In early December, at the Altyn Sapa (Golden Quality) award ceremony, President Nursultan Nazarbayev sharply criticized Kazakhstan’s “colonial past,” referring to the period when its territory was part of the Russian Empire. In Russia, N. Nazarbayev’s statement raised a lot of questions. The media hastened to remind us that, strictly speaking, there was no Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire. Part of the empire from the second quarter of the 18th to the mid-19th centuries. Basically, three Kazakh zhuzes (tribal unions) entered on a voluntary basis, which did not possess the minimum signs of a state (the presence of fixed borders, their own monetary circulation, an army and a bureaucratic apparatus). As a political entity, Kazakhstan emerged after the October Revolution of 1917, and owes its existence to the national policy of the Bolsheviks, who relied on solving the national question by creating union republics on the basis of large ethnic groups.
Moreover, the Kazakh ASSR, which was previously part of the RSFSR, received the status of a union republic, the last of them in December 1936.
And although the speech of the “leader of the nation,” as some Russian observers later noted, was intended for a domestic, Kazakhstani audience and was not intended for wide circulation in the media, the resulting information effect exceeded all expectations.
“During the time of Tsarist Russia, all the wealth was taken out of the land, and we were simply left with the dug up earth and forced to swallow dust. We didn't even have roads inside the country. Have you seen what kind of railway they launched? But this didn’t happen before, because we were a colony,” said N. Nazarbayev, adding that citizens of the republic should thank the land for its riches such as oil, gas, gold and silver. “This is our wealth, which is in our pocket, no one will take it away,” noted the Kazakh president. “Despite the crisis and everything bad that happens, we are developing. We do not stop: we are launching giant enterprises, creating new jobs, modern factories. Who is doing this in the world now? Which state? There are no such. This means that we are a country that aspires to become great. She has a great people, and you are all their representatives.”
...Recall that most of the territory of modern Kazakhstan during the imperial period was part of the Steppe General Government with its center in Omsk, also called the Steppe Territory. Part of the southern and southeastern territories of the republic was part of the Turkestan Governor-General with its capital in Tashkent.
In the Russian Empire, the name “Kazakhstan” itself was not in wide use. The nomadic tribes living on its territory were called Kyrgyz-Kaisaks, lowland or steppe Kyrgyz, and the Kazakhs themselves had a predominant zhuz and tribal identity.
The Kazakhs again owe the formation of a common national identity, first of all, to the USSR, thanks to which, in addition to national statehood, albeit strictly controlled by the union center, they had a national alphabet (first in the Latin alphabet, then in the Cyrillic alphabet), a system of universal education and media in the Kazakh language, as well as modern forms of cultural life, such as cinema, theater, etc.
But even before 1917, the territory of modern Kazakhstan was by no means a scorched desert. One of the main indicators of the well-being of a society before its transition to a modern low-fertility model is population growth. In the Kazakh zhuzes, like the Central Asian khanates, population growth was very low due to constant internecine wars, low living standards, epidemics and the lack of modern medicine. After joining Russia, the number of Kazakhs began to increase rapidly. Thus, in the Bukeyev Horde, which in 1799 was allowed to cross the Urals and roam between it and the left bank of the Volga, the population in 1802 was 31 thousand, in 1857 - 100 thousand, and in 1897 - 207.3 thousand people The total number of Kazakhs during the 19th century increased from 2.25 to 4 million people, or almost doubled. At the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, their natural increase was 0.8 – 1.4%. The population of the Turkestan region from the middle of the 19th century to 1916 also almost doubled, increasing from 4 to 7.5 million people. In some areas, population growth reached 3% per year, which indicates a demographic explosion.
The fact that the Kazakhs owe the sharp increase in demographic growth, first of all, to “Russian colonial rule,” is evidenced by the fact that the population of the Younger and Middle Zhuz, which were previously part of the empire, grew faster than the Senior Zhuz, which was finally annexed to Russia only in the middle of the 19th century. At the same time, processes not very favorable for the Kazakhs took place on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. At the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, the influx of Slavic (Russian and Ukrainian) population into the territory of the Steppe Territory and Semirechye sharply increased. Its number triples and reaches almost 2 million people, and its share is approaching 1/3. The allocation of lands suitable for farming violated the traditional migration routes of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, which led to an increase in discontent on their part and became one of the prerequisites for the uprising of 1916. But the territory of the empire was then considered one whole, and the peasant colonization of the Steppe region was considered by the authorities as one of the ways solving the problem of agricultural overpopulation in the central and southern provinces of the country.
During the imperial period, industry began to develop in Russia's Asian possessions. In the Turkestan region it was associated mainly with the processing of cotton, and in the Steppe region - with livestock products. In addition, the mining industry and electric power industry began to develop in both regions.
By 1914, there were 220 cotton gin plants and 30 oil mills in Turkestan. In the tenth years of the 20th century, 12 million pounds of coal were mined in the region annually. In 1914, Turkestan produced 3.3 million kilowatt-hours of electricity, which was not produced at all in the pre-Russian period. The industry of the Steppe region was represented by butter factories, soap factories, tanneries, sheepskin and fur factories, etc. productions. In the 30s–40s. In the 19th century, the mining industry began to develop here, including the extraction of coal, gold and non-ferrous metals, in the development of which foreign capital actively participated. In 1913, 90 thousand tons of coal and 7 thousand tons of copper ore were produced in the Steppe Territory. On a Russian scale, this amounted to 0.3% of total industrial production, but previously industry, with the exception of traditional handicraft production, was completely absent.
The annexation of the Steppe Territory and Turkestan to Russia led to the beginning of railway construction. The first to be built was the Transcaspian Railway, which by 1888 connected Krasnovodsk and Samarkand and had mainly a military purpose. By 1898, a railway line to Tashkent was built, and the following year the road was renamed Central Asian. At the beginning of 1905, its total length was 2382 miles. The problem was that the new railway route was not connected to the all-Russian railway network, and the delivery of goods, passengers and troops was carried out by sea transport across the Caspian Sea. In 1906, the construction of the Orenburg–Tashkent (Tashkent) railway was completed, connecting Central Asia with the Volga region and Central Russia. By 1913, its length was 2234 km. The connection of the Central Asian and Tashkent railways led to the fact that remote areas of the region were connected to the railway network of the empire. Both roads had modern rolling stock, and their launch led to a general revival of the region’s economy and contributed to increasing its attractiveness for investment.
During the imperial period, there was an increase in the standard of living, which was a consequence of the rapid development of the economy, growing demand for agricultural products, industrial development, construction of new cities, etc. Payment for hired labor in Turkestan, after its annexation to the Russian Empire, increased 2-3 times. Russian scientists who studied Turkestan noted that previously a servant working for a rich Sart (the old name for the local settled population) received 19 rubles a year with very meager food and clothing, and having hired himself to the Russians, he began to receive from 4 to 7 rubles per year. month with plenty of food. The annual income of a tenant-sharecropper from tithes at the beginning of the 20th century was 100–200 rubles per year, which at that time was a very large amount. This was facilitated by rising prices for raw cotton, which became the main cash crop of the region. The system of credit institutions was actively developing. By 1912, in the Turkestan region there were 7 branches of the State Bank and 40 commercial banks. By 1913, there were 265 credit institutions of various types in the region.
During the existence of the Russian Empire, as well as in the even earlier, “Moscow” period, most of the cities of modern Kazakhstan were founded. Among them are Uralsk (1584), Guryev (1640), Semipalatinsk (1718), Pavlodar (1720), Ust-Kamenogorsk (1720), Petropavlovsk (1752), Kokchetav ( 1824), as well as both capitals of the republic - Astana (Akmolinsk, 1830) and Alma-Ata (Verny, 1854), which was the capital until 1997.
That is, the foundations of urban civilization, without which the creation of a modern economy is unthinkable, were laid precisely during the stay of the Kazakhs as part of the Russian Empire. In modern Kazakhstan, over a quarter of a century of independence, not a single new city has yet been built.
It is obvious that the results of the economic development of the Steppe Territory and Turkestan as part of the Russian Empire do not at all resemble the “dug up earth”. Moreover, it was during the imperial period that such advanced economic sectors as railway transport and electric power industry appeared in the region. Until 1917, two of the largest railways in terms of length were built in Russia's Central Asian possessions, which form the basis of its transport railway network to this day. For comparison, the Turkestan-Siberian Railway (Turksib), the construction of which began on the eve of the revolution and was completed with great effort during the First Five-Year Plan, compared to the Central Asian and Tashkent Railways, had one and a half times less length (1442 km). Agriculture in the region during this period acquired a commodity orientation, which led to an increase in incomes of the population and a general increase in living standards. Of course, the creation of independent national states with developed economies was not Russia’s goal at that time, but there is no need to talk about the merciless exploitation of the region’s natural resources.
Why, in the end, the Kazakh imperial period is considered today as a “black hole”? There could be several explanations here. Firstly, Kazakhstan is now experiencing a period of economic crisis, the standard of living and purchasing power of the population are falling, which has not been observed since the 1990s. In order to emphasize the achievements of the period of independence, N. Nazarbayev compared the imperial period with modern times, without, of course, going into details. Secondly, after the annexation of Crimea to Russia and the events in the Donbass, fears grew in Kazakhstan that the northern regions of the republic could soon repeat their fate. On December 5, the court of Petropavlovsk sentenced local resident Igor Chuprin to 5 and a half years in prison for calling on social networks to make Kazakhstan part of Russia for inciting ethnic hatred. Since 2015, four citizens of Kazakhstan have been convicted of participating in hostilities in the Donbass, where they fought on the side of the people's republics. N. Nazarbayev’s words could well have been intended for the “national-patriotic” part of the Kazakh population, dissatisfied with Kazakhstan’s excessive dependence on Russia.
After the collapse of the USSR, Kazakhstan was very jealous of its own independence, considering the issue of national sovereignty to be key. In parallel with participation in the activities of the CSTO, for example, Astana annually conducts the Steppe Eagle exercise with NATO countries. This year they took place in Great Britain, which has recently had extremely tense relations with Russia. Kazakhstan continues to maintain intensive contacts with pan-Turkic international organizations. At the same time, in the republic itself the attitude towards the president’s statement is far from unambiguous.
On the same resource informburo.kz, which published N. Nazarbayev’s speech, there are a number of critical comments, the authors of which note that after the collapse of the USSR, Kazakhstan lost a number of large industrial enterprises created during the Soviet period, and the state of the education and medical systems leaves much to be desired .
Moreover, their authors are both Slavs, who, for obvious reasons, are the majority, and ethnic Kazakhs. In general, such statements rather divide the Russian and Kazakh populations of the country, exacerbating their difference in views on history.
In the Soviet Manuals of the Great Patriotic War, this mine was designated as the “MZD-5 delayed action mine.”
It is almost a complete analogue of the MZD-4 mine, differing from it in the use of an ECP fuse instead of an ECP contactor, and the ECP in the MZD-5 mine is used as a contactor, i.e. performs the same role as the ECP.
The mine is designed to disable cars, armored vehicles moving on roads, and railway locomotives on the railway.
Strictly speaking, this is not quite a mine, because... its charge is extremely small, only 400 grams of TNT, which is clearly not enough to disable the vehicle. MZD-5 is more of an explosive device, which must be accompanied by an additional explosive charge of mass necessary to complete the task. Depending on the target being hit, the additional charge can have a mass from several to several tens or even hundreds of kilograms. The MZD-5 mine is simply placed on this additional explosive charge and its explosion initiates the explosion of an additional explosive charge.
This mine was developed and adopted by the Red Army in the summer of 1941 and was used along with the almost similar MZD-4 mine throughout the war, mainly by partisans, sabotage groups, as well as when mining railways, roads, airfields during the forced withdrawal of Red Army units from the purpose of impeding or preventing the enemy from using roads.
Structurally, the mine is a wooden box measuring 18x14.5x10.5 cm with a lid secured with four screws. Inside the box there is a TNT block weighing 400 grams (1), an electrochemical fuse EHV (2), and a galvanic battery SBS (3).
A vibration contactor VZ-1 (4) is attached to the underside of the cover using a metal bracket.
The inside of the box is divided into two compartments by plywood partitions. One compartment contains a TNT block, the second contains an EHV fuse, an SBS galvanic battery and a wooden block (5) with a hole, intended for storing the electric detonator during transport of the mine.
The electrochemical fuse EHV, which acts as a delayed-action electrical contactor in this mine, is externally a bakelite (phenoplast) pencil case with a diameter of 33 mm. (75 mm in the widest part) and 15.6 cm long.
A copper electrolytic bath (1) is placed inside, which is a piece of copper tube closed with plastic plugs at both ends. It is filled with electrolyte. An insulated copper wire passes through the bath, which is exposed in its middle part. One end of this wire is attached to the plug using solder, and the other end is attached to a spring-loaded striker (2). The positive contact of the KB-U-1.5 electric battery (3) rests on the solder. In the expanded part of the fuse there is a plastic plate on which two spring contacts with clamps are placed. A wire from one contact passes to the electrolytic bath and is soldered to its wall. A springy metal plate is attached to the second contact, which rests on the negative contact of the battery. A metal lamella (4) with a calibrated resistance can be clamped in these two contacts. The pencil case is closed with a screw cap (5). On the opposite side, an electrical contact plug (6) is screwed into the pencil case.
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The task of the ECV fuse in this mine is to bring the mine into a firing position after a strictly defined time.
This time can be set from 12 hours to 120 days. Setting the time for bringing the mine into the firing position is carried out by selecting the appropriate resistance. A set of 10 resistances is included with each fuse.
The combat electrical circuit of the mine includes the red wire of the SBS battery - the green wire of the EHV fuse - the purple wire of the EHV fuse, the reddish wire of the VZ-1 vibration contactor - the turquoise wire of the VZ-1 vibration contactor, the blue wire of the electric detonator - the gray wire of the electric detonator - the blue wire of the SBS battery.
In the safety position, the combat circuit is open in two places - in the vibration contactor VZ-1 and in the electrical contact plug of the EHV fuse. As soon as the lamella (4) is inserted into the fuse clamps, the fuse circuit is closed and the process of dissolving the wire in the electrolytic bath begins, which lasts from 12 hours to 120 days, depending on the selected resistance. At this time, the mine remains safe for vehicles passing over it until the deceleration period expires and the striker, released due to a break in the wire corroded by the electrolyte, closes the circuit. From this moment on, the electrical circuit is open only in one place - the vibration contactor.
When a target impacts the vibration contactor VZ-1 (soil vibrations from a moving machine, steam locomotive), its contacts begin to vibrate, close and the combat circuit is closed. The electric detonator explodes, the TNT block explodes from it, and from it an additional explosive charge. The target is hit.
From the author. Why is the ECP called a fuse and not a contactor, although it plays here the same role as the electrochemical contactor ECP, differing from the latter only in ease of use? Yes, because the thread at the end of the ECV coincides with the thread of the MD-2 and MD-5M fuses and they can be screwed into the ECV instead of the electrical contact plug. The spring in the EHV is quite powerful and the force of the striker is sufficient to trigger the fuse. Those. ECH can be used not only as a delayed-action electrical contactor, but also as a simple delayed-action fuse if it is inserted with a fuse into the socket of a demolition charge. Those. ECP is a more universal device than ECP.
This fuse was developed by M.M. Fainberg and M.A. Proskurin.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the MZD-5 mine
Mine type................................................... ........................ anti-vehicle
Frame................................................. .............................. tree
Weight................................................. ................................ 3-5 kg.
Explosive charge weight (TNT).................................................. ......... 400 gr.
Length................................................. ................................ 18 cm.
Width................................................. ........................... 14.5 cm.
Height................................................. ........................... 10.5 cm.
Target sensor type........................................................ ................ seismic
Target sensor dimensions................................................................... ......... diameter 75 mm., height 30-35 mm.
Sensitivity of the railway target sensor. to the locomotive............ 0.5 m.
Sensitivity of the vehicle target sensor.................................... 0.25 m.
Temperature range of application................................... -18 - +60 degrees.
Non-removability......................................................... ................non-retrievable in combat position
Non-neutralization .................................................... ........ not neutralized in a combat position
Self-destruction/self-neutralization.................................... no / expiration of mine battery life (1.5 years ).
Protection time................................................... .......... discrete, determined by the selection of resistances inserted into the ECV within the range of 12 hours. up to 4 months.
Combat work time........................................................ ............. 1.5 years.
The mine is installed in the ground under the road surface to a depth of no more than 25 cm or under the railway track to a depth of no more than 50 cm.
When installed for a period of more than 15 days, the mine should be protected from dampness and the penetration of groundwater into it by wrapping it in a tarpaulin, coating it with tar, and resin. In winter, insulation of the SBS and EHV batteries should be provided. With the presence of insulation, the battery is operational down to temperatures down to -20 degrees, without insulation up to -15 degrees.
It is allowed to neutralize and then remove the mine if no more than half of the delay period has passed. Neutralization is carried out by disconnecting the battery, followed by removing the electric detonator and checker. Although the mine itself does not have anti-removal or non-neutralization devices, an MS-2 booby trap can be installed under it or under an additional charge.
Disarming a mine that has been brought into firing position is not permitted due to the high sensitivity of the seismic sensor.
The mine is delivered to the troops incompletely equipped. The checker is located in its normal place, the electric detonator is in the block socket, all conductors are disconnected.
Only specially trained personnel are allowed to work with the mine, because when preparing a mine, it is required to perform tests using ohmmeters or test lamps, and the ability to make electrical connections. The decision to install a mine can only be made by an officer of the engineering troops with the obligatory recording of the location of the mine installation, drawing up a form for each installed mine and monitoring the delivery of the form to the head of the engineering service of the army or the front, inclusive. Before your troops leave the mine site, it must be under the protection or supervision of a sapper to avoid accidents. If more than 1/3 of the deceleration time has elapsed, but the territory remains under the control of friendly troops, then the mine must be reinstalled and the ECM replaced.
The MZD-5 mine can be painted dark green or just covered with a layer of drying oil. There were unpainted mines. The marking was applied with black paint using a stencil on the mine cover and included the designation of the mine, the explosive code, the number of the equipment plant, the batch number, the year of manufacture and the delay period. However, the presence of markings was not mandatory.
There may be differences in the methods of securing the cover and the weight of the charge.
From the author. In the pictures above, I colored the wires in different colors solely for clarity. In reality, no one specifically painted the wires different colors. In those days, the insulation of the wires was usually rubber (colors from black to gray-brown), sometimes with a cotton braid of light colors), as can be seen in the photograph.
It is only in films that the time remaining before the explosion is shown like a score on a stadium scoreboard and the wires are necessarily blue or red to dramatize the actions of the movie bomb squad. In reality, getting to the wires is usually completely impossible. And if you get it, then you can cut everything. The trap is usually placed earlier; it simply will not allow you to reach the wires. This trap is much simpler in design and easier to use.
Information on the capping of mines and the quantity produced is not available.
Notes in the margins. In fact, these mines are called “delayed action mines” in Soviet service instructions, which confuses people who know mine demolition within the limits of ordinary anti-tank and anti-personnel mines. According to normal logic, it follows that accelerated action mines should then exist. And what is the point of a time bomb? What, it explodes after the car has already left? Or does the mine explode after some long period of time? Or does the explosion develop slowly?
It's all about extremely unfortunate terminology, or rather its complete absence. Unfortunately, sappers very often name and designate mines not in strict accordance with their classification (which has not yet been properly developed), but as God wishes. Delayed-action mines are usually, but not always, called anti-vehicle mines, which are brought into firing position automatically not at the time of installation or after a few minutes, but after a certain period of time (several hours, days or months). A mine explosion occurs from the impact of a target (vehicle) on the target sensor after it has been lying under the road for a specified time.
Those. Once the mine is installed, it is completely safe and vehicles can drive over it freely until a certain period of time has expired (from several hours to several months). As soon as this time has expired, the mine puts itself into a combat position and the first vehicle that is above the mine will be blown up.
The point of such mines is that they can be installed whenever possible. For example, when your troops retreat. While friendly troops are passing, the mine is safe, but under enemy vehicles these mines will begin to explode.
These mines were widely used on roads and railways by partisans and sabotage groups. They were installed when enemy security and surveillance of the road was weakened. They were often placed in groups, distributed over an area of several kilometers and assigned different times for bringing them into combat position. After laying the mines, the sabotage group could freely leave the mining site without fear of persecution.
Delayed-action mines are often called ordinary object mines, which simply explode after a certain period of time (from several hours to several months), destroying the structure (building, dam, bridge, hangar, power plant, gas station, etc.) in which they installed.
As you can see, the same name is used to refer to mines that are very different in their purpose.
By the way, the MZD-5 anti-vehicle mine is quite easy to turn into an object mine. It is enough to remove VZ-1 from the circuit (directly connect the purple ECP wire to the blue wire of the electric detonator) and it will explode simply after the ECP deceleration time has elapsed. On the contrary, it will not be possible to make the MZD-5 an instantaneous anti-vehicle mine. If you remove EHV from the circuit, i.e. If you refuse to slow down, the mine will explode as soon as you pick it up. The vibration contactor is too sensitive. Just tap your fingernail on the cover of the mine and it will work. Otherwise it is impossible - after all, he needs to catch the shaking of the ground under an approaching car or train.
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It would seem that there is a huge distance between plants and people. But other studies have shown that the genetic apparatus of all living beings operate according to universal Laws. And the same information influences cause very similar effects in plants, animals and people. Scientists are confident that slander and “blessings” sent through the apparatus would cause changes in human DNA similar to those that occurred in plants. But, in principle, scientists have not discovered anything new. After all, their apparatus reproduces and enhances people’s ability to influence the programs of heredity with words.
This human ability has been known since ancient times. Our Savior, Jesus Christ, healed people with words and raised the dead. Through the prayers of the saints, the hopelessly ill were healed and the dead were also raised. And the blessings of the righteous extended over many generations, if only the descendants were worthy of their pious ancestors.
On the other hand, when the Apostles cursed the spouses who had hidden money from the Church of God by deception, these money lovers fell dead. And although, in comparison with the Apostles of Christ, sorcerers have the strength of a mosquito, it is sometimes enough to teleport with one word, that is, kill at a distance, a person not protected by God’s Grace.
But the most ambitious experiment with the human gene pool was carried out in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century and continues to this day. The revolutionaries and theomachists themselves broke their vow and encouraged the people to break the oath that our ancestors took for us all “before the Second Coming” in 1613, an oath that was repeated consciously and through suffering in Little Russia in 1654. For three centuries, all adults swore allegiance to the Anointed One of God: Christians on the Bible, Muslims on the Koran, Jews on the Torah. Even in civil life, betrayal of the oath is a grave crime, let alone in spiritual life, especially regarding the destinies of the entire people...
What kind of oath did our ancestors take almost 400 years ago? Why do we, today, need to remember her today? Beginning of the 17th century was for Russia a turning point in the maturation and purification of the national spirit. They reached the point of perjury and regicide, deciding that people knew better than God what kind of ruler they needed, and were flattered by Western promises... And the great Troubles swept the earth. Through blood and prayer, overcoming the devastation of the country and their own souls, our ancestors accomplished a great feat. The people returned to the awareness of the need for a common “tax”, which is pulled, each in its place, by the Tsar, the Anointed of God, and the boyar, and the peasant.
In 1613, representatives of all classes and lands of Rus', expressing the conciliar will of the entire Russian people, signed the Charter of the Moscow Zemstvo-Local Council, in which they made a vow for themselves and for their descendants: to faithfully serve the Tsars of the Romanov Family, the Rulers in Rus' from generation to generation. But, foreseeing the possibility of a repetition of the turmoil, oblivion of the role of the Anointed of God, the compilers of the Charter gave their descendants a certain tool for the prevention of this disease: “And whoever goes against this Council Decree... may he be cursed in this century and in the future... without being Here are blessings from now on and forever.” The people who believed in God then and drank for their apostasy knew that a curse would inevitably fall on the race of the madman who broke the vow. This family, if it does not repent, as having broken its oath to God, will be wiped out by sin from the face of the earth in several generations.
As soon as the Russian people, having listened to enough defeatist propaganda and gossip, in 1917 renounced the Orthodox Autocrat, who, according to the teachings of the Church, restrains the world's evil, the curse of their ancestors fell on them with blood, hunger and pestilence, betrayal and devastation. We, the living children of our fathers in the third and fourth generations, who still do not think about what Russia lost in 1917, continue, out of our own free will and unwillingness to understand, to live in the same lie, and therefore all together and we each personally remain deprived of the conciliar parental blessing. As a result, we are visited by sorrows one more terrible than the other. From the example of recent decades, we have learned well how easily this lady of History is sold. And we readily continue to swallow, without chewing, new advertising myths that threaten to destroy us to the core.
After the betrayal of 1917, a genetic time bomb went off. Before the third and fourth generations, God gives us time to think and repent. Otherwise, our race, our people will simply die out. The statistics are eloquent: before the war of 1914, Russia had the highest birth rate in Europe: 47 people. per 1000. By 2025, according to the World Bank, the population of Ukraine may soon decrease by 1/5.
Separated from the grace of God, we are not able to understand what is happening to all of us, why our children are so far away. Personally, we did not participate in the murder of the Tsar, we did not destroy temples - how did we anger God, what should we repent of? Deprived of heartfelt faith, we are accustomed to feeling the world with rational judgments, trying to test spiritual truths on our own skin. Sin, according to the Apostle Paul, causes me death (Rom. 7:13). This path - from sin to death - is not easy to travel, even mentally - you need Faith.
But this path has already been scientifically depicted by some scientists, and we can follow them - with all the precautions that must be observed when spiritually disabled people ascend to God’s Truths on the crutches of science.
DNA hears us. “But, excuse me,” the skeptic will object, “how can words written down on paper or even solemnly spoken out loud launch hereditary programs?” The lofty words were written down in a document, and copies of it were sent throughout the country? After all, this is paper, not a mine! Anathema - is it TNT? After all, the genetic apparatus consists of chemical substances that are arranged in a certain sequence, what do sound and light have to do with it?
This idea of the body is hopelessly outdated. Having made many discoveries and received a bunch of Nobel Prizes, geneticists came across a discouraging fact. The so-called three letters of the genetic code, which were previously considered the basis of all hereditary programs, are in fact responsible only for the synthesis of proteins. But in order to build a grandiose edifice of a living organism from these “bricks of life,” we need much more complex programs, which should contain the lion’s share of all hereditary information.
Where are these programs stored? A new science was able to answer this question - wave genetics, the founder of which was Peter Garyaev. “Building project” is encrypted in the so-called. the junk part of DNA that makes up 99% of its length. But it is encrypted not in chemical substances, but in physical fields that form around chromosomes and have a topographic structure. Each point of the wave genome contains information in a compressed form about the entire organism - its past, present and future. Moreover, DNA molecules are able to exchange this information using electromagnetic waves, including acoustic and light.
This has been brilliantly confirmed by numerous experiments. For example, researchers have learned to pump DNA with light and sound energy. They seemed to illuminate and read unknown programs that are responsible for the reserve capabilities of the body. As a result, hopelessly ill people recovered and dead plants came to life. A person can cause these miracles simply with words. Of course, not just any words, but words of prayer. “We have come to a stunning conclusion,” says Pyotr Petrovich, “that DNA perceives human speech. Its wave “ears” are specially adapted to perceive such vibrations. Moreover, the molecules of heredity receive, in addition to acoustic information, light information: a person may not pronounce it out loud, but simply read the text, but the content reaches the cell nuclei differently through electromagnetic channels. The main thing is that DNA is not indifferent to the information it receives. Some messages heal her, others traumatize her. Prayer awakens the reserve capabilities of the genetic apparatus, and the curse destroys even those basic programs that ensure the normal functioning of the body.
The word is fruitful. But to explain the mechanism of these damages, we need to make a small digression. In 1992, a book by M.M. was published. Makovsky with a strange name: “Linguistic genetics”. The author proves that human languages develop... according to the laws of heredity. Words - parents give birth to offspring that have the characteristics of a “father” and a “mother.” In numerous “brothers” and “sisters”, parental characteristics are split according to Mendel’s rule - in a ratio of 3:1. Bad heredity gives rise to mutations - ugly words appear. And sometimes, like an oncogene, part of a word jumps from place to place - transposition occurs. Scientists even gave the same names to the general laws of genetics and linguistics; synthesis, change, splitting, modification, mutation, transposition and so on. This idea is not new in principle: linguist G. Grinevich wrote that all the languages of the world are like the branches of a tree, that is, they have a common root.
And the mathematician-linguist N. Chomsky argued that the grammars of all languages are universal: they have common strategic features. These and other discoveries allowed structural linguists to create a universal mathematical model of human languages, which turned out to be similar to a tree. Wave geneticists under the leadership of P. Garyaev created a mathematical model of all genetic texts. It turned out that they also have a common origin and common features that can be depicted in the form of a tree. Finally, linguists and geneticists compared their “trees” and were surprised to see that they had exactly the same structure.
Thus, all languages of the world have common features, including the language of DNA. And the genetic apparatus is far from indifferent to what you think, say and read: any words can be imprinted into the wave genome. But not just your words; With whomever you hang out, you will gain... hereditary programs. Moreover, DNA does not determine whether you are communicating with a living person or with the hero of a television series - both of them affect your heredity. Any word, image is nothing more than a wave genetic program that changes your life.
A person is like a memorial book in which everyone, including himself, writes down his reviews and wishes. This information not only shapes him as a person, but is also imprinted into his DNA. The health and very existence of the descendants depends on its content.
Sometimes a word works like a jumping gene, causing cancer or, conversely, eliminating a disease (as in the Sacraments of Unction, for example, or Confession). This is like changing the place of the comma in the famous phrase “execute cannot be pardoned.”
But most of our contemporaries have not read or heard anything about the vow of 1613. They break this vow without knowing what they are doing. Why do verbal mines explode in them?
The fact is that the vow that our pious ancestors made immediately and forever entered the gene pool of our entire people. The oath that our immediate relatives took is in our blood. Whether a person knows about it or not, having stopped observing the vow, he, as it were, tears out pieces of DNA wave structures and rearranges them from place to place. The effect of “jumping” genes occurs: the comma in the phrase “execute, cannot be pardoned” moves from right to left. As a result, the hereditary programs of each cell are distorted. The whole body experiences severe stress, as if it had been exposed to radioactive radiation. This causes mutations - degeneration begins, which can lead to the extinction of the species.
In addition, the very content of the vow of allegiance to God’s Anointed One could not be more relevant today, when the destructive “successes” of democracy at all levels of life are evident. We cannot continue to live without a hierarchy of spiritual values, “without a king in our head.” Isn't the growing chaos in public life a call to think about the past and the future and the eternal?
From the article “Under the Curse” by Mikhail Dmitruk, newspaper “Eternal Life”, 1996.
"- Please be careful. Remember, remember firmly that a miner makes only one mistake in his life... For the simple reason, dear, that he is torn to pieces after this first mistake...
Stepan Sergeevich was worried for good reason: our mines, then still devoid of limiters, looked like powder barrels with a candle burning inside - something like that “powder charge” with which Grozny blew up the fortress walls of besieged Kazan four hundred years ago. Our miners, however, argued that they were incomparably better than ordinary guerrilla “mines with a string,” which essentially tie miners to themselves at the moment of sabotage and are applicable only in the case where the miner can lie hidden at the site of the explosion for several hours in a row.
But the “mine enthusiasts” were no longer satisfied with our ordinary mine. They decided to design one that would be safe when laid, would break automatically from the force of gravity transferred to it, and would be designed for a strictly defined load.
The usually taciturn Kirichenko, dreaming of a new face, became talkative and, sparkling from under his thick eyebrows with black bear eyes, hummed:
- What a precious mine this will be, Dad! A heavy truck and a tank will explode on it. But a motorcyclist - no, no! It will pass over it completely calmly. And we will ensure that our mines, in addition, will be invisible to the Nazis - no mine detector will detect them.
Our miners devoted every free minute to searching for this new mine sample. And Genya followed on the heels of the designers, listened to their arguments, and calculated something in his notebook. But he didn’t bother anyone with advice.” (Ignatov. Notes of a Partisan.)
For partisans and reconnaissance and sabotage groups thrown behind enemy lines, the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War widely practiced the creation of mines, demolition and incendiary devices for special purposes.
As the chief engineer of the State Union Design Bureau 47 (GSKB-47) N. I. Krupnov later recalled, on the instructions of the People's Commissar of Ammunition of the USSR B. L. Vannikov, a group of proactive designers was created in this bureau to develop mines, demolition and sabotage weapons for partisan detachments, which included N. S. Noskov (head of department) and engineers B. M. Ulyanov, V. A. Ryapolov, G. M. Dyachkov, G. V. Bogolyubov, I. M. Matveev. First, they studied the mines made and used by the partisans. They were simple in design, but dangerous in operation and were easily detected during control rounds of railway tracks. GSKB-47 specialists had to develop safe and trouble-free mines, including delayed and non-contact mines, and organize their industrial production with the aim of subsequently sending the devices directly behind enemy lines - to those whom their products helped to successfully defeat the enemy.
At the beginning of 1942, N. S. Noskov’s group created the VZ-1 vibration contactor, intended for use in anti-vehicle mines. According to Colonel I. G. Starinov, the former head of the Higher Operational School for Special Purposes, which trained miners for partisan detachments and sabotage groups, mines with a VZ-1 vibration contactor did not require special installation and worked reliably both on the railway track itself and in side from it at a distance of up to 1 meter and at a depth of up to 1 meter.
The widespread use of VZ-1 vibration contactors has made it possible to largely abandon contact (pressure) action railway mines. Due to the complexity of installation and the enemy’s increased protection of railways, the massive use of contact mines was practically impossible even in the summer. The VZ-1 vibration contactor was put into service and sent to partisan formations in Belarus, Ukraine, the Smolensk region and the Bryansk forests. The contactor worked flawlessly when moving heavy German equipment and foot columns. On its basis, several types of delayed-action anti-vehicle mines were created.
To detonate high-explosive charges during the destruction of railway tracks in occupied territory in 1942, N. P. Ivanov developed the PV-42 train fuse, which was installed under the rails and was triggered when the first train passed.
It was to combat the desire of the Germans to localize the effect of partisan mines on railways and reduce the damage they caused by passing control trains - ballast-loaded railcars - through the most dangerous sections of the roads, special mine-engineering ammunition of a new type was created.
The so-called mine of the second train M2 P, designed by Nikolai Sergeevich Noskov and Boris Mikhailovich Ulyanov, received high praise from the partisans. The report of the head of the engineering and technical department of the Belarusian headquarters of the partisan movement, Major A. Ivolgin, provides data on this device: “I am reporting on the results of testing an experimental batch of M2 P anti-train mines. 19 mines were installed, of which 17 exploded under the second train and two during an attempt to clear mines . With the help of the M2 P, 15 steam locomotives, 130 wagons with various cargoes, 1 railcar were destroyed, 503 soldiers and officers were killed and wounded, the mine met its tactical and technical requirements brilliantly.”
Unlike the MZD-2 and DM mines, designed specifically for mining railways and horse-drawn roads and triggered by the first shock, the M2 P anti-train mine was designed in such a way that it exploded only with the second shock.
Ulyanov said: “Back in the summer of 1942, the first partisan order came to GSKB-47 for a universal, compact mine that should be triggered when it shifts. We racked our brains a lot over the drawings. After all, what was required was not only an easy-to-handle, reliable mine, but also one that was simple and cheap to manufacture. In addition, the deadlines were pressing. However, they came up with an idea. They installed a simple mechanism into a Troika cigarette box and filled it with explosives.
The first tests were carried out right in the yard of their enterprise. At first with a partial charge, then they became bolder and, of course, taking all precautions, detonated the mine with a full charge. The administration did not really like these experiments, and we were asked to find another place. We completed the check in Izmailovsky Park. An experienced party was sent across the front line to the Belarusian partisans.”
The partisans' review of this universal mine is stored among other partisan documents in the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation: “The first experimental batch, 50 pieces, was sent to partisan detachments. The mine proved itself among the partisans... positively. So, for example, being installed in the sidecar of a motorcycle, it exploded when landing a German officer, who was killed; the two officers standing with him were also killed. A mine placed in a desk drawer exploded when the latter was opened.”
To set fire to warehouses and other objects, GSKB-47 developed so-called pencils - cardboard tubes with a diameter of about 30 mm and a length of approximately 180 mm, filled with a pyrotechnic composition. The tube, shaped like a pencil, had a fuse inside with an igniter primer. It could be set to different deceleration times. It was enough, when passing by the object being set on fire, to pull the pin out of a pencil in your pocket and throw the mine in the right place. After 15–20 minutes the mine ignited.
SK sabotage mines (“matchboxes”), developed and manufactured in N. S. Noskov’s department, were also used, similar in appearance to boxes of matches and exploding at the slightest attempt to lift them.
“Following them,” said Ulyanov, “we designed a small non-retrievable mine. Testing of prototypes confirmed its reliability, ease of use and installation.” Here is an excerpt from another archival document: “The use of only 15 prototypes in combat operations made it possible to destroy 3 trains with fuel, 23 tanks with gasoline, 8 cars, 3 locomotives, a distillery, 188 tons of alcohol.”
According to B. M. Ulyanov, “then they gave us a new order - to find a substitute for the scarce imported mine, the so-called sticky one. We dealt with him too.” The sticky PLM mine, developed by talented designers to replace the imported one, was used for sabotage
at enemy airfields, railway stations, etc. It was attached to airplanes, cars, tanks, etc. “A mine attached under a table in the officers' mess exploded when several people were there. During combat use, only 21 mines were destroyed: cars - 10, motorcycles - 2, wagons with ammunition - 4; steam locomotives damaged - 2; 24 soldiers and officers were killed and wounded. At the same time, not a single mine came off” - these figures are from another report from the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement, stored in the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense.
In the design department, headed by N. S. Noskov, the PDM road mine was created especially for the partisans in three versions for mining country roads, trails and other routes of German troops.
Examples of the massive and effective use of mine-explosive weapons on the communications of German troops were the largest operations of the Soviet partisans, known under the code names “Rail War” and “Concert”.
MZD-2 mine design.
The design of the mine is extremely simple. This is a wooden box with a sliding top lid that provides access to the mine's mechanisms.
The internal volume of the case is divided into two compartments. The rear compartment accommodates TNT blocks with a total weight of 2 to 6 kg. Depending on the mass of the charge, the case can have different lengths from 31 to 51 cm.
The front compartment contains an electrochemical fuse EHV (1), two KBS-L-0.50 batteries (2) power supply an electric detonator, two inertial contactors (3), playing the role of target sensors, located at an angle of 90 degrees relative to each other, connected in parallel to the circuit, and wires of the electric explosive circuit.
The mine is delivered to the mining site incompletely equipped. Checkers, power batteries, and inertial target sensors are inserted into the body, and the ECV fuse and electric detonator are transported in their own closure.
The installation depth of the mine should be within 0.6-0.9 meters (counting from the top cover of the mine), and in winter - 0.4-0.5 m. In case of hasty mining, an installation depth of 0.2-0.25 m is allowed.
The electrochemical fuse EHV, which in this mine acts as a delayed-action electrical contactor, is externally a bakelite (phenoplast) pencil case with a diameter of 33 mm. (75 mm in the widest part) and 15.6 cm long.
A copper electrolytic bath (1) is placed inside, which is a piece of copper tube closed with plastic plugs at both ends. It is filled with electrolyte. An insulated copper wire passes through the bath, which is exposed in its middle part. One end of this wire is attached to the plug using solder, and the other end is attached to a spring-loaded striker (2). The positive contact of the KB-U-1.5 electric battery (3) rests on the solder. In the expanded part of the fuse there is a plastic plate on which two spring contacts with clamps are placed. A wire from one contact passes to the electrolytic bath and is soldered to its wall. A springy metal plate is attached to the second contact, which rests on the negative contact of the battery. A metal lamella (4) with a calibrated resistance can be clamped in these two contacts. The pencil case is closed with a screw cap (5). On the opposite side, an electrical contact plug (6) is screwed into the pencil case.
As soon as the lamella having the required parameters (deceleration period) is inserted into the clamps, the electrical circuit is closed - the positive pole of the battery - the wire inside the electrolytic bath - the bath body - the blue wire, the clamp-lamella - the second clamp, the negative pole of the battery. Under the influence of electric current, the wire begins to dissolve and after a certain time it will break. And since only she held the spring-loaded striker, the latter will now go forward and close the electrical circuit. From this moment on, the electric explosive circuit of the mine is open only in the inertial contactors, which play the role of target sensors.
Each fuse is equipped with a set of lamellas, on which the deceleration period is indicated from 12 hours to 120 days, however, the use of lamellas with designations from 12 hours to 10 days is permitted if no more than 2 months have passed since the manufacture of the fuse. It is allowed to neutralize mines for which no more than half of the deceleration period has passed.
Disarming the fuse - unscrew the cap and remove the lamella. Then remove the fuse from the mine and unscrew the fuse. Disarmed fuses are subject to destruction. Their reuse is not permitted.
The mine's electric explosive circuit includes an electric detonator, an ECV fuse, two inertial contactors and two electric detonator power batteries. In the combat position, when the mine begins to operate, this circuit is open in two places - by the ECV fuse and by the inertial contactors. When trains pass over a mine, one of the inertial contactors (target sensors) closes, but no explosion occurs, since the circuit is also open by the ECV fuse. After the train passes, the inertial contactor opens again. As soon as the ECV has completed its deceleration time, it closes the circuit in its section. Now the circuit is open only by inertial sensors. The first time a train passes over a mine, one of the two sensors closes and current is supplied to the electric detonator. Explosion.
Inertial sensors are connected in parallel to the circuit and operate independently of each other. They are placed in perpendicular planes, since such a sensor reacts only to movement in the cover-bottom direction of the sensor and does not work if movement or vibrations of the soil act in a perpendicular direction.
Chemical weapons, sunk in the Baltic Sea more than 70 years ago, could have unpredictable consequences at any moment.
Swedish experts found traces of “mustard gas” (mustard gas, a blister agent) and diphenylchlorarsine (an irritant agent) in shrimp caught in the North Sea. Experts suspect that this may be a leak of chemical agents from ships with chemical munitions sunk after the war.
WELL FORGOTTEN OLD?
The fact that the Baltic Sea countries seem to be sitting on time bombs became known back in the late 80s of the last century, when data on mass burials of chemical munitions on the seabed were declassified and made public. Then reports appeared in the media (both Russian and foreign) that if the shells of containers, shells and bombs were destroyed, the sea would die, and the health of 30 million people living on the shores of the Baltic would suffer irreparable damage.
Even then, Russian experts predicted the possibility of massive releases of toxic substances from sunken chemical munitions and contamination of vast areas of the Baltic and North Seas. But few listened to them. Listen, in the words of our President, now.
ENDS IN THE WATER
An important clarification: at that time no one not only did not raise, but did not even propose to raise the question of any responsibility of specific parties for burials. For they were produced by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition in accordance with the recommendations of science of the 40s. Therefore, everything turned out to be a matter of technology.
Having signed an agreement on the destruction of chemical munitions in 1946, the USSR, Great Britain and the USA chose the optimal option for their disposal - taking them out to the open sea and scuttling them. But a storm prevented this from happening in the deep ocean as planned. As a result, 42 ships with 130 tons of chemical supplies were sent to the bottom in the Skagerrak and Kattegat straits, connecting the Baltic with the Atlantic. As for the 35 thousand tons of chemical munitions that the Soviet Union received, it scattered them in bulk along the seabed in the area of the island of Bornholm and the port of Liepaja.
In total, the Allies sank 270 thousand tons of chemical weapons after the war - a deadly “feeding agent” for fish and people at the same time. And although immediately after this secret operation warning inscriptions and explanations appeared on sea maps: “Flooding of chemical weapons”, “Testing ground”, “Fishing is prohibited”, etc., underwater “surprises” made themselves felt from time to time, and people who had the imprudence to once come into contact with them were treated for a long time for non-healing wounds.
WHO IS BIGGER?
Polish specialists have their own account of deadly blanks. According to them, in the Little Belt region in 1945, the Wehrmacht sank 69 thousand tons of artillery shells with tabun and 5 thousand tons of bombs and artillery shells containing tabun and phosphine.
Eyewitnesses also testify that in 1946, more than 8 thousand tons of chemical munitions were dumped in the area east of Bornholm on the orders of the British occupation forces. Presumably there are also floods off the Kaliningrad coast in the Gulf of Gdansk.
Several years ago, Vadim Paka, at that time director of the Atlantic Department of the Institute of Oceanology named after. P.P. Shirshov, gave me this figure: in total there are about 60 chemical dumps in the Baltic.
By the way, the ships of this institute have more than once encountered chemical legacy at the bottom of the Baltic. Working off the coast of Sweden in the area of the port of Lysekil, the R/V Professor Shtokman discovered a large concentration of near-bottom accumulations of substances formed during the decay of toxic substances in the shells containing them, which were hundreds of times higher than the standard level.
IT WILL NOT SEEM A LITTLE...
Research by geneticists from different countries shows that even tiny amounts of toxic substances such as mustard gas contained in water are not detected by modern devices, but when they enter a living organism they can cause a change in the genetic code.
According to Professor Tarasov from the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, even the entry of individual molecules of mustard gas into a living organism can lead to deformities and epidemics of cancer. According to English geneticist Charlotte Auerbach, one or two molecules of mustard gas or lewisite can disrupt a person’s genetic code, which can cause mutations in two or three generations.
The properties of lewisite are similar to mustard gas, so almost all products of its transformation are environmentally hazardous. In May 1990, tens of thousands of dead crabs and mussels and over 6 million starfish were discovered on the shores of the White Sea. Samples showed that almost all marine life died from mustard gas. The fact is that in 1950, several thousand captured chemical ammunition from the German, Romanian and Japanese armies were sunk in the White and Barents Seas.
In Baltic water, corrosion eats through 0.1 mm of the shell of a chemical projectile per year. Over the past 70-plus years, containers with toxic substances have become almost a sieve. According to experts, about 4 thousand tons of mustard gas have already entered the sea water and bottom sediments.
WHAT TO DO?
Back in the last century, Vice Admiral Tengiz Borisov, head of the working group operating within the interdepartmental commission on disarmament, expressed the opinion that it was urgently necessary to carry out work to prevent chemical death that lies on the seabed. Otherwise, it could affect all the states of the Baltic basin, and not only it. Water currents are capable of carrying it through the Skagerrak Strait into the North Sea, the waters of which wash the shores of several other countries. Therefore, the problem of neutralizing buried chemical weapons concerns not one or several states, but at least the whole of Europe.
Unfortunately, experts still do not have a common opinion on what needs to be done to avoid a chemical disaster in the Baltic. Some of them generally believe that chemical munitions should not be touched and interfere with the natural process of their decomposition.
The majority, believing in general that the rise of ammunition from the bottom is indeed fraught with dangerous consequences, are looking for a way to neutralize them. In this regard, Russian scientists went the furthest, who based their method on the experience of isolating the Komsomolets nuclear submarine, which crashed in the Norwegian Sea.
When there was a danger of corrosion of the nuclear reactor of the nuclear-powered submarine and the nuclear warheads on board, Russian specialists began to develop measures to isolate the submarine. By that time, it was clear that lifting it was a labor-intensive process, and most importantly, it did not guarantee that the boat’s hull would not fall apart. And then it was decided to cover “Komsomolets” with a special plaster. Research in recent years has shown that there are no leaks of radioactive elements from the nuclear-powered ship. Possessing real know-how and technology, Russia proposed to apply the same method to chemical munitions.
20 years ago in Oslo, at an international meeting of experts on the problems of dumping chemical weapons, the Russian side presented to representatives of 13 countries its vision of the problem of dumping chemical weapons at the bottom of the Baltic Sea, with an emphasis on environmental aspects. The Russian method was approved by most experts. But the question is up in the air because of the financing of the project.
Back in the last century, the Russian Center for Environmental Safety prepared the Skagen project to eliminate chemical dumps. It was also stuck due to funding. I found information in the media that sarcophagi for sunken ships with chemical munitions can be created using an aquapolymer developed by American scientists for space needs. Its granules can, having absorbed water, expand 400 times. You can inject anti-corrosion substances into them, then pour them into the body, displace the water and cover everything with a fiberglass jacket. But again the question comes down to finances.
The problem of eliminating chemical weapons in the Baltic in 1998 was estimated by experts at $2 billion. Today, all of this probably costs a little more. But this is not an obstacle for the United States and the Baltic Sea countries, which spend fabulous sums on the military budget.
Apparently, the government circles of the Baltic Sea countries do not want to lose billions of dollars in profits from tourism and fishing, and therefore they hide the true state of affairs from the population.
At the same time, Scandinavian doctors are increasingly vocal about the increased incidence of cancer and genetic diseases in their countries. For example, one of the most environmentally friendly countries in the world - Sweden - came out on top in terms of cancer incidence. Isn't this a serious warning about the danger lurking on the seabed?!
ONLY NUMBERS
Soviet military archives contain details of what was discovered in East Germany's chemical arsenals and sunk in the Baltic Sea:
71,469 250-kilogram bombs filled with mustard gas;
14,258 500-kg, 250-kg and 50-kg aerial bombs filled with chloroacetophenone, diphenylchlorarsine, adamite and arsine oil;
408,565 artillery shells of 75 mm, 105 mm and 150 mm caliber, filled with mustard gas;
34,592 landmines filled with mustard gas, 20 kg and 50 kg each;
10,420 smoke chemical mines of 100 mm caliber;
1004 technological tanks containing 1506 tons of mustard gas;
8429 barrels containing 1030 tons of adamsite and diphenylchloroarsine;
169 tons of technological containers with toxic substances, which contained cyanide salt, chlorarsine, cyanarsine and axelarsine;
7860 cans of Zyklon B, which the Nazis widely used in 300 death camps for the mass extermination of prisoners in gas chambers.
