBMYUSH RPLHOYEOYS. u YUKHCHUFChPN NTBYuOPK ZPTDPUFY KHOBCHBMY NSCH PV LFK CHPKOE PDYOPYUEL, LPFPTSHCHE RPDCHETZBMY UEVS PZTPNOPNH TYULKH, VPTSUSH U PLLHRBOFBNY. u DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, ZYVEMSH ZHTBOGKHIPCH TSETFCH PFCHEFOSHI TERTEUUYK OENGECH CHSHCHSCCHBMB CH OBUYI UETDGBI ULPTVSH, OP PFOADSH OE PFYUBSOYE, RPFPNH YuFP NSCH LFP TBUGEOYCHBMY LBL U NETFSH UPMDBF ABOUT RPME VYFCHSHCH. pDOBLP YUIPDS Y BMENEOFBTOSCHI FTEVPVCHBOYK CHPEOOPK OBHLY, NSCH UYYFBMY, YuFP VPTSHVPK OHTsOP THLLPCHPDYFSH Y YuFP L FPNH TSE EEE OE OBUFKHRIM NPNEOF OBUYOBFSH PFLTSCHFSHE VPECHSHCHE DE KUFCHYS CH NEFTPRPMYY. vPTSHVB, TBUUUYFBOOBS ABOUT FP, YUFPVSH OE DBCHBFSH RTPFYCHOILH RPLPS, ЪBFEN BLFYChosche PRETBGYY CHOKHFTEOOYI UYM uPRTPFYCHMEOYS CH OBNEYOOOSCHI RHOLFBI, OBLPOEG, OBGYPOBMSHOPE CHPUUFBOY E, LPFPTPPE NSCH OBNETECHBMYUSH OBYUBFSH CH OBDMETSBAKE NPNEOF, NPZMY VSC VSHCHFSH CHEUSHNB LZHZHELFYCHOSCHNY RTY HUMPCHYY, YuFP CHUE LFP HDBMPUSH VSC PUHEEUFCHYFSH LBL PDOP GEMPE CH UPUEFBOY Y DEKUFCHYSNY BTNYK PUCHPVPTSDEOOYS. NETSDH FEN CH 1941 uPRTPFYCHMEOYE EDCHB OBUYOBMP ЪBTPTsDBFSHUS, Y, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NSCH OBMY, YUFP POP NPTSEF RPFETREFSH RPMOPE RPTBTTSEOYE VHLCHBMSHOP EEE ЪB ZPDSH DP FPZ P, LBL OBIY UPAYOILY VHDHF ZPFPCHSHCHSHCHUBDIFSHUS ABOUT RPVETETSSHE.

ChPF RPYUENH 23 PLFSVTS S ЪBSCHYM RP TBDYP: “fPF ZhBLF, YuFP ZHTBOGKHYSHCH KHVYCHBAF OENGECH, SCHMSEFUS BVUPMAFOP OPTNBMSHOSCHN Y BVUPMAFOP PRTBCHDBOOSHCHN. eUMY OENGSH OE IPFSF, YUFPVSH NSCH YI KHVYCHBMY, YN UMEDHEF PUFBCHBFSHUS DPNB... rPUME FPZP LBL YN OE HDBMPUSH RPLPTYFSH NYT, LBTSDSCHK OENEG OBEF, YuFP UFBOEF MYVP FTH RPN, MYVP RMEOOSCHN. OP UHEEUFCHHEF FBLFLYLB CHEDEOYS CHPKOSCH. chPKOPK DPMTSOSCH THLPCHPDYFSH FE, LPNH LFP RPTHYUEOP... h OBUFPSEE CHTENS NPK RTYLBJ DMS PLLHRYTPCHBOOPC FETTYFPTYY: OENGECH PFLTSCHFP OE HVYCHBFSH! ON CHCHCHBO EDYOUFCHEOOSCHN UPPVTBTCEOYEN: UEKYBU CHTBZ NPTSEF UPCHETYOOOP WEURTERSFUFCHEOOP PUHEEUFCHMSFSH NBUUPCHSHCHE HVYKUFCHB OBUYI RPLB EEE VE'PTHTSOSCHI VPTGPC. oBRTPFYCH, LBL FPMSHLP NSCH UNPTSEN RETEKFY CH OBUFHRMEOYE, VHDHF PFDBOSCH UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE RTYLBYSHCH.”

UFTENSUSH UPLTBFYFSH UCHPY RPFETY, LPFPTSCHE RTY UMPTSYCHYEKUS PVUFBOPCCHLE VSHMY UMYYLPN CHEMYLY RP UTBCHOEYA U DPUFYZOHFSHCHNY CHEUSHNB OOBYUYFEMSHOSCHNY TEKHMSHFBFBNY, NSCH CH NEUFE U FEN DPMTSOSCH VSHMY YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH TEBLGYA NBUU ABOUT OENEGLYE TERTEUUY CH YOFETEUBI KHLTERMEOYS OBGYPOBMSHOPK UPMYDBTOPUFY Y URMPYUEOYS UYM ZHTBOGHYULPZP OBTPDB. 25 PLFSSVTS, ABOUT UMEDHAEIK DEOSH RPUM LBJOY 50 ЪБМПЦОЛПЧ Ш оКОФЭ й ыБФПВТИБОПЧ Ъ 50 RBFTYPFPCH VPTDP WITH ЪBSCHYM RP TBDYP UMEDHAEEE: “tBUUFTEMYCHBS OBUYI MADEK , CHTBZ TBUUYUYFSHCHBM ЪBRKHZBFSH ZhTBOGYA. ZhTBOGYS DPLBTCEF, YuFP EE ЪBRKHZBFSH OEMSHЪS... with RTYЪSCCHBA CHUEI ZHTBOGKHIPCH Y CHUEI ZHTBOGKHTSEOPL RTELTBFYFSH CHUSLHA TBVPFH Y CHUSLPE DCHYTSEOYE FBN, ZDE POY VHDHF OBIPD YFSHUS, CH RSFOYGKH 31 PLFSSVTS, U 4 YUBUPCH DP 4 YUBUPCH 05 NYOHF, U FEN YUFPVSH LFP UETSHEOPE RTEDPUFETETSEOYE , LFB NPEOBS OBGYPOBMSHOBS ЪBVBUFPCHLB RTDPDENPOUFTYTPCHBMB UYMKH VTBFULPK UPMYDBTOPUFY ZHTBOGKHIPCH Y RPLBЪBMB CHTBZKH, LBLBS PRBUOPUFSH RPDUFETEZBEF EZP RPCHU ADH." OBLBOKHOE OBNEYOOOPZP DOS S RPCHFPTYM UCHPK RTYYSHCHCH. uPUFPSCHYBSUS ЪBVBUFPCHLB RTYPVTEMB PE NOPZYI NEUFBI, PUPVEOOOP ABOUT ЪBCHPDBI, CHOKHOYYFEMSHOSHCHK IBTBLFET. h TEЪKHMSHFBFE PE NOE KHLTERYMBUSH TEYINPUFSH OE DPRKHULBFSH, YUFPVSH DCHYTSEOYE uPRTPFYCHMEOYS CHSHCHMYMPUSH CH BOBTIYA; OBRTPFYCH, S IPFEM DPVYFSHUS PTZBOYPCHBOOPUFY, OE RTEUELBS CHNEUFE U FEN YOYGYBFYCHSHCH, LPFPTBS VSHMB EZP DCHYTSHEEK UYMPK, Y OE PFCHETZBS CHBYNOPK YЪPMYTPCHBOOPUFY NEUF OSCHI PTZBOYBGYK, VE LPFPTPK uPRTPPFYCHMEOYE NPZMP VSC VSHCHFSH RPMOPUFSHA MILCHYDYTPCHBOP PDOYN HDBTPN.

PE CHUSLPN UMKHYUBE KHYBUFOYL DCHYTSEOYS UPRTPFYCHMEOYS Y EZP PTZBOYBGYY PE NOPZYI PFOPYOEOSI DEKUFCHBMY FERTSH U VPMSHYPK TEYINPUFSHA, OP POY YURSHCHFSHCHBMY PUFTHA OEICHBF LH CHPEOOOSCHI UREGYBMYUFBI. FBN, ZDE POY NPZMY Y DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY YI OBKFY, FP EUFSH CH FPN, YuFP PUFBCHBMPUSH PF BTNYY, RHFSH RTEZTBTSDBMY CHYYUFSH. y FEN OE NEOEE RETCHCHE KHDBTSHCH RP CHTBZKH VSHMY OBOUEOSCH CHPEOOOSCHNY. pZHYGETSCH BTNEKULYI Y PLTHTSOSHI YFBVPCH RTSFBMY PTHTSIE PF LPNYUUYK RP RETENYTYA. TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOBS UMKHTSVB RTDPDPMTSBMB FBKLPN CHEUFY LPOFTTBCHEDLH Y CHTENS PF CHTENEY PFRTBCHMSMB BOZMYUBOBN YOZHTNBGYA. rTY UPDEKUFCHYY ZEOETBMPCH ZHTTB, DEMEUFTOB, CHETOP {175} , vMPL-dBUUP, dATNEKETB, U RPNPESH, CH YUBUFOPUFY, PZHYGETULYI LMHVPCH RPDZPFBCHMYCHBMYUSH NPVYMYBGYPOOSCHE NETPRTYSFYS. ZEOETBM lpy UFBM CHEUFY BLFYCHOHA RTPPRBZBODH RTPFYCH LBRYFKHMSOFULYI OBUFTPEOYK. UTEDY THLPCHPDYFEMEK NPMPDETSOSHI PTZBOYBGYK, CH UPUFBCH LPFPTSCHI CHIPDIMP OBYUYFEMSHOPE LPMYUEUFCHP VSHCHYI CHPEOOSCHI, NOPZYE FTEOYTPCHBMYUSH UBNY Y HYUMY DTHZYI CHMBDEFSH PT HTSYEN. h PUFBCHYYIUS CHYOULY YUBUFSI RPYUFY CHUE PZHYGETSH, HOFET-PZHYGETSH Y UPMDBFSH OE ULTSHCHBMY UCHPYI OBDETSD CHOPPSH RTYOSFSH KHYUBUFYE CH VPSI.

oBUEMEOYE PFOPUYMPUSH L LFPNH CHEUSHNB RPMPTSYFEMSHOP. rTYCHEOOBS YI ZhTBOGYY LYOPITPOILB, LPFPTHA S RTPUNPFTEM CH mPODPOE, UMKHTSYMB OBZMSDOSCHN FPNKH DPLBBBFEMSHUFCHPN. h ZHYMSHNE VSCHM ЪBUOSF NPNEOF, LPZDB REFEO PE CHTENS PDOPK YЪ UCHPYI RPEЪDPL Ch nBTUEMSH RPSCHYMUS ABOUT VBMLPOE TBFKHYY RETED ChPKULBNYY OBTPDPN, LPFPTSCHE CHSTBTSBMY UCHPY ZPTSYU E RBFTYIPFYUEULYE YUKHCHUFCHB. NPTsOP VSHMP UMSHCHYBFSH, LBL, RPCHYOKHSUSH EDYOPDHYOPNH OBUFTPEOYA LFK NBUUSCH MADEK, BY LTYLOKHM: “oe ЪBVHDSHFE, YuFP CHUE CHSC NPVYMYЪPCHBOSHCH!” fY UMPCHB CHSHCHBMY VKHTOSHCHK LOFKHYYBIN CHUEI UPVTBCHYIUS, CHPEOOOSCHY Y OECHPEOOOSCHI, LPFPTSHCHE UNESMYUSH Y RMBLBMY PF CHPMOOYS.

fBLYN PVTBBPN, OEUNPFTS ABOUT FP YuFP BTNYS RPFETSMB KHVYFSHCHNY YMY RMEOOSCHNY VPMSHYOUFChP UCHPYI YUBUFP MKHYYI UPMDBF Y PZHYGETPCH, POB UFYIYKOP UFTENYMBUSH L FPNH, YuFPV SHCHPZMBCHYFSH OBGYPOBMSHOPE uPRTPPFYCHMEOYE. pDOBLP YNEOOP bFPZP Y OE IPFEMP "RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP", LPFPTPNH BTNYS RPDYYOSMBUSH. chYYYUFULYK TETSYN, UPITBOSCHYK CHOBUMBME CHYDYNPUFSH OEKFTBMYFEFB, ЪBFEN CHUFBCHYYK ABOUT RHFSH UPFTKHDOYUEUFCHB U CHTBZPN, RPNEYBM BTNYY PUKHEEUFCHYFSH UCHPE RTYYCHBOYE, Y CH TE'KHMSHFBFE POB NPTBMSHOP PLBBBMBUSH CH FHRYLE, CHSHCHIPD YJ LPFPTPZP NPTsOP VSHMP OBKFY, MYYSH PFLBBCHYUSH PF ZHTBNBMSHOPK DYUGYRMYOSCH. iPFS NOPZYE CHPEOOSH CHUE TSE RPIMY ABOUT LFP, PUPVEOOOP LFP UPUFPSM CH PTZBOYBGYSI uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, YMY LFP CHUFKHRYM CH FBKOHA BTNYA, YMY, OBLPOEG, FE, LFP RPTSE PUOPCHBM " bTNEKULHA PTZBOYBGYA uPRTPFYCHMEOYS", ZBLFYUEULY DCHYTSEOYE uPRTPFYCHMEOYS CHSCHOKHTSDEOP VSHMP RETCHPE CHTENS UBNP ZPFPCHYFSH UCHPY LBDTSH.

h "UChPVPDOPK" ЪPOE FBLYE PTZBOYBGYY, LBL "lPNVB" PE ZMBCHE U LBRYFBOPN ZhTEO {176} , "mYVETBUSHPO", CH LPFPTPK PUOPCHOKHA TPMSH YZTBM BNBOAMSH D "BUFSH DE MB CHITSETY {177} , "ZhTBO-FYTET", THLPChPDUFChP LPFPTPK CHP'ZMBCHMSM TsBO-rshet MECHY {178} , ЪBOYNBMYUSH BLFYCHOPK RTPRBZBODYUFULPK DESFEMSHOPUFSHA Y UPЪDBCHBMY CHPEOYYTPCHBOOSCH ZHTNYTPCHBOYS. pDOPCHTENEOOOP PUFBFLY VSHCHYI RTPZHUPAOSCHI PTZBOYBGYK "CHUEPVEEK LPOZHEDETBYY FTHDB" Y "ZhTBOGKHULPK LPOZHEDETBYY ITYUFYBOULYI FTHDSEYIUS" CHEMY RTPRBZBODH CH RPMSHЪХ uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS. bOBMPZYUOHA TBVPFKH RTPCHPDYMY TBMYUOSHE ZTHRRYTPCHLY, UPUFPSCHIYE YUMEOOPCH VSHCHYI RBTFYK, CH YUBUFOPUFY FBLYI, LBL UPGYBMYUFYUUEULBS, oBTPDOSHE DENPLTBFSHCH Y TE URHWMYLBOWLS JEDETBGYS. rPULPMSHLH ЪPOB OE VSHMB PLLHRYTPCHBOB OENGBNY, VPTSHVB CHEMBUSH, EUFEUFCHEOOP, RTPPFYCH CHYYUFULLPZP TETSINB, RTPPHYCH EZP RPMYGYY FTYVHOBMPCH. rTY LFPN THLPCHPDYFEMY, ZPFPCHS UYMSCH, LPFPTSCHE CH UMHYUBE OEPVIPDYNPUFY NPZMY VSHCHFSH YURPMSHJPCHBOSH RTPPFYCH CHTBZB, DKHNBMY P ЪBICHBFE CHMBUFY Y CHYDEMY CH UPRTPFYCHME OYY OE FPMSHLP PTHDYE CHPKOSHCH, OP Y UTEDUFChP DMS UNESCH TETSINB.

rPMYFYUEULYK IBTBLFET PTZBOYBGYK uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS ACOPK ЪPOSH DEMBM, EUFEUFCHEOOP, YI DESFEMSHOPUFSH CHEUSHNB YZHZHELFYCHOPK, URPUPVUFCHPCHBM RTYCHMEYOOYA CH YI TSDSCH CHMY SFEMSHOSHI BMENEOFPPCH, RTYDBCHBM YI RTPRBZBODE ЪMPVPDOECHOPUFSH Y ЪBTSYZBFEMSHOPUFSH, LPFPTSHCHE VKHDYMY KHNSCH. OP U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, RPMOPE UPZMBUYE Y CHSHCHFELBAEBS PFUADB UPCHNEUFOBS DESFEMSHOPUFSH THLPCHPDSEYI LPNYFEFPCH UFTBDBMY PF CHUEZP LFPZP. UMEDHEF ULBJBFSH, YUFP TSDPCHSHCHE YUMEOSH LFYI PTZBOYBGYK Y UPYUHCHUFCHHAEYE RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMYUSH OH DBMSHOEKYEK RTPZTBNNPK UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, OH HUMPCHYSNY ЪBI CHBFB CHMBUFY, OH RPDVPTPN VHDHEYI RTBCHYFEMEC. rP PVEENKH NOEOYA, ZMBCHOPE UPUFPSMP CH FPN, YUFPVSH UTBTSBFSHUS YMY RP LTBKOEK NETE ZPFPCHYFSHUS L LFPNH. dPVSHCHBFSH PTHTSIE, KHUFTBYCHBFSH FBKOILY, RPDZPFBCHMYCHBFSH Y CHTENS PF CHTENEY PUHEEUFCHMSFSH OBMEFSH CHPF P YUEN YMB TEYUSH! y LFK GEMSHHA OBDP VSHMP PTZBOYPCHCHBFSH ZTKHRRSCH ABOUT NEUFBI ЪOBAEYI DTHZ DTHZB MADEK, YULBFSH UTEDUFCHB DMS VPTSHVSH Y DETSBFSH SJSHL ЪB ЪХВБНЯ. lPTPYUE ZPCHPTS, EUMY CHOKHFTY PTZBOIBGYK Y UKHEEUFCHPCHBMP PFOPUYFEMSHOPE EDYOUFChP CHZMSDHR, FP RTBLFYUEULBS VPTSHVB CHEMBUSH, OPPVPTPF, TBTPЪOOOSCHNY ZTH RRBNY, LPFPTSCHE YNEMY UPVUFCHEOOSHI THLPCHPDYFEMEK, DEKUFCHPCHBMY UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP Y PURBTYCHBMY DTHZ X DTHZB RTBCHP ABOUT YNECHYYEUS CH NYETOPN LPMYUEUFCHE PTHTSYE Y DEOSHZY.

h PLLKHRYTPCHBOOPC ЪPOE, CH KHUMPCHYSI OERPUTEDUFCHOOOPK PRBUOPUFY, FBLPC LPOHLHTEOGYY OE UKHEEUFCHPCHBMP, PDOBLP TBBPVEEOOPUFSH MADEK Y KHUIMYK RTPSCHMSMBUSH FBN ZPTBJDP UYMSH OEE. fBN VShchMP RTSNPE Y PRBUOPE UPUEDUFChP U RTPFYCHOILPN. rTYIPDYMPUSH YNEFSH DEMP U ZEUFBRP. OE VSHMP OYLBLPK CHPNPTSOPUFY RETEDCHYZBFSHUS, RETERYUSCHCHBFSHUS, CHSHCHVYTBFSH LCHBTFYTH, OE RPDCHETZBSUSH UFTPZPNH LPOFTPMA. CHUE RPDPYFEMSHOSH RPRBDBMY CH FATSHNH Y CHCHUSCHMBMYUSH. yuFP LBUBEFUS BLFYCHOPZP uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, FP EZP VPKGCH OEKHNPMYNP RPDUFETEZBMY RSHCHFLY Y UNETFSH. h FYI HUMPCHYSI UIMSH VSHMY LTBKOYE TBURSHCHMEOSCH. CHNEUFE U FEN, RTYUKHFUFCHYE OENGECH UPЪDBCHBMP PVUFBOPCHLH, FPMLBCHYKHA ABOUT UPRTPFYCHMEOYE, ABOUT UPЪDBOYE RPDRPMSHOSHI PTZBOYBGYK. chPF RPYUENH DCHYTSEOYE uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS CH LFK ЪPOE RTYPVTEFBMP OBRTSCEOOSHCHK CHPEOOP-ЪBZPCHPTEYUEULYK IBTBLFET. "zTBTSDBOULBS Y CHPEOOBS PTZBOYBGYS", PUOPCHBOOBS RPMLPCHOILPN fHOY, PTZBOYBGYS "uFPTPOOILY PUCHPVPTSDEOOYS" PE ZMBCHE U TYRPYEN, PTZBOYBGYS "uFPTPOOILY UPRTPFYCH MEOYS", UPJDBOOBS melPOFPN-vHBOY {179} , PTZBOYBGYS “pUCHPVPTSDEOYE UECHETB”, LPFPTHA UZhPTNYTPCHBM LBCHBKEU, OBLPOEG, PTZBOYBGYS “zPMPU UECHETB”, PUOPCHBOOBS CH yOP, PE ZhMBODTYY, CH LTBA YBIFETCH, RPD THL PChPDUFChPN hLLB, LBFEZPTTYYUUEULY PFLBSCHCHBMYUSH RTDETTSYCHBFSHUS LBLPZP-MYVP RPMYFYUEULPZP OBRTBCHMEOYS, CHEMY FPMSHLP CHPPTHTSEOOHA VPTSHVH Y DEKUFCHPCHBMY OEV PMSHYYNYY , YЪPMYTPCHBOOSCHNY DTKhZ PF DTHZB RPDRPMSHOSHSHNY ZTHRRRBNY.

h LPOGE 1941 LPNNHOYUFSHCH UCHPA PYUETEDSH CHUFKHRYMYH VPTSHVH. dP bFPZP YI THLPCHPDYFEMY ЪBOINBMY RTYNYTEOYUEULHA RPYGYA RP PFOPYYA L PLLLHRBOFBN, ЪBFP TELP OBRBDDBMY ABOUT BOZMPUBLUPOULYK LBRYFBMYYN Y EZP RTYUMKHTSOY LPC-"DEZPMMECHGECH". pDOBLP YI RPCHEDEOYE NNEOFBMSHOP YYNEOYMPUSH, LPZDB ZYFMET OBRBM ABOUT TPUUYA, B POY UBNY U FTHDPN UKHNEMY HKFY CH RPDRPMSHE Y KHUFBOPCHYFSH UCHSJY, OEPVIPDYNSCHE DMS VPTSHVSHCH. chRTPYUEN, POY VSHCHMY L OEK RPDZPFPCHMEOSCH UCHPEK UYUFENK RBTFYKOSCHI SUEEL, UELTEFOPUFSHA UCHEPEK YETBTIYY, RTEDBOOPUFSHA UCHPYI LBDTPCH. h OBGYPOBMSHOHA CHPKOKH POY CHLMAYUYMYUSH PFCHBTTSOP Y KHNEMP, PFLMYLBSUSH VEUURPTOP (PUPVEOOOP TSDPCHCHE YUMEOSHCH) ABOUT ЪПЧ TPДYOSCH, OP OYLPZDB OE FETSS YЪ CHYDH, LBL BTNYS TECHPMAGYY, LP OYUOKHA GEMSH, ЪBLMAYUBCHYHAUS CH FPN, YUFPVSH KHUFBOPCHYFSH UCHPA DYLFBFHTH, CHPURPMSHIPCHBCHYUSH DTBNPK, LPFPTHA RETETSYCHBMB ZHTBOGYS. SING CHUE CHTENS UFTENYMYUSH UPITBOIFSH UB UPVPK UCHPVPDH DEKUFCHYK. OP CHNEUFE U FEN, RPMSH'KHSUSH OBUFTPEOYSNY VPTGPCH uPRTPFYCHMEOYS CH FPN YUYUME Y CH UCHPYI UPVUFCHEOOSCHI TSDBI, LPFPTSHCHE IPFEMY FPMSHLP CHPECHBFSH, POY KHRPTOP UFTENYMYUSH P VYAEDYOYFSH CHUE uPRTPFYCHMEOYE, YUFPVSH RTECHTBFYFSH EZP, EUMY PLBTSEFUS CHPNPTSOSCHN, CH PTHDYE UCHPYI YUEUFPMAVICHSHI KHUFTENMEOYK.

fBL, CH PLHLHRYTPCHBOOPC ЪPOE POY UPЪDBMY “oBGYPOBMSHOSCHK ZHTPOF” ZTHRRYTPCHLH YUYUFP RBFTYPFYUEULPZP IBTBLFETB, Y PTZBOYBGYA “ZhTBOFYTETSH Y RBTFYBO Shch", LPFPTBS LBL VHDFP VSC RTEDOBOBYUBMBUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP DMS VPTSHVSH U OENGBNY. h FY PTZBOYBGYY SING RTYCHMELBMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH OELPNNHOYUFYUEULYE BMENEOFSHCH, YUFPVSH FEN UBNSCHN NBULYTPCHBFSH UCHPY BNSHUMSHCH. sing ЪBUSHMBMY UCHPYI MADEK RPD TBOSCHN CHYDPN CH THLPCHPDSEYE PTZBOSHCH CHUEI DTHZYI PTZBOYBGYK. sing RTEDMPTSYMY NOE CHULPTE UCHPE UPDEKUFCHYE, RTY LFPN OH ABOUT NYOHFKH OE RETEUFBCHBS UMPUMPCHYFSH RP BDTEUKH "DEZPMMECHULZP NYZHB".

YuFP TSE LBUBEFUS NEOS, FP S IPFEM FPMSHLP, YuFPVSH SING RTYOPUYMY RPMSHЪKH. h VPTSHVE U CHTBZPN OEMSHЪS RTEOEVTEZBFSH OILBLYNY UYMBNYY, Y S UYYFBM, YUFP YI KHYUBUFYE SCHYFUS UKHEEUFCHEOOSCHN CHLMBDPN CH FH UCHPEPVTBOOKHA CHPKOKH, LPFPTBS CHEMBUSH CH HUMPCHYSI PLLHRBGYY. OP UMEDPCHBMP DPVYFSHUS, YUFPVSH POY DEKUFCHPCHBMY LBL YUBUFSH EDYOPK PTZBOYBGYY Y, ULBTSKH VEJ PVIOSLPCH, RPD NPYN THLPCHPDUFCHPN. rPMBZBSUSH PE NOPZPN ABOUT NPZKHYUKHA UYMKH OBGYPOBMSHOPZP YUKHCHUFCHB Y OEDPCHETYE, LPFPTPPENOE PLBSCHBMY NBUUSH, WITH UTBH TEYM RTEDPUFBCHYFSH YN DPMTSOPE NEUFP PE ZHTBOGKHUL PN uPRTPFYCHMEOYY DBCE, LPZDB RTYDEF CHTENS, CH EZP THLPCHPDUFCHE. pDOBLP UFPMSH TSE FCHETDP S TEYM OE DPRHULBFSH, YUFPVSH POY UNPZMY ЪBOSFSH DPNYOTHAEE RPMPTSEOYE, PFFEUOYFSH NEOS Y PYUHFYFSHUS X THLPCHPDUFCHB. fTBZEDYS, TEYBCHYBS UHDSHVKH zTBOGYY, DBCHBMB LFYN ZHTBOGKHYBN, LPFPTSCHI CHPNHEBCHYBS YI OEURTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH RPUFBCHYMB CHOE OBGYY, B PYYVLY RPCHEMY RP MPTsOPNH RKhFY, YUFPTTYYUEULHA CHPNPTSOPUFSH CHOPCHSH UFBFSH YUBUFSH EDYOPK OBGYY, IPFS VSC FPMSHLP ABOUT RETYPD VPTSHVSHCH. with IPFEM UDEMBFSH FBL, YuFPVSH LFB CHPTNPTSOPUFSH OE VSHMB OCHUEZDB RPFETSOB. y FPZDB, LBL y Ch RTPYMPN, UP UMPCHBNY “dB ЪDTБЧУФЧХЭФ ЖТБОВГИС!” NPZMY VSC HNYTBFSH CHUE, LFP FBL YMY YOBYUE PFDBCHBM ЪB OEE UCHPA TSYOSH. h OERTETSCHOPN DCHYTSEOYY TSYYOY CHUE DPLFTYOSCH, CHUE YLPMSCH, CHUE TECHPMAGYY RTEIPDSEY. lPNNHOYIN OE CHUEOO. OP ZhTBOGYS CHEYUOB. with KHCHETEO, YuFP CH EE UKHDSHVE VPMSHYKHA TPMSH USCHZTBEF CH LPOYUOPN UUEFE FPF ZBLF, YuFP RTY CHUEI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI PE CHTENS PUCHPVPTSDEOOYS -CH LFPF OEDPMZYK, OP TEYBAEYK RETYPD UCHP EK YUFPTYY POB VHDEF EDYOPK, URMPYUEOOOPK OBGYEK.

h PLFSVTE 1941 S KHOOBM, YuFP h mYUUBVPO RTYVSHHM YЪ ZhTBOGYY TsBO nKHMIO {180} , LPFPTSHK IPFEM RPRBUFSH H mPODPO. with ЪOBM, LFP VShchM LFPF YuEMPCHEL. s ЪOBM, CH YUBUFOPUFY, YuFP LBL RTEZHELF DERBTFBNEOFB y T Y mHBT ON RTPSCHYM CHSHUPLPPE NHTSEUFChP Y DPUFPYOUFChP PE CHTENS CHUFKHRMEOYS OENGECH CH yBTFT. OENGSH CHUSYUEULY PULPTVMSMY EZP, TBOYMY Y VTPUYMY CH FATSHNH. h LPOGE LPOGPCH ON VSHM PUCHPVPTSDEO, ENKH RTYOEUMY YICHYOEOYS. CHYYYUFSH UNEUFYMY EZP U RPUFB, Y BY OBIPDIYMUS CH PRBME. with ЪOBM, UFP ON IPFEM UMHTSYFSH. rПФПНХ С РПРТПУМ Х ВТІФБУЛИ ЦМБУFEК OBRTBCHYFSH LFPZP DPUFPKOPZP YUEMPCHELB CH BOZMYA. pDOBLP RTYYMPUSH TsDBFSH DCHB NEUSGB, YuFPVSH RPMKHYYFSH YI UPZMBUYE. "YOFEMMYDTSEOU UETCHYU" UFTENYMBUSH CHOSFSH nHMYOB L UEVE, B PO, OBPVPTPF, FTEVPCHBM, YUFPVSHCH EZP PFRTBCHIMY CH NPE TBURPTTSEOYE. vMBZPDBTS OBUFPSFEMSHOPK RTPUSHVE, U LPFPTPK S CH RYUSHNEOOOPK ZHTNE PVTBFYMUS L IDEOH, LFPF YuEUFOSCHK ZHTBOGKH UNPZ RTYVSCHFSH L NEUFKH OBYEOYS. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY NOE UFPYMP FBLYI TSE KHUIMYK PVEUREYUYFSH EZP CHPCHTBEEOYE PE ZhTBOGYA. h FEYUEOOYE DELBVTS WITH WHAT DOES OYN RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOSHESCH VUEEDCH. TsBO nKHMIO DP PFYAEDDB CH mPODPO YNEM NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH CHUFTEYUY U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY CHUEI PTZBOYBGYY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS Y, LTPNE FPZP, ЪPODYTPCHBM RPYUCH CH TBMYUOSHI RPM YFYYUUEULYI, LLPOPNYYUEULYI Y BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOSHI UZHETBI. according to IPTPYP OBM PVUFBOPCHLH FBN, ZDE M U UBNPZP OBYUBMB RTEDRPMBZBM EZP YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH. BY DEBM SUOSCH RTEDMPTSEOYS YUEFLP YIMBZBM UCHPY RTPUSHVSHCH.

yFPF YUEMPCHEL, EEE NMPPDK, OP HTSE OBLPRYCHYYK UMKHTSEVOSHCHK PRSHCHF, VSHM FPK TSE EBBLBMLY, YuFP Y CHUE NPI MKHYUYE URPDCHYTSOIL. CHUEK DKHYPK MAVSEIK ZHTBOGYA, KHVETSDEOOOSCHK CH FPN, YuFP "DEZPMMYYN" DPMTSEO VSHFSH OE FPMSHLP YOUFTHNEOFPN VPTSHVSHCH, OP Y DCHYTSKHEEK UYMPK CHUSLPZP PVOPCHMEOYS, KHCHETEOOSCHK CH F PN, YuFP CHPRMPEEOYEN ZPUKHDBTUFCHB SCHMSEFUS "UChPVPDOBS ZhTBOGYS", BY UFTENYMUS L VPMSHYYN DEMBN. l FPNH TSE, VKHDHYU YUEMPCHELPN ЪDTTBCHPNSHUMSEIN, FTEЪChP PGEOYCHBS CHEY Y MADEK, PO PUEOSH PVDHNBOOP YEM RP RHFY, KHUESOOPN MPCHKHYLBNY RTPPFYCHOILB Y RTERSFUFCHYSNY, LPF PTSCHE UPЪDBMY DTHЪSHS. CHETYCHYK CH UCHPE DEMP, TBUYUEFMYCHSHCHK, OE UPNOECHBAEIKUS OY CH YUEN Y OYUENH OE DPCHETSAEIK, BRPUFPM Y PDOPCHTEENOOOP YURPMOYFEMSH, nKHMIO UB 18 NEUSGECH CHSHRPMOYM CHBTSOEKYKHA OBBD BYUKH: EDYOUFCHP CH DCHYTSEOY UPRTPPHYCHMEOYS, UHEEUFCHPCHBCHYEE, RP UHFY DEMB, UINCHPMYUEULY, BY RTECHTBFYM CH TEBMSHOPE EDYOUFCHP. ъBFEN, UFBCH TSETFChPK RTEDBFEMSHUFCHB, RETEOEUS FATSHNH Y TSEUFPLYE RSCHFLY RPDMPZP CHTBZB, TsBO nKHMIO PFDBM TSYOSH ЪB ZhTBOGYA, LBL Y NOPZYE DTHZIE ITBVTSHCHE UPMDBFSCH, L PFPTSCHE ABOUT CHYDH X CHUEI YMY CH RPDRPMSHE RPUCHSEBMY DPMZYE OPYU VPTSHVE, YUFPVSH ULPTEE OBUFHRIM TBUUCHEF.

nsch HUMPCHYMYUSH, YuFP PO RPUFBTBEFUS UOBYUBMB RTPCHEUFY TBVPFH CH PTZBOYBGYSI uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS ACOPK KOPOSHCH, YuFPVSH KHVEDYFSH YI UPЪDBFSH RPD EZP THLPCHPDUFCHPN PVEYK PTZBO , LPFPTSCHK VSHM VSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP UCHSBO U obGYPOBMSHOSCHN LPNYFEFPN, DBCHBM PVEYE HLBBOYS Y BOINBMUS TEYOYEN CHOKHFTEOOYI URPTCH. rP PLPOYUBOY LFK TBVPFSH nKHMIO DPMTSEO VSHM ЪBOSFSHUS UECHETOPK ЪPOPK, YUFPVSH RPRSCHFBFSHUS PTZBOYPCHBFSH DMS CHUEK FETTYFPTYY EDYOSCHK UPCHEF UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, UCHSBOOSHCHK U P uTBTSBAEEKUS zhTBOGJEK. OP LBL FPMSHLP ЪBYMB TEYUSH P UPЪDBOYY EDYOPZP PTZBOB, LPFPTSCHK CHPЪZMBCHYM VSC CH NEFTPRPMYY CHUE PTZBOYBGYY, KHYUBUFChPCHBCHYYE CH DCHYTSEOYY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, CHPOYLMP D ChB CHPRTPUB: P RPMYFYUEULYI RBTFYSI Y P CHOKHFTEOOYI CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UIMBI CH UFTBOE.

rTYOINBS PE CHOYNBOYE FPMSHLP RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOSHCHK, OP PFOADSH OE THLPCHPDSEIK IBTBLFET, LPFPTSCHKNOE IPFEMPUSH RTYDBFSH LFPNH UPCHEFKH (YuFP CHRPUMEDUFCHYY HDBMPUSH PUHEEUFCH YFSH), S OE DKHNBM YULMAYUBFSH YЪ OEZP RBTFYY. CHIPTSDEOOYE YI CH UPCHEF VSHMP OEYVETSOP. chRTPYUEN, RP NPENKH NOEOYA, OBY OYUYUBUFSHS PVASUOSMYUSH OE UHYUEUFCHPCHBOYEN RBTFYK, B FEN, YuFP, RPMSHJHSUSH OBYNYY RTYYEDYYYYYYYYNYH CH CHEFIPUFSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHNYY HYUTETSDEOOSNY, SING OEBL POOP RTYUCHBYCHBMY UEVE CHMBUFSH. ChPF RPYUENKH, RTYOBCHBS ЪB RBTFYSNYI TPMSH, S OE TSEMBM, YuFPVSH FERETSH POY PLBBBMYUSH PE ZMBCHE uPRTPFYCHMEOYS. OH CH LPEK NETE OH YI YIDEY, OH YI DESFEMSHOPUFSH OE SCHMSMYUSH YUFPYUOILPN UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, RPFPNKH YUP CHUE UFY RBTFYY VEJ YULMAYUEOYS PLBBMYUSH OEUPUFPSFEMSHOSCHNY CH TEY BAEIK NPNEOF. OP EEE CHYUETB RETETSYCHBCHYE LTYYU CH TEHMSHFBFE LBFBUFTPZHSCH, SING OBYUBMY FERETSH KHLTERMSFSHUS. yI PFDEMSHOSHE BMENEOFSHCH, CHUFKHRBS CH DCHYTSEOYE uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, ZTHRRYTPCHBMYUSH NETSDH UPVPK, RTDETTSYCHBSUSH TBNPL RTETSOYI PFOPEOYK.

rTBCHDB, MYYICHYYUSH LMYEOFKhTSCH RTEDNEFB UCHPYI ЪBVPF, B FBLCE CHPNPTSOPUFY ЪBOINBFSHUS LPNVIOBGYSNYY FPTZPCHBFSHUS YЪ-ЪB RPTFZHEMEK, POY DKHNBMY Y DBCHBMY RPChPD DKHNBFSH, YuFP CHPCHTBBEBAFUS L YUYUFSHCHN YUFPLBN UCHPEZP UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYS, FP EUFSH L YDEBMBN UPGYBMSHOPK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, LHMSHFH OBGYPOBMSHOSHI FTBDYGYK , RTPRPCHEDY UCHEFULPZP IBTBLFETB ZPUKHDBTUFCHB Y ZPTSUYN ITYUFYBOWLIN YUKHCHUFCHBN. yI UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE PTZBOYBGYY, PUOPCHBFEMSHOP PUYEEOOOSCH, IPFEMY, LBBMPUSH, FPMSHLP PDOPZP: OENEDMEOOOP CHEUFY UCHPK CHLMBD CH VPTSHVH, YURPMSHJHS FE YMY YOSCHE FEODE OGYY PVEEUFCHEOOPZP NOEOYS. NETSDH FEN RPUMEDOEE OBUYOBMP PGEOYCHBFSH RP DPUFPYOUFCHH KHNEMSCHE DEKUFCHYS LFYI IPTPYP OBLPNSHI ENKH PTZBOYBGYK, FEN VPMEE YUFP POY PFTELBMYUSH PF UCHPYI RTETSOYI PYYVPL. oBLPOEG, ЪB RPCHEDEOYEN RBTFYKOSCHI DESFEMEK CHOINBFEMSHOP UMEDIMY UPAYOIL. dPVYCHBSUSH EDYOUFCHB OBGYY, RTYIPDIMPUSH UYUYFBFSHUS U ZHBLFBNY. h UCHSY U LFYN S DBM nHMYOKH YOUFTHLGYA CH OBDMETSBAKE NPNEOF CHCHEUFY CH UPCHEF, LPFPTSCHK RTEDRPMBZBMPUSH UPDBFSH, DEMEZBFPCH PF RBTFYK OBTSDKH U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY TB MYUOSHI PTZBOYBGYK uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS.

eUMY S TBUUUYFSHCHBM FBLYN RKhFEN DPVYFSHUS OELPFPTPZP EDYOUFCHB CH RPMYFYUEULPK VPTSHVE ZHTBOGYY, FP FPZP TSE S IPFEM DPUFYUSH Y CH CHPPTHTSEOOPK VPTSHVE. h LFPN PFOPYEOYY RETCHBS FTHDOPUFSH RPTPTsDBMBUSH UBNYNY PTZBOYBGYSNY uPRTPFYCHMEOYS, LPFPTSHCHE, UPЪDBCHBS VPECHSHCHE PFTSDSH, IPFEMY UPITBOYFSH OBD OYNY UCHPA CHMBUFSH. l FPNH TSE, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN OULPMSHLYI ZPTOSCHI YMY FTHDOPDPUFHROSCHI TBKPOCH, LFY PFTSDSH NPZMY UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH MYYSH CH CHYDE NEMLYI ZTHRR. fBL VSHMP, CH YUBUFOPUFY, CH "NBLY", ZDE ZHTNYTPCHBMYUSH ZTHRRRSCH RBTFYIBO CH PUOPCHOPN YI MADEK, HLMPOYCHYIUS PF PFRTBCHLY CH ZETNBOYA Y LPFPTSCHN RTYIPDYMPUSH ULTSHCHBFSHUS CH U EMSHULPK NEUFOPUFY. pF OYI RPFPNKH NPTsOP VSHMP PCYDBFSH FPMSHLP RBTFYBOULPK CHPKOSHCH, LPFPTBS DBMB VSC CHEUSHNB LZHZHELFYCHOSHE TEKHMSHFBFSCH, EUMY VSC YI TBTPЪOOOSCH DEKUFCHYS UFBMY YUB UFSA PVEEK UPZMBUPCHBOOPC VPTSHVSH. fBLYN PVTBJPN, RTEDPUFBCHMSS TBMYUOSCHN ZTHRRRBN CHPNPTSOPUFSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH BCHFPOPNOP, OHTsOP VSHMP TBTEYYFSH RTPVMENKH, UPUFPSEKHA CH FPN, YuFPVSH UPEDYOYFSH YI NETSDH UPV PC U RPNPESH ZYVLPK, OP DEKUFCHOOOPK PTZBOYBGYY, RPDYYOSAEEKUS OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP NOE. fP RPJCHPMYMP VSH OBNEFIFSH DMS OYI CH ZHTNE RMBOB, UPZMBUPCHBOOPZP U UPAOSCHN LPNBODPCHBOYEN, PVEYE ЪBDBUY, LPFPTSHCHE SING CHSHRPMOSMY VSC CH ЪBCHYUYNPUFY PF PVUFBOPCHLY Y, CH YUBUFOPUFY, FPZDB, LPZDB PUHEEUFCHYFUS OBLPOEG (!) CHCHUBDLB UPAOSHI CHPKUL CH ECHTPRE. with RPTHYUYM nHMYOKH DPVYFSHUS PF PTZBOYBGYK uPRTPFYCHMEOYS LFPPZP LMENEOFBTOPZP CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS YI CHPEOOSCHI ZTHRR. noe RTYYMPUSH, PDOBLP, TsDBFSH OUEULPMSHLP NEUSGECH, RTETSDE YUEN KHDBMPUSH UPJDBFSH CH MYGE ZEOETBMB DEMEUFTOB LPNBODPCHBOIE FBKOPK BTNYY.

TsBO nKHMIO VSHM UVTPYEO ABOUT RBTBYAFE ABOUT AZ ZHTBOGYY CH OPYUSH ABOUT RETCHPE SOCHBTS. x OEZP VSHMP NPE RTEDRYUBOYE, UPZMBUOP LPFPTPNH BY OBYUBMUS NPYN DEMEZBFPN CH OEPLHLHRYTPCHBOOPC ЪPOE NEFTPRPMY Y ЪBDBUEK PVEUREYUYFSH EDYOUFChP DEKUFCHYK TBMY YOOSCHI ZTHRR uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS. EZP RPMOPNPYYS RPFPNH OE NPZMY CH RTYOGYRE PURBTYCHBFSHUS. oP ENH RTEDUFPSMP PUHEEUFCHYFSH YI RTY NPEK RPDDETZLE. h UCHSY U LFYN VSHMP TEYEOP, YuFP YNEOOP PO SCHYFUS PE zhTBOGYY GEOFTBMSHOSCHN ЪCHOPN OBYI UCHSJEK -RTETSDE CHUEZP U ATSOPK ЪPOPK, B RP NETE CHNPTSOPUFY Y UECHETOPK; YuFP CH EZP TBURPTSCEOY VHDHF OBIPDIFSHUS UTEDUFCHB UCHSY; YuFP L OENKH VHDHF RTYLTERMEOSCH OBIY UCHSOSCH; YuFP ON VKhDEF PUCHEDPNMEO P RETEVTPULE OBEZP MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB, ZTHJPCH, LPTTEURPODEOGYYY BOZMYY PE ZhTBOGYAY PVTBFOP; OBLPOEG, YuFP PO VKhDEF RPMKHYUBFSH Y TBURTEDEMSFSH DEOOTSOSCHE UTEDUFCHB, OBRTBCHMSENSHCHE OBNY DMS TBMYUOSHI PTZBOYBGYK, DEKUFCHHAEYI CH NEFTPRPMYY. u LFYNY RPMOPNPYYSNY nKHMIO RTYUFKHRIM L DEMH.

rP EZP YOYGYBFYCHE, RPDDETTSBOOPK UOYYH, THLPCHPDYFEMY PTZBOYBGYY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS ATSOPK ЪPOSH CHULPTE PVEYNY HUYMYSNY UPЪDBMY UCHPEZP TPDB UPCHEF, RTEDUEDBFEMEN LPFPTP ZP VShchM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH oBGYPOBMSHOPZP LPNYFEFB. h NBTFE SING PRHVMYLPCHBMY UPCHNEUFOKHA DELMBTBGYA RPD OBCHBOYEN “edYOBS VPTSHVB, EDYOSCHK THLPCHPDYFEMSH”, PVSJHSUSH PUKHEEUFCHMSFSH EDYOUFChP DEKUFCHYK Y ЪBSCHMSS, YUF P POY VPTAFUS RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN ZEOETBMB DE zPMMS. h DESFEMSHOPUFY TBMYUOSHI PTZBOYBGYK UFBM CHPGBTSFSHUS RPTSDPL. zPFPCHYMPUSH PVAEDYOOYE NETPRTYSFYK CH PFOPEYOYY CHPEOYBGYY RBTFYBOWLYI ZTHRR. h FP CE CHTENS U OBYEK RPNPESHA nKHMIO UPЪDBM RTY UCHPEK DEMEZBGYY GEOFTBMYPCHBOOSCH PTZBOSHCH.

fBL, OBRTYNET, "UMKHTSVB CHP'DKHYOSCHI Y NPTULYI PRETBGYK" RPMKHYUBMB OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP PF RPMLPCHOILB DECHBCHTEOB YOUFTHLGYY PFOPUYFEMSHOP RTYVSCHFYS Y PFRTBCHLY UBNPMEFPCH Y UHDHR. LBTSDSCHK NEUSG CH MKHOOSCHE OPYU UBNPMEFSCH "MYUBODT" YMY VPNVBTDYTPCHAILY, CHEDPNSHCHE FBLYNY RYMPFBNY, LBL mPTBO Y MYCHTY-MECHEMSH, LPFPTSHCHE NBUFETULY URTBCHMSMYUSH U LFY NY UNEMSHNY PRETBGYSNY, UPCHETYBMY RPUBDLY CH OBNEYOOOSCHY RHOLFBY. MADY, LPFPTSCHE RPUFPSOOP TYULLPCHBMY UCHPEK TSYOSHA, PVEUREYUYCHBMY UYZOBMYBGYA, RTYEN YMY PFRTBCHMEOYE RBUUBTSYTPCH Y ZTHЪPCH Y PITBOKH. yuBUFP RTYIPDYMPUSH RTYOINBFSH LPOFEKOETSH, LPFPTSCHE UVTBUSHCHBMYUSH ABOUT RBTBUAFBI CH KHUFBOPCHMEOOSCHI NEUFBI, RTSFBFSH Y TBURTEDEMSFSH UPDETSBCHYYEUS CH OYI ZTHYSHCH. “uMKhTSVB TBDYP”, LPFPTHA TsAMYFF PTZBOYPCHBM ABOUT NEUFE, DEKUFChPChBMB FBLCE RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN nHMYOB, RETEDBCHBS CH mPODPO Y RPMKHYUBS PFFHDB ETSENEUSYUOP UPFOY, B ЪBF EN FSCHUSYU FEMEZTBNN, OERTETSCHOP NEOSS NEUFPRPMPTSEOYE UCHPYI TBDIPUFBOGYK, PVOBTTHTSEOOSHI RTPFPYCHOILPN, Y CHPURPMOSS RP NETE CHPNPTSOPUFY UCHPY VPMSHYIE RPFETY. nHMYO UPJDBM FBLCE "VATP REYUBFY YOZHPTNBGYY" PE ZMBCHE U tsPTTSEN vYDP {181} , LPFPTSCHK DETTSBM OBU CH LHTUE TBMYUOSCHI OBUFTPEOYK, CH YUBUFOPUFY YOFEMMYZEOGYY, B FBLCE PVEEUFCHEOOSCHY RPMYFYUEULYI LTHZPCH. hYUTETSDEOOOSCHK RTY OEN "zMBCHOSCHK OBKHYOP-YUUMEDPCHBFEMSHULYK LPNYFEF", CH LPFPTPN TBVPFBMY vBUFYD, mBLPUF, DE nBOFPO, rBTPDY, FEFTSEO, lHTFEO, DEVTE, UPUFBCHMSM RTPEL FSH ABOUT VKHDHEEE. vMPL-MEOE THLPCHPDYM RP RPTHYUEOYA DEMEZBGYY ZHJOBUPCHSHNYY PRETBGYSNYYY ITBOYM DEOOTSOSCHE UTEDUFCHB, RPMHYUEOOOSCHYY MPODPOB. fBLYN PVTBBPN, YUETE RPUTEDUFCHP nHMYOB, DETSBCHYEZP CH UCHPYI THLBY PUOPCHOSHE OIFY THLPCHPDUFCHB, DESFEMSHOPUFSH OBEZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMB DBCHBFSH RTBLFYUEULYE TE HMSHFBFSCH. bFP RPDFCHETTSDBMY CH RETCHSHCHE CE NEUSGSHCH 1942 PYUECHYDGSHCH, RTYVSHCHBCHYE YJ ZhTBOGYY.

h YI YUYUME VSHHM SHADOWS. h PDOKH Ъ ZHECHTBMSHULYI OPUEK ON RTYCHE Ъ rBTYTSB UCHSLY DPLHNEOPCH DMS OBYI UMKHTSV, B NPEK TSEOE BBBMYA CH GCHEFPUOPN ZPTYLE, LHRMEOOKHA ABOUT KHMYGE THBKBMSH. DESFEMSHOPUFSH EZP UEFI "lPOZHTETY oPFT-dBN" VSHMB CH RPMOPN TBZBTE.

OBRTYNET, OH PDYO YOENEGLYI OBDCHPDOSHI LPTBVMEK OE RPKFY CH VTEUF, mPTYBO, oBOF, tPYZhPT, MB-tPYEMSH, vPTDP YMY CHSHKFY PFFHDB VEЪ FPZP, YUFPVSH mPODPO OE VSHM PV LFPN PUCHEDPNMEO FEMEZTBNNPK. oh PDOP CHTBTSEULPE UPPTTHTSEOYE NPZMP VShchFSH RPUFTPEOP ABOUT VETEZKH MB-nBOYB YMY ABOUT bFMBOFYUEULPN RPVETETSSHE H YUBUFOPUFY, ABOUT VBBI RPDCHPDOSCHI MPDPL VEЪ FPZP, YUFPVSH EZP TBURPMPTSEOYE Y RMBO OE UFBMY UTBH TSE YICHEUFOSH OBN. lTPNE FPZP, TENY NEFPDYUEULY KHUFBOBCHMYCHBM UCHSY MYVP U DTHZYNY UEFSNY, MYVP U PTZBOYBGYSNY uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS PLLHRYTPCHBOOPK ЪPOSHCH, MYVP U LPNNHOYUFBNY. rPUMEDOYE, CHUFTEFYCHYUSH U OIN OEBDPMZP DP PFYAEDDB, RPTHYUYMY RETEDBFSH NOE, YuFP POY ZPFPCHSH RTYOBFSH NPE THLPCHPDUFCHP Y RPUMBFSH RPMOPNPYUOPZP RTEDUFBCHYFEMS CH mPODPO CH NPE TBURPTSCEOYE.

h NBTFE CH mPODPO RTYVSHHM OBFTY NEUSGB Y RTPCHEM U OBNY PYUEOSH RPMEЪОХА TBVPFKH PDYO YЪ THLPCHPDYFEMEK PTZBOYBGYY "PUCHPVPTSDEOYE UECHETB" Y DPCHETOOPE MYGP RTPZHUPA PCH rYOP. h BRTEM OBU RPUEFYM NNBOAMSH D "BUFSHE, CHPPTHTSEOOSCHK TBOBOSCHNY RPTPELFBNY Y TBUYUEFBNY, Y S UYUYE OHTSOSCHN OBRTBCHYFSH EZP DP CHPCHTBEEOOYS PE ZhTBOGYA CH UPEDOOOOSCH yFBF Shch, YuFPVSH BY CHEU FBN SUOPUFSH CH OELPFPTSHCHE CHPRTPUSCH, UCHSBOOSHCH U UPRTPFYCHMEOYEN. {182} . according to VSHM RPMPO CHUSLIYI UBNSHCHUPLYI RPMYFYUEULYI YDEK, ZMKHVPPL ULPTVEM P UKHDSHVE ZhTBOGYY, CHCHETZOKHFPK CH LBFBUFTPZHKH, TsDBM PUCHPVPTSDEOOYS FPMSHLP PF "DEZPMMYYNB", L PFPTSHCHK ON CHPCHEM CH DPLFTYOH. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY BY SCYMUS PDOYN YI CHDPIOPCHYFEMEK OBUYEZP UPRTPFYCHMEOYS CH UFTBOE. OP PDOBTSDSCH, CHSHRPMOSS RPTHYUEOOPE ЪBDBOYE, vTPUUPMEF VSHM UICHBUEO CHTBZPN Y RPLPOYUYM TSYOSH UBNPKHVYKUFCHPN, OE OBDESUSH ABOUT UCHPY UYMSCH. u RPUMBOYSNY PF OELPFPTSCHI RBTMBNEOFULYI DESFEMEK RTYVSHCHM FBLCE TPL, LPFPTSCHK CHRPUMEDUFCHYY VSHM BTEUFPCHBO Y HVYF. yЪ PLLLHRYTPCHBOOPC ЪPOSH RTYEIBM rPMSH UYNPO, RPUMBOOSCHK "ZTBTSDBOULPK Y CHPEOOOPK PTZBOYBGYEK" DMS KHUFBOPCHMEOYS UCHSY. UYNPO U EZP ZPTSYUYN KHNPN Y IMPPDOPK TEYYNPUFSHA PLBBM uPRTPFYCHMEOYA VPMSHYE HUMKHZY. BY VSHHM KHVYF CHTBZPN OBLBOKHOYE PUCHPVPTSDEOOYS. OBLPOEG, CH mPODPO YYASCHYMY TSEMBOYE RTYEIBFSH ZHYMIR, yBTMSH chBMEO, CHSEOP, dBOYMSH NEKET Y DTHZIE.

nPY VEUEDSCH U LFYNY MADSHNY, CH VPMSHYOUFCHE UCHPEN NMPPDSHNY, RSHMLYNY, OBUFPKYYCHSHNY CH VPTSHVEY CH UCHPYI UFTENMEOSI, RPLBBBMMY NOE, DP LBLPK UFEREOY VSHM DYULTEDYFYTPCHBO CH Z MBBI ZHTBOGKHPCH TETSYN, UKHEEUFCHPCHBCHYYK CH UFTBOE CH NPNEOF LBFBUFTPZHSCH. dCHYTSEOYE uPRTPPFYCHMEOYS VSHMP OE FPMSHLP CHURSHCHYLPK OBEK DP LTBKOPUFY PUMBVMEOOPK PVPTPPOSH. pOP RPTPTsDBMP FBLCE OBDETSDH ABOUT PVPCHMEOYE. eUMY FPMSHLP uPRTPPFYCHMEOYE TBURSHMYFUS RPUME RPvedsch, NPTsOP VSHMP OBDESFSHUS, YuFP POP UFBOEF TSCHYUBZPN ZMKHVPLYI RTEPVTBPBCHBOYK CHUEK UYUFENSH YYTPLYI HUIMYK OBGYY. CHUFTEYUBSUSH U THLPCHPDYFEMSNY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS, PFLMYLOKHCHYNYUS ABOUT NPK RTYYSHCHCH, S DKHNBM, YuFP, NPTsEF VSHFSH, FE YI OYI, LFP PUFBOEFUS CH TSICHSHCHI, PVTBKHAF CHPLTHZ NEOS THL PCHPDSEEE SDTP DMS CHEMILYI UCHETYEOYK PE YNS PVEEEUEMPCHYUEULYI Y ZHTBOGKHULYI RTYOGYRPCH. OP LFP VSHMP VSH TEBMSHOP MYYSH RTY HUMPCHYY, YuFP, LPZDB NYOHEF PRBUOPUFSH, POY RPDYYOSFUS FPK DYUGYRMYOE KHNB Y YUKHCHUFCH, VEЪ LPFPTPK OYUEZP OE UDEMBEYSH Y LPFPTBS UR MPFYMB YI ABOUT LFPF TB.

PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, OBUFKHRIM NPNEOF, LPZDB S DPMTSEO VSCHM U UPZMBUYS CHUEZP uPRTPFYCHMEOYS Y PF UCHPEZP YNEOY RTPCHPZMBUYFSH GEMSH, L LPFPTPK NSCH UFTENYMYUSH. bFPK GEMSHA VSHMP PUCHPVPTSDEOOYE CH RPMOPN UNSHUME UMPCHB, FP EUFSH PUCHPVPTSDEOOYE LBL YUEMPCHELB, FBL Y TPDOYOSCH. s RTPChPZMBUYM EE CH ZHTNE NBOYZHEUFB, RTYOSFPZP oBGYPOBMSHOSCHN LPNYFEFPN RPUME FPZP, LBL PTZBOYBGYY UPRTPFYCHMEOYS Y NPI RTEDUFBCHYFEMY PE ZhTBOGYY CHSHCHULBBMY P O EN UCHPE NOOYE. h NBOYZHEUFE WITH ЪБСЧМSM, YuFP, TEYCH PFUFPSFSH UCHPVPDH, YUEUFSH Y VEJPRBUOPUFSH zhTBOGYY CH NYTE RKhFEN HOYUFPTSEOYS CHTBZB, NSCH OBNETECHBENUS ZBTBOFYTPCHBFSH YI LBCDPNKH ZHTBOGKH ЪХ Y LBTSDPK ZHTBOGKHTSEOLE, UNEOYCH OEDPUFPKOSHCHK TETSYN, RTY LPFPTPN NOPZIE ZTBTSDBOE VSHMY YI MYYESCH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, S PUKhTSDBM LBL "FPF NPTBMSHOSCHK, UPGYBMSHOSCHK, RPMYFYUEULYK Y LLPOPNYUEULYK TETSYN, LPFPTSCHK RBM PE CHTENS RPTBTTSEOYS", FBL Y "TETSYN, CHPUOIL" YYK CH TE'KHMSHFBFE RTEUFKHROPK LBRYFKHMSGYY." y WITH KHFCHETTSDBM: “pVAEDYOSSUSH DMS RPVEDSCH, ZHTBOGKHULYK OBTPD UPEDIOSEFUS DMS TECHPMAGYY.” nBOYZHEUF VSHM PRHVMYLPCHBO 23 YAOS 1942 PE CHUEI RPDRPMSHOSCHI ZBEFBI PVEYI ЪPO Ъ Ъ Ъ Ъ РТДИП П ТБДИП Ъ ВТБЪБЧИМС, VEKTHFB І mPODPOB.

h LFPF RETYPD CHTENEY ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN HUMPCHYS VPTSHVSC h NEFTPRPMYY CHSCHOKHTSDBMY NEOS PUFBCHMSFSH obGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF CH mPODPOE. pDOBLP S YUBUFP DKHNBM P RETEOUEOOYY EZP DESFEMSHOPUFY ABOUT ZHTBOGKHULHA FETTYFPTYA, OBRTYNET CH vTBЪBCHYMSH. ьFPF CHPRTPU CHUFBCHBM PUPVEOOOP PUFTP FPZDB, LPZDB CH OBUYI PFOPEYOYSI U BOZMYEK CHPOILBM LTYYU. OP CH FBLYI UMKHYUBSI S PFCHYUBM UEVE: “lBL Y ZMHVYOSCH bZhTYLY UOPUIFSHUS U TPDYOPK, ZPCHPTYFSH U OEK, THLPCHPDYFSH uPRTPPFYCHMEOYEN? b CHCHEMYLPVTYFBOYY, OBRTPFYCH, YNEAFUS CHUE OEPVIPDYNSCHE UTEDUFCHB UCHSYY YOZHPTNBGYY. l FPNH CE OBIY HUYMYS RP MYOY DYRMPNBFYUEULYI PFOPYEOYK U UPAYOSCHNY RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHBNY FTEVPPCHBMY UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYI LPOFBLFPCH, PVUFBOPCHLY, LPFPTSCHE YNEMYUSH CH BOZMYKUL PC UFPMYGE Y LPFPTSCHI NSCH, LPOYUOP, VSHMY VSH MYYEOSCH ABOUT VETEZBI lPOZP. oBLPOEG, S DPMTSEO VSHCHFSH RPUFPSOOP UCHSBO U FENY OBYNYYYUBUFSNY, LPFPTSHCHE NPZHF DYUMPGYTPCHBFSHUS FPMSHLP ABOUT vTYFBOULYI PUFTPCBI.”

rППФПНХ Р ЧПЧТБЭОКИ У чПУФПЛБ С ХУФБОПЧОМ УЧПА TeYDEOGYA CH mPODPOE. fBN S RTPVSHHM DEUSFSH NEUSGECH.

with RTYRPNYOBA UEKYUBU UCPA TSYOSH FPZP RETYPDB. oEFTHDOP RPCHETYFSH, YuFP POB VSHMB ЪBRPMOOOPK. lPTPYUE ZPCHPTS, S RPUEMYMUS CH ZPUFYOYGE “lPOOPF”. lTPNE FPZP, S UOINBM UOBYUBMB CH MUNYTE (CH yTPRYYTE), ЪBFEN CH VETLINUFEDE VMYJ UFPMYGSH DBYUKH, CH LPFPTPK RTPCHPDYM LBTSDHA UHVVPFKH Y CHULTEUEOSH U TSEOPK Y DPUETSHA BOOP K. rPTSE NSCH RETEEIBMY CH LCHBTFBM IBNRUFED CH mPODPOE. zhYMYRR RPUME RPUFHRMEOYS CH NPTULHA YLPMH RMBCHBEF Y CHPAEF CH bFMBOFYUEULPN PLEBOE ABOUT VPTFKH LPTCHEFB "tPYEMYU", B ЪBFEN ABOUT MB-nBOYE RPNPEOILPN LPNBODITB FPTREDOPZP LBFET B "96". ьMYЪBVEF, TSYCHHEBS CH RBOUYPOBFE “dBN DE UYPO”, ZPFPCHYFUS L ЪBOSFYSN CH PLUZHTDE. rPCHUADH OBUEMEOYE FBLFYYUOP CHSTBTSBEF OBN UCHPY UINRBFYY. lBCDPE NPE PZHYGYBMSHOP RPSCHMEOYE CHUFTEYUBEFUS U CHPPDHYECHMEOYEN; BOZMYYUBOE RTPSCHMSAF CHETSMYCHHA RTEDHRTEDYFEMSHOPUFSH, LPZDB CHYDSF NEOS U UENSHEK ABOUT KHMYGE, CH LYOP YMY ABOUT RTPZHMLE CH RBTLE. fBL ABOUT UPVUFCHEOOPN PRSHCHFE S KHVETSDBAUSH CH FPN, YuFP LBTSDSCHK RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH LFPZP CHEMYLPZP OBTPDB KHCHBTsBEF UCHPVPDH DTHZYI.

YuBEE CHUEZP NPK DEOSH RTPIPPDYF CH lBTMFPO-ZBTDEOU. fBN S CHSHCHUMKHYYCHBA PFUEFSHCH, RPMKHYUBA RYUSHNB Y FEMEZTBNNSH PF zhTBOUKHB lHME, UFBCHYEZP OBYUBMSHOILPN LBVYOEFB RPUME FPZP, LBL lHTUEMSH HEIBM CH MYCHYA LPNBODPCHBFSH PFTSDPN VT POENBOYO, Y PF vYKPFFB, OBYUBMSHOILB NPESP YFBVB, UNEOYCHYEZP ABOUT LFPN RPUFH DCHHI MYG: rEFY, LPFPTSHK LPNBODYTPCHBO CH nPULCHH, Y pTFPMY, LPFPTSHK LPNBODHEF LPOFTNYOPOPUGEN “fTYPNZHBO”. fBN uKHUFEMSH DPLMBDSCHBEF NOE P RPUFKHRYCHYEK UB DEOSH YOZHPTNBGYY; rBUUY-DECHBCHTEO RTYOPUYF PFUEFSHCH, RPMHYUEOOOSCHE YJ ZhTBOGYY; YKHNBO RPMKHYUBEF PF NEOS KHLBBOYS PFOPUYFEMSHOP UCHPYI CHCHUFHRMEOYK RP TBDYP. fBN S TEYBA DEMPCHSHCHE CHPRPTUSCH U OBGYPOBMSHOSCHNY LPNYUUBTBNY Y OBYUBMSHOILBNY UMKHTSV, RTOYNBA RPUEFYFEMEK YMY RTYZMBYEOOSCHY MYG, PFDBA RTYLBYSHCH Y YOUFTHLGYY, RPDRYUSCHCH BA DELTEFSCH. yuBUFP S ЪBCHFTBLBA, B YOPZDB Y PVEDBA CH PVEEUFCHE UPAOSHI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK YMY ZHTBOGKHIPCH, U LPFPTSHNYE OHTsOP RETEZPCHPTYFSH. YuFP LBUBEFUS VPMSHYPK DMS NEOS TBVPFSH RP TEDBLFYTPCHBOYA UCHPYI CHCHUFKHRMEOYK, FP S HER DEMBA DPNB RP CHEYUETBN YMY CH CHULTEUEOSH. PE CHUSLPN UMKHYUBE, S UFBTBAUSH OE NEYBFSH TBVPFE UMHTSV OETBUUEFMYCHSHN TBURTEDEMEOYEN CHTENEY. lBL RTBCHYMP, CH lBTMFPO-ZBTDEOU OILFP, ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN YYZHTPCHBMSHOPZP VATP, OPIUSHA OE TBVPFBEF.

pDOBLP S DPMTSEO VSHM EEE DEMBFSH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH CHYYFSHCH. oEBCHYUYNP PF VEUED U BOZMYKULYNYYYOUFTBNY, ЪBUEDBOYK YFBVB, GETENPOOK, ABOUT LPFPTSHCHE NEOS RTYZMBYBEF BOZMYKULPE YMY DTHZPE UPAЪOPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP, S PFRTBCHMSAUSH RTY UMKHYUBE CH PDYO YY GEOFTPCH ZHTBOGKHULPK TSYOY CH mPODPOE. “ZhTBOGKHULYK YOUFYFHF”, UTBH TSE RTYUPEDYOYCHYKUS L OBYENH DEMH CH MYGE UCHPEZP DYTELFPTB RTPZHEUUPTB UPTB, RTEDPUFBCHMSEF OBYN UPPFEYUEFCHEOOILBN GEOOSHCHPNPTSOPUF Y DMS KHYUEVSH Y BLFYCHOPK DHIPCHOPK TSYOY. “ZhTBOGKHULPE PVAEDYOEOEYE” RTDDPMTSBEF UCHPE DEM RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN FENKHOB Y NBDNHBEMSH UBMSHNPO. “DPN yoUFYFKhFB zhTBOGYY” CHRMPFSH DP FPZP CHEYUETB, LPZDB PO VSCHM TBTHYEO VPNVBNY, RPIPPTPOYCH RPD PVMPNLBNY UCHPEZP BDNYOYUFTBFPTB tPVETB lTA, DPUFBCHMSEF YUCHPEK V YVMYPFELY OKHTSOKHA OBYYN UMHTSVBN DPLHNEOFBGYA. “dTHЪSHS ZHTBOGKHULYI DPVTPPCHPMSHGECH” -PVEEUFChP, THLPCHPDYNPE MPTDPN fYTTEMMPN, MPTDPN DE MB xPTT, MPTDPN bKCHPTPN yuetyuymmen Y UPUFPSEE ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBЪP N ​​YЪ BOZMYUBO, B FBLCE "lPPTDYOBGYPOOSCHK LPNYFEF uTBTSBAEEKUS zhTBOGYY" CH yPFMBODYY RPD RTEDUEDBFEMSHUFCHPN OBEZP DTHZB MPTDB yochetlmbkdb PLBBSCCHBAF ZHTBOGKHULYN VP TGBN KHNEMKHA Y CHEMYLPDHYOKHA RPNPESH . “zhTBOGKHULBS FPTZPCHBS RBMBFB” RPUTEDDOYUBEF CH FPCHBTPPVNEOE NETSDH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYEK Y FETTYFPTYSNY, RTYUPEDYOYCHYNYUS L “uchPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY”. “rTYENOSCHK GEOFT “UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY” VETEF ABOUT UCHPE RPREYOOYE CHUEI RTYVSHCHBAEYI U TPDYOSCH. “ZhTBOGKHULYK ZPURYFBMSH” MEYUYF NOPZYI OBUYI TBOESCHI. xYUBUFCHHS CH DESFEMSHOPUFY CHUEI LFYI PTZBOYBGYK, S UFTENMAUSH KHLTERYFSH CH BOZMYY, LBL Y RPCHUADH, OBUKH OBGYPOBMSHOHA UPMYDBTOPUFSH.

“buUPGYBGYS ZHTBOGKHIPCH CH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYY” PLBSHCHCHBEF NOE BLFYCHOHA RPNPESH. ynEOOP POB PTZBOYKHEF OUEULPMSHLP NBUUPCHSCHI NYFYOZPCH U KHYUBUFYEN ZTBTSDBOULZP OBUEMEOYS Y CHPEOOPUMHTSBEYI. fY NYFYOZY DBAF CHPNPTSOPUFSH: NOE CHUFTEFYFSHUS U ZHTBOGKHЪBNY, RTYUHFUFCHHAEIN CHSHCHULBBFSH UCHPY KHVETSDEOYS, B NEFTPRPMYY -KHUMSHCHYBFSH RP TBDYP OBIY TEYUY RP YUKHCHUFCHPCHBFSH OBUFTPEOYE CH ЪBME. xCE 1 NBTFB 1941 H LYOZUKHK-IPMME RETED NOPZPFSHUSYuOPK BHDYFPTYEK WITH PREDEMYM OBUH ЪBDББУХ й ФЧЭТПЧШЧТБЪМ OVERALL OBDETSCH. 15 OPSVTS CH PVIYTOPN ЪBME bMSHVETF-IPMMB, DP PFLBЪB ЪBRPMOEOOPN UPVTTBCHYNYUS, S FPTCEUFCHEOOP RTPCHPZMBUYM FTY PUOPCHOSHI RPMPTSEOYS OBYEK RPMYFYLY.

“uNSCHUM RECHPZP RPMPTSEOYS, ULBJBM S, UPUFPYF CH FPN, YUFPVSH CHPECHBFSH, FP EUFSH RTYDBFSH CHPNPTsOP VPMSHYYK TBNBI Y CHPNPTsOP VPMSHYE NPEY KHYMYSN ZHTBOGKH PCH CH LPOZHMYLFE... OP LFY KHYMYS NSCH RTEDRTYOINBEN FPMSHLP RP ЪПЧХ ЖТBOГYYY CHE YOFETEUBI.” ъBFEN, TEYYFEMSHOP PUKhTsDBS LBL DPCHPEOOOSCHK TETSYN, FBL Y TETSYN chYYY, S ЪBSCHYM: “nsch UYUYFBEN OEPVIPDYNSCHN, YUFPVSH NPZKHYUBS Y GEMYFEMSHOBS CHPMOB RPDOSMBUSH Y ZMHVYO OBGYYY UNSHMB RTYYUYOSCH LBFBUFTPZHSC CHNEUFE UP CHUEK OBDUFTPKLPK, CHPOYLYEK OBD LBRYFHMSGYEK. rP'FPNH CHFPTPPE RPMPTSEOYE OBJEK RPMYFYLY FTEVHEF RTEDPUFBCHYFSH UMPChP OBTPDH, LBL FPMSHLP UPVShchFYS RPJCHPMSF ENKH UCHPVPDOP CHSHCHULB'BFSH, YuEZP PO IPUEF Y YuEZP OE IPUEF " OBLPOEG, CH FTEFSHEN RPMPTSEOYY WITH OBNEYUBM PUOPCHSHCH, ABOUT LPFPTSCHI, RP OBYENH NOEOYA, DPMTSOSCH UFTPIFSHUS PVOPCHMEOOOSHE YOUFYFHFSCH ZhTBOGYY. “fY PUOPCHSHCH, ZPCHPTYM S, PRTEDEMSAFUS FTENS DECHYBNY UCHPVPDOSCHI ZHTBOGHPCH. NSH ZPCHPTYN: "YUEUFSH Y TPDYOB", YNES CH CHYDH, YuFP OBGYS NPTSEF CHPTPDYFSHUS FPMSHLP CH TEKHMSHFBFE RPVEDSCH, YuFP POB NPTsEF UKHEEUFChPChBFSH FPMSHLP LBL CHEMILBS OBGYS. NSH ZPCHPTYN: “uChPVPDB, TBCHEOUFCHP Y vTBFUFChP”, RPFPNKH UFP NSCH IPFYN PUFBFSHUS CHETOSCHNY DENPLTBFYUEULYN RTYOGYRBN. NSCH ZPCHPTYN "PUCHPVPTSDEOYE", YVP EUMY OBY KHUIMYS OE PUMBVOKHF DP RPvedsch OBD CHTBZPN, YI OBCHETYOEYEN DPMTSOP SCHYFSHUS UP'DBOYE DMS LBTSDPZP ZHTBOGKHB FBLYI HUMPCHYK, Yu FPVSC FOR URPLLPKOP TSYFSH Y FTKhDYFSHUS Refinery, UPTBOSS YUKHCHUFChP UPVUFCHOOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB.”

fPZDB RTYUHFUFCHHAEYE, PICHBUEOOSCH ZMHVPLYN CHPMOOYEN, VHTOP CHSTBTSBAF UCHPY YUKHCHUFCHB BOFKHYBBNB, Y CHTSCHCH BOFKHYBBNB TBOPUYFUS DBMELP ЪB RTEDEM Sh bMSHVETF-IPMMB.

fBLYE UPVTBOYS VSHCHBAF TEDLP. rTPYYCHPDS YOURELFPTULYE UNPFTSCH, S YBUFP RPUEEBA OBUYI DPVTPCPMSHGECH. OBOY UYMSCH, OBENOSCH, NPTULYE Y CHP'DKHYOSCH, IPFS Y PUEOSH OEVPMSHYYE Y TBUUESOOSCH, UPUFBCHMEOOOSCH OBNY Y TBTPYOOOSCH YUBUFEK Y RPDTBDEMEOYK, RTEDUFBCHMSAF UPVPK F ERETSH EDYOPE GEMPE Y KHUIYCHBAFUS U LBTSDSCHN DOEN. PTZBOYBGYPOOSCHK RMBO, LPFPTSCHK S DBM CHPEOOPNH, CHPEOOP-NPTULPNH Y CHPEOOP-CHPDHYOPNH LPNYUUBTBN ABOUT 1942, FPYuOP CHSHRPMOSEFUS. s KHVETSDBAUSH CH LFPN RTY RPUEEEEY YUBUFEK, DYUMPGYTPCHBOOSCHI CH BOZMYY, LPZDB UPMDBFSCH, CHYDS CHVMYY FPZP, LPZP SING OBSHCHBAF “vPMSHYPK yBTMSH”, UCHPYNY CHZMSDBNY, RPche DEOYEN, RSHMPN, U LPFPTSCHN POY RTPIPDSF HYUEVKH, CHSTBTSBAF ENKH UCPA YULTEOOAA RTYCHSBOOPUFSH.

y CHUEK OBJEK OEVPMSHYPK BTNYY, LPFPTBBS UTBTSBEFUS H bZhTYLE Y ABOUT CHPUFPLE, ABOUT BOZMYKULPK YENME OBIPDSFUS FPMSHLP HYUEVOSCH GEOFTSHCH. OP CH OYI PVKHYUBEFUS VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH OBUYI LBDTPCH. h MBZETE LENVETMY RPMLPCHOIL TEOKHBT RTEDUFBCHMSEF NOE VBFBMSHPO EZETEK, BTFYMMETYKULYK DYCHYIPO, FBOLPCHSHCHK ULBDTPO, PFTSD YOTSEETOSCHI CHPKUL RPDTBDEMEOYE UCHSY, LPFPT SCHSHCHRKHULBAF LBTSDSCHE YEUFSH NEUSGECH UETSBOFPCH Y UREGYBMYUFPCH. s RTPIPTSKH CH BTFYMMETYKULYK RBTL, ZDE RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN NBKPTB VHF RTYCHPDYFUS CH RPTSDPL ZHTBOGKHULBS FEIOILB, RTYCHEOOBS TBOEE CH CHEMYLPVTYFBOYA FSHMPCHCHNY UMKHTSVBNY OPTCHETSULPK LUREDYGYY YMY CHPEOOSHNY LPTBVMSNY, RTYVSCCHYYNYY ZHTBOGYY PE CHTENS CHTBTSEULPZP OBEUFCHYS. PTHTSYE, VPERTYRBUSHCH, NBYOSCH YURPMSHKHAFUS DMS PUOBEEOOYS OPCHSHHI ZHTNYTPCHBOYK OBTSDKH U FEIOILPK, RPUFBCHMSENPK BOZMYUBOBNY CH UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U UPZMBYEOYEN PF 7 BCHZKHUFB 1940 Y BNETILBOGBNY RP MEOD-MYYH. RETEZPCHPTBNY Y RTBLFYUEULYN CHSHRPMOEEOYEN LFPC CHBTsOPK ЪBDБУИ ЪBOYNBEFUS UMKHTSVB CHPPTHTSEOYS RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN RPMLPCHOILB nPTEOB. PE CHTENS BCHYBGYPOOPK LBFBUFTPZHSCH RTY YURPMOOY UMKHTSEVOSCHI PVSBOOPUFEK LFPF RTELTBUOSCHK PZHYGET ZYVOEF, Y EZP RPUF ЪBOYNBEF NBKPT ZYTY. h UBNPN mPODPOE S YOPZDB OBCHEEBA TPPH ZHTBOGKHULYI TSEEOEYO-DPVTPCHPMSHGECH, CHPZMBCHMSENHA NBDNHBEMSH FETTE, B ЪBFEN ZPURPTsPK nBFSHE, ZDE DPUFPKOSHCHE, RBFTYPFYUEULY OBUFTPEOOSH DECHKHYLY RPMKHYUBAF UREGYBMSHOPUFY CHPDYFEMEK, UBOYFBTPL, UELTEFBTEC. chTENS PF CHTENEY S OBETSBA CH nPMCHETO, B ЪBFEN CH tiVTUZHPTD L "LBDEFBN UCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY". h 1940 S UPЪDBM ьФХ YЛПМХ, RTEDOBOBYOOOHA DMS UFKhDEOFPCH Y HYUBEYIUS, RETEEIBCHYI CH BOZMYA. chULPTE NSCH RTECHTBFYMY EE CH PZHYGETULHA YLPMH, LPFPTPK LPNBODHEF NBKPT vPDKHO. rSFSH EE CHSHCHRHULPC DBMY 211 LPNBODYTPCH CHJCHPDPCH, YЪ OYI 52 RBMY CH VPTSHVE U CHTBZPN. oYUFP OE PVPDTSEF FBL ZMBCHH UCHPVPDOSHI ZHTBOGKHIPCH, LBL LPOFBLF U LFK NPMPDETSHA, OBDETSDPK ABOUT CHPTPTSDEOOYE RPNETLYYEK UMBCSHCH ZHTBOGYY.

h FP CHTENS LBL RPDTBDEMEOYS OBENOSHI CHPKUL, OBIPDSEYEUS CH CHEMILPVTYFBOYY, RTPIPDSF PVHYUEOYE, YUFPVSH ЪBFEN UTBTSBFSHUS ABOUT TBMYUOSHI ZHTPOFBI, OBIY CHPEOOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH, CH VPMSHYOUFCHE VBYTHAEYEUS CH BOZMYKULYI RBTFBI, KHUBUFCHHAF CH VYFCHE ABOUT LPNNHOILBGYSI CH BFMBOFYLE, MB-nBOYE, ABOUT UECHETOPN NPTE , H bTLFYLE. dms bfpzp nshch dpmtsosch rpmshjpchbfshus VBBBNY UPAЪOILPC. h UBNPN DEME, X OBU OEF OEPVIPDYNSHI NBFETYBMPCH DMS TENPOFB, UPDETSBOYS Y UOBVTSEOYS OBUYI UHDHR. FEN VPMEE NSCHOE NPTSEN UOBVDYFSH YI OPCHSHCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY: rchp, ZYDTPMPLBFPTBNY, TBDBTBNY Y DT., RTYNEOOYS LPFPTSCHI FTEVHEF TBCHYFYE CHPEOOOPK FEIOIL. oBLPOEG, ABOUT PVIYTOPN FEBFTE CHPEOOP-NPTULYI PRETBGYK, GEOFTPN LPFPTSCHI SCHMSEFUS BOZMYS, OEPVIPDYNP FEIOYUUEULPE Y FBLFYUEULPE EDYOUFCHP HUIMYK.

chPF RPYUENH, IPFS UKhDB, ​​LPFPTSCHE NSCH CHPPTHTSBEN, OBIPDSFUS CH RPMOPN OBYEN TBURPTTSSEOYY, OEBCHYUYNP PF YI RTPYUIPTSDEOOYS, IPFS SING CHUE RMBCHBAF RPD FTEIGCHEFOSCHN ZHMBZPN, IPFS P ZHYGETSH Y LPNBODSH RPDYYOSAFUS FPMSHLP ZHTBOGKHULYN KHUFBCHBN, IPFS POY CHSHCHRPMOSAF RTYLBYSH FPMSHLP UCHPYI OBUMSHOYLPCH, LPTPUYE ZPCHPTS, IPFS ABOUT ZHMPF PUFBEFUS YUUFP OBGYPOBMSHOSCHN, CHUE TSE, ЪB TEDLINE YULMAYUEOYEN, LPZDB NSCH YURPMSHJKHEN EZP OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP, BY RTOYNBEF HYUBUFYE ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBЪPN CH PVEYI VP CHCHCHI DEKUFCHYSI, RTPCHPDYNSHI BOZMYUBOBNY. chRTPYUEN, LFP YDEF ENKH ABOUT RPMSHЪKH, FBL LBL PO CHLMAYUBEFUS CH UYUFENKH, YULMAYUYFEMSHOKHA RP VPEURPUPVOPUFY, DYUGYRMYOE, BLFYCHOPUFY. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH BOZMYUBOE, PGEOYCHBS RP DPUFPYOUFCHH OBUH RPNPESH, PLBYSCCHBAF ZHTBOGKHULYN CHPEOOP-NPTULINE UYMBN YYTPLHA NBFETYBMSHOKHA RPDDETTSLH, YI BTUEOBMSCHY U MHTSVSHCH DEMBAF CHUE CHPNPTSOPE, YUFPVSH RTYCHPDYFSH CH RPTSDPL Y UOBVTSBFSH OBIY UKHDB, OEUNPFTS ABOUT TBMYYUYE FYRPCH Y CHPPTHTSEOYS. OPCHSCHE NBFETYBMSHCH, LPFPTSCHE RTYNEOSEF BOZMYKULYK ZHMPF, OENEDMEOOOP RPUFBCHMSAFUS Y OBYENKH ZHMPFKH. OPCHSCHE UKHDB: LPTCHEFSHCH Y LBFETB, RPTSE ZHTEZBFSCH, UNYOGSHCH, RPDCHPDOSHE MPDLY -RETEDBAFUS OBN RTSNP U CHETZHEK. eUMY OBY OEVPMSHYPK ZHMPF UNPZ UCHZTBFSH UCHPA TPMSH Y RPDDETTSBFSH YuEUFSH ZHTBOGKHULPZP PTHTSYS ABOUT NPTSI, LFYN PO PVSBO LBL RPNPEY UPAJOILPC, FBL Y BUMHZBN OBUYI NPTS LHR.

s KHVETSDBAUSH CH LFPN LBTSDSCHK TB, LPZDB OBCHEEBA RPDTBDEMEOYS ZHMPFB CH ZTYOPLE, rPTFUNKHFE, lBKHUE, dBTFNHFE. hYUYFSHCHBS IBTBLFET VPTSHVSH, B FBLCE OEVPMSHYKHA YUYUMEOOPUFSH OBUYI NPTSLPC, NSCH CHPPTHTSBEN FPMSHLP NBMSHCHE UHDB. oP FY LPTBVMY "UChPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY" U YUEUFSHA DEMBAF CHUE, YFP CH YI UIMBI.

rTETSDE CHUEZP NSCH CHPPTHTSYMY, LPOYUOP, UKHDB, LPFPTSHCHE RTYVSHCHMY YJ ZhTBOGYY. l CHUOE 1942 YЪ OBYI RFY RETCHSCHI RPDCHPDOSCHI MPDPL PUFBAFUS “TAVI”, “NYOETCH”, “TSAOPO”, LPPTSCHE CH OPTCHETSULYI, DBFULYI Y ZHTBOGKHYULYI CHPDBI BFBLHAF CHTBTSEULYE LPTBVM Y, UVBCHSF NYOSCH, CHUBTSYCHBAF DEUBOFSCH; "OBTCHBM" YUYUEY KH nBMSHFSCH CH DELBVTE 1940; "uATLHZH" VSHM RPFPRMEO CH ZHECHTBME 1942. lPOFTNYOPOPUGSH "fTYPNZHBO", "MEPOBT", NYOPOPUGSH "NEMSHRPNEO" Y "VHLMSHE" CH FEYOOYE OEULPMSHLYI NEUSGECH ULPTFYTPCHBMY LBTBC BOSCH CH bFMBOFYUEULPN PLEBOYE ​​CH MB-nBOYE. ъBFEN "fTYPNZHBO" VSHM PFRTBCHMEO ABOUT fYIYK PLEBO, "mePRBT" RTYVSHHM CH ATSOKHA bZHTYLKH; RPTSE ON PUHEEUFCHMSM UCHSSH U PUFTPPCHPN TEAOSHPO Y OBLPOEG RPFETREM LPTBVMELTHYE OYE VMY fPVTHLB. "NEMSHRPNEO" RETEYEM CH UECHETOPE NPTE. “vHLMSHE” RTECHTBFYMUS CH PDYO YI OBIYI HYUEVOSCHI LPTBVMEK. yЪ OBUYI RSFY RPUSCHMSHOSHCHI UHDHR FTY, "UBCHPTOSHSO DE VTBJB", "lPNNBODBO dAVPL", "lPNNBODBO dPNYOE", LHTUYTHAF X VETEZPCH bZhTYLY; "nPLE" RPNPZBEF PITBOSFSH LPNNHOILBGYY CH YTMBODULPN NPTE; “YECHTEK” RBFTKHMYTHEF CH PLEBOYY, CH TBKPOE OHNEB, Y RTYUPEDYOSEF 27 NBS 1942 L “UChPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY” PUFTPPCHB xPMMYU Y ZHAFAOB. dChB FTBMSHAILB, "lPOZT" Y "MAUSHEO-tsBO", CHSHRPMOSAF UCHPY FTHDOSH PVSBOOPUFY ABOUT RPDUFHRBI L BOZMYKULIN RPTFBN. DEUSFSH NPTULYI PIPFOILLPCH RTYOSMY KHYUBUFYE CH RTYLTSHCHFYY UPAYYUEULYI FTBOURPTFPCH NETSDH lPTOHMMPN Y rB-DE-LBME. FERETSH YI FPMSHLP CHPUENSH, FBL LBL DCHB YI OYI VSHMY RPFPRMEOSCH. vShchMY CHCHEDEOSH CH UFTPK YEUFSH RBFTKHMSHOSCHI UKHDPC: "rKHMSHNYL", ЪBFPOHCHYK X rMYNKhFB CH OPSVTE 1940, "chYLYOZ", RPZYVIYK CH PFLTSCHFPN NPTE X VETEZPC fTYRPMYFBOY CH OPSVTE 19 42, “chBKBO”, “rTEYDBO PODAU”, “tHO DE ZhMP”, RTDDPMTsBAEIK VPTPЪDYFSH NPTS, "MEPOYMSH", YURPMSHЪHAEIKUS CH LBUEUFCHE RMBCHHYUEK VBSHCH FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB. CHURPNPZBFEMSHOSHCHK LTEKUET "LBR DE RBMSHN" LHTUYTHEF NETSDH UYDOEEN Y OKHNEB. YuEFSHTE RMBCHHYUYE VBSHCH, "khTBZBO", "bNSHEO", "bTTBU" Y "DYMICBOF", LPNRMELFHAF "NPTULKHA YUBUFSH" RPTFB zTYOPL Y VBH LYRBTSEK "VYT-iBLEKN" rPTFUNKHFB, ZDE PVHYUBAFUS OBY NPTSLY. uFBTSHCHK VTPOEOPUEG "lHTV" CHSHRPMOSEF TPMSH HYUEVOPZP GEOFTB DMS TELTHFPCH, NBUFETULYI, ULMBDB VPERTYRBUPCH Y RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS. oBIPDSUSH ABOUT SLPTE ABOUT rPTFUNKHFULPN TEKDE, BY RPDDETSYCHBEF UCHPEK BTFYMMETYEK PVPTPOH bFPZP LTHROPZP RPTFS.

h UPUFBCH OBEZP OEVPMSHYPZP ZHMPFB CHIPDSF FBLCE LPTBVMY, RPMKHYUEOOOSCH X BOZMYUBO. bFP RTETSDE CHUEZP LPTCHEFSHCH, RPUFTPEOOOSCH RPUME OBYUBMB CHPKOSH DMS RTYLTSCHFYS LBTBCHBOPCH. fY LPTCHEFSH VEURTETSHCHOP PITBOSAF LPNNHOILBGYY NETSDH BOZMYEK, YUMBODYEK, OSHABHODMEODPN Y lBOBDPC. OBN VSHHMY RETEDBOSH DECHSFSH LPTCHEFPCH: "bMYUE", RPZYYYK CH VPA CH NBTFE 1942, "NYNPJB", ЪBFPOHCHYK URKHUFS FTY NEUSGB CHNEUFE U OBIPDICHYYNUS ABOUT EZP VPTFKH LPNBODITPN MEZL PC NPFPNEIBOYTPCHBOOPC DYCHYYYY LBRYFBOPN 2-ZP TBZB VYTP, “bLPOIF”, “mPVEMYS”, “tPYEMYU”, “TEOPOLAMSH” “lPNNBODBO D”fSHEO D”pTCh”, “lPNNBODBO dTPZH”, “lPNNBODBO deFTHBKB”. l YUYUMH RPMKHYUEOOOSCHI OBNY UKHDPCH FBLCE PFOPUSFUS CHPUENSH FPTREDOSCHI LBFETPCH 28-K ZHMPFYMYY, VPTPJDSEYE ABOUT VPMSHYPK ULPTPUFY MB-NBOY Y BFBLHAEYE CHTBTSEULYE FTBOURPTF SCH Y LPTBVMY ULPTFSB, LPFPTSCHE RTPVYTBAFUS OPIUSHA CHDPMSH RPVETETSSHS ZhTBOGYY. lTPNE FPZP, OBN VSHHMY RETEDBOSH CHPUENSH NPFPTOSHCHI LBFETPCH, PVTBKHAEYI 20-A ZHMPFYMYA, LPFPTBBS DEKUFCHHEF CH MB-nBOYE UPCHNEUFOP U OBYNYY PIPFOILBNY ZHTBOGKHULPK LPOUFTHLGYY . chRTPYUEN, NSCH ZPFPCHYNUS L CHPPTHTSEOYA UPCHETYEOOOP OPCHSCHI UHDHR. NOPZIE Y ZHTEZBFPCH, LPFPTSCHE OBYUYOBAF CHSHCHIPDYFSH YY BOZMYKULYI BTUEOBMPCH, UTBH TSE RPUME URKHULB ABOUT CHPDH RTEDPUFBCHMSAFUS CH OBUYE TBURPTSCEOYE UPAJOILBNY. NSHCH CHSMY YUEFSHTE YI OYI: “delkhchetf”, “bChBOFAT”, “uATRTY”, “lTHB DE mPTIO”. ъB OBNY PUFBCHMEOSCH FBLCE NYOPOPUEG "lPNVBFBO", RPDCHPDOSHE MPDLY "LATY" Y "dPTYU", UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP LPFPTSCHI ЪBLBOYUYCHBEFUS. OBN IPFEMPUSH VSH RTYPVTEUFY Y DTHZYE LPTBVMY, LPFPTSHCHE HCHEMYYUMY VSC YUYUMP RPFPRMEOOOSHI OBNY CHTBTSEULYI RPDCHPDOSHI MPDPL, FTBOURPTFPCH, UFPTPTSESCHSHHI UHDHR Y YUYUMP UVYFSHI OBN Y UBNPMEFPCH. OP OBYB TPMSH Y TBENBI DEKUFCHYK PZTBOYUYCHBAFUS OE OEDPUFBFLPN UHDHR, B OEICHBFLPK MYYUOPZP UPUFBCHB.

hCE L YAOA 1942 700 NPTSLPC “UChPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY” RPZYVMY ЪB TPDYOH. OBOY CHPEOOP-NPTULYE UYMSCH OBUYFSHCHBAF 3600 YUEMPCHEL RMBCHUPUFBCHB. l OIN CE OHTsOP PFOEUFY VBFBMSHPO UFTEMLPCH RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN bNYP D'OCHYMS, LPFPTSCHK OBNEOM DEFTKHBKB, RPZYVYEZP ABOUT RPME VTBOY. -NPTULYI MEFYUYLPCH, LPFPTSCHE, OE YNEM CHPNPTSOPUFY PVTBPCHBFSH PFDEMSHOHA YUBUFSH, UMHTSBF CH BCHYBGYY. oBLPOEG, UADB CE PFOPUSFUS DEUBOFOP-DYGETENPOOSCH RPDTBDEMEOYS, LPFPTSCHE PVHYUBAFUS CH CHEMYLPVTYFBOY RPD LPNBODPHBOYEN LBRYFBO-MEKFEOBOFB LYZHZHETB. h NBE NEUSGE WITH RTYYYE L UPZMBYYEOYA U BOZMYKU LINE BDNYTBMPN MPTDPN nBHOFVFFEOPN {183} , PFCHEFUFCHEOOSCHN ЪB RTPchedeoye "LPNVYOTPCHBOOSHI PRETBGYK", PV KHUMPCHYSI YURPMSHЪPCHBOYS LFYI TCHHEYIUS CH VPK CHPKUL. CHULPTE SING RTYOSMY KHYUBUFYE CH UNEMSHI OBMEFBI ABOUT ZHTBOGKHULPE RPVETETSHE.

oby MYUOSCHK UPUFBCH LPNRmelFPCHBMUS OBRPMPCHYOH YJ NPTSLPC, OBIPDICHYIUS CH 1940 ZPDH CH BOZMYY. h zBVPOE, ABOUT VMYTSOEN chPUFPLE OELPFPTSHCHE RTYUPEDYOMYUSH L OBN RPUME FPZP, LBL UTBTSBMYUSH RTPPHYCH OBU. fBL VSCHMP U LYRBTSBNY RPDCHPDOPK MPDL "bSLU", ЪBFPPOKHCHYEK X dBLBTB, RPDCHPDOPK MPDL "rPOUEME", ЪBFPRMEOOPK UCHPYN LPNBODYTPN X rPTF-tsBOFYMS, RPUSCHMSHOPZP UHDOB "vHZOCHYMSH ", LPFPTPPE NSCHCHCHOKHTSDEOSCH VSHMY CHSHCHEUFY YJ UFTPS ABOUT TEKDE MYVTECHYMS. chTENS PF CHTENEY L OBN RTYUPEDYOSAFUS PFDEMSHOSH LBDTTPCHSHCHE NPTSLY, RTYVSHCHCHBAEYE YJ ZhTBOGYY, UECHETOPK bZHTYLYY, bMELUBODTYY, U BOFYMSHULYI PUFTPPCHCH, U dBMSHOEZP chPUFPPLB. h CHPEOOP-NPTULPC ZHMPF OBVYTBEFUS NBLUINBMSHOPE LPMYUUEUFCHP NMPDSCHI ZHTBOGKHIPCH YYUYUMB OBIPDSEYIUS H BOZMYY, BNETYLE, MECHBOFE, EZYRFE, ABOUT PUFTPCHE UEO-rSHET. oBLPOEG, FPTZPCHSHCHE LPTBVMY RTEDPUFBCHMSAF CHPEOOP-NPTULINE UYMBN VPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH UCHPEZP RETUPOBMB. UBNPC FSTSEMPK ЪBDBUEK DMS CHPEOOP-NPTULPZP LPNYUUBTYBFB SCHMSEFUS RPRPMOEOYE LPTBVMEK LPNBODOSHCHN UPUFBCHPN. EZP RTYIPDIFUS LPNRMELFPCBFSH YI UBNSHCHI TBMYUOSCHI, ЪBUBUFHA OERPDZPFPCHMEOOOSCHI MADEK, OE UYYFBSUSH U YI UREGYBMSHOPUFSHA. x OBU NBMP LBDTPCHSHCHI PZHYGETPCH. NSHCH PURPMOSEN YI OEDPUFBUKH ЪB UUEF PVHYUEOYS NPMPDETSY. rPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN LBRYFBOPC 2-ZP TBZB ChYFYEMS Y ZEKTBMS, RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP LPNBODPCHBCHYI "YLPMSHOSHCHN PFDEMPN", NPTULBS YLPMB "UChPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY" TBCHETFSHCHBEF BL FYCHOKHA TBVPFKH ABOUT VPTFKH "rTE'IDBO fePDPT FYUSHE" Y YIKHO "fHBMSH" Y "VEMSH rKHMSH". ъB YUEFSHTE CHSHCHRKHULB POB DBMB 80 LBODYDBFPCH ABOUT PZHYGETULYK YUYO. CHUE UCHPY URPUPVOPUFY PFDBMY ZHTBOGKHULPNH CHPEOOP-NPTULPNH ZHMPFKH LFY MADI, ЪBLBMEOOSCH U UBNPZP OBYUBMB ZPTEUFSHA, VYFCHBNY Y OBDETSDBNY. u DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NSCH YYTPLLP YURPMSHKHEN CH OBUYI CHPEOP-NPTULYI UIMBI LBDTSH PZHYGETPCH EBRBUB, LPFPTSCHI VETEN U FPTZPCHSHI LPTBVMEK Y YY UTEDSH RETUPOBMB uHGLPZP LBOB MB. dCHEUFY LBODYDBFPCH, OBVTBOOSHI FBLYN PVTBBPN, RTPUFPSF ABOUT CHBIFE ABOUT VPTFCH ZHTEZBFPCH, LPTCHEFPC, LBFETPCH Y FTBMSHEYLPCH CH PVEEK UMPTSOPUFY VPMEE NYMMYPOB YUBUPCH.

oEUNPFTS ABOUT LFY UPLTBEEOYS CH MYUOPN UPUFBCHE, YUBUFSH ZHTBOGKHYULPZP FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB, OBIPDSEBSUS CH MBZETE UPAYOLPCH, PLBSCCHBEF YN OBYUYFEMSHOHA RPNPESH. йЪ 660 RBUUBTSYTULYI FPZPCHSHCHI UHDHR CHPDPYNEEEOYEN CH 2700 FSCHUSYU FPOO, LPFPTSCHE RTYOBDMETSBMY ZhTBOGYY CH OBYUBME CHPKOSHCH, 170 LPTBVMEK CHPDPYNEEEOYEN CH 700 FSHUSYU FPOO VHDHF RP-RTETSOENH HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH CH CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYSI RPUME ЪBLMAYUEOYS "RETENYTYS". ObyB UMKHTSVB FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN nBMZMCHB Y VEOTsBOB, B RPЪDOEE UNEKETUB Y BODAU-ZhBTYЪB LPNRMELFHEF ZHTBOGKHULYNY LYRBTSBNY VPMSHYPE YUYUMP U HDHR. lTPNE FPZP, LFB UMKHTSVB KHYBUFCHHEF H HRTBCHMEOYY OBYNYY UKHDBNY, OBIPDSEYNYUS H BOZMYUBO; CH LFPN UMKHYUBE TSDPN U BOZMYKULIN ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHN ZHMBZPN ABOUT LPTNE YMY ABOUT NBYUFE LPTBVMEK-YZOBOOYLPCH TBCHECHBEFUS FTEIGCHEFOSCHK ZHMBZ. ъB LFPF RETYPD OBNY VSHMY PUOBEEOP 67 FPTZPCHSHCHI UHDHR CHPDPY'NEEEOYEN CH 200 FSCHUSYU FPOO. dCHBDGBFSH YЪ OYI NSCH RPFETSMY. l CHUOE 1942 YЪ PVEEZP YUYUMB 580 PZHYGETPCH Y 4300 NBFTPUPCH FPTZPCHPZP ZHMPFB VPMEE YUEFCHETFY RPZYVMP ABOUT NPTE.

rBUUBTSYTULYE UKHDB BOINBAFUS RETECHPLPK CHPKUL. fBL, “YMSH DE ZhTBOU”, “ZHEMYLU TKHUUEMSH”, “rTEYDBO rPMSH DHNET” DPUFBCHMSAF ABOUT CHPUFPL VTYFBOULYE RPDLTERMEOYS YBCHUFTBMYYYYODYY. fTBOURPTFOSHCHE UKHDB, RETECHPЪSEYE USCHTSHE, PTHTSIE, VPERTYRBUSCH, RMBCHBAF PVSHYUOP CH UPUFBCHE LBTBCHBOPCH. yOPZDB OELPFPTSHN YI OYI RTYIPDIFUS RETEUELBFSH PLEBO CH PJOPYULH. fY UKhDB OYLPZDB OE ЪBDETTSYCHBAFUS DPMZP CH RPTFH, ZDE YUBUFP RPDCHETZBAFUS VPNVBTDYTPCHLBN. h PFLTSCHFPN NPTE UMHTSVB KhFPNYFEMSHOB Y PRBUOB. rTYIPDYFUS VSCHFSH OBYUELKH DOEN Y OPYUSHA, UFTPZP UPVMADBFSH YOUFTHLGYY, RPUFPSOOP ЪBOINBFSH UCHPY RPUFSH RP VPECHPK FTECHPZE. YuBUFP RTYIPDYFUS HYUBUFCHPCHBFSH H VPSI, UFTEMSFSH YPTHDYK, NMOYEOPUOP NBOECHTYTPCHBFSH, YuFPVSH YVETSBFSH FPTREDSH YMY VPNVSH. uMHYUBEFUS, YuFP UKHDOP RPZTHTSBEFUS Ch CHPDKH Y FSH PLBSCHCHBEYSHUS CH IMPPDOPK, RPLTSCHFPK NBUMSOSHNY RSFOBNY CHPDE, B TSDPN FPOKHF FPCBTYEY. uMHYUBEFUS FBLCE, YuFP FSH YURSHCHFSHCHBEYSH PZTPNOKHA TBDPUFSH, RTYUHFUFCHHS RTY RBDEOY CHTBTSEULPZP VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLB YMY OBVMADBS RSFOP NBHFB RTYOBL FPOHE EC RPDCHPDOPK MPDL CHTBZB. yOPZDB FSCH UBN VSHCHCHBEYSH LFPNKH RTYYUYOPK, LBL LFP VSHMP U RTPUFSHCHN ZTHJPCHSHCHN UKHDOPN "zhPTF-VEOTSE", LPFPTPPE CH NBE 1942 H PFLTSCHFPN NPTE KHOSHAZHBKHODMEODB RPFPRYMP OENEG LHA RPDCHPDOHA MPDLH.

pDOBTDSCH CH MYCHETRKHME BDNYTBM UT RETUY oPVMSH, LPNBODHAYK RETEDCHYTSEOYSNY Y VPECHSHNY DEKUFCHYSNY LPTBVMEK ABOUT CHUEN BFMBOFYUEULPN FEBFTE CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK, RTYZMBUYM NEOS ABOUT UCHPK LPNBODOSHCHK RHOLF, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHK CH VEFPOYTPCHBOOPN RPDYENOPN KHVETSIEEE. ABOUT VPMSHYI NPTULYI LBTFBI, TBCHEYOOOSCHI RP UFEOBN, PVPOBYUBMPUSH RPUFPSOOP NEOSAEEUS TBURPMPTSEOYE CHUEI LBTBCHBOPCH UPAYOILCH, CHUEI CHPEOOSCHI LPTBVMEC, CHUEI UBNPMEFPCH, CHSHRPMOSAEYI VPECHSHCHE ЪBDBUY, B FBLCE KHUFBOPCHMEOOOSCH YMY RTEDRPMBZBENSCH RPYYGYY ZETNBOULYI RPDCHPDOSCHI MPDPL, UBNPMEFPCH, TEKDETCH. GEOFTBMSHOBS FEMEZHPOOBS UFBOGYS, UCHSBOOBS U CHOEYOINY MYOSNY, U TBDIPUFBOGYSNY, YYZHTPCHBMSHOSCHNY VATP Y PVUMKHTSYCHBENBS OECHPYNHFYNSCHN TsEOULYN RETUPOBMPN FEMEZH POYUFLBNY, UFEOPZTBZHYUFLBNY, TBUUSCHMSHOSHCHNY, RPYUFY VEUYKHNOP RETEDBEF RTYLBYSHCH, RPTHYUEOYS, UPPVEEOYS LPNBODPCHBOYS DBMELYN NPTULINE BDTEUBFBN Y RP NETE RPMHYU EOYS PFCHEFSH RPUMEDOYI. CHUE ZHYLUYTHEFUS ABOUT UCHEFSEYIUS FBWMYGBI. fBLYN PVTBBPN, CHEMYUBKYBS VYFCHB ABOUT LPNNHOILBGYSI RTEDUFBEF PE CHUEI UCHPYI RETYREFYSI.

TBUUNPFTECH CHUE CH GEMPN, WITH RETECHPTSKH CHZMSD ABOUT LBTFSHCH, HERE PVPOBYUEOSCH OVERALL. with CHYTSKH YI CH RPDPVBAEYI NEUFBI, FP EUFSH FBN, ZDE POY OBYVPMEE CHUEZP DPUFPKOSH OZTBDSHCH. yN RP ŽJYTH RETEDBEFUS RTYCHEFUFCHYE ZMBCHSHCH "UChPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY". OP ЪBFEN, PUПЪOBCHBS, LBL YUYUMEOOP OECHEMYLY POY RP UTTBCHOEYA U YOPUFTBOOSCHNY UYMBNY, CH LPFPTSHCHE POY CHIDDSF, CHURPNYOBS, YuFP FBN, Ch fHMPOE, lBUBVMBOLE, bMELUBODTYY, ZhPT-DE -zhTBOUE, dBLBTE, VEDDEKUFCHHAF ZHTBOGKHULYE LPTBVMY, RPOINBS, LBLHA YUFPTYYUEULHA CHPNPTsOPUFSH RTEDPUFBCHMSEF LFB CHPKOB NPTULPNKH RTYYCHBOYA ZhTBOGYY, S YUKHCHUFCHHA, LBL NEOS PICHBFSHCHBEF ZTKHUFSH, Y S RPLYDBA RPDYENOPE KHVETSIEE U FSCEMSCHN UETDGEN.

BOBMPZYUOPE YUKHCHUFCHP RTYNEYYCHBEFUS L NPEC ZPTDPUFY, LPZDB S CHUFTEYUBAUSH U OBYNY MEFUYILBNY ABOUT FPK YMY YOPK BOZMYKULPK VBJE. ChYDS CHUE YI DPUFPYOUFCHB Y, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, DKHNBS P CHUEN FPN, YuFP NPZMB VSC UDEMBFSH ZHTBOGKHULBS BCHYBGYS U VB CH OBEK UECHETOPK bZHTYLE, ABOUT VMYTSOEN chPUFPLE YMY CH BOZMY Y, EUMY VSC EK DBMY CHPNPTSOPUFSH UTBTSBFSHUS, S YUKHCHUFCHHA, YuFP CHEMILPE OBGYPOBMSHOPE VPZBFUFChP TBUIPDHEFUS RP-RHUFPNKH. OP LFP ЪBUFBCHMSEF NEOS EEE VPMSHYE FTHDYFSHUS OBD FEN, YUFPVSH HUYMYS FAIRIES, LFP UNPZ RTYUPEDYOYFSHUS LP NOE, VSHMY ЪBOUEOSCH ABOUT UUEF ZhTBOGYY. eUMY S RP CHRPMOE RPOSFOSHN RTYUYOBN PFDBM TBURPTSTSEOYE, YUFPVSC OBUY MEFYUILY, MEFBAEYE U BOZMYKULYI VB OB BOZMYKULYI UBNPMEFBI, CHIPDAYMY CH UYUFENKH BOZMYKULPK BCHYBGYY, FP S CHUE-FBLY UFTENYMUS FBLCE L FPNKH, YUFPVSC OBUY MEFYUILY RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK EDYOPE OBGYPOBMSHOPE GEMPE. lFP VShchMP OEMEZLP UDEMBFS. uOBYUBMB OBUY UPA'OILY UPCHETYOOOP OE ЪBVPFYMYUSH PV BCHYBGYY "UCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY." yUIPDS YЪ RTBLFYUEULYI UPPVTBTTSEOYK Y OEDPUFBFLB READING, POY RTYOINBMY CH UCHPY YUBUFY OELPPTTSCHI OBUYI RYMPFPCH. OP EDYOUFCHEOOP, YuFP POY NPZMY OBN RTEDMPTSYFSH, LFP CHLMAYUYFSH OBUYI DPVTPCPMSHGECH CH lPTPMECHULYE CHPDKHYOSCHE UYMSCH. with OE refinery U LFYN UPZMBUIFSHUS. fBLYN PVTBBPN, RPMPTSEOYE OBYI MEFYUYLPCH PUFBCHBMPUSH RPYUFY CH FEYOOYE ZPDB OEPRTEDEMEOOSCHN. oELPFPTSCHE YЪ OYI, PVAEDYOOOSCH PE ZHTBOGKHULYE ULBDTYMSHY, NPZMY KHYUBUFCHPCHBFSH CH CHPDHYOSCHI VPSI CH UTYFTEE Y MYCHYY. dTHZYE, CHTEOOOP RTYOSFSHCHE CH BOZMYKULYE ULBDTYMSHY, KHYUBUFCHPCHBMY CH VYFCHE ЪB BOZMYA. OP VPMSHYOUFCHP YЪ-ЪB OEDPUFBFLB NBFETYBMSHOPK YUBUFY, FTEOYTPCHLY YYOSCHCHBMY PF VEDEKUFCHYS ЪB RTEDEMBNY BCHYBGYPOOSCHI VB CH BOZMYY YEZYRFE.

oP Y FB RTPVMENB VSHMB CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH TEEOB. CHEUOPK 1941 WITH UNPZ TEYYFSH RTYOGYRYBMSHOSCH CHPRPTUSCH U BOZMYKULIN NYOYUFTPN BCHYBGYY UTPN bTYUYVBMSHDPN uYOLMETPN. yuEMPCHEL YYTPLLPZP KHNB Y VMBZPTPDUFCHB, BY RPOINBM, UFP UKHEEUFChPCHBOYE BCHYBGYY "UCHPVPDOPK zhTBOGYY" OE MYYEOP RPMSHSHSH. BY UPZMBUYMUS U NPYN RTEDMPTSEOYEN P UPЪDBOY OBUYI ULBDTYMYK RP PVTBGH BOZMYKULYI. BOZMYYUBOE RTEDPUFBCHMSMY OBN OEDPUFBAEIK OBENOSCHK RETUPOBM Y PVKHYUBMY CH UCHPYI YLPMBI OBUYI MEFUYLPCH. YYMYYYEL OBYI RYMPFPCH Refinery UMHTSYFSH CH BOZMYKULYI YUBUFSI. OP SING DPMTSOSCH VSHMY OBIPDIFSHUS ABOUT RPMPTSEOY PFLPNBODITPCHBOOSCHI ZHTBOGHYULYI PZHYGETPCH, RPDYUYOOOSCHI ZHTBOGKHULYN KHUFBCHBN Y OPUSEYI ZHTBOGHYULHA ZHTNKH. 8 YAOS 1941 WITH OBRYUBM YЪ LBYTB UYTH bTYUYVBMSHDH RYUSHNP, RPDFCHETTSDBS UPZMBYEOYE, CHSTBVPFBOOPE ABOUT LFYI PUOPCHBI RPMLPCHOILPN hBMEOPN. u FAIRY RPT LFP UPZMBYYE OEHLPUOYFEMSHOP UPVMADBMPUSH NBTYBMBNY BCHYBGYY rPTFBMPN CH mPODPOE, mPOZ-NPTPN, ЪBFEN feddetpn ABOUT chPUFPLE.

h LPOGE 1941 NSCH UPЪDBMY CH BOZMYY ULBDTYMSHA YUFTEVYFEMEK "YMSH DE ZhTBOU" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN UYFYCHP. lPZDB PO VSHHM UVYF OBD ZHTBOGYEK, PFLKHDB, CHRTPUEN, PO CHETOKHMUS, EZP ЪBNEOYM daretsche. ABOUT DTHZPK DEOSH RPUME OBYUBMB LBNRBOY CH UYTYY CH ESYRFE VSHMB UZHTNYTPCHBOB YULBDTYMSHS YUFTEVYFEMEK "UMSHBU", LPFPTBS UTBTSBMBUSH UOBYUBMB CH MYCHY RPD LPNBODPCHB OYEN rKHMYZEOB, B ЪBFEN RETEDYUMPGYTPCHBMBUSH CH BOZMYA, ZDE PE ZMBCHE EE CHUFBM nHYPFF {184} , RPZYVIYK ABOUT UMEDHAEIK ZPD CH VPA U CHTBZPN. h MECHBOFE PTZBOY'HEFUS ULBDTYMSHS VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCH "mPFBTYOZYS" RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN rYCP. bFPF RPUMEDOYK, UVYFSHCHK URKHUFS OUEULPMSHLP OEDEMSH OBD CHTBTSEULPK FETTYFPTYEK, UKHNEM DPVTBFSHUS DP UCHPYI Y DEUSH KHNET. EZP JBNEOSEF lPTOYMSHPO-nPMYOSHE. dMS RPDDETTSLY OBUYI PRETBGYK CH UBIBTE CH TBKPOE PIETB uBD PTZBOYPCHBOB UNEYBOOBS ULBDTYMSHS "vTEFBOSH" PE ZMBCHE U UES-RETEЪPN. CHEUOPK 1942 UPVTBOSH YUBUFSHA CH mPODPOE, YUBUFSH H TEKBLE MEFUYULY, LPFPTSHCHE RPTSE UPUFBCHSF CH TPUUYY ULBDTYMSHA, B ЪBFEN RPML "opTNBODIS". bFPK YUBUFSHHA RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP LPNBODPCHBMY FAMBO, mYFFPMSHZH, B RPUME YI UNETFY rHKBD. oBLPOEG, OELPFPTSCHE YI OBUYI RYMPFPCH RETEDBOSHCH RP NPENKH RTYLBYH CH TBURPTSTSEOYE LPTPMECHULYI CHPDHYOSCHI UYM. nPTME, ZEKPMSH, ZEDC LPNBODHAF FBN ULBDTYMSHSNY. dChPE RPUMEDOYI RPZYVOKHF CH VPA. UMBChB UFPYF DPTPZP CH CHP'DKHYOSCHI UTBTSEOYSI. rPFETY BCHYBGYY “UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY” CH DCHB TBBB RTECHSHUIMY YUYUMEOOPUFSH DEKUFCHHAEEZP MEFOPZP UPUFBCHB.

pDOBLP EUMY NYTPCHPK IBTBLFET CHPKOSH CHSCHOKHTSDBM NEOS RPUFHRBFSH FBL, YUFPVSH ZHTBOGKHULYE UYMSCH RTOYINBMY KHYUBUFYE CH VPSI ABOUT CHUEI FEBFTBI CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK, ZMBCHOPE KHUIMY E S UFBTBMUS ULPOGEOFTYTPCHBFSH CH UECHETOPK bZHTYLE CH TBKPOE, CH LPFPTPN OBYVPMEE VSHMB ЪBYOFETEUPCHBOB ZHTBOGYS. HOYUFPTSYCH YFBMSHSOULKHA BTNYA CH YZHYPRYY, RTEZTBDYCH OENGBN DPTPZKH CH UYTYA, UBDHYYCH CH OBTPDSCHYE RPRSHFLH CHYY CHCHUFKHRYFSH RTPPHYCH UCHPVPDOPK ZHTBOGKHYULPK bZHTYLY , NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHMY OBYUBFSH DEKUFCHYS CH MYCHYY.

h OPSVTE 1941 BOZMYYUBOE RTEDRTYOSMY ЪDEUSH EEE PDOP OBUFHRMEOYE. eUMY VSC YN KHDBMPUSH DPUFYUSH ZTBOYGSCH fHOYUB, DMS OBU ChBTsOP VSCHMP VSC RTYKFY FHDB CHNEUFE U OYNY, PLBBBCH YN RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOP RPNPESH CH VPTSHVE U CHTBZPN. eUMY TSE, OBPVPTTPF, CHTBZKH HDBMPUSH VSH PFVTPUYFSH YI, NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHMY VSH UDEMBFSH CHUE CHPNPTSOPE, YUFPVSH RPNPYUSH YN PUFBOPCHYFSH RTPPFYCHOILB, RTETSDE YUEN ON CHPTCHEFUS CH EZY REF. h MAVPN UMHYUBE NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHHMY RTYMPTSYFSH NBLUINKHN KHUIMYK, OP UPITBOYFSH UCPE UPVUFCHOOPE MYGP, U FEN YUFPVSH PDETSBFSH RPVEDH, RPMEYOKHA DMS zhTBOGYY.

nsch NPZMY DEKUFCHPCHBFSH DCHPSLP: OBYUBFSH OBUFHRMEOYE PF PIETB uBD ABOUT ZHEGGBO UYMBNY UBIBTULPK LPMPOOSCH, DBCHOP RPDZPFPCHMEOOOPK melMETLPN, MYVP CHLMAYUYFSH CH BOZMYKULPE OBUFHRME OYE CH MYCHYY RPDCHYTSOSCHE UYMSCH, UFPSEYE OZPFPCHE CH MECHBOFE RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN mBTNYOB. with TEYM PUHEEUFCHYFSH PVB CHBTYBOFB, OP FBL, YUFPVSH DEKUFCHYS OBUYI UPMDBF RTYOEUMY RTSNHA RPMSHЪKH ZTBOGYY.

ъBICHBF ZHEGGBOB Y RPUMEDHAEIK NBTY ABOUT FTYRPMY RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK PRETBGYA, UPRTTSSEOOKHA U VPMSHYYN TYULPN. eUMY VSHCH POBO OE KHDBMBUSH, ITS DPMZP OECHPNPTSOP VSCHMP VSC CHPVPVOPCHYFSH YЪ-ЪB OEVSHCHBMSHHI FTHDOPUFEK, UCHSBOOOSHI U ZHTNYTPCHBOYEN, UBTSCEOYEN Y UBVTSEOYEN LPMPOOSCH CH TBKPOE PETB uBD. bFB LPMPOOB DPMTSOB VSHMB DEKUFCHPCHBFSH CHUENY UYMBNY FPMSHLP FPZDB, LPZDB BOZMYUBOE, CHOPCHSH PCHMBDECH LITEOBYLPK, CHYMY VSHCH FTYRPMYFBOYA. h RTPFYCHOPN UMHYUBE POB DPMTSOB VSHMB PZTBOYUYFSHUS FEN, YuFP VEURLPYMB VSC YFBMSHSOGECH, UPCHETYBS ZMHVPLYE Y VSCHUFTSCHE TEKDSCH.

at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, S IPFEM, YuFPVSH "ZHTPOF yuBD" EUMY NPTsOP FBL OBCHBFSH TSD RP OEPVIPDYNPUFY TBTPЪOOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK PUFBCHBMUS ZHTBOGKHULYN ZHTPOFPN. VEKHUMPCHOP, OBYUBMP OBYEK UBIBTULPK PRETBGYY DPMTSOP VSHMP VSHFSH UPZMBUPCHBOP U DCHITSEOYEN 8-K BOZMYKULPK BTNYY. lFP ЪBCHYUEMP PF UCHSY U lBYTPN. OPCH PUFBMSHOPN MELMETL RPDYUYOSMUS VSH FPMSHLPNOE CHRMPFSH DP FPZP DOS, LPZDB, UPEDYOYCHYYUSH ABOUT RPDUFHRBI L UTEDYENOPNH NPTA U OBYNYY UPAYOILBNY, PO, EUFEUFCHEOOP, DPMTSEO VSHM VSH RPUFHRIFSH CH YI TBURPTSCEOYE. bFB BCHFPOPNYS VSHMB NOE FEN VPMEE DPTPZB, YuFP ЪБЧПЭЧКОЕ ЖЭГБОП СХИМПУШ ВШЧ OBYI THLBI ЪBMPZPN RTY RPUMEDHAEEN TEEOOY UHDSHVSH MYCHYY.

h FEYUEOYE OPSVTS-DELBVTS BOZMYYUBOE, CHEDS PTSEUFPYUEOOOSCH Y FTSEMSHCHE VPY, RTPOILMY CH LITEOBYLH. pTsYDBS YI CHUFKHRMEOYS CH fTYRPMYFBOYA, melMETL, RPDDETSBOOSCHK ZEOETBMPN UETTPN, LPFPTSCHK VSHM FPZDB ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIN CHPKULBNY CH uchPVPDOPK zTBOGKHYULPK bZHTYLE, ZPFP CHIMUS L OBUFHRMEOYA ABOUT ZHEGGBO. YuFP LBUBEFUS NEOS, S CH LFPN CHPRTPUE OE VSHM OBUFTPEO PRFYNYUFYUOP.

ъOBS, YuFP tPNNEMSH UKHNEM CHCHCHBFSHUS YЪ BOZMYKULYI FYULPCH Y YUFP RPUME PFЪSCCHB CHEKZBOB YЪ UECHETOPK bZhTYLY UPZMBYEOYE ZYFMET -dBTMBO DBCHBMP CHPNPTsOPUFSH RTPFYCHOILH RPMKHYUBFSH UOBVTSEOYE YFHOYUB, S OE TBUUYUYFSHCHBM ABOUT VSHUFTPE RTDPDCHYTSEOYE UPAYOLPCH L fTYRPMY. oBRTPFYCH, NOE LBBBMPUSH VPMEE CHETPSFOSCHN LPOFTOBUFHRMEOYE RTPFPYCHOILB. rППФПНХ, TBБТЭИБС RПДЗПФПЧЛХ Л ОПУФХРМЭОЯ, СЧПЪДЭТЦYЧБМУС OBYUYFSH FPYuOSCHK UTPL EZP OBYUBMB. fBL LBL, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NYUUYS UCHSYY, LPFPTHHA melMETL RPUMBM ch lBYT, VShchMB RPUFBCHMEOB CH FBLYE HUMPCHYS, YuFP POB VSHMB CHSCHOKHTSDEOB UPZMBUYFSHUS ABOUT RPDYOOYE VTYFBOULP NH LPNBODPCHBOYA, S HLBЪBM ZEOETBMH YUNEA, YuFP S OB LFP OE UPZMBUEO, Y TBYASUOIM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN NYUUYY YI TPMSH .

DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OBY UPAYOILY OE CHUFHRYMY CH FTYRPMYFBOYA. RETCHCHE NEUSGSHCH 1942 VSCHMY DMS PVEYI UFPTPO RETYPDPN UFBVYMYYBGYY. u LFPPZP READING OBLY CHKULB CH TBKPOE PUETB uBD NPZMY FPMSHLP UPCHETYBFSH CURRENT OBMEFSCH, MY MELMETLKH OE FETREMPUSH OBOSFSHUS LFYN. 4 ZHECHTBMS WITH DBM UCHPE UPZMBUYE. BY UDEMBM LFP CH FEYEOYE NBTFB, RTPKDS UP UCHPYNYY PECHSHCHNYYUBUFSNYY, RPDDETSBOOSCHNYY UBNPMEFBNYY, YuETE ZHEGGBO, TBTHYBS NOPZYE CHTBTSEULYE RPUFSHCH, ЪBICHBFSHCHBS NOP ZPYUYUMEOOSCHI RMEOOOSCHY FTPJEY. ъБФЭН PO CHETOHMUS ABOUT UCHPA VBH, RPOEUS OEOBYUYFEMSHOSH RPFETY. YuFPVSH TBUYYTYFSH NBUYFBVSH Y CHPNPTSOPUFY DEKUFCHYK bFPZP YULMAYUYFEMSHOP URPUPVOPZP CHPEOBYUBMSHOILB, WITH OBVIUM EZP CH BRTEME LPNBODHAEIN CHUENY CHPPTHTSEOOSCHNY UYMBN Y uChPVPDOPK zhtbogkh'ulpk bzhtyly. th ABOUT LFPF TB NOE RTYYMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH RTPFEUFSCH, CHCHCHBOOSCH EZP YUTENTOPK ULTPNOPUFSH. u LFPPZP READ BY UBN Y EZP ChPKULB RPYUKHCHUFCHBMY UEVS DPUFBFPYuOP UIMSHOSCHNY, YUFPVSH ЪBICHBFYFSH PBYUSCH, LBL FPMSHLP UPVShchFYS Ch MYCHYY VHDHF TBЪCHYCHBFSHUS H VMBZPRTYSFOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. pDOBLP YN RTYYMPUSH PTSYDBFSH EEE DPMZYI DEUSFSH NEUSGECH CH KHTSBOOKHA CBTH UTEDY ULBM Y REULPCH, RTETSDE YUEN POY PDETSBMY RPVEDH Y UNSHMY OBLPOEG U EVS RSHHMSH CH UTEDYENOPN NPTE.

OP EUMY CH TBKPOE PYTB UBD OBN RTYYMPUSH PFFSZYCHBFSH TEYBAEYK HDBT, FP CH LITEOBYLE RTEDUFBCHMSMBUSH DPMZPTsDBOOBS CHPNPTSOPUFSH RPLBJBFSH, ABOUT YFP NSCH URPUPVOSH. pDOBLP OBN RTEDUFPSMP RTEPDPMEFSH NOPZP RTERSFUFCHYK, RTETSDE YUEN NSCH DPVYMYUSH UPZMBUYS UPAJOYLPCH ABOUT KHYUBUFYE LTHROSH ZHTBOGKHULYI UPEDYOEOYK CH VPECHSHCHI DEKUFCHYSI CH LFPN TBKPE.

DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, DCHE MEZLIYE NPFPNEIBOYTPCHBOOSCH DYCHYYYY FBOLPCHSHCHK RPML, UZHPTNYTPCHBOOSCH H UYYYY RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN MBTNYOB, OE VSHCHMY KHYUFEOSCH BOZMYKULINE LPNBODPCHB OYEN RTY RPDZPFPCHLE OBUFHRMEOYS, OBYUBFPZP CH LPOGE PLFSVTS. pDOBLP PVB UPEDYOOYS VSHCHMY UIMSHOSCHNYY IPTPYP CHPPTHTSEOOSCHNY. LBTSDPE YЪ OYI VSHMP NPFPTYЪPCHBOP Y UPUFPSMP YЪ RSFY REIPFOSCHI VBFBMSHPOCH, BTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB, TPFSH rfp, TPFSH rchp, RPDTBDEMEOYS TBCHEDLY, TPFSHCH Y RBTLB YOTSEETOSCHI CHPKUL, TPFSH UCHSY, FTBOURPTFOPK TPFSH, YFBVOPK TPFSH Y UMKhTSV. fY UPEDYOEOYS, CHLMAYUBAYE RPDTBDEMEOYS CHUEI TPDPCH ChPKUL Y RPFPNKH URPUPVOSHCHSHCHRPMOSFSH PFDEMSHOHA FBLFYUEULHA ЪBDBYUKH, VSHMY DYCHYYSNY CH VHLCHBMSHOPN UNSHUME UMP BW. iPFS SING ABOUT UBNPN DEME VSHMY "MEZLYNY", WITH OBUFBYCHBM YNEOOOP ABOUT OBCHBOYY, LPFPTPPE UPPFCHEFUFCHCHBMP DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY. mBTNYOB, YURPMSHЪHS PTHTSYE, PUFBCHMEOOPE DEOGEN YMY ЪBICHBYUEOOPE ABOUT ULMBDBY, PITBOSENSHI YFBMSHSOULINY LPNYUUYSNY RP RETENYTYA, UOBVDYM CHUE RPDTBBDEMEOYS ZTP OSHCHN CHPPTHTSEOYEN, Y OBOY DPVTPCHPMSHGSHCH, OETZYYUOSCH Y TBUFPTPPROSCH TEVSFB, CHMBDEMY YN CH UPCHETYEOUFCHE. fBLYN PVTBBPN, RPNNYNP DYCHYYPOOPK BTFYMMETYY LBTSDSCHK VBFBMSHPO YNEM YEUFSH 75-NYMMYNEFTPPCHSHCHI PTHDYK. nOPZP VShchMP FBLCE NYOPNEFPCH Y BCHFPNBFYUEULPZP PTHTSYS. h UMHYUBE OBUFHRMEOYS UMEDPCHBMP VSC PVMESUYFSH CHPKULB. OP ЪBFP CH PVPTPOE POY PVMBDBMY YULMAYUYFEMSHOPK PZOECHPK NPESH.

pDPVTYCH 20 UEOFSVTS UPUFBCH DCHHI MEZLYI NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOSCHI DYCHYYK, S OBRTBCHYM 7 PLFSVTS YuETYUYMMA RYUSHNP, UPPVEBS ENKH P OBUYI OBNETEOYSI Y CHPNPTSOPUFSI. pDOPCHTENEOOOP S OBRYUBM ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEENH CHPKULBNY ABOUT CHPUFPLE ZEOETBMH PLYOMELH, OBRPNYOBS ENKH P OBUYEN TSEMBOVY UTBTSBFSHUS CH MYCHYY. s KHLBЪBM yuETYUYMMA Y ZEOETBMH pLYOMELH, UFP RTY RTPchedeoyy fYI PRETBGYK S ZPFPCH RPDYUYOYFSH CHUA ZTHRRYTPCHLH mBTNYOB BOZMYKULPNH LPNBODPCHBOYA Y UFP, U DTHZPK UFP TPOSCH, melmetl IPFS Y VHDEF DEKUFCHPCHBFSH BCHFPOPNOP, OP UNPTsEF RTEDRTYOSFSH OBUFHRMEOYE ABOUT ZHEGGBO, LPZDB LFP VKhDEF OEPVIPDYNP. 9 PLFSSVTS S RPUEFYM BOZMYKULPZP CHPEOOOPZP NYOYUFTB nBTZEUUPOB Y RPRTPPUYM EZP CHNEYBFSHUS CH LFP DEMP. oBLPOEG, 30 PLFSVTS S UPPVEIM ZEOETBMH lBFTH HUMPCHYS, ABOUT LPFPTSCHI OBIY CHKULB DPMTSOSCH RTYOSFSH HYUBUFYE CH CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYSI. ZMBCHOSCHN HUMPCHYEN VSHMB CHPNPTSOPUFSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH GEMSHNY UPEDYOEOSNY.

fPMSHLP 27 OPSVTS S RPMKHYUM BOZMYKULYK PFCHEF. ON VSHHMNOE RPUMBO OBUBMSHOILPN YFBVB CHPEOOOPZP LBVYOEFB yuetyuyMMS ZEOETBMPN yUNEEN. EZP RYUSHNP POBYUBMP PFLB, CHETSMYCHSHCHK, OP LBFEZPTYUEULYK. YuFPVSH PVASUOYFSH LFPF PFLB, OBY UPA'OILY UUSCHMBMYUSH ABOUT "TBBPVEOOOPUFSH ZHTBOGHYULYI YUBUFEK, TBURMPTSEOOSCHI CH TBMYUOSCHI RHOLFBI UYTYY", ABOUT FP, YuFP "SING OE VSHCHMY ABOUT FTEOYTPCHBOSH DMS DEKUFCHYK CH UPUFBCHE DYCHYYYK Y VTYZBD”, OBLPOEG, ABOUT YI “OEDPUFBFPYUOPE UOBTSSEOYE”. pDOBLP SING CHSTBTSBMY OBDETSDH, YuFP VKHDHEEE RPJCHPMYF RETEUNPFTEFSH LFPF CHPRTPU.

VSHMP SUOP, YuFP BOZMYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE TBUUYUYFSHCHBMP ЪБЧетийФШ ЪБЧПеЧКОЪ MYCHYYY RPLPOYUYFSH U TPNNEMEN VEЪ RPNPEY ZHTBOGKHPCH. rTBCHDB, POP TBURPMBZBMP OBYUYFEMSHOSCHNYY OBYUYOSCHNYY CHPJDKHYOSCHNYY UYMBNYY CH LFPN TBKPOEYYUYYFBMP, YFP BDNYTBM yODTA LBOOYOZN, RTELTBUOSCHK CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL Y NPTSL, UNPTsEF UPCHETYYFSH OECHPNPTSOPE Y RPMOPUFSH RTECHBFSH LPNNHOILBGYY RTPFPYCHOILB NETSDKH YFBMYEK Y FTYRPMYFBOYEK.

nPTsOP UEVE RTEDUFBCHYFSH, LBL S VShchM TBUPYUBTPCHBO BOZMYKULIN PFCHEFPN. with OE refinery DPRKHUFYFSH, YUFPVSH OBUY CHKULB PUFBCHBMYUSH CH VE'DEKUFCHYY OEPRTEDEMOOPE CHTENS, LPZDB CH VYFCHBI TEYBMBUSH UHDSHVB NYTB. rПФПНХ WITH RTEDRPYU CHЪSFSH ABOUT EUVS TYUL YЪNEOOYS PTYEOFBGYY. with RTYZMBUYM vPZPNPMPCHB Y RPRTPUYM EZP UPPVEYFSH EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH, YuFP obGYPOBMSHOSCHK LPNYFEF TSEMBM VSHCH, YuFPVSH ZHTBOGHULYE CHPPTHTSEOOSCHE UYMSCH RTYOSMY OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP E KHYUBUFYE CH PRETBGYSI UPAYOLPCH ABOUT chPUFPYUOPN ZHTPOFE CH UMHYUBE, EUMY FEBFT CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK CH UECHETOPK bZHTYLE VKhDEF DMS OYI OBLTSHCHF. UBNP UPVPK TBHNEEFUS, S OE DEMBM CH mPODPOE OYLBLPK FBKOSHCH YUCHPEZP RTEDMPTSEOYS. OP EEE DP FPZP, LBL S RPMKHYUM PFCHEF YЪ nPULCHSHCH, OBNETEOYS BOZMYUBO YYNEOMYUSH. 7 DELBVTS yuETYUYMMSH OBRYUBM NOE RSHMLPE RYUSHNP, CH LPFPTPN KHLBBM, YuFP PO "FPMSHLP YuFP KHOOBM PF ZEOETBMB pLYOMELB, YuFP LFP RPUMEDOYK PUEOSH VSC IPFEM RTYCHMEYUSH VTYZBD X "UChPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY" L PRETBGYSN CH LITEOBYLE." “with ЪOBA, DPVBCHMSM RTENSHET-NYOYUFT, -YuFP LFP OBNETEOYE UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF CHBYENKH TsEMBOYA. with ЪOBA FBLCE, LBL CHBYN UPMDBFBN OE FETRYFUS RPNETYFSHUS UYMBNY U OENGBNY.”

with PFCHEFYM yuETYUYMMA, YuFP PDPVTSA RTPELF Y PFDBN OEPVIPDYNSCHE TBURPTTSEOYS ZEOETBMKH lBFTH. ABOUT UBNPN DEME BOZMYYUBOE, LTPNE FPZP, YuFP YN VSCHMP VSC OPTYSFOP CHPNPTSOPE RETENEEEOYE ZHTBOGHYULYI UYM CH TPUUYA, OBUYOBMY RPOINBFSH, LBLHA CHPEOOKHA CHSHZPDKH NPZMB RTYOUFY OBYB RPNPESH CH VYFCHE ЪB LITEOBYLH. sing KHVEDYMYUSH CHPPYUYA, YuFP RTPFYCHOIL KHRPTOP PFUFBYCHBEF LBTSDSCHK LMPYUPL ENMY, YuFP YI UPVUFCHOOOSHE CHPKULB OEUHF FSTSEMSHCHE RPFETY, YuFP YN OEPVIPDYNP TEPTZBOYPCHBFSH ABOUT NEUFE LPNBODPCHBOYE, RMPIP RTYURPUPVMOOPE L PRETBGYSN U HYUBUFYEN NEIBOYYTPCHBOOSCHI CHPKUL. pFLBBBCHYUSH PF RTDPDPMTSEOYS OBUFHRMEOYS CH fTYRPMYFBOYY, SING PCYDBMY, YuFP tPNNEMSH CHULPTE CHOPCSH CHPSHNEF YOYGYBFYCHH CH UCHPY THLY. bFB RETURELFYCHB CHSCHOKHTsDBMB YI PVTBEBFSHUS JB OBYEK RPNPESH.

h lBYTE lBFTH DPZPCHPTYMUS U PLYOMELLPN P RETEVTPULE H MYCHYA 1-K MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPC DYCHYYY, BLEOYZ RTY PVUKhTSDEOOY DEFBMEK UPZMBYEOYS DPVIYMUS, YuFP UPAYOIL Y RTEDPUFBCHYMY OBN RPNPESH, UOBVDYCH RTPFYCHPFBOLPCHSHNYY YEOYFOSCHNY PTHDISNY Y FTBOURPTFOSHNY UTEDUFCHBNY. h SOCHBTE LFB DYCHYYS RTPCHEMB OUEULPMSHLP KHDBUOSHI PECH U YUBUFSNY tPNNEMS, PLTHTSEOOSCHNY CH UPMMHNE Y vBTDAYY, LPFPTSCHE CHULPTE LBRYFHMYTPCHBMY. ChYDS CHETEOYGSH OENEGLYI RMEOOSCHI, LPFPTSCHI POY RPNPZMY ЪBICHBFYFSH, OBUY ChPKULB VSHCHMY RPFTSUEOSH DP ZMHVYOSCH DKHYY. h VPDTPN Y RTYRPDOSFPN OBUFTPEOOY SING OBRTBCHYMYUSH ABOUT ЪBRBD. h ZHECHTBME, h FP CHTENS LBL BOZMYYUBOE TBBNEEBMY UCHPY ZMBCHOSCHESCH UYMSCH CH GEOFTE LITEOBYLY, ABOUT FBL OBSCHCHBENPK RPYIGYY “zBBBMB”, UPUFPSEEK Y OEULPMSHLYI KHLTERMEOOOSCHI TBKOPCH, OB Y ChPKULB ЪBOSMY TBKPO VYT-iBLEKN, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHK ATSOEE. HLTERMSS UCHPY RPYYGYY, SING CH FP TSE CHTENS CHEMY BLFYCHOSCH TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOSH RPYULY CH ZMHVYOE OYUEKOPK RPMPUSH, PFDEMSCHYEK YI PF ZMBCHOSCHI UYM RTPFPYCHOILB.

OP EUMY 1-K MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPC DYCHYYYY RPCHEYMP, FP UPCHUEN YOBYUE PVUFPSMP UP 2-K, LPFPTBS RTDDPMTsBMB VEDEKUFChPCHBFSH CH MECHBOFE. with CE IPFEM, YuFPVSH POB FBLCE RTYOSMB KHYBUFYE CH CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYSI. lBL TB ADELBVTS vPZPNPMPCH UPPVEIM NOE, YuFP NPK RTPELF RPUSCHMLY ZHTBOGKHULYI CHPKUL CH TPUUYA CHUFTEFYM ZPTSYUEE PDPVTEOYE EZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, LPFPTPE ZPFPChP UOBVDYFSH ABOUT NEU FE OBIY UYMSCH CHUEN OEPVIPDYNSCHN. fPZDB S TEYM RPUMBFSH ABOUT CHPUFPL OE FPMSHLP BCHYBGYPOOKHA ULBDTYMSHA “oPTNBODYS”, OP Y 2-A MEZLHA NFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOKHA DYCHYYA. ьФБ RPUMEDOSS, PFRTBCHSUSH YYYYYY RTPKDS YUETE vBZDBD, DPMTSOB VSHMB RETEUEYUSH yTBO ABOUT ZTHPCHYLBY, ЪBFEN YЪ fBCHTYЪB RP TSEMEЪOPK DPTPZE RTYVSCHFSH ABOUT LBCHL Bb. bFP VShchM PVSHYUOSCHK RKHFSH, RP LPFPTPNH YITBOULYI RPTFPCH DPUFBCHMSMYUSH CH TPUUYA ZTHYSHCH, RPUSHMBENSHCHE UPAYOILBNY. 29 DELBVTS S OBRYUBM ZEOETBMH YUNEA, RTEDHRTEDYCH EZP P UCHPYI OBNETEOYSI, Y DBM ZEOETBMH lBFTH OEPVIPDYNSCHE YOUFTHLGYY. 15 NBTFB 2-S NPFPNEIDYCHYYS DPMTSOB VSHMB PFRTBCHYFSHUS ABOUT lBCHLB, EUMY DP bFPZP POB OE RPFTEVPCHBMBUSH VSC H MYCHYY.

BOZMYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE CHSHCHDCHYOHMP CHUE CHPNPTSOSCHE CHPTBTTSEOYS RTPPFYCH RPTPELFB RPUSHMLY DYCHYYY CH TPUUYA. h nPULCHE CE UPCHEFSH KHICHBFYMYUSH ЪB БФХ IDEA. nPMPFPCH CH VUEEDBI U zBTTP, ZEOETBM rBOZHYMPCH U REFY FPTPRYMY OBU PUKHEEUFCHYFSH EE; IDEO, RPUFBCHMEOOOSCHK CH YICHEUFOPUFSH, CHCHUFHRIM UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSH Y OBRYUBM NOE, RPDDETSYCHBS FPYULH ЪTEOYS BOZMYKULYI CHPEOOSCHI. with RTDDPMTsBM OBUFBYCHBFSH ABOUT UCHPEN, Y CH LPOGE ZHECHTBMS UPAJOYUEULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE RTYOSMP VMBZPRTYSFOPE TEYEOYE. noe UPPVEIM PV LFPN yUNEK. pLYOMEL RPRTPUYM LBFTKH RETEDBFSH CH EZP TBURPTTSEOYE 2-A MEZLHA NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOKHA DYCHYYA. rPLYOKHCH UYYA, POB RTYVSHMB CH MYCHYA CH RPUMEDOYI YUYUMBI NBTFB.

zTHRRYTPCHLB mBTNYOB VSHMB FERTSH ABOUT NEUF: LEOYZ U 1-K DYCHYYEK ABOUT MYOY VYT-iBLKN, lBBP UP 2-K CH TEETCHE. fBOLPCHSHCHK RPML RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RPMLPCHOILB TENY RPMKHYUBM CH FSHMKH OPCHHA NBFETYBMSHOKHA YUBUFSH. tPFB RBTBYAFYUFPCH, LPFPTHA WITH RETECHYY BOZMYY, FTEOYTPCHBMBUSH CH yUNBYMYY, ZPFPCHBS L CHSHRPMOEOYA VPECHPK ЪBDBUY. lFP UPUFBCHMSMP 12 FSHUSYU UPMDBF Y PZHYGETPCH YMY RTYNETOP 1/5 UYM UPAJOILPC, DEKUFCHHAEYI CH LFPN TBKPOE. yULBDTYMSHS YUFTEVYFEMEK "UMSHBU" Y ULBDTYMSHS VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCH "mpFBTIOZYS" UTBTSBMYUSH U PLFSVTS NEUSGB CH OEEV LITEOBYLY. NOPZIE OBOY RPUSHMSHOSHE UKHDB Y FTBMSHAILY HYUBUFCHPCHBMY CH ULPTFE LBTBCHBOPCH CHDPMSH RPVETETSSHS. fBLYN PVTBBPN, OBYUYFEMSHOSH ZHTBOGKHULYE UYMSCH VSHMY UPUTEDPFPYUEOSCH CHCHTENS ABOUT ZMBCHOPN FEBFT CHPEOOSCHI DEKUFCHYK. CHULPTE VPZ CHPKOSH RTEDPUFBCHYM UPMDBFBN "UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY" CHPNPTSOPUFSH KHYBUFCHPCHBFSH CH VPMSHYPN UTBTSEOYY RPLTSCHFSH UEVS OEKHCHSDBENPK UMBCHPK. 27 NBS tPNNEMSH RETEIPDIF CH OBUFHRMEOYE. VYT-iBLKN RPDCHETZBEFUS OBRBDEOYA.

h RTEDRTYSFYSI, h LPFPTSCHI TYULHEYSH CHUEN, PVSHYUOP OBUFKHRBEF FBLPC NNEOF, LPZDB FPF, LFP CHEDEF YZTH, YUKHCHUFCHHEF, YuFP UHDSHVB CHPF-CHPF TEYYFUS. rP KhDYCHYFEMSHOPNH UFEYEOYA PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH FSHUSYU YURSHCHFBOYK, LPFPTSCHN PO RPDCHETZBEFUS, LBL VSC CHPRMPEBAFUS OEPTSIDBOOP CH PDOPN TEYBAEEN RYJPDE. eUMY LFPF LRYЪPD VHDEF KHDBUOSCHN, ZHTTFHOB KHMSHCHVOEFUS. OP EUMY PO RTYCHEDEF CH EBNEYBFEMSHUFCHP THLPCHPDYFEMS, CHUE DEM RTPYZTBOP. h FP CHTENS LPZDB CHPLTHZ RPMYZPOB RMPEBDSHA Ch 16 LCHBDTBFOSCHI LYMPNEFTPC, KhDETSYCHBENPZP UPMDBFBNY LEOZB, TBSHCHZTSCHCHBEFUS DTBNB vYT-iBLEKNB, S UBN, OBIPDSUSH CH mPOD POE, ЪOBLPNSUSH U FEMEZTBNNBNNY, CHSHUMKHYYCHBS LPNNEOFBTYY, YUYFBS PE CHZMSDBI FP UFTBI, FP OBDETSDH, TBUUUYFSHCHBA, LBLPCHSH VHDHF RPUMEDUFCHYS FPZP, YuFP FBN RTPYUIPDYF. eUMY LFY 5500 VPKGPCH, LBTSDSCHK UP UCHPYN ZPTEN Y OBDETSDPK DPVTPChPMSHOP RTYVSHCHYYE YJTBOGYY, bZhTYLY, MECHBOFB, fYIPZP PLEBOB, UPVTBOOSCHE, OEUNPFTS ABOUT UFPMSHLP FTHD OPUFEK, FBN, HERE SING UEKUBU OBIPDSFUS, RPFETRSF RPTBTSEOYE, OBUYE DAMP VHDEF UETSHEOP RPDPTCHBOP. th OBPVPTTPF, EUMY CH LFPF NNEOF, ABOUT LFPC ENME SING UPCHETYBF CHEMILIK RPDCHYZ, VHDHEEE RTYOBDMETSYF OBN!

retchsche VPY RTPchedeosch LBL OEMSHЪS MHYUYE. noe DPOPUSF, YuFP 27 NBS, LPZDB ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH RTPFPYCHOILB RTPYMY ATSOEEE VYT-iBLEKNB, YuFPVSH PLTHTSYFSH RPIYGYY UPAYOILPC, YFBMSHSOULBS NPFPDYCHYYS "bTSHEFE" V TPUYMB RTPFYCH ZHTBOGKHPCH UPFOA FBOLPCH Y RPFETSMB UPTPL YЪ OYI, PVMNLY LPFPTSCHI HUESMY RPME VPS. 28 Y 29 NBS OBY PFTSDSHCH, CHSHUMBOOSCH PE CHUEI OBRTBCHMEOSI, HOYUFPTSYMY EEE YFHL RSFOBDGBFSH FBOLPCH Y BICHBFYMY 200 RMEOOSCHI. 30 НБС ЗЕОЕТБМ тПННЕМШ, ЛПФПТЩК ОЕ УНПЗ ПДОЙН ХДБТПН УРТБЧЙФШУС У БОЗМЙКУЛЙНЙ НЕИБОЙЪЙТПЧБООЩНЙ УПЕДЙОЕОЙСНЙ, ТЕЫБЕФ ПФПКФЙ, ЮФПВЩ ПУХЭЕУФЧЙФШ ОПЧЩК НБОЕЧТ. URKHUFS DCHB DOS ZHTBOGKHULBS LPMPOOB RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN RPMLPCHOILB vTPYB PCHMBDECHBEF RPYGYEK tPFPODB UYOSHSMY, TBURPMPTSEOOPK CH 50 LYMPNEFTBI L ЪBRBDH. 1 YAOS mBTNYOB YOURELFYTHEF OBIY CHPKULB ABOUT NEUF. EZP DPOUEEOYE RPMOP PRFYNYNB. h NYTE UPDBEFUS PRTEDEMEOOPE NOOOYE. oELPFPTSCHE RTEDULBSCHBAF, YuFP LFP DEMP NPZMP VSC OBYUYFEMSHOP RTECHPKFY ZTBBOYGSCH FBLFYUEULPK PRETBGYY. TBDYP Y ZBJEFSH UDETSBOOP, CHSHCHVYTBS CHSTBTTSEOYS, ULHRP OBUYOBAF ICHBMYFSH ZHTBOGKHULYE ChPKULB Y YI LPNBOYTPCH.

ABOUT UMEDHAEIK DEOSH tPNNEMSH CHPЪPVOPCHMSEF OBUFHRMEOYE. ABOUT LFPF TB BY BFBLHEF GEOFT RPYYGYY ZEOETBMB TYYUY, OBYOOOPZP PLYOMELLPN LPNBODHAEIN ZHTPOFPN. OENGSH PCHMBDECHBAF CH ZPF-UMSH-ULBTBVE RPYGYEK PDOPK BOZMYKULPK VTYZBDSHCH, RTEPDPMECHBAF CH LFPN RHOLFE VPMSHYPE NYOOPE RPME, RTYLTSHCHBAYEE RPDUFHRSH L ZBBBMB Y VYT-i BLEKNH, Y CH GEMSI TBUYYTEOYS RTPTSCHCHB OBRTBCHMSAF RTPFYCH OBUYI CHPKUL PDOKH DYCHYJYA bZHTYLBOULZP LPTRHUB. CHRECHSHCHE U YAOS 1940 ZHTBOGKHYSCH Y OENGSHCH CHOPCHSH CHUFTEYUBAFUS CH VPMSHYPN UTBTSEOYY. uOBYUBMB CH NEMLYI UFSHYULBI NSCH ЪBICHBFSHCHBEN 150 RMEOOSCH. OP PUEOSH ULPTP ZHTPOF KHUFBOBCHMYCHBEFUS CH RTEDD4Y VYFCHSHCH. dChKHN CHTBTSEULIN RBTMBNEOFETBN, LPFPTSCHE RTEDMBZBAF LBRYFKHMYTPCHBFSH, LEOYZ PFCHEYUBEF, YuFP PO OE EB LFYN RTYYEM UADB.

NETSDH FEN CH RPUMEDHAEYE DYO RTPPHYCHOIL UFSZYCHBEF LPMSHGP PLTHTSEOYS. vBFBTEY FSTSEMSHCHI PTHDYK, CH FPN YUYUME 155-Y 200-NYMMYNEFTPPCHSHCHI, CHEDHF RP OBYN RPIYGYSN PZPOSH, LPPTSHCHK UFBOPCHYFUS CHUE VPMEE JOFEOUYCHOSCHN. FTY, YUEFSHTE, RSFSH TB ABOUT DEOSH YFKHTNPCHYLY Y "AOLETUSCH" UPCHETYBAF OBMEFSCH RP UPFOE UBNPMEFPCH PDOPCHTENEOOOP. rTPDPCHPMSHUFCHYE RPUFHRBEF CH OEDPUFBFPYUOPN LPMYUEUFCHE. h VYT-iBLEKNE CHUE NEOSHYE PUFBEFUS VPERTYRBUPCH, KHNEOSHIBEFUS RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHEOOSCHK TBGYPO, UPLTBEBEFUS TBDBYUB CHPDSH. rPD RBMSAIN UPMOGEN, UTEDY REUUBOSCHY CHYITEK ЪBEYFOILY OBIPDSFUS CH RPUFPSOOPK FTECHPZE, TSYCHHF CHNEUFE U TBOEOSCHNY, IPTPOSF NETFCHSCHI TSDPN U UPVPK. 3 YAOS ZEOETBM tPNNEMSH OBRTBCHMSEF RYUSHNP, OBRYUBOOPE YN UPVUFCHEOOPTHYUOP, U FTEVPCHBOYEN UMPTSYFSH PTHTSYE “CH RTPFYCHOPN UMHYUBE SING VHDHF KHOYUFPTSEOSHCH, LBL BOZMYKULYE VT YZBDSHCH ZPF-LMSH-ULBTBVE.” 5 YAOS PDYO YЪ EZP PZHYGETPCH RPCHFPTSEF LFP RTEDMPTSEOYE. ENH PFCHEYUBEF PZPOSH OBYEK BTFYMMETYY. OP CH FP CE CHTENS PE NOPZYI UFTBOBI L OBN RTPVKhTsDBEFUS YOFETEU RHVMYLY. ZhTBOGKHYSCH VYT-iBLEKNB RTYCHMELBAF CHUE VPMSHYEE CHOINBOYE REYUBFY Y TBDYP. pVEEUFCHOOPE NOOOYE ZPFPCHYFUS CHSCHOEFY UCHPA PGEOLKH. chPRTPU UFBCHYFUS FBL: NPTsEF MY EEE UMBCHB PUEOYFSH OBUYI UPMDBF?

7 YAOS VYT-iBLEKN RPMOPUFSHHA PLTHTSEO. 90-S OENEGLBS DYCHYYS Y YFBMSHSOULBS DYCHYYS “fTYEUF”, RPDDETSBOOSCH DCHHNS DEUSFLBNY VBFBTEK Y UPFOSNY FBOLPCH, ZPFPCHSH L YFKHTNH. “rTPDETTSYFEUSH EEE YEUFSH DOEK!” RTYLBYBMP LEOYZH UPA'OYUEULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE CHEWETPN 1 YAOS. fY YEUFSH DOEK YUFELMY. "rTPDETTSYFEUSH EEE UPTPL CHPUENSH YUBUPCH", RTPUYF ZEOETBM tyuy. uMEDHEF ULBYBFSH, YUFP UPLTHYYFEMSHOSHE KHDBTSHCH RTPFYCHOILB, OBOEUYE FBLYE RPFETY 8-K BTNYYY CHSHCHBCHYE FBLPE ЪBNEYBFEMSHUFChP, FBLPCSHCH, YUFP MAVBS PRETBGYS RP OBNEOE YMY PLBBOYA RPNPEY FERETSH OECHPNPTSOB. YuFP LBUBEFUS tPNNEMS, FP, UFTENSUSH VSHCHUFTEE DPUFYUSH ezYRFB, RPMSHJHSUSH UNSFEOYEN UTEDY BOZMYUBO, PO PYUEOSH TBBDTBTSEO LFYN UPRTPPFYCHMEOYEN ZHTBOGHPCH, LPFPTPPE RTPD PMTSBEFUS CH EZP FSHMKH Y UFEUOSEF EZP LPNNNHOILBGYY. VYT-iBLEKN UFBOPCHYFUS EZP PUOPCHOPK ЪBVPFPK Y EZP ZMBCHOPK GEMSHA. BY HCE OEPDOPLTBFOP RPSCHMSMUS ABOUT RPIYGYSI Y UDEMBEF LFP EEE OE TB, YUFPVSH KHULPTYFSH DEKUFCHYS YFKHTNHAEYI CHPKUL.

8 YAOS OBUYOBAFUS PCEUFPYUEOOOSCH BFBLY. Reipfb RTPFFICHELB OEPDOLTBFOP, RTY RPDEDDETSLE LTHROSHKHA a UMEM BTFMIMMETY Y Fbolpch, Obpkuychp, OP Vekhureyopa Pchmbdefsh Feng Yoshchn Hubuflpn Viyi RPYGIK. PYUEOSH FSSEMSCHK DEOSH DMS OBYI CHPKUL Y FSSEMBS OPYUSH, CH FEYOOYE LPFPTPK RTYCHPDSFUS CH RPTSDPL OBUY RPUFTBDBCHIYE PF PVUFTEMB RPYYGYY. 9 YAOS BFBLY CHPЪPVOPCHMSAFUS. chTBTSEULBS BTFYMMETYS HUYMYMBUSH PTHDYSNY LTHROPZP LBMYVTB, U LPFPTSCHNY OE NPZHF CHEUFY VPTSHVH 75-NYMMYNEFTPPCHSH PTHDYS RPMLPCHOILB mPTBO-yBNRTP. OBOY UPMDBFSH RPMKHYUBAF CHUEZP MYYSH PLPMP DCHHI MYFTPC CHPDSH CH UHFLY, YUFP CH ЪDEYOEN NEUFOPN LMYNBFE SCHMSEFUS UPCHETYOOOP OEDPUFBFPYUOSCHN. pDOBLP OEPVIPDYNP EEE DETSBFSHUS, RPFPNKH YuFP CH UCHSY UP UNSFEOYEN, RPUFEREOOP PICHBFSCHCHBAEIN TBMYUOSCH RPDTBDEMEOYS BOZMYKULPK BTNYY, UPRTPFYCHMEOYE LEOZB RTYPVTEFBEF FERETSH TEYBAEEE OBYOOYE. “ZETPYUEULBS PVPTPOB ZHTBOGGHPCH!” “vMEUFSAKE RPDCHYZ”! “ОENGSH TBVYFSH RPD VYT-iBLEKNPN!” PE CHEUSH ZPMPU FTHVSF YOZHPTNBGYPOOSCHE BZEOFUFCHB mPODPOB, OSHA-kPTLB, nPOTEBMS, lBYTB, TYP-DE-tsBOEKTP, vHIOPU-bKTEUB. nsch RTYVMYTSBENUS L GEMY, LPFPTHA OBNEFYMY, CHPЪMPTSYCH ABOUT CHPKULB “UCHPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYY”, UFPMSH OEOBYUYFEMSHOSHE RP YUYUMEOOPUFY, VPMSHYKHA TPMSH CH FYI VPMSHYI UPVSHCHFYSI. RHYLY RPD VYT-iBLKNPN CHPCHEUFYMY CHUENKH NYTH P OBYUBME CHPTPTSDEOYS ZhTBOGYY.

OP PFOSHCHOE NOE OE DBEF RPLPS NSCHUMSH P URBUEOYY BEYFOILPC. with RPONBA, YuFP POY OE UNPZHF CH FEYOOYE RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOPZP READING PFTBTSBFSH BFBLY, RPDDETSBOOSCH NPEOSCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY. lPOYUOP, S KHVETSDEO CH FPN, YuFP CH MAVPN UMHYUBE DYCHYYS OE UDBUFUS, YuFP RTPFYCHOIL VHDEF MYYEO KHDPCHPMSHUFCHYS KHCHYDEFSH, LBL RETED TPNNEMEN RTPKDEF DMYOOBS LPMPOOB ZHTBOGH YULYI RMEOOSCHI, Y YuFP EUMY OBUY ChPKULB VHDHF OERPLPMEVYNP UFPSFSH ABOUT NEUFA, FP RTPFYCHOILH, YuFPVSH PDPMEFSH YI, RPOBDPVYFUS HOYUFPTSYFSH YI RP YUBUFSN. OP TEYUSH YDEF P FPN, YuFPVSH URBUFY CHPKULB, BOE P FPN, YuFPVSH RTYNYTYFSHUS U YI ZETPYUEULPK ZYVEMSHA. NOE UPCHETYEOOP OEPVIPDYNSCH DMS DBMSHOEKYI PRETBGYK FY UPFOY RTECHPUIPDOSH PZHYGETPCH Y KHOFET-PZHYGETPCH, LFY FSCHUSYU PFMYUOSHI UPMDBF. UPCHETYYCH PDYO RPDCHYZ, POY DPMTSOSCH FERTSH UPCHETYYFSH DTHZPK: RTPTCCHBFSHUS ULCHPSH LPMSHGP CHTBTSEULYI CHPKUL, RTPKDS YUETE NYOOSCH RPMS, Y RTYUPEDYOIFSHUS L PUOPCHOSCHN UYMBN UPAJOILPC.

iPFS S CHPDETTSYCHBAUSH PF OERPUTEDUFCHEOOPZP CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHB CH THLPCHPDDUFCHP UTBTSEOYEN, FEN OE NEOEE CH FEYUEOYE 8th 9 YAOS S RTDDPMTsBA U VPMSHYPK OBUFPKYUCHPUFSHA PVTBEBFSHUS CH BOZM YKULYK YNRETULYK YFBV, KHLBSHCHBS, YuFP YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP CHBTsOP, YUFPVSH LEOYZ, RPLB EEE OE RPJDOP, RPMKHYUM RTYLB RPRSCHFBFSHUS CHSHCHKFY Y PLTHTSEOYS . with RPChFPTSA PV LFPN 10 YAOS yuETYUYMMA, U LPFPTSCHN S PVUKhTSDBM FPZDB ChPRTPU P nBDBZBULBTE. FEN CHTENEOEN TBCHSB RTYVMYTSBEFUS, Y S FEMEZTBZHYTHA LPNBODITH 1-K MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPK DYCHYYY: “ZEOETBM LEOYZ! "OBKFE Y RETEDBKFE CHBYN CHPKULBN, YuFP CHUS ZhTBOGYS UNPFTYF ABOUT CHBU Y ZPTDYFUS CHBNY!" b H LPOGE DOS ZEOETBM UT BMBO vTHL, OBYUBMSHOIL YNRETULPZP YFBVB, PVYASCHMSEF NOE, YuFP U UBNPZP KhFTB RTPFYCHOIL CHEDEF PTSEUFPYUEOOOSCH BFBLY ABOUT VYT-iBLEKN, OP YuFP TYUY DBM KHLBBOYE LEOYZH ЪBOSFSH OPCHHA RPYGYA, EUMY bFP ENKH KHDBUFUS UDEMBFSH. PRETBGYS DPMTSOB RTPYPKFY OPIUSHA.

about UMEDHAEE KhFTP, 11 YAOS, CHPUFPTTSEOOP-NTBUOSCH LPNNEOFBTYY TBDIY ZBJEF. rPULPMSHLH OILFP OE OBEF, YuFP ZHTBOGKHSCH RSCHFBAFUS CHSHKFY YI PLTHTSEOYS, CHUE, PYUECHYDOP, TsDHF U NYOKhFSHCH ABOUT NYOHFKH, YuFP YI UPRTPFYCHMEOYE VHDEF UMPNMEOP. OP CHPF CHYUETPN vTHL RPUSCHMBEF NOE UMEDHAEE YJCHEUFYE: “ZEOETBM LEOYZ Y VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH EZP CHPKUL DPUFYZMY UMSH-ZPVI Y OBIPDSFUS CHOE DPUZBENPUFY RTPPHYCHOILB.” with VMBZPDBTA CHEUFOILB, PFRHULBA EZP, ЪBLTSCHCHBA DCHETSH. with PUFBAUSH LUNCH AT UBNYN UPVPK. UETDGE VSHEFUS PF CHPMOOYS. NEOS PICHBFSHCHBEF YUKHCHUFCHP PZTPNOPK ZPTDPUFY, MSHAFUS UMESH TBDPUFY!

1-S MEZLBS NPFPNEIBOYTPCHBOOBS DYCHYYS OBUYFSHCHBMB DP UTBTSEOYS RPD VYT-iBLEKNPN RTYVMYJFEMSHOP 5500 YUEMPCHEL, B RPUME DCHHIOEDEMSHOSHI VPECH LEOYZ CHCHCHEM PFFHDB PLP MP 4 FSHUSYU RTYZPDOSCHI L DBMSHOEKYEK UMHTSVE UPMDBF. oELPFPTPPE LPMYUEUFCHP TBOEOSCHI HDBMPUSH CHSHCHEFFY CH FSHM CHNEUFE U YUBUFSNY. OBOY CHPKULB PUFBCHYMY ABOUT RPME VPS 1109 PZHYGETPCH Y UPMDBF, KHVYFSHCHI, TBOEOSCHY YMY RTPRBCHYI VEJ CHEUFY. UTEDY KHVYFSHCHI FTY UFBTYI PZHYGETB: RPDRPMLPCHOIL VTPY, NBKPTSH UBCHE Y vTYLPOSH. UTEDY TBOEOSCHI, PUFBCHYIUS ABOUT RPME VPS, NBKPTSH RAYHB Y vBVPOOP. rTYYMPUSH PUFBCHYFSH YUBUFSH RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOP KHOYUFPTSEOOPK VPECHPK FEIOIL. OP RPFETY, LPFPTSHCHE NSCH OBOEUMY RTPFYCHOILH, CH FTY TBBB RTECHPUIPDIMY OBUY RPFETY.

12 YAOS OENGSH PVYASCHYMY, YFP OBLBOKHOYE SING “CHSMY YFKHTNPN” VYT-iBLEKN. ъBFEN VETMYOLPE TBDYP PRHVMYLPCHBMP UMEDHAEEE LPNNAOYLE: “fBL LBL ZHTBOGKHSCH, VEMSHCHE GCHEFOSCH, ЪBICHBUEOOSCH RMEO RPD vYT-iBLEKNPN, OE RTYOBDMETSBF L TEZKHMSTOPK BTNY Y, FP VHDHF TBUUFTEMSOSH UPZMBUOP CHPEOOOSCHN ЪBLPOBN.” yuBU URKHUFS S RPRTPUYM RETEDBFSH RP vY-vY-uY ABOUT CHUEI SQSHLBI UMEDHAEEE UBSCHMEOYE: “eUMY ZETNBOWLS BTNYS PVEUUEUFYF UEVS HVYKUFCHPN ZHTBOGKHULYI UPMDBF, CHЪSF SCHI CH RMEO, LPZDB POY UTBTSBMYUSH UB UCHPA TPDYOH, ZEOETBM DE zPMMSH DPMTSEO UPPVEYFSH, YuFP, L UCHPENKH ZMHVPLPNH UPTSBMEOYA , VKhDEF CHSCHOKHTSDEO RPUFKHRYFSH FBLCE U OENGBNY, BICHBUEOOSCHNY CH RMEO EZP CHPKULBNY.” l LPOGKH DOS VETMYOULPE TBDYP PVYASCHYMP: “pFOPUYFEMSHOP ZHTBOGHYULYI CHPEOOPUMHTSBEYI, ЪBICHBUEOOSHI CH RMEO PE CHTENS PECH ЪB VYT-iBLEKN, OE NPTsEF ChPЪOILOHFSH OILBL YI UPNOEOYK. u UPMDBFBNY ZEOETBMB DE zPMMS VHDHF PVTBEBFSHUS LBL U UPMDBFBNY.” fBL POP Y VSHMP CH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY.

h FP CHTENS LBL 1-S MEZLBS NPFPNEIBOYTPCHBOOBS DYCHYYS RETEZTHRRYTPCHBMBUSH CH UYDY-vBTTTBOY Y lBFTH VEJ RTPNEDMEOYS RTYUFKHRYM L EE RPRPMOEOYA, OBYB BCHYBZTHRR B "ьМШЪBU" RTDPDPMTSBMB RTYOINBFSH KHYUBUFYE CH KHUYMYCHYIUS DEKUFCHYSI BOZMYKULPK YUFTEVYFEMSHOPK BCHYBGYY, B OBYB BCHYBZTHRRRB "mPFBTYOZYS" HYUBEBMB UPCHNEUFOP U VPNVBT DYTPCHEYLBNY BOZMYKULYI CHPEOOP-CHP'DKHYOSCHI UYM UCHPY OBMEFSCH ABOUT LPNNHOILBGYY RTPFYCHOILB. h FP CE CHTENS OBOY RBTBYAFYUFSHCHSHCHRPMOSMY VMEUFSEYE PRETBGYY. fBL, OBRTYNET, CH OPYUSH U 12 ABOUT 13 YAOS ZTHRRSH RBTBYAFYUFPCH HOYUFPTSYMY 12 UBNPMEFPCH O CHTBTSEULYI BTPPDTPNBI CH MYCHYY, B LBRYFBO VETCE, UVTPEOOOSCHK ABOUT RBTBIAFE U OEULP MSHLYNY UPMDBFBNY ABOUT PUFTPC lTYF, UKHNEM, DP FPZP LBL EZP UICHBFYMY, RPDTSEYUSH 21 VPNVBTDYTPCHAIL, 15 ZTHJPCHYLPCH Y ULMBD ZPTAYUEZP ABOUT BHTPDTPNE H lBODY.

pDOBLP 8-S BTNYS, CHOEBROP PICHBUEOOBS NPTBMSHOPK KHUFBMPUFSH, RPLYOKHMB LITEOBYLH, PUFBCHYCH ABOUT NEUFE OBYUYFEMSHOP LPMYUEUUFCHP VPECHPK FEIOIL. ZEOETBM PLYOMEL OBDESMUS UPITBOIFSH RP LTBKOEK NETE fPVTHL, UIMSHOP KHLTERMEOOKHA LTERPUFSH, UOBVTSBCHYHAUS U NPTS. OP 24 YAOS ZBTOYPO, OBUYFSHCHBCHYIK 33 FSCHUSYU YUEMPCHEL, UDBMUS OENGBN. mYYSH U VPMSHYYN FTHDPN BOZMYUBOBN KHDBMPUSH ЪBLTERIFSHUS ABOUT CHCHUPFBI UMSH-bMBNEKOB. pDYO HYUBUFPL RPYYGYY KHDETSYCHBMB 2-S MEZLBS NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOBS DYCHYYS RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN ZEOETBMB lBBP, OBLPOEG CHCHEDEOOBS CH DEM. UTEDY TEYETCHPCH OBIPDIMBUSH FBOLPCHBS ZTHRRB RPMLPCHOILB TENY, UTPYUOP UOBVTSEOOBS NBFETYBMSHOPK YUBUFSH. rPMPTSEOYE VSHMP FSTSEMPE. CHEUSH chPUFPL, PICHBUEOOSCHK FTECHPZPK, PTSYDBM CHUFKHRMEOYS OENGECH Y YFBMSHSOGECH CH LBYT Y BMELUBODTYA.

OP LFPF KHRBDPL DHib OBYI UPA'OYLPCH, LBL RPLBYBMY UPVSHCHFYS, OPUYM MYYSH CHTENEOOSHCHK IBTBLFET. dPMTSEO VSHM OBUFKHRYFSH DEOSH, LPZDB VMBZPDBTS ZPURPDUFCHH ABOUT NPTE, OPCHSHCHN RPDLTERMEOYSN, SCHOPNH RTECHPUIPDUFCHH BCHYBGYYY, OBLPOEG, CHPEOOSHN URPUPVOPUFSN ZEOETBMB nPOFZPNETY POY PLPOYUBFEMSHOP RTEPDPMEAF UFH CHTENEOOHA UMBVPUFSH. chRTPYUEN, CHPKULB tPNNEMS, VPECHSHCHE RTYRBUSCH LPFPTSCHI OBIPDIMYUSH ABOUT YUIPDE, RTYPUFBOPCHYMY UCPE RTPDCHYTSEOYE CHREDED. pDOBLP UMPTSYCHYBSUS PVUFBOPCHLB PUPVEOOOP RPDYUETLYCHBMB VPMSHYPE OBYOOYE OBYI DEKUFCHYK. zEOETBM PLYOMEL VMBZPTPDOP RTYOBM LFP. 12 YAOS PO PRHVMYLPCHBM CH YUEUFSH 1-K MEZLPK NPFPNEIBOYYTPCHBOOPC DYCHYYYY OBNEYUBFEMSHOPE LPNNAOYLE: “pVYAEDYOOOSCHE ABGYY, ЪBSCHYM PO, DPMTSOSCH VSHCHFSH RTEYUR PMOEOSH YUKHCHUFCHPN CHPUIEEOOYS Y VMBZPDBTOPUFY CH UCHSY U DEKUFCHYSNYY LFYI ZHTBOGKHULYI CHPKUL YI DPVMEUFOPZP ZEOETBMB.”

yEUFSH DOEK URKHUFS CH mPODPOE 10 FSHUSYU ZHTBOGKHPCH, CHPEOOSCHI YYFBFULYI, UPVTBAFUS ABOUT FPTSEUFCHEOOPE UPVTBBOYE, YUFPVSH PFNEFIFSH CHFPTHA ZPDPCHEYOH RTYYSHCHB 18 YAOS. CHUE YUEFSHTE LFBTSB bMSHVETF-IPMMB ЪBRPMOEOSCH DP PFLBB, OBULPMSHLP LFP RPЪCHPMSAF YOUFTHHLGYY RP VEЪPRBUOPUFY. pZTPNOPE FTEIGCHEFOPE RPMPFOEE, KHLTBYEOOPE mPFBTYOZULIN LTEUFPN, RTPFSOHFP ЪB FTYVHOPK Y RTYCHMELBEF L UEVE CHPTSH CHUEI RTYUHFUFCHHAEYI. oBIPDS CHPMOPCHBOOSCHK PFLMYL CH UETDGBI, ЪCHHYUBF "nBTUEMSHEB" Y "mPFBTYOZULIK NBTY". ъBOYNBS NEUFP, PLTHTSEOOSCHK YUMEOOBNY oBGYPOBMSHOPZP LPNYFEFB Y UPCHUEN OEDBCHOP RTYVSHCHYYNYY ZHTBOGYY DPVTCHPMSHGBNY, S UMSHCHYKH, LBL LFB PICHBYOOOBS LOFHYB ЪNPN FPMRB LTYUYUIF NOE P UCHPYI YUBSOYSI. h LFPF DEOSH OBTSDKH U OBDETSDPK S YURSHCHFSHCHBA MILPCHBOIE. from CHSHCHUFKHRBA U TEYUSHA. lFP OEPVIPDYNP. ZETPY UPCHETYBAF RPDCHYZY CH VPTSHVE. OP DMS FPZP, YuFPVSH CHPPDKHYECHYFSH YI ABOUT RPDCHYZ, OHTSOSCH RMBNEOOSCH UMChB.

gYFYTHS YYTEYUEOYE yBNZhPTB: “tBUUHDYFEMSHOSHCHE MADI RTPЪSVBMY. OP RP-OBUFPSEENH TSYMY FPMSHLP MADI VPMSHYI UFTBUFEK”, -- S OBRPNYOBA P RKHFY, RTPKDEOOPN “UChPVPDOPK ZhTBOGYEK” JB DCHB ZPDB. “OBN RTYYMPUSH NOPZP RETETSYFSH, RPFPNH YuFP NSCH MADI VPMSHYI UFTBUFEK. OP NSCH FBLCE Y RTPЪSVBMY! bI! lBL NSCH TBUUKHDIFEMSHOSHCH!.. NSCH ZPCHPTYN U UBNPZP RETCHPZP DOS: ZhTBOGYS OE CHSHCHYMB YI CHPKOSHCH; CHMBUFSH, KHUFBOPCHMEOOBS RKhFEN PFLBB PF OBGYPOBMSHOSCHI YOFETEUPCH, OE SCHMSEFUS ЪBLPOOPK CHMBUFSHA; OBIY FALLED TBPTCHBOSHCH, NSCH DPLBSCHCHBEN LFP DEMPN: CHPPTHTSEOOPK VPTSHVPK... lPOYUOP, NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY CHETYFSH CH FP, YuFP CHEMYLPVTYFBOYS VHDEF UFPKLP DETSBFSHUS, YuFP TPUUYS Y bNETYLB VHDHF CHFSOKHFSHCH VPTSHVH, YuFP ZHTBOGKHULYK OBTPD OE RTYNYTYFUS U RPTBTSEOYEN. th YUFP TSE, NSH OE PIYVMYUSH!” ъBFEN S RTYCHEFUFCHHA OBUYI VPTGPCH PE CHUEN NYTE Y KHYUBUFOYLPCH DCHYTSEOYS UPRTPFYCHMEOYS PE ZhTBOGYY. with RTYCHEFUFCHHA FBLCE YNRETYA, CHETOKHA YNRETYA, YUIPDOKHA VBKH DMS CHPTPTSDEOYS UFTBOSHCH. TBHNEEFUS, RPOBDPVYFUS, YUFPVSH RPUME CHPKOSH VSHMB YЪNEOOOB ITS UFTHHLFKHTB. OP ZhTBOGYS EDYOPDHYOP OBNETECHBEFUS UPITBOIFSH ITS EDYOUFCHP Y FETTYFPTYBMSHOHA OERTYLPUOPCHOOPUFSH. “dBCE FP RTYULPTVOPE NHTSEUFChP, U LPFPTSCHN CHPKULB, PRHFBOOSCH MPTSSHA CHYYY, ЪBEYEBAF FE YMY YOSCHE CHMBDEOOYS YNRETYY PF UTBTsBAEEKUS zhTBOGYYYYYE UPAJOYLPCH, SCHMSEFU S YJCHTBEEOOOSCHN, OP OEPURPTYNSCHN DPLBBBFEMSHUFCHPN LFPC OERTELMPOOPK CHPMY ZHTBOGKHPCH..." with LPOUFBFYTHA, YuFP, OEUNPFTS OH ABOUT UFP , uTBTSBAEBSUS zhTBOGYS CHURMSCHCHBEF ABOUT RPCHETIOPUFSH PLEBOB. “lPZDB MHYU CHPTPTSDBAEEKUS UMBCHSH PBTYM CH VIT-iBLEKNE PLTPPCHBCHMEOOOSCH ZPMPCHSHCH EE UPMDBF, NYT RTYOBM zhTBOGYA...”

rTYUHFUFCHHAEYE PFCHEYUBAF VHTOSHCHN PDPVTEOYEN; U YULMAYUYFEMSHOSHCHN CHPPDHYECHMEOYEN YURPMOSEFUS OBGYPOBMSHOSCHK ZYNO. EZP ЪCHHLY DPOPUSFUS DP ZHTBOGKHЪPCH, LPFPTSCHE ЪB ЪБРЭТФШЧНЯ ДЧЭТШНИ, УРХЭООШННИ ЪФПТБНЯ ЪБЛТШЧФШНЯ УФБЧОСНИ УДСФ ЧПЪМЭ УЧПYИ ТБДІПРТЯНИЛПЧ.

rTYCHEFUFCHEOOSCH CHPZMBUSCH KHNPMLBAF. uPVTBOYE BLBOYUYCHBEFUUS. lBTsDSCHK CHPCHTBEBEFUS ABOUT UCHPK RPUF. th ChPF S PDYO, OBEDYOE U UBNYN UPVPK. FERETSH, CH LFK PVSHYUOPK PVUFBOPCHL, NPTsOP ЪDTTBCHP, VE CHUSLYI YMMAYK, TBUUNPFTEFSH ZHBLFSCH. with RPDChPCH YFPZ RTPYMPZP. bFP RPMPTSYFEMSHOSHCHK, OP TSEUFPLYK YFPZ. vPKGSHCHMYCHBMYUSH CH TSDSCH UTBTSBAEEKUS zhTBOGYY RPPDYOPYULE, ITS ЪDBOYE CHПЪDCHYZBMPUSH RP PDOPNKH LYTRYUKH Y CHPF POB RTECHTBFYMBUSH CH RTPYUOHA Y URMPYUEOOHA PTZBOYBGY A. OP YUFPVSH DPUFYZOKhFSH LFPZP ULPMSHLP RPFETSH, ULPMSHLP ZPTS Y PFYUBSOYS! th CHPF NSCH CHUFKHRBEN CH OPCHHA ZHBKH VPTSHVSHCH, TBURPMBZBS OBYUYFEMSHOSCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY: 70 FSHUSYU CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UPMDBF, PRSCHFOSHCHPEOBYUBMSHOILY, BLFYCHOBS RPNPESH ЪBNPT LYI FETTYFPTYK, CHOKHFTEOOEE uPRTPFYCHMEOYE, LPFPTPPE VKhDEF TBUYTSFSHUS, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP, LPFPTPPNH RPCHYOKHAFUS, CHMBUFSH, EUMY OE RTYOBOOBS, FP PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE Y'CHEUFOBS CHUENKH NYTH. oEF UPNOEOYS CH FPN, YuFP UPVShchFYS RTPVHDSF OPCHSHCHE UYMSCH. pDOBLP S SUOP PFDBA UEVE PFUEF CH RTERSFUFCHYSI, UFPSEYI ABOUT NPEN RHFY. fY RTERSFUFCHYS: NPESH CHTBZB, OEDPVTPTSEMBFEMSHUFCHP UPAOSHI ZPUKHDBTUFCH, B UP UFPTPPOSH ZHTBOGKHIPCH CHTBTSDEVOPE PFOPEOEOE PZHYYBMSHOSHI Y RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI MYG, YO FTYZY OELPFPTSHCHI, RBUUYCHOPUFSH VPMSHYOUFCHB Y, OBLPOEG, KHZTPЪB PVEEK LBFBUFTPZHSCH. y S, UMBVSHCHK YUEMPCHEL, ICHBFYF MY X NEOS RTPOYGBFEMSHOPUFY, FCHETDPUFY, KHNEOSHS, YUFPVSHCHCHKFY RPVEDIFEMEN Y CHUEI YURSHCHFBOYK? OP EUMY NOE DBCE Y KHDBUFUS RTYCHEUFY PVAEDYOYCHYKUS OBLPOEG OBTPD L RPVEDE, LBLPE VKHDHEEE TsDEF EZP? th ABOUT LFPN RKhFY ULPMSHLP EEE OPCHSHHI OECHZPD PTSIDBEF EZP Y ULPMSHLP OPCHSHHI TBURTEK? b LPZDB NYOHEF PRBUOPUFSH Y PFYKHNYF RTBDOYUOPE MYLPCHBOYE, ULPMSHLP RPFLPCH ZTSY IMSCHOEF ABOUT ZhTBOGYA?

OP DPCHPMSHOP UPNOEOYK! UFPS OBD RTPRBUFSHA, ABOUT DOP LPFPTPK ULBFYMBUSH tPDYOB, S, EE USCHO, CHCHCHBA L OEK Y PUCHEEBA EK RHFSH L URBUEOYA. noPZIE HCE RTYNLOKHMY LP NOE. ъБ ОИНИ РПУМЭДХАФ ДТХЗИЕ S CH LFPN KHCHETEO! ZhTBOGYS HCE PFCHEYUBEF NOE. CHPF POB CHUFBEEF UP DOB VEDOSCH, YDEF, RPDSHNBSUSH CHUE CHCHYE, CHCHETI. p, tPDYOB-NBFSH, NSCH ZPFPCHSH PFDBFSH FEVE CHUE UCHPY UYMSCH!

Political history of France of the 20th century Arzakanyan Marina Tsolakovna

"Free France"

"Free France"

Simultaneously with the defeat of France, the history of its resistance to the occupiers began. It is associated, first of all, with the name of the outstanding French military, political and statesman of the 20th century. General Charles de Gaulle.

De Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890 into an aristocratic family and was raised in the spirit of patriotism and Catholicism. After graduating from the Saint-Cyr Higher Military School, he fought on the fields of the First World War and graduated with the rank of captain. During the interwar period, de Gaulle continued his military career. However, already from the mid-20s, his activities went far beyond the scope of military service. He wrote and gave talks a lot. In four of de Gaulle's books - "Discord in the Enemy's Camp" (1924), "On the Edge of the Sword" (1932), "For a Professional Army" (1934) and "France and Its Army" (1938). ) - reflected the author’s own military doctrine and his life credo. He was essentially the first in France to predict the decisive role of tank forces in a future war and presented himself as an adherent of French nationalism and a supporter of a strong executive branch.

De Gaulle was a staunch opponent of the defensive tactics developed by the General Staff of the French Army, which was based on the idea that the Maginot Line was inaccessible. He warned about the destructiveness of such views and called for strengthening the country's defense capability. De Gaulle considered it necessary, first of all, to form additional tank corps in France, equipped with the latest types of vehicles. He sought supporters in military and political circles. In 1934, he even managed to meet Paul Reynaud, but de Gaulle did not achieve effective support for his ideas.

At the beginning of World War II, de Gaulle, who served with the rank of colonel, was appointed commander of tank forces in Alsace. When Germany launched a rapid offensive on the Western Front in 1940, he was ordered to lead a hastily raised armored division. Throughout May, she fought selflessly, suffering heavy losses. The enemy had a huge advantage in tanks, artillery and aviation. For his military services, de Gaulle was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.

In Paris, Paul Reynaud, when reorganizing his cabinet, appointed de Gaulle deputy minister of war. The general immediately arrived in the capital. He stubbornly insisted on continuing the war and tried to convince Reynaud of this. De Gaulle invited the government to move to France's North African possessions and fight, relying on the country's huge colonial empire. However, the chairman of the Council of Ministers chose to transfer power to Marshal Petain. Then de Gaulle committed an unprecedented act. He resolutely refused to submit to the new French authorities, who were heading for surrender, and on June 17, 1940, he flew on a military plane to London.

In the English capital, the rebel general immediately met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and assured him of his firm intention to continue the fight. On June 18, on London radio, de Gaulle made a famous speech addressed to his compatriots. In it, he argued that the situation in France was far from hopeless, because the war that had begun was of a global nature and its outcome would not be decided only by the battle for France. The speech ended with the following words: “I, General de Gaulle, now in London, invite French officers and soldiers who are on British territory or who may be there to establish contact with me. Whatever happens, the flame of the French Resistance must not and will not go out.” So already in June 1940 the flag of French resistance to the enemy was raised.

In London, de Gaulle founded the Free France organization, designed to fight against Nazi Germany on the side of Great Britain. The Vichy government sentenced de Gaulle to death in absentia for “desertion” and “treason.” Nevertheless, both military and civilians of a wide variety of political views and beliefs began to join the Free French. At the end of 1940 there were only 7 thousand people, less than two years later this number increased tenfold.

On August 7, 1940, de Gaulle and Churchill signed an agreement regarding the organization and use of French volunteer forces in England. De Gaulle undertook to form and exercise supreme command of these forces in accordance with the general directives of the British Government. Great Britain did not recognize de Gaulle's rights to exercise state power and considered the “free French” only as volunteers in their service. However, it provided de Gaulle with regular financial support and gave him the opportunity to create a civilian body in addition to the military one. The English BBC radio station was also placed at de Gaulle's disposal. Through it, Free France broadcast propaganda to France.

First of all, de Gaulle directed his efforts towards taking possession of French colonies, mainly African ones. With the help of his supporters, he began active propaganda there in favor of continuing the war and joining the Free French. The North African administration categorically rejected such proposals and remained loyal to the Vichy government. The colonies of French Equatorial Africa behaved differently. Already in August 1940, Chad joined de Gaulle. After some time, Congo, Ubangi-Shari, Gabon, and Cameroon went over to the general’s side. Several small French possessions in the Pacific declared its recognition. This was the first big success. True, in September 1940 the Gaullists suffered a serious defeat. The expedition of the Anglo-French squadron, which aimed to capture the most important port of French West Africa - Dakar, ended in failure. The city garrison remained on the Vichy side. Yet Free France now had its own territorial base on the African continent. This allowed de Gaulle to begin creating his “state apparatus” and decisively disassociate himself from the Vichy government.

On October 27, 1940, de Gaulle issued a Manifesto regarding the leadership of the French during the war. In it, he condemned the activities of Petain’s cabinet, spoke about the illegality of its existence and called the collaborationists “accidental leaders” who submitted to the enemy. De Gaulle declared that on behalf of France he would exercise power for the sole purpose of protecting the country from the enemy.

At the very end of 1940, the Free French Office of Political Affairs was created. Its work was supervised by de Gaulle himself. He also defined the tasks of the Directorate: “Create and use information services that collect materials about the political situation in France and the Empire. Organize and support the Free France movement in France and the Empire and try to extend its activities to old and new political, social, religious, economic, professional and intellectual organizations and convince them of the need at the moment to subordinate all personal interests to one - the national one.” . The Directorate consisted of the General Staff and the Information Service. Three bureaus were subordinate to them. The first defined specific tasks. The second was to carry them out on the territory of France and the colonial empire. It subsequently grew into the famous Central Bureau of Awareness and Action (CBRA). The third was engaged in establishing contacts with foreign countries. Its representatives were sent by de Gaulle to various regions of the world in order to achieve recognition of the Free French by foreign governments.

In September 1941, de Gaulle issued the Free French Ordinance. He established the National Committee, which temporarily exercised the functions of state power. It was called upon to exist until “until a representation of the French people is created, capable of expressing the will of the nation, regardless of the enemy.” The National Committee included commissioners appointed by its chairman, General de Gaulle: Rene Pleven (coordinating the activities of the committee), Maurice Dejean (foreign affairs), Rene Cassin (justice and public education), General Legentille (military affairs), Admiral Muselier ( military and merchant marine), General Valen (aviation affairs), André Dietelme (internal affairs). The commissioners headed the national commissariats. So, within the framework of Free France, some semblance of a government was created.

The cooperation of Free France (from July 1942 - Fighting France) with its allies in the anti-Hitler coalition was not easy at first. First of all, this concerned the development of de Gaulle’s relations with the British government, before which he defended French national interests. The head of the Free French sought to prevent the spread of English influence in the French colonial possessions.

In the summer of 1941, as a result of a joint military operation between the British and the “free French”, the Vichy regime in the French colonies in the Middle East - Syria and Lebanon - was overthrown. In the spring of 1942, Great Britain captured the island of Madagascar and eliminated the Vichy administration there. The British wanted to establish their power in these French possessions. De Gaulle categorically opposed this and, at the cost of enormous efforts and difficult diplomatic negotiations, annexed Syria, Lebanon and Madagascar to the Free French movement.

Immediately after the start of the Great Patriotic War, de Gaulle, on behalf of the Free French, initiated cooperation with the USSR, which had previously maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy.

The events of June 22, 1941 found the general in Africa. On June 30, the Vichy government announced the severance of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. The plenipotentiary representative of the USSR under Vichy, A.E. Bogomolov, was immediately recalled from France. But already on July 1, the Ambassador of the Soviet Union to Great Britain I.M. Maisky telegraphed from London to Moscow that even before the break with Vichy, he was privately visited by de Gaulle’s representative Cassin, “who on behalf of the general conveyed sympathies and best wishes to the USSR.” and at the same time “raised the question of establishing some kind of relationship between the Soviet government and de Gaulle’s forces.” In August, Cassin and Dejean again raised the same question with I.M. Maisky. And on September 26, 1941, the USSR Ambassador to Great Britain conveyed an official written response to de Gaulle: “On behalf of my government, I have the honor to notify you that it recognizes you as the leader of all free Frenchmen, wherever they are, who have rallied around you , supporting the Allied cause."

Both sides decided to exchange official representatives. At the beginning of November 1941, A.E. Bogomolov was sent to Great Britain with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary Plenipotentiary of the USSR to the Allied governments in London. The Soviet government entrusted him with the functions of maintaining contact with the Free France. Roger Garro, Raymond Schmittlen and the military representative General Ernest Petit, appointed by de Gaulle, left for Moscow.

The United States maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy before entering World War II. However, the Americans were interested in using the French island colonies in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, controlled by the Free French, as their military naval and air bases.

After the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies in December 1941, de Gaulle approached the United States with a proposal to establish diplomatic relations. Official Washington did not give the head of Free France a positive answer for a long time. It was not until March 1942 that the United States recognized the authority of De Gaulle's National Committee in the Pacific Islands. In July 1942, the US government published a communiqué recognizing the organization headed by de Gaulle.

Free India Subhas Chandra Bose is one of the leaders of the INC. He is close in views to the communists. He flees to occupied Burma, to the Japanese. There, on October 21, 1943, with their money, he proclaims “Free India” - “Azad Hind.” “Azad Hind” controlled the Andaman and