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Western Europe: miraculously preserved manuscripts of the 5th - 10th centuries
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Codex This is the name given to manuscripts written on parchment in the Middle Ages - unlike ancient scrolls and wax tablets, they were multi-page, like modern books
Written on parchment made from the skin of newborn lambs, often in gold and silver, unique books of the early Middle Ages were incredibly expensive
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PARCHMENT Animal skins were used to make parchment. First they were washed, then kept in lime for three to ten days, and then stretched onto wooden frames Sometimes up to 150 animal skins were used for one book
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ScriptoriaMedieval scriptoria were created at monasteries; the painstaking work of creating handwritten books (manuscripts) was carried out by monks.
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The word "miniature" comes from the Latin name for cinnabar - red paint (minium), which was used to highlight the beginning of the text. Initials in medieval manuscripts are real works of art.
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Quedlinburg Italas, the earliest example of medieval book miniatures
The Quedlinburg Itala is a luxuriously illustrated manuscript of the Old Testament in Latin. The book was created at the beginning of the 5th century, presumably in Rome. Then it came to Germany and was donated to the Quedlinburg monastery in the 10th century by Emperor Otto I. This is the first known Latin illustrated Old Testament. Unfortunately, very little of the book has survived: six sheets, the state of which leaves much to be desired.
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Vienna Book of Genesis It was created in the 6th century and is rightfully considered one of the masterpieces of world art. This is a codex executed with remarkable craftsmanship on purple-tinted parchment.
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Saint Mark. Gospel from Rossano
The most notable books of the sixth century are the Rossano Gospel and the Gospel of St. Augustine of Canterbury, which is often called the Cambridge Gospel due to its location. Since the sixth century, a portrait of the evangelist (usually accompanied by an appropriate symbol) has become a stable element of this canon of medieval church books. In the codices from Rossano and Cambridge, each gospel was preceded by a portrait of its author, occupying a separate page. St. Mark has been preserved to this day in the Rossan Codex, and St. Luke in the Cambridge Codex.
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Saint Luke, Cambridge Gospel
Canonical symbols of the Four Evangelists (tetramorph) Saint Matthew -, winged man (sometimes taken: angel), Saint Mark - lion; Saint Luke - Taurus; Saint John is an eagle.
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Gospel from RossanoBiblical subjects: Christ and Pilate, the death of Judas, Christ and Barrabas
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Book of Kells (Ireland, around 800)
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The Book of Kells The oldest university in Ireland, Trinity College, houses a Gospel with illustrations from the 9th century. It is sometimes called the most beautiful book in the world. Each page is beautifully decorated with intricate designs and mythical animals. The book is unparalleled in the variety of designs on each of its 680 pages; it was bound into four separate volumes in the 1950s. The intricate illustrations made by the scribes and monks of the Monastery of Kells were described by a 13th-century chronicler as “inhuman, angelic work.”
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Gospel of Godescalca, 8th century (named after the master)
The leaves of the famous manuscript, the Book of Godescalc, are tinted purple, and the text is written in gold and silver letters on a purple background. The book is decorated with six page-sized miniatures - images of the four evangelists, Christ and the composition “Source of Life”, which are located at the very beginning of the book.
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Miniatures of the Godescalque Gospel, late eighth century: Christ enthroned Evangelist Luke
1. A book is a synthesis of fiction
words and visual arts,
carried out by means of printing.
Moreover, this synthesis occurs between
like this various categories, How
literature is a “temporary” art and
book graphics - art
"spatial".
Book graphics are not just a part
publishing industry or means for
knowledge transfer, it is part
culture. The book is a cultural monument
certain time, like any
piece of art.
scroll) – initially several
sheets of papyrus folded in half or
parchment stapled together. IN
in the future, any stitched
printing edition. The book is
subject of graphic art. 2. The most ancient forms of the book
The oldest form of book can be considered
knotted writing of the Incas, where information
transmitted through tied to one
various kinds of knots in the cord. The history of the book begins with papyrus scrolls Ancient Egypt in III
millennium BC e. No less ancient than
Egyptian hieroglyphs, and
very curious
variety
ideographic writing
is cuneiform. Her
the creators were
Sumerians - ancient
people living in
interfluve of the Tigris and
Euphrates at 3500 - 3000
years BC
Sumerian clay
cuneiform tablet.
4. A cylindrical pencil case for storing kalams with an inkwell tied to it. The scribe tucked the entire writing instrument into his belt. 5. Wooden
Antique itemswriting
1. The ring with which
the scrolls were sealed, and
his imprints on the laces and
papyrus ribbons. 2.
Ancient Egyptian palette
scribe with reeds
rods and recess
at the top for breeding
carcasses. 3. Samples
metal rods,
styles used to write on
wax tablets.
4. A cylindrical pencil case for storing kalams with an inkwell tied to it.
The scribe tucked the entire writing instrument into his belt. 5. Wooden sign on which
ancient schoolchildren wrote. 6. Wax tablets, which served as the prototype for the codex book, diptych and polyptych. 7. Bronze double inkwell from Roman times, for
red and black ink. Behind her is a papyrus scroll. 3. The prototype of a modern book is the codex. It begins
from the polyptych - fastened wax tablets. The codex had a cover
covering a book block consisting of pages of parchment or even
fabrics. Mentions of the code are found already in the 1st century. BC e. Elders
the surviving fragments date back to the 2nd century. n. e. Wider
The code became widespread in the 4th century. Among the oldest K. - the oldest
Bible lists - Codex Sinaiticus, Alexandria and Vaticanus (4 - 5
centuries). For many centuries, along with the codex, there was a scroll. They reached us richly
illustrated
handwritten miniatures
books Ancient Rus' XI century,
which were carried out only in
one copy.
Books began to be printed in Rus'
a little over four centuries
ago, and handwritten books
appeared in our Fatherland in
connection with the dissemination
Christianity, that is, more than a thousand
years ago. At temples and monasteries
the first Russians were created
libraries and schools, there
taught art
rewriting books, ibid.
Russian was born
chronicle.
By the 11th century, book copying had already reached
significant successes: scientists suggest that in
In ancient Rus' of the pre-Mongol period, books were
widespread and their number exceeded one hundred
thousand copies (no more than 500 have reached us
manuscripts of the 11th – 13th centuries). Old Russian handwritten
books are distinguished by a high artistic culture
design, original calligraphy. All
handwritten books are irreplaceable witnesses of the era,
main and reliable source of study
national culture. 4. Discoveries in the field of printing
Johannes Gutenberg [b. between 1394-99 (or in 1406) died 3.2.1468], German inventor who created
European method of printing, the first
typographer of Europe.
The Gutenberg method (typesetting) allowed
receive an arbitrary number of identical prints
text from a form made up of movable and
replaceable elements - lit.
Litera - the first standard part in history
European technology. Gutenburg designed
molded hand-held device that provided
standardization of the letter and its mass character
manufacturing. The device was hollow
metal rod with removable bottom
wall of soft metal, on which, using
a hard stamp - a punch, a pattern was knocked out
letters. A special
alloy. The casting letter received on the end part
mirror drawing of the letter. Gutenberg first
used a press to obtain an impression, developed
recipes for typographic alloy - garth and
printing ink. Thus, Gutenberg
credit goes to the development of typographical
the process as a whole. Typesetting desk and typesetter's tools (a),
wordsmith (b), typesetter's hand with a typewriter (c).
17th century engravings
Reconstruction of I. Gutenberg's printing press.
The oldest image of a printedmachine on the engraving “Dance of Death”.
Lyon, 1500
Printing house. Case
Gutenberg is credited with being the firstprinted edition of the Bible. This edition
recognized as a masterpiece of early printing, in
its formal elements (figure
font, format, etc.) imitated
gothic medieval handwritten
books, surpassing them by the merits of printing.
Colored initials and ornament
were done by hand by artists.
Ivan Fedorov is the founder of book printing in Russia and Ukraine. From April 19, 1563 to March 1, 1564, together with Peter Mstislavets, he published “Aposto
Ivan Fedorov – founderbook printing in Russia and Ukraine. From 19
April 1563 to March 1, 1564 together
published with Pyotr Mstislavets
"Apostle", who became the first Russian
dated printed book.
Previously, he spent a lot of time
textual and editorial
work. "Apostle" abundantly
ornamented Creatively reworked
ornamental techniques of the school
Theodosius Isograph, Fedorov created like this
called early printing style.
Fedorov developed the font based on
Moscow semi-statutory letter
mid-16th century
In 1580 – 1581 the first full one came out
Slavic Bible (so-called
Ostrog Bible). This colossal
the work occupied 1256 pages. First illustrations
cut on the same board with
text, they were
concise and printed
black paint. IN
subsequent centuries ways
seals have improved
woodcuts appeared
(endprint and woodcut),
chisel engraving on
metal, etching,
lithography. Each of these
graphic techniques in their own way
conveyed artistic
the structure of the work was
most typical for
certain time.
Page 18 from the Nuremberg edition
"Metamorphoses" by Ovid 1689. Engraving on
tree. Execution of illustrations in
engraving on copper or
the etching was given to the artists
opportunity to better convey
depth of space, effects
chiaroscuro, texture. Such
illustrations were printed on
on a separate sheet and pasted
into the book.
Illustration (engraving and drawing by N. Sokolov;
1796) to "Poor Liza"
N. M. Karamzina. Emotional, psychological nuances
could have been more fully conveyed to
lithographs. Characteristic feature
lithographic manner is
grainy texture of the pattern, softness and
smooth lines, ability to convey
halftones, lighting effects.
E. Kibrik. Illustrations for the novel
R. Rolland "Cola Brugnon" Artistic
book possibilities with
invention in the 19th century.
photomechanical method
print. The artists received
opportunity to use and
combine the most
various materials,
any graphic or
painting technique.
B. Diodorov. Illustration “Flying on a Swallow”
to the fairy tale by H.-K. Andersen "Thumbelina". 24x30 cm.
Etching, aquatint, watercolor
Book: 1 - book block; 2 - dust jacket; 3 - binding cover; 4 - lasse; 5 - scar; 6 - captal; 7 - spine; 8 - edging; 9 - bookplate; 10 - valve
5. Structure and elements of the bookBook: 1 - book block; 2 - dust jacket; 3 - binding cover; 4 - lasse; 5 -
scar; 6 - captal; 7 - spine; 8 - edging; 9 - bookplate; 10 - valve
dust jackets; 11 - flyleaf; 12 - frontispiece; 13 - title page Jan Tschichold, who created the work “Free from Arbitrariness”
ratio of book page sizes to typesetting strip"
carefully researched the canons of medieval page construction
books.
Scheme of ideal
proportions of one
medieval manuscript.
The canon kept secret,
which forms the basis of many
manuscripts from the late Middle Ages His page design scheme contains the Villarova variant
drawing." This is what Villars' harmonic division canon is called.
de Honnecourt (medieval artist and architect, theorist
art). Using this canon, which is shown in the drawing
bold lines, you can divide the space by any number
equal parts without any scale. Jan Tschichold
adds additional construction lines, thanks to which for
any format possible to calculate the harmonious ratio
size of fields and typesetting strip.
6
5
4
3
1
2However, the artist may not always strictly follow the canon. For
expressiveness and accurate representation of the image of the book illustrator
may change the composition of the book. This is how I. Bogdesko places the text
close to paradise, leaving small fields that enhance
emotional tension of a book spread. Book graphics - view
visual arts,
cover design,
dust jackets, frontispieces,
title pages, pages
illustration books,
headbands, initials,
endings. Separate area
book graphics is
font art.
I. Bogdesko.
Cervantes. "Don Quixote"
BEATRICE POTTER Illustration for the book
"Christmas Party at the Rabbit's" Headpiece - small ornamental or
pictorial (sometimes plot) composition (in
the width of the typesetting strip or narrower), highlighting and
decorating the beginning of a section like
handwritten and printed books or magazines. IN
The title of the section may be included in the splash screen.
Merry Christmas screensaver
John the Baptist and figure
initial with image
Evangelist Luke
End of the 11th century
Initial or
Initial letter
Ending 7. Font is a visual system
display information using
conventional symbols. In a narrower
meaning is a set of letters, numbers and
special characters of a certain
drawing.
TYPOGRAPHY - artistic graphics using printing tools and design elements: rulers, ornaments, signs, etc.
TYPOGRAPHY - artistic graphics using printingmeans and design elements: rulers, ornaments, signs and, most importantly,
typesetting fonts. Calligraphy (from the Greek καλλιγραφία - “beautiful handwriting”) is one of the branches
visual arts. Calligraphy is also often called art.
beautiful letter. Modern definition calligraphy sounds like this
image: “the art of designing signs in an expressive, harmonious and
in a skilful manner" Sapere aude (Dare to know)
Amat victoria curam
(Victory loves effort)
Laboremus (Let's work)
Calligraphy by I. Bogdesko
The book is a complete structure, all elements of which: layout, font, illustration... are in harmony with each other.
Book "The Tsar's Hunt in Rus'"Book in fine arts
V. Van Gogh.Still life
Girl with a book.
Photo
Perronneau, Jean-Baptiste
Portrait of a boy with a book
N.P. Bogdanov-Belsky.
Students. 1901
Spring. Ershov Pyotr Pavlovich. Acquaintance with books by foreign writers. Mavrina. Kochergin. Mozhaeva. World of illustrations. Diodorov. Bilibin. Milashevsky. Tyrsa. Bianchi. Lebedev. Rudakov. The Tale of the Dead Princess. Dear friends. Illustrations. Vasnetsov. Illustrator. Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich. Marshak Samuil Yakovlevich. Safronov. Books with illustrations. Aksakov. Writer. Illustrators. Pushkin.
“Booklet” - Do not use rulers to separate columns of text. Availability of a slogan. Professional and Difficult language, abbreviations. Easy to understand materials. Playing on fear and superstition. Subheadings. An attempt to teach, not to convince. Mandatory points: Support discrimination based on race, religion, gender and age. In person and in absentia, they introduce the client to the organization and employees. The narrowest column is about 5 centimeters.
“Elements of book design” - Book. There are several types of books. Elements of the book. Captal. Literary work. Book binding. Completing the task. U-turn. Flyleaf. Basics of composition. Shmuttitul. Page margins. Layout certificate. Cover. Book design. Graphic dominant. Title page. Book design. Soft cover book. Folio. Binding cover. Artist-designer. Trimming a book.
“Book graphics” - Book graphics – component book edition. The headband is a small composition of an ornamental nature. The cover is an artistic solution for covering a book. Book graphics. Practical part. Illustration for J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy. A dust jacket is an artistically designed paper covering. Graphic arts. Titles are the individual sheets that open the parts.
“Paper for books” - The path of paper to Europe is even longer. Project manager: Gainullina Natalya Vladimirovna Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 1 of Buinsk RT”. In 1100 - in Cairo. It's hard to imagine life without paper. 10th century – the first paper workshops in Spain. Dried sheets of compressed fibers proved to be an excellent writing material. For many centuries, the Chinese alone held the secret of making paper. Unlike papyrus, parchment was stronger and more durable.
“Elements of a book” - Unfolded sheet. The main content of the publication. Library lesson. Preface and afterword. Summary contents of the book. Dust jacket flap. Title page. Table of contents or contents. Binding or cover. Illustrations. Dust jacket. Book binding. The book is interesting. Clothes books. Who is the most important person in the book? Flyleaf. Frontispiece. The cover dresses the book. Font.
The most ancient and traditional type of graphic art is drawing, the origins of which can be seen in primitive rock paintings and in ancient vase painting, where the basis of the image is line and silhouette. The tasks of drawing have a lot in common with painting, and the boundaries between them are fluid and largely arbitrary: watercolor, gouache, pastel and tempera can be used to create both graphic works and works that are painterly in style and character. In graphics, along with completed compositions, full-scale sketches and sketches for works of painting, sculpture, and architecture also have independent artistic value.
GRAPHICS (from the Greek grapho - I write, I draw) is one of the types of fine arts. Graphics are a drawing and an imprint on a sheet of paper (in ancient times - on papyrus, on parchment). There are easel graphics (drawing, print, popular print), book graphics (illustrations, vignettes, headpieces, drop caps, title, front title, binding, cover, dust jacket), magazine and newspaper graphics, miniatures (a version of book graphics), industrial graphics, bookplate, poster, silk-screen printing, linocut.
Book graphics are an integral part of a book publication. The book includes literature, graphics, type art and printing art. Book artists develop the type of publication, the design of the book, its decorative design, and the illustration cycle. The design of the book is traditional: book block, cover, binding, dust jacket, flyleaf, title page, titles, illustrations (frontispiece, stripes, headpieces, endings, initials, etc.), fonts. These elements, obeying the laws of composition, are combined into a single ensemble.
A cover is an artistic solution for covering a book that contains a book block. The cover design should be conventionally decorative, clear, and make the book look beautiful. appearance, but at the same time give an accurate description of the book, reveal its main meaning, style and figurative structure. The cover should contain font elements that reflect the main header information.
The title page is the right half of the first spread of the book. The title contains more complex font elements that explain the title and publishing information. If an illustration is placed on the left page of the first spread, or a portrait of the author is printed, such a page is called a frontispiece. The design on the title is used relatively rarely and has more of a decorative value.
A headpiece is a small composition of an ornamental nature or in the form of a picture that opens a section of text. Ending - a small drawing or ornamental motif that completes last page any section or the entire book. An initial is the initial letter in the text of a book created by an artist.
