The period of ancient Russia takes its beginning from ancient times, with the appearance of the first tribes of Slavs. But the most important event is the vocation of the reign in Novgorod Prince Rurik in 862. Rurik came not alone, but with brothers, Trumor rules in Izborsk, and Sineus in Beloser.
In 879, Rurik dies, he remains the son of Igor, who because of his age cannot rule the state. Power goes into the hands of Comrade Rurik - Oleg. Oleg in 882 unites Novgorod and Kiev, thereby founding Russia. In 907 and 911, prince Oleg's hiking took place to Tsargrad (the capital of Byzantium). These trips were successful and raised the authority of the state.
In 912, power passes to Prince Igor (son of Rüric). The Board of Igor symbolizes the successful activity of the state in the international arena. In 944, Igor concluded an agreement with Byzantium. However, success in domestic politics was not achieved. Therefore, Igor was killed by the Trees in 945 after an attempt to collect tribute re-(this version is most popular with modern historians).
The next period in Russia's history is the reign of Olga Princess, who wants to take revenge for the murder of her husband. The rules it is approximately 960. In 957, she visited Byzantium, where Christianity adopted on the legend. Then the power took her son Svyatoslav. He is famous for his campaigns that began on 964 and ended in 972. After Svyatoslav, the power in Russia passed into the hands of Vladimir, who has ruled from 980 to 1015.
Vladimir's board is most famous for the fact that it was he baptized Russia in 988. Most likely, this is the most significant event of the periods of ancient Russian state. The establishment of official religion was needed to a greater extent to combine Russia under one faith, strengthening the princely authority and state authority in the international arena.
After Vladimir there was a period of civil workers in which Yaroslav defeated the nickname wise. He rules starting from 1019 and ending 1054 years. The period of its reign is characterized by a more developed culture, art, architecture and science. With Yaroslav Wise, the first set of laws appeared, which was called Russian True. Thus, he founded the legislation of Russia.
Then the major event in the history of our state was the Lubash Congress of the Russian Princes, which took place in 1097. His goal was to maintain the stability, integrity and unity of the state, the joint struggle against enemies and ill-wishers.
In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh comes to power. Its main labor was "teaching children," where he described how to live. In general, the period of the reign of Vladimir Monomakh marked the end of the period of the ancient Russian state and marked the emergence of the period of feudal fragmentation of Russia, which began at the beginning of the XII century, and ended at the end of the 15th century.
The period of the ancient Russian state laid the beginning for all the history of Russia, founded the first centralized state of non-territory of Eastern European Plain. It was at the same time that Rus received a single religion, which is one of the leading in our country today. In general, the period, despite its cruelty, brought a lot to develop further social relationship In the state, laid the foundations for the legislation and culture of our state.
But the most important event of the ancient Russian state was the formation of a single prince of dynasty, which served and managed the state for several centuries, thereby the power in Russia became a permanent based on the will of the Prince, and then the king.
- Life and creativity Kondrai Ryleev
Kondrati Fedorovich Ryleev (1795-1826) is one of the famous Russian poets who joined the uprising of the Decembrists.
Cosmos, rocket, first flight. When we talk about it, I don't even mean that in this area there a lot of brilliant scientist Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.
Theory of Egor Class
Before Catherine, the second in Russia knew well the history of ancient Russia until Rurik.
Even Lomonosov recognized the deep antiquity of Russian history. But thorough work on this topic of Lomonosov did not write.
But at the time of Catherine the second. Russian historical science was headed by three people - Miller, Bayer, Schlezer (Germans), who did not like the ancient Russian story, which was ancient German. They began to destroy all the facts about the history of ancient Russia until Rurik, and it was they who imposed Russian historians a modern understanding of Russian history.
But the Stat adviser and the guardian of the Moscow Academy. Class, unlike his ingenious predecessor, managed to write a special scientific work "New materials for ancient history Slavyanny-Russov. " And he wrote it in 1854.
The class showed: Novgorod residents really invited princes-Varyagov to the prince, but it was the internal affair of the Russa themselves, because in the north of Western Europe, up to Elby Laba, there was a highly developed Slavic civilization and was called Pomeranious Rus. "Varyagi Russa Tribal Rieszamas Novgorod region," writes a class. Varyags are seawhelmists, "which in the goal of cooking (swimming) in the seas were called Varyags," guarded our trading paths from marine robbers. The invited princes-Varyagi were from Pomeranian Russia, and not from Scandinavia. But in Scandinavia, too, there was also a small territory of Russia, which can be seen from the book is classified and that followed from the research and traveler's traveler Tour Heyerdal, who, speaking in 2001 by the excavation from the city of Azov, said the press: "... according to ancient sources, There are evidence that the Vikings served mercenaries in the troops of the Russian principality, which included part of the southern territories from Azov to Sochi. " His working hypothesis - frightened by Romans, Vikings went to Scandinavia.
Heyerdal also suggested that "Vikini was the ancestors of the Cossacks."
But here the same right to existence has the opposite conclusion: the Cossacks were the ancestors of the Viking. Part of the Cossacks in the Yi-Yii centuries. Gone to Scandinavia, where they became Viking Normanons. Cossacks destroyed the "bases" of local marine robbers and won a bridgehead to combat pirates and Vatican Christianizers. This explains the logic of the behavior of norms in medieval Europe.
The name of Russov, famous Icestari as Slavic not only to all the Tribes Asian, but also to the Israelis since the coming of them into the promised land. And they have Russians stand at the chapter not only the Romans, but also the ancient Greeks - as their progenitor.
Indeed, the Slavic-Russa as the people, earlier the Romans and the Greeks, educated, left in themselves in all parts of the old world a lot of monuments, testifying to their stay and on the oldest writing, arts and enlightenment. Monuments will forever indisputable evidence forever; They tell us about the actions of our ancestors in the language, our native, which is the prototype of all Slavic adverbs, merging in it as in general in its source.
Take for example Icelandic saga. We meet in them the names of Valland (Gallium), Danmork (Denmark), Gotthiod (Gotland), Rin (Rhine), Attii (Attila), Holmgardr (Xonmoropbi), Vana (Vecedy). These are all names belonging to undoubtedly stories. Many of their words will also be explained in which they are added at the end of the letter G, like Aesir, Diar, Iatnar or Iotar, Thursar or Thussar, Vanir, Vanaheimr, SkalogrimR, etc. Take away the final letter G, will be: Aesi, Dia, Iatna or Iota , Thursa or Thussa, Vani, Vanaheim, Skalogrim (Aza or demigods, perfumes or gods, Utah or Geets, Furses or priests, Vanya or Vennets, Vennetic or Earth Venetov, Rocking - Slavs, Moving from Baltic Pomina to Norway at the King of the Norwegian ha - Rold, and from there switched to his neighbors to Iceland and the first of its population). These names are taken all of the actual life. Ancient writers, what, for example, Ethel Vard, Albericus, Snorro, Torofi, Sakson Grammatatik also argue that all names found in the ancient Scandinavian legends are taken from historical and peoples, but moved to the deities and creatures supernatural.
The name of Slavs exists from a long time. The main tribe of Mizia and Macedonia consisted of Slavs. Their country was called Slavia. The very first settlers of this country were Pelasgi, who, according to the undoubted arguments of Chertkov, in the study of Pelasgo-Thracian tribes, were also the Slavs.
Further confirmation of the fact that Macedonians were indeed the Slavs, let it be the following: on the fall of the Macedonian kingdom, part of the Macedonians, about 320 to R. X., moved to the Baltic Sea and founded his new dwellings called Bodrich, who had retained to the very fall of their coat of arms Alexander Macedonian depicting busfall and griff. And soon after that one part of them moved again to Ilmen and ride
And that the Slavs had literacy not only to the general introduction between Christianity between them, but also long before the Nativity of Christ, the acts of the Literacy of the Slavic-Rus-owls from the tenth century ago - to deep antiquity, through all the dark periods of history, Which is occasionally somewhere, but clearly overlooks the element of the Slavic-Russian people with its characteristic type.
Let's start our arguments:
1) Chernivaris Herbra / who lived in the 10th century, says: Slavs of Rogan (i.e. idolaters) is essential features and cuts of Chula and Ghata.
2) Konstantin Porphyrbony said that Croats immediately on the adoption of Christianity, therefore, before they could learn a diploma, their own signatures confirmed their oath dad not to fight with other peoples.
3) Titmar, describing the Temple of Retro, says that an idol stood inside him and his name was written on each of them. - Subsequently, pictures with these inscriptions were repeatedly published printed.
4) Massage when describing the Slavic Temple in the Golden meadows, it says that there were signs on the stones, which were marked by future cases, i.e. Events predicted.
5) In the Treaty of Igor with the Greeks, it says: "Noshahu ate seal" Evil-You, a ROCTIE Srebryani: Nowadays, there was a prince to send a diploma to our kingdom: I also send Sita to Sita, Yako Ambassadors Selko's ship ... ".
6) Place in the agreement of Oleg with the Greeks, where it is said: "On the Christian Tsar who work in Greece in Greece: Through who will die, without having torture his estate, Qi and do not hesitate, but to return the imbey to small bidders in Russia. Whether whether to challenge the roaring, such a crumpled, who will be wrote to the either inherit. "
In the 6th century, the Byzantines are already talking about the northern Slavs as the people of the educated, having their own writing, called the offshore. The root of this word has been preserved at the time in words: the letter, the letter, literally and even in the second letter of the alphabet (beech).
The king of Scythians caused Darius with a crumbling letter for the fight back in 513 to the Nativity of Christ. The ancient Russians really wrote on wooden planks, it confirms to us by Ibn-El Nedim, who made a picture of a picture from a letter found to his Caucasian resident embedded on a white tree.
Of all the exempted, it is clear that the Slavs had a diploma not only before all Western peoples of Europe, but also for the Romans and even the Greeks themselves, and that the outcome of the enlightenment was from Russ to the West, and not from there to them.
Consider now, to which tribe Slavyansky belonged to Trojan.
In the Trojan possessions there was the RCA or Race River. Everywhere, where Russy was sitting, we find the river of this name. The current Arak is an ancient RCA; According to the geography of that time, the people of Russia and the country of the same name, named after the Scythians, mean. Arake was called the Arabs of El Ras, Mongols - Orsai and Rasha, Greeks -Ras and Oros. Volga was also called RSO, when they moved to it because of the Caspian Sea Russe and Unnune; The same name retained the River Rus or the Commitment of the Novogorod province, where Russia was sitting. Alauna is ancient; Roma River, which flows into the Dnieper, where Rus Dniprovskaya or Porosyan was sitting; Russian sea or black, where there was a black rus; Rus Rus in Moravia, where they are sitting and now Russians; The River Rus, which is the right sleeve of Memonie or Nemman, called, as telling a legend, by this name from the very source of his own, in which the Alaunskaya rus, having passed from the old dwelling to a new place, who finally reached the seaside and spread over it To the left to the rustle, that now Frish-Gaf, and to the right, probably up all over the bay, where she is named Pomorskoye.
The author of the igoriada recognizes Ilion is not Tokmo Slavic, but even Russian as the truth, which has long been known and undoubted. That Troy and Rus were engaged not only by the same people, but also one of his tribe; Consequently, Russa were Trojan or Trojan were Russa. But as a huge tribe of Russov could not be combined in three, and part of Russ could build Ilion, moreover, Trojan, Darda-No, Tevkras, Thracians and Pelasgi do not essence their own names of the people, but only a numerous, as we have seen above, consequently, Russa is the tribal name of the people who settled Troy.
Jonanand writes about Novgorod in the 6th century. He also says that in 350 Novgorod was conquered by Gotami. For 500 years of the existence of this city to Varyagov's calling. Prokoki and Jonanand say that the Slavs built durable wooden houses and fortified cities; The first tied them to the ground, and the last served the defense of the enemies.
Tacitis in the 60th year according to R. X. It says that Germans do not know more cities; The Slavs are building durable wooden houses and fortified cities for defense from enemies.
Herodot describes the significant city of Slavs - Budi-Nov - Gelon, and it was almost 500 years before R.Kh. If at that time the city of Gelon was already nice, then the construction should be attributed to, at least, at least, to one time with Rome, if not earlier.
What people lived at the time in the current Northern Russia, when Scandinavians called her Gaardarikr, i.e. State, from cities consisting? We know that the Gaard means the city, Gaarda - cities, Rikr-kingdom. Scandinavians themselves answer that it is Ryszaland, i.e. Land of Rusov. What surprised Scandinavians when they were in Rizalanda? Many cities and fortifications, i.e. what they did not have, or lack them; For if they had as many cities as in Rizalande, there was no need to give her the epithetic name Gaarderikr. Therefore, when Scandinavia had no more cities or and had, but very little, Russia was bothering them already through a measure, so he earned their name of the kingdom of the kingdom in the eyes.
More than twenty Slavs were erected on the throne Roman;
We mention the names of at least some: Justin I, Claudius, Kaesar-North and Valencies - Illyrians; Justinian, Justin II, samples, Maximian and Valentinian - Pannons; Diocletian - Dalmat; Konstantin-Chlorusin. The Slavic origin of these emperors is recognized by all, and according to Hamza and Gennesia, and the Emperor Vasily was also Slav. In a word, the greatest emperors Roman recently were Slavs, and the legions of their fatherland played a major role in Rome and Byzantium, making up the best army. After that, it is very clear that the king John Vasilyevich could have caused his relationship with Roman emperors. And how much was in Denmark, Sweden and Norway kings of Slavic origin?
Residents of the Baltic Pomerania Venate-Slavs in 216 to R.H., strongly close goths, had to give them their amber fores and most of their dwellings and will move away somewhere.
Although afterwards, and Ienes in the 166th year on RX., Russa (Roxolani, Roxalani), who came to the amber shores, and were expelled ready from Pomori (Ptolemy), but settlers on Ilmen and Lovati for almost four centuries already learned on their Places, did not search for the previous dwellings of their own, and remained there, where probably trade has already rewarded them with many benefits. In the settlers of Ilmensky, the city was built, the name of which Novgorrad (forces to unwittingly find Starward), we will learn only in the 4th century, when the goths were hawked, under Ataman with his Erman (251, in turn, again displaced and moving in Russia.
The Ptolty Alana is named Scythians, Markian - Sarmatians, and in Georgian history - wheels. Ammonian describes them as Russ. But in addition, we note that the river, called Somme, irrigated the once field of ancient Alanya, which existed there, was called Samaro, and the city built on both her shores, the current amiens, wore the name of Samara (Samara's shore). - these two names are enough to say that Alan was Slavs; for like Samara - slavic nameSo Breges - Slavic Word.
1) Anna Comanoy's Scythians, Lion Dacon and Kinnama spoke Russian.
2) Tavroskify Konstantin Bagryanorovnoe spoke by the Russian language.
3) Veliko-Scythians of Greek writers, according to Northor, said Ruskshi language.
4) Sarmatians (RUSS) Halkokondila spoke Russian.
5) Alan (Rossi) in Georgian history - of course, Russian.
6) Sarmati Salvester II Sarmatians spoke to the Venented language, and the Vened Language is the adolescent Slavic.
7) Sarmaty (Yazigi and Pannons) am. Martz. And Blaz. Jerome said slavic language.
8) Sarmaty (Ants), recognized by all for the Slavs, said, of course, the Slavic language.
9) Sarmata (Serbs) Pliny and Anton speak and now Slavic language.
10) Sarmaty (Vecedy) Leouther. Table. Proof and ptople as those who occupied the same place with Sarmatians Pope Sylvester, said, of course, one with last tongue, consequently, Slavic.
11) Sarmatians (Slavs) of different historians - Slavic.
12) Everyone in general Sarmaty Apendini is Slavic.
13) Alan (Antairs) - Slavic.
14) Alan (Slavs) - Slavic.
15) Alan in Northern France - Slavic.
Consequently, all the Scythians given here, Sarmatians and Alan said, if different adverbs, all the same Slavic.
The main feature of the mythology of these peoples:
According to Herodot, the Scythians worshiped the sword in the form of a war of war.
According to Clementia, Alexandrian Sarmati worshiped the sword in the form of the God of war.
According to Northar, Russers worshiped the sword in the form of a god of war.
Ammonia Alan worshiped the sword in the form of a god of war - water.
According to Helmold, Slavs worshiped the sword in the form of a war of war-supply - who was built in retreat was a special temple.
Of course, we find them some difference in other idiots; But when there are splits between Christians in one common truth given to us on the revelation of God, then, as not to be at idolatry, creating itself idols in their work and giving them the names and attributing them actions on their imagination.
Do I need to say that for this conclusion, all the above nations should be uncommon?
But when the Hindus speaks of God as an incomprehensible, as about the spirit of the original, endless and boring, then he is called Vishnu (Vyshny, Most High), i.e. The Higher Spirit, for the creations of incomprehensible! - Vishnu and Vyshnyy constitutes the same word among the Hindus under them, and the Slavs and Slavs.
So exactly we read in the ancient Greek writers that
In the Upper Italy, Geeti Russa were sitting, which later historians were redone first in the betering, and then in Etruscans. Stephen Byzantine speaks his geographical
"It's embarrassing to us, Russians that we do not care about to trace all the chronicles to be able to be able to completely hit and discard the feasible Russian history, written without references to sources, is the only to glorify the Germans, and those learning these world historians from Habits are not in their sleigh sit down! " So Egor Class completes its work.
The theory of class seems to me the true story of ancient ruuri if he considered the beginning of Russian history from the 3rd century DNE, then the famous researcher and ethnographer Demin began the beginning of the history of ancient Russia from 2300 years old, since the construction of the ancient city of Slovensk
(This is on the site of modern Veliky Novgorod). Studying this theory I found a lot interesting factsUseful for my book. Although there are some points with whom I do not quite agree, but time will show (maybe I'm wrong).
Education Kiev Rus (839-878)
Rurik and Varangian-Russian Board in Novgorod.
According to the works of D.I. Ilovai and G.V. Vernadsky, as well as other historians of 19-21 centuries.
Thematic Layout of Internet Versionscopyright A.Romanchenko.
Archontiss Olga. Drawing from the old book
We, studying the history of our Motherland, we were usually started with pages telling about the calling of the Varangian princes headed by Rurik to Russian land, about the campaign of Oleg on the Tsargrad, etc. What was before that? Where did the tribe of Slavs and Russa arose, unexpectedly appeared in the 9th century on gigantic spaces from the Adriatic Sea to the Volga? Based on the analysis of the ancient documents and archaeological discoveries,
DI. Ilovai spoke with the statement that in the prehistoric period there were three Russia: Dniprovskaya (Rus),
Novgorod (Slavia) and
Slavia (Salau) on the map of Idrisi (in the second mug on the left). Black and Azov Sea from above.
Tmutarakan (Taman).
At one time, Slavs and Russia were pushed out of the South and from the many Western land of the Romans and their descendants, wild nomads, Tatars ... Therefore, strengthening their borders and statehood in the XVII and XVIII centuries, Russia only returned to their original land - Kuban, Azov and the Black Sea, Crimea, mouth of the Neva, Dvina ...
From the preface to the book D.I. Ilovaiski"History of Russia. Start Rus."
DI. Ilovai (1832 - 1920) "History of Russia. Start Rus." 1996
Generation by the generation I got used to repeating the fables about the vanity of the Varangians as an immutable fact and take away the fame of our state of creating our state, which, in the chronicle expression, they "Cleared the Great later and the great works". We have repeatedly told the tale of the Varana, which was completely dressed with him. We feel even some satisfaction that our story is not as other peoples that have mythical times begins famous year, a well-known event and such an original event as the touching federation of Slavic and Chiwy peoples, sending the embassy for the sea!
True, the reverse idea on the incapacity for our ancestors to the organization somewhat darkens this contention.
Give so famous words Russian initial chronicle under 862 year:
And they said: "We are looking for the prince themselves who would have owned us and ruined for a number and by law." Let's go for the sea to Varyags, to Russia. Those whocks were called Rus, like others called Swedes, and other - Normans and Angles, and other goths - and these. They said Rus Chud, Slavs, Curvichi and the whole: "Our Land is great and is abundant, but there is no order in it. Come pronomize and possess us. " And three brothers were chosen with their childbirth, and took with them all of Russia, and came first of all to the Slavs. And put the city of Ladoga. And the village of Senior, Rurik, in Ladoga, and the other - Sineus, - on the White Lake, and the Third, Trour, - in Izborsk. And the Russian land was nosed from those whirlwinds. Two years later, Sineus and brother of his Trourway died. And he accepted all the power of one Rurik and came to Ilmen, and put the city over the Volkhov, and called him Novgorod, and it was pronounced here, and began to hand out her parish and the city to put - that Polotsk, this Rostov, another Beloozero. Varyags in these cities are Nazis, and the indigenous inhabitants in Novgorod are Slavs, in Polotsk - Crivichi, in Rostov - Merry, in Beloser - the whole, in Murom - Murom, and above, Rurik ruled.
After several works in our chronicles (Pogodin, Sukhomlinova, Obolensky, Bestumev-Ryumin, etc.) there is no doubt that the so-called Nestorova chronicle In the form, in which she reached us, there is a chronicle arch, which gathered gradually and was subjected to different editions. Headers were not always content with the limited reproduction of the original, but often attached their own share of authorship; The one was reduced, the other was distributed, reproduced the language, inserted on themselves reasoning, interpretation and even whole episodes. Do not need to lose sight of also simple errors, the descriptions, misunderstandings, etc. I will give the famous words of Mnich Lavrentia: "Where I described, or rewrote, or did not finish, honoring the god to the god, and not blunt".
That is why it turned out such a variety of lists, which cannot be found two copies of completely similar.
The chronicle arch came to us in lists that do not earn earlier the second half of the XIV century; From the Kiev period, a manuscript was not preserved a single chronicle collection.
"SE TALE OF SUMMARY YEARS, from where the Russian land comes from, who in Kiev initiated the first of the princes"
- These words begin our chronicle. It says Kiev, not about Novgorod. Positive chronological data also refer to our history to Kiev. The first reliable fact included in our chronicle from the words of Byzantines is an attack of Russia to Constantinople in 864-865, in the reign of Emperor Mikhail.
Here are the words of our chronicles: "Mikhail Mikhailovati, the Russian land began to be initiated. Norman theory. She gave them that sense, as if since that time, our fatherland began to be called Rus. But internal, actual meaning, consonant with positive events the one in the reign of Mikhail Name Rus is first made by famous actually for the first time draws attention, due to the attack of Russov to Constantinople. Maybe our chronicler or his writer himself thought that Since then, Rus has become called Russia. The error is very natural, and it is impossible to endure the requirements of our time to Russian competent people of that era, That is, expect the eruditions and criticism of their sources from them. For example, could they read by the Byzantines, under the names of Scythians, Sarmatians, etc. recognize your Russia in them?
"Postpone the post and numbers" - continues our chronicle. "And from Pervago Summer Mikhailova to Pervago Summer Olgova, Ruscago Prince, about 29 years old; and from Pervago Summer Olgova, Fucking Sedge in Kiev, to Pervago Summer Igor, 31; and from Pervago Summer Summer 33" etc. In this chronological list, the beginning of Russia is not conducted from the vanity of Varyagov, but from the era when Russia is clearly a positively noted by Byzantine historians. Then the chronicle is directly moving to Oleg. Where is Rurik? Why is such a wonderful face, the Russian princess is not a place in this chronology? Perhaps only one explanation, namely, the legend of Rurika and in general about the calling of the princes is listed in the chronicle to give some beginning of Russian history, and was initially listed without a year; And the subsequently artificially timed to 862.
According to the "Tale of Bygone Years", coming on Russia, Rurik settled in Ladoga,
while Sineus took the submission of Belozero,
and Trour - Izborsk.
We have seen the alleged rüric brothers probably did not existBut, most likely, he planted someone from his relatives or followers in other cities as his governors or vassals. Having spent most of his life in the West, Rurik, must be well a familiar with an emerging feudal system and, apparently, was ready to apply her principles to his new possessions in Russia. Under this angle of view, the approval of the Ioakimoy chronicles concerning the organization of Northern Russia under the rule of Rüric, known to us in the summary of Tatischev. In Tatishchev, "Rurik planted in all cities of the princes or Varangian, or Slavic origin, and himself was known as the prince is great that equally greek titles "Architerator" or "Basilev", and those princes were his vassals. " Greek titles, of course, do not relate to the point here, since Rurik's presentings about suser-axes were copied in accordance with the standards of the Western Empire, with which he was well-known. You can compare the assertions of Tatishchev and the "Tale of Bygone Years". According to the last, Rureric brothers, Sineus and Trour, died two years after arriving at Rus. After their death Rurik from Ladoga moved to Novgorod and built a castle there. "And the power of Rurik's power, and the husband of her own hail, Owly Polish, Owm Rostov, another white-lake. And by those city is the essence of the wizard of Varyati. " The organization engaged in the organization of his new kingdom, Rurik, apparently, did not plunder any campaign south.And yet, in the hope that you contribute to the holding of such a campaign, the old colony of Russia in the old ruse called Rurik to Novgorod. They probably decided now to try to break through the way to the south without the help of Rüric. From this point of view, we can approach the chronicler's story about the campaign of Askold to Kiev. At the beginning of the story, we read the following: "And the kissta has two husbands (Askold and Deer), not a tribe, but Boyarin, and that as collected to the king of the city with his own. And the immediateness on the Dnieper ... ". Obviously, the initiative in this business belonged not to Rurik, but by the two Boyars. The words "not a tribe of it", apparently, should be understood in the meaning of "not from his friesland suite." They went "with their own", that is, with members of the Old-Russian (Swedish) colony. According to the chronicler, the aim of Askold was Constantinople, but it sounds rather as its own comment by the chronicler, and not a record of the fact. It is difficult to assume that at that time, any Novgorodiec could think about the campaign against Constantinople.
Why? Obviously, because they ruled on behalf of Olom from his palace, which served as the ruler's residence. Under the date 6374 (866 AD) in the "Tale of Bygone Years", it was recorded that Askold and Deer took the campaign against Constantinople. From the Byzantine sources, we know that the first Russian attack on Constantinople was 860, and not in 866 g. Therefore, we should assume that a chronological error for six years has been made in a fragment from the "Tale of Bygone Years". As for the campaign itself, we do not think that Askold and Dira had a fairly large army to take this campaign on his own. Magyar, even if we assume that they agreed to miss the rules through the Nizhnyadneprovsky region, there were no ships, and they did not know how to lead the war on the sea, so they could not provide some real support. You could expect help only from Russian kaganate in the azovye. There must be a campaign was undertaken by the joint efforts of Askold and Dira and Russian Kaganata. Apparently, Tmutarakan Kagan took the initiative in this matter. In any case, establishing a connection with Tmutarakan kaganate, as we suggested above,
Askold and Dira campaign on Constantinople. Figure from Radziwill Chronicles, XV Century
it was the initial goal of Askold, and probably he sent Messengers to Tmutarakan shortly after arriving in Kiev. From Kiev to the Azov coast could be reached by ships using steppe rivers and wolbs. One of these river paths was the way up the Eaglu River (Dnipro's influx), and from his headwalls to the lifts to the docks, and then down the Don and Don. However, this path was blocked by Khazars. Therefore, most likely, another path was used: up Samara (southern influx of the Dnieper) and its tributary wolf, then the wolf to calmus, and on it - to the Azov Sea. About the situation in the Russian kaganate of those years of information. As we saw, Messengers from Kaganat, who arrived in Constantinople in 838, was not allowed to return, and they were sent to Germany. We do not know whether they managed to return to Tmutarakan around the circumferential path - from Ingelheim to Novgorod and so on. In any case, the detention of the Messengers by the Byzantine emperor meant a breaking of diplomatic relations between Russian Kaganat and Byzantium, and perhaps it was the cause of the Russian raider for Amastras in 840 (or so),
if we assume that such a raid really took place. There are no evidence of further actions of the Russians on the Black Sea between 840 and 860. While the alleged raid of 840 was sent to Maly Asia, in 860, the Rusi decided to strike at the most Constantinople. It seems that the 860 campaign was well prepared, and for her
it was selected the right time. The empire at that time was in the midst of war with the Arabs. In 859, the latter caused a crushing defeat by the Byzantine troops, and the emperor himself was hardly able to avoid captivity. Starting from the early spring of 860, the empire took up intensive training of the army to a new campaign against Arabs, and in early June the emperor and his assistant, Kuropalad Bardas, led the Byzantine army to Malny Asia. It is such such a case and expected Russian to attack Constantinople. It is not known which way the Russians have chosen to deliver their fleet from the Kimmerian Bosphorus (Kerch Strait) to Fra to iy Bosphorus (Bosphorus Strait). Undoubtedly Byzantines were caught by surprise, without having thoughts about the approach of the Russians, While their ships appeared in the Bosphorus Strait. On the other hand, it is just as obvious that the Byzantine fleet was observed both behind the Crimean coastline and beyond the coast of Malaya Asia, for noting any active actions of Russians, especially after a raider on Amastras in 840. Therefore, we have the right to think that Russians appeared on the other side, with what the Byzantines they did not expect them. Perhaps they used the district path through the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Northern Tavric to the mouth of the Dnieper; That is, at first they overwhelmed the Azov Sea, and then from his northern coast headed up the river Berde and down the river Konskoy, Dnieper's influx. It is possible that in the area of \u200b\u200bthe lagoon formed by the poverty of the horse in the Dnieper, below modern City Zaporizhia, the expeditionary troops of the Russian kaganate reunited with the Askold and Dira's detachment, going from Kiev. The combined flotilla of Russian ships must then go down the horse and lower Dnieper in the Black Sea, and he went straight south to Bosphorus. June 18, 860. United Russian fleet consisting of two hundred ships,
appeared before the walls of Constantinople. Both the authorities and the population came to full confusion. If the Russians immediately went to the storm in the city, they would most likely capture him, without meeting resistance from the inhabitants. But instead they began to rob the palaces and monasteries in front of the walls of the city. Meanwhile, the Patriarch of Fotius swallowed the population and hastily formed a national militia to protect the city. A messenger was sent to the imperial bid in Malaya Asia with a report on the critical position of the capital. Chotba lift the spirit of the people, Fotiy organized a religious procession to the Golden Horn of the Inner Bay of Constantinople. The holy relic, known as the gaze of the Holy Virgin, was lowered into the water, after which, according to legend, the storm broke out, which hosted the Russian ships.
The wonderful salvation of Constantinople with the help of the Risea of \u200b\u200bOur Lady. Fresco from the church of the counting in the Moscow Kremlin. 1644 year
Foty himself, however, said in one of his sermons, that the Russians began to retreat even before the storm. For some time, they were still detained in the near waters, where they were soon attacked by the Byzantine fleet sent by the emperor, who himself also hurried back to the capital with ground forces. The Russians undoubtedly suffered large losses, and only a few ships managed to escape.
In the whole historical literature, not a single legend was not lucky as the one that I was led above. For several centuries, she believed and repeated it for a thousand wards. A number of authentic workers of science spent a lot of science and talent to explain, to furnish this legend and approve it on historical grounds; Let me remind you dear names of Bayer, Strobe, Miller, Tunman, Stritter, Schlezer, Lerberg, Circle, Fren, Butkova, Pusher and Corn. In vain, they were some opponents and with a large or less aggregation objected to their positions; This is: Lomonosov, Tatishchev, Evers, Neumann, Venal, Kachenovsky, Moroshkin, Saveliev, Nadezhdin, Maksimovich, and others. In the field of Russian historiography, the field remained at the Scandinavomanian system; Name the works of Karamzin, Polevoy, Ustortylova, Herman, Solovyov. I do not talk about the works of more fractional, interpreting about the Norman period and the Scandinavian influence on Russian life. As for Western literature, the Scandinavian system reigns there without any opposition; So, if it comes to the Russian state, about the beginning of Russian nationality, they are inevitably associated with the calling of Varyagov.
Already one thing is that in the environment of historians and historians and lovers of history have never stopped doubts about the truth of the Scandinavian theory and objections against it, indicates its insufficient conviction, for the presence of tension and contradictions in it, on its artificial construction. And indeed, the deeper you delve into this question, especially the extermination of the stretch and contradictions of the Norman system. If she keeps the dominant position so far, mainly due to its external harmony, his positive tone and relative unity of his defenders; Meanwhile, as opponents caused her blows into the scattering, they struck some separate evidence; But little touched the most significant foundation. This basis is the above-mentioned legend about the calling of princes. Opponents of normists for the most part believed in a calling or at all at the coming of the princes, they reduced the question to where these princes came from, and on this occasion the systems were built even less likely than Scandinavian. News of Arabic writers.
I will try to show the inconsistency of the Norman system for all the above items.
6 250
The chronicle of the ancient Slavic state was almost forgotten thanks to the German professors, who wrote the Russian history and the goal to rejuvenate the history of Russia, to show that the Slavic peoples are allegedly deeperially chisty, they are not laundered by the Acts of Ross, Ants, Vandals, Vandals and Scythians, who remembered the whole world very well . The goal is to tear the Rus from the Scythian past. The domestic historical school appeared on the basis of the works of German professors. All history textbooks teach us that wild tribes lived before the baptism in Russia.
This is a big lie, because the story has repeatedly rewritten in favor of the existing ruling system - starting from the first Romanov, i.e. History is interpreted as profitable for this moment ruling class. The Slavs, their past is called heritage or chronicles, and not history (the word "summer" preceded by Peter first in 7208 Summer from S.M.H., the concept of "year", when, instead of Slavicane, introduced 1700 from the alleged Christmas Christ). S.M.K. - This is the creation / signing / world with Arimami / Chinese / in the summer, called the Star Temple - after the end of the Great World War (something like on May 9, 1945, but more significantly for Slavs).
Therefore, is it worth trusted to textbooks, which even in our memory rewrote more than once? And whether to trust textbooks that contradict many facts saying that before baptism - in Russia there was a huge state with many cities and a weighing (country of cities), developed economy and crafts, with its original culture (culture \u003d culture \u003d cult culture \u003d Light cult). Our ancestors who lived in those days had vital wisdom and worldview, helping them to always come on conscience and live in harmony with the outside world. This attitude to the world is now called the old faith ("old" - means "pre-Christian", and before it was simple - faith - the victim of the Republic of Armenia - the victim of the world - the victim of the shining truth of the Most High). Vera is initial, and religion (for example - Christian) is secondary. The word "religion" comes from "re" - repetition, "League" - communication, association. Vera is always alone (the connection with God either is, or it is not), but the religions are many - as much as the people of the gods or how many ways will come up with intermediaries (dads, patriarchs, priests, rabbis, mules, etc.) to establish with They are connected.
Since the connection with God, established through third parties - intermediaries, for example - Popov, is artificial, in order not to lose the flock, each religion claims to "truth in the first instance." Because of this, many bloody religious wars were conducted and underway.
With a German professor alone, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov fought, who argued that the history of Slavs was rooted in deep antiquity.
The ancient Slavic state Ruskolan occupied land from the Danube and Carpath to the Crimea, North Caucasus and the Volga, and the sublore lands captured the Steppes of the Zavolzhsky and South Uralsky.
The Scandinavian name of Russia sounds like Gardaria - Country Country. Arab historians write about the same, calculating the Russian cities of hundreds. At the same time, arguing that there are only five cities in Byzantium, the rest are "fortified fortresses." In ancient documents, the state of Slavs is referred to as Scythia and Ruskolan. In their work academician B.A. Fishermen, the author of the books "Paganism of the ancient Slavs" 1981 move, "paganism of ancient Russia" 1987, and many others, writes that the state of Ruskolan was the carrier of the Chernyakhov archaeological culture and experienced a heyday period in Trojanov (I-IV century AD. ). To show the scientists of what level was engaged in the study of ancient Slavic history, we will give someone academician B.A. Fishermen.
Boris Aleksandrovich Rybakov 40 years old headed the institute of archeology Russian Academy Sciences, was the director of the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician-Secretary of the Department of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an honorary member of Czechoslovak, Polish and Bulgarian Academies of Sciences, Honored Professor of Moscow University. M. V. Lomonosov, Dr. Historical Sciences, Honorary Dr. Krakow Yaghellonian University.
In the word "Ruskolan" there is a syllable "Lan", which is present in the words "DLAN", "Valley" and meaning: space, territory, place, region. Subsequently, the syllable "Lan" was transformed into the European Land - a country. Sergey Lesnaya in his book "Where are you from, Rus?" Says the following: "Regarding the word" Ruskolun "it should be noted that there is a" Ruskolan "option. If the last option is more correct, then you can understand the word otherwise: "RUSK (AA) LAN". Lan - field. All expression: "Russian field". In addition, the forest makes the assumption that there was a word "colun", meaning, probably some space. It is found in another verbal environment. Also, historians and linguists believe that the name of the state "Ruskolan" could occur from two words "Russia" and "Alan" named Russia and Alanov, who lived in a single state.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, who wrote:
"Alanov and Rocksolanov The only combustion of the many places of ancient historians and geographers is clear, and the difference in that is that Alan has the common name of the whole people, and Roksolane solved from the place of their habitat, which not without reason produce from the RA River, like an ancient writers I will hear the Volga (Volga). "
An ancient historian and scientist Pliny - Alanov and Roxolanov together has. Roksolane also in the ancient scientist and geographer Ptoloma - a figurative addition called Alanorsi. The names of Aorsi and Roxane or Rossan at Strabo - "The exact unity of Ross and Alanov claims, what accuracy is multiplied by that they were the Wallpaper of the Slaven Generation, then that Sarmatians are only permissible from the ancient writers and therefore, with the Rossi-Rossi Korens."
We note the fact that Varyagov Lomonosov also refers to Rossam, which once again shows the detachment of the German professors, which deliberately called the Varyags stranger, and not the Slavic people. This traveler and a born legend about the vocation of someone else's tribe to the reign on Rus had a political background in order to once again "enlightened" the West could indicate the "wild" Slavs, on their dense, and that it was thanks to the Europeans to be created by the Slavic state. Modern historians, except for adherents of the Norman theory, are also converging that the Varyagi is the Slavic tribe.
Lomonosov writes:
"According to Gelmoldov, Alan's testimony was mixed with the Karland, minimen Varyagam Rossam."
Lomonosov writes - Varyagi-Rossi, and not Varyag Scandinavians, or Varyago Goths. In all documents of the pre-Christian period, Varyagov were attributed to the Slavs.
Next, Lomonosov writes:
"The ruled Slavs were called abbreviated by the wounds, that is, from the RA River (Volga), and Rossani. This preventive premium to the Varangian shores, as it should be more detailed. Weissel from Bohemia invites that Amakosovia, Alan, Vendi came from East to Prussia. "
Lomonosov writes about the ruled Slavs. It is known that on the island of Rügen in the city of Arcone, there was the last Slavic pagan temple, destroyed in 1168. Now there is the Slavic Museum.
Lomonosov writes that it was from the east to Prussia and the Slavic tribes came to the island of Rüugen and adds:
"This prevention of Alan Werezhesskki, that is, Rossan or Ross, the Baltic Sea took place, as can be seen on the above authors of testimonies, not at once and not in a short time, that in the footsteps, the remaining, obvious, which are cities and rivers must"
But let's return to the Slavic state.
The capital of Ruscolani, the city of Kiyars was located in the Caucasus, in Elbrus, near modern villages of the Upper Chegem, and Bezengi. Sometimes it was also called Kiyar Antian, named the Slavic tribe of Ants. The results of expeditions, the place of the ancient Slavic city will be written at the end. Descriptions of this Slavic city can be found in ancient documents.
"Avesta" in one of the places talks about the main city of Scythians in the Caucasus near one of the highest mountains in the world. And as famous Elbrus is the highest mountain, not only in the Caucasus, but also in Europe at all. "Rigveda" tells about the main city of Russia on the same Elbrus.
About the kiyar talking in the "book of Veles". Judging by the text - kiyar, or the city of Kiya, the old, was founded 1,300 to the fall of Ruscolani (368 N.E.), i.e. In the 9th century BC.
Ancient Greek geographer Strabo, who lived I c. BC. - early I century. AD He writes about the temple of the Sun and the sanctuary of the Golden Rune in the sacred city of Ross, in Elbrusye, on the top of Mount Tuzuluk.
On the mountain, our contemporaries found the foundation of an ancient facility. Its height is about 40 meters, and the diameter of the base is 150 meters: the ratio is the same as the Egyptian pyramids and other cult facilities of antiquity. In the parameters of the mountain and temple there are a lot of obvious and not at all random patterns. The church observatory was created in a "typical" project and, like other cyclopic structures - Stonehenge and Arkim, was intended for astrological observations.
In the legends of many peoples there are certificates of construction on the Sacred Mount of Alatyr (the modern name - Elbrus) of this majestic building, which was revered by everyone ancient peoples. The mention of him is in the national epic of the Greeks, Arabs, European peoples. According to Zoroastrian legends, this temple was captured by Rus (Rustam) in Usena (Kavi Usina) in the second millennium BC. Archaeologists officially note at this time the emergence of the Coban culture in the Caucasus and the emergence of Scythian Sarmatian tribes.
Mention the Temple of the Sun and Geographer Stragon, placing the sanctuary of the Golden Run and Oracle Eeta in it. there is detailed descriptions This temple and confirmation that astronomical observations were carried out there.
The Temple of the Sun was a real paleo-astronomic observatory of antiquity. The priests who had certain knowledge created such churches of the observatory, studied star science. There were calculated not only dates for agriculture, but also the most importantly, the most important milestones of world and spiritual history were determined.
Arab historian Al Masidi described the Sun Temple on Elbrus so: "In the Slavic Territories there were buildings that were revered by them. Between others, they had a mountain building on which philosophers wrote that she was one of the high mountains in the world. About this building There is a story: about the quality of his construction, about the location of the heterogeneous stones and their various colors, about the holes made in the upper part of it, about what is built in these holes for monitoring the sunrise, about the precious stones there The signs marked in it, which indicate future events and warned against the incidents before their implementation, the sounds of it in the upper part and that he comprehends them when listening to these sounds. "
In addition to those of the present, information about the main ancient Slavic city, the temple of the Sun and the Slavic state as a whole is in the "senior edde", in the Persian, Scandinavian and ancient German sources, in the book of Veles. If you believe the legends, near the city of Kiyar (Kiev) there was a sacred mountain Alatyr - archaeologists believe that it was Elbrus. Next to him was located Irrysky, or the paradise garden, and the River of the Smorodin, who separated the world of earthly and illuminated, and joined the yawl and the naval (that light) Kalinov Bridge.
This is how they talk about two wars between the goths (the ancient German tribe) and the Slavs, the invasion is ready for the ancient Slavic state, the Gothic historian of the 4th century Yordan in his book "History is ready" and "Velesova". In the middle of the IV century, Konung is ready to conquer the world. It was a great commander. According to Jordan, he was compared with Alexander Macedonian. The same wrote about Germany and Lomonos:
"Ermanik King Ostrogotsky, for the courage of his own by extracting many northern nations It was compared to some with Alendar Great. "
Judging by the evidence of Jordan, the "senior EDDA" and "Vele cheers", Germany after long wars captured almost all Eastern Europe. He passed with battles along the Volga to the Caspian Sea, then fought on the Terek River, passed through the Caucasus, then passed through the Black Sea coast and reached Azov.
According to the "Book of Wellez", Hermanrah initially concluded peace with Slavs ("saw wine for friendship"), and only then "went with a sword on us."
The peace treaty between the Slavs and Gotami was fastened with the dynastic marriage of the Slavic Prince-king Busa - Swans and Germany. It was a world fee, because Hermanrah was then for many years (he died in 110 years old, the marriage was shifted shortly before it). According to EDDA, \u200b\u200bSwathed the Swan-sofa Son Germanovarch Randver, he taking her father. And then the Yarl Bikka, an adviser to Germany, told them that it would be better if the swan went to Randwar, since both of them are young, and Germanaries are an old man. These words fell sideways and randber, and Jordan adds that Swan Su fled from Germany. And then Hermanrais executed his son and swan. And this murder has served as the Slavic-Gothic War. Varuto violating the "peace treaty", in the first battles of Hermanrah broke Slavs. But then, when Hermanrah moved in the heart of Ruscolani, the path of Hermanrah was abandoned by Antairs. Germany was defeated. According to Jordan's testimony, he was struck by a sword in Rossonov (Ruscolan) - Sar (King) and Ammy (brother). The Slavic Prince Bus and his brother Zlatogor caused a deadly wound to Germany, and he soon died. This is how Jordan wrote about this, the book of Veles, and later Lomonosov.
"Veles Book": "And Ruskolan was defeated from the ready German market. And he took his wife from the genus of our and killed her. And then our leaders flew to him and the German market broke "
Jordan. "History is ready": "Invalid Rosomonov (Ruskolan) ... I used the following convenient case ... After all, after the king, driven by rage, ordered a kind of woman named Songgilde (Swan) from the named kind for insidious care from her husband to break, tied to Fierce horses and encouraging horses to run in different directions, her brothers SAR (King Bec) and Ammonia (gradation), mushy for the death of the sister, hit the sword in the side of Germany "
M. Volonosov: "Sonlda, a notable rockswan woman, Yermanik ordered to break the horses for the husband of her husband. Brothers of Her Sar and Ammonium, Intrusing the death of sister, Ermanica in Sokololi; From the wound died one hundred ten years
A few years in the land of the Slavic tribe of Ants invaded the descendant of Germany - Amal Vinitari. In the first battle, he was broken, but then "began to act more decisively", and the goths headed by Amal Vinitar, broke the Slavs. Slavic Prince Boss and 70 other princes of Goths crucified on the crosses. It happened on the night of March 20, March 21, 368 JSC AD. On the same night, when the bead was crucified, a full lunar eclipse occurred. Also, the land shocked the monstrous earthquake (shaking the entire coast of the Black Sea, the destruction was in Constantinople and Nicaea (this is evidenced by the ancient scientists and historians. Later, the Slavs gathered with the forces and smashed ready. But the former powerful Slavic state was no longer restored.
"Book Veles": "And then Russia has been defeated again. And Boss and seventy other princes crucified on the crosses. And the little trouble was in Rus from Amala Venda. And then Slane gathered Rus, and led her. And at that time, the goths were broken. And we did not allow the stare to leak anywhere. And everything settled. And the grandfather was happy with the grandfather, and brought the warriors - many of our fathers who tried victory. And there was no trouble and the worries of many, and so the land of Gothic became ours. And so to the end will be "
Jordan. "History is ready": Amal Vinitari ... moved the army within the limits of the Ants. And when she came to them, he was defeated in the first skirmish, then he behaved more bravely and the king of them named Boz with his sons and 70 noble people crucified so that the corpses of hung doubled the fear of conquered "
Bulgarian chronicle "Baraj Tarich": "Once in the land of Anchytsev, Galijians were attacked on Boss (Galicians) and killed him with all the 70s of the princes."
Slavic Prince Boss and 70 princes of goths crucified in the Eastern Carpathians at the origins of a gray and rod, at the current border of Valahia and Transylvania. In those days, these lands belonged to Russolani, or Scythia. Many later, with the famous Vlad Dracula, it was at the site of the crucifixion of the bess organized mass executions and crucifixes. They removed from the crosses of the Boss's Body and the rest of the princes on Friday and were lucky in Elbrus, on Etoku (the inflow of a smoke). According to Caucasian legend, the body of the bead and other princes brought eight steam of oxen. Boss's wife ordered to pour over their grave Kurgan on the banks of the Etoka River (the inflow of a smoothing) and in order to perpetuate the boss's memory, commanded to rename the Altud River in Baksan (Boss River).
Caucasian legend says:
"Baksan (Bus) was killed by the Gottic King with all his brothers and the eightweight nominated nases. Hearing this, the people looked in despair: men beat themselves in the chest, and women teamed their hair on her head, saying: "Killed, dauva eight sons killed!"
Who carefully read the "Word about Igor's regiment he remembers that there is a long time" past time beso "
368 year, the year of the crucifixion of Prince Boss, has an astrological meaning. According to Slavic astrology, this line is. On the night of March 20, March 20, 368, the era of the Aries ended and the era of fish was completed.
It was after the story with the crucifixion of Prince Boss, which became known in the ancient world and appeared (was sore) in Christianity the plot with the crucifix of Christ.
In the canonical gospels, it does not say anywhere that Christ crucified on the cross. Instead of the word "Cross" (Kryst), the word "Stavros" (Stavros) is used, which means a pillar, and there is not talking about crucifixes, but about the bombing. Therefore, there are no early Christian crucifix images.
In the Christian "Acts of Apostles" 10:39 it is said that Christ "Hang on the tree". The plot with a crucifix first appeared only after 400 !!! years after the execution of Christ, in translations from Greek. It is asked why, if Christ was crucified, and not hung, Christians of whole four hundred years wrote in holy books, what did Christ have? Somehow illogical! At the distortion of the initial texts when transferring, and then on the iconography (for there are no early Christian images of crucifixes), the Slavic tradition was influenced.
The meaning of the initial Greek text was well known in Greece (Byzantium), but after the relevant reforms in the Novogreic language conducted, unlike the previous customs, the word "Stavros" adopted in addition to the value of the "pillar" also the meaning of the "Cross".
In addition to the direct source of execution - canonical gospels, others are also known. In the closest to Christian, in the Judean tradition, the legend of the hanging of Jesus is also approved. There is a Judaian "Tale of Hanging" written in the first centuries, which is described in detail the execution of Jesus is hanging. And in the Talmud there are two stories about the execution of Christ. According to the first, Jesus beat stones, and not in Jerusalem, but in Luda. According to the second story because Jesus was a royal order, the execution of stones also replaced his hanging. And it was official version Christians as many as 400 years old !!!
Even in the entire Muslim world it is believed that Christ did not crucify, but hung. In the Koran, based on early Christian legends, they curse Christians who claim that Jesus was not hanged, but crucified, and claiming that Jesus was Allah himself (God), and not the prophet and Messiah, and the crucifixion itself is denied. Therefore, Muslims, respecting Jesus, do not reject either the possibility of the transformation of Jesus Christ, but reject the symbol of the cross, as they rely on the early Christian texts, which speak about hanging, not crucifix.
Moreover, in the described in the Bible natural phenomena Jerusalem could not happen on the day of the crucifixion of the Christist.
In the Gospel of Mark and in the Gospel of Matthew, it is said that Christ endured passionate flour into a spring full moon from a passionate Thursday to Good Friday, and that there was an eclipse from the sixth to the ninth hour. The event that they call the "eclipse" occurred at such a time when it simply could not happen on objective astronomical reasons. Christ was executed during the Jewish Easter, and she always falls on the full moon.
First, solar eclipses do not happen in full moon. In the full moon, the moon and the sun are on the opposite sides of the Earth so that the moon can not close the earth solar light.
Secondly, solar eclipses in contrast to the lunar do not last three hours, as it is written in the Bible. Maybe Jew christians meant the lunar eclipse, and did not understand them the whole world? ...
But solar and lunar eclipses are calculated very easily. Any astronomer will say that in the year of the execution of Christ and even in close to this event of the year there were no lunar eclipses.
The nearest eclipse exactly indicates only one date - for the night from March 20 to March 21, 368 moves of our era. This is a completely accurate astronomical calculation. Namely on this night from Thursday on Friday, 20/21, 3,68 stroke Goths were crucified Prince Bus and 70 other princes. On the night of March 20, March 21, a full lunar eclipse occurred, which lasted from midnight to three hours on March 21, 368 stroke. This date is calculated by astronomers, including the director of the Pulkovo Observatory N. Mostorozov.
Why did Christians write from 33 stroke, what did Christ hang out, and after 368 the stroke rewrote the "Holy" Scripture and began to say that Christ crucified? Obviously, the plot with a crucifixion seemed to them more interesting and they once again took the religious plagiarism - i.e. I'm simply theft ... That's where there was information about the fact that Christ crucified that he endured flour from Thursday on Friday, which was an eclipse. By staring the plot with a crucifix, the Judochristians decided to supply the Bible and the details of the execution of the Slavic Prince, without thinking that people in the future would pay attention to the described natural phenomena, which could not be in the year of the execution of Christ in the place in which he was executed.
And this is not the only example of the theft of materials by Judochristians. Speaking about the Slavs I remember the myth about the father of Aria, who received the Testament from the Dutbog to Alatyr Mountain (Elbrus), and in the Bible miraculously, Aria and Alatyr turned into Moses and Sinai ...
Or the Judochristian baptism rite. The Christian baptism rite is one third of the Slavic pagan rite, which included: Name name, fire peasant and water bath. In judochistania, only a water bathing remained.
You can recall examples from other traditions. Mitra - Born on December 25th !!! 600 years before the birth of Jesus !!! December 25 - Jesus was born a day after 600 years. Mithra was born by a virgin in Klelev, the star rose, the Magi came !!! All one to one, as with Christ, only 600 years earlier. The cult of Mitra provided for: baptism of water, holy water, faith in immortality, faith in Mitra as a god-Savior, the concept of paradise and hell. Mitra died and resurrected to become an intermediary between God Father and Man! Plagiat (theft) of Christians are 100%.
More examples. Immiguous conceived: Gautama Buddha - India 600 years before R.K.; Indra - Tibet 700 years before R.K.; Dionysis - Greece; Quirin - Roman; Adonis - Babylon all from 400-200 years before R.Kh; Krishna - India 1200 stroke to R.K.; Zaratustra - 1500 years before R.Kh. In a word, who read the originals, he knows where for his Scripture, Judochristians took the materials.
So modern non-acrybists, in vain trying to find any mythical Russian roots at the indigenous Judea Yeshua - Jesus and his moms, it is necessary to stop doing nonsense, and begin to worship Bouus on the nickname - cross, i.e. Bouus cross or whatever it would be completely clear - Bow Christ. After all, this is the real hero from which the Judochristians wrote off their New Testament, and that invented by them - the Judochristian Jesus Christ - it turns out, in general, some kind of charlatan and undergoes, if not to say more ... After all, the new covenant is just a romantic comedy in the spirit of Jewish fiction, allegedly written by the so-called. "Apostle" Pavlom (in the world - Savle), and then, it turns out - not it is written, but unknown /!? / Students of students. Well, they, however, have been played ...
But back to the Slavic chronicle. The opening of the ancient Slavic city in the Caucasus no longer looks so amazing. In recent decades, several Valonely Slavic cities were opened in Russia and Ukraine.
The most famous today is the famous Arkim, whose age is more than 5,000 thousand years.
In 1987, in the South Urals in the Chelyabinsk region during the construction of a hydropower plant, a reinforced settlement of the Rannorodskoye type was discovered related to the era of bronze, i.e. By times of ancient Arya. Arkim older than the famous Troy at five hundred and six hundred years older than Egyptian pyramids.
The detected settlement is a city-observatory. In the course of his study, it was found that the monument was a city fortified by two circumfesses of the walls, shafts and Rips in each other. The dwellings in it had a trapezoidal shape, tightly adjacent to each other and were located in a circle in such a way that the wide end wall of each dwelling was part of the defensive wall. In every house, the stove on the casting bronze! But in Greece, according to traditional academic knowledge, bronze came only in the second millennium to our era. Later, the settlement was part of Ancient Aryan civilization - "Countries of Cities" of the South Zauralye. Scientists opened a whole complex of monuments belonging to this amazing culture.
Despite the small dimensions, the reinforced centers can be called progress. The use of the concept of "city" to the fortified settlements of Arkimsky-Sintashta type, of course, conditionally. However, they cannot be called simply by settlements, since Arkimsky "cities" distinguishes powerful defensive structures, the monumentality of architecture, complex communications systems. The entire territory of the fortified center is extremely saturated with planning details, it is very compact and thoroughly thought out. From the point of view of the organization of space, we are not even a city, but a certain supercity.
The fortified centers of the Southern Urals ancient Homeric Troy for five to six centuries. They are contemporaries of the first dynasty of Babylon, the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and the Krato-Mikan culture of the Mediterranean. The time of their existence corresponds to the latest centuries of the famous civilization of India - Mahenjo-Daro and Charappa.
In Ukraine, the remnants of the city of which are also found in Tripolie, as well as arcaim more than five thousand years. He is five hundred years older than the civilization of Mezhdrachya - Sumerian!
In the late 90s, the towns of which are found to be found in the town of Tanais near Rostov, the age of which is difficult to call even scientists ... Age varies from ten to thirty thousand years. The traveler of the last century Tour Heyerdal believed that from there, the entire Pantheon of the Scandinavian gods led from Odin from Tanaisa came to Scandinavia.
On the Kola Peninsula found plates with inscriptions on Sanskrit, which is 20,000 years old. And only Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, as well as the Baltic languages \u200b\u200bcoincide with Sanskrit. Make conclusions.
The results of the expedition to the place of the capital of the ancient Slavic city of Kiara in Elbrusye.
Five expeditions were held: in 1851,1881,1914, 2001 and 2002.
In 2001, the expedition was headed under A. Alekseev, and in 2002, the expedition was carried out under the patronage of the State Astronomical Institute named after Schtenberg (Gaish), which was supervised by the director of the Institute of Anatoly Mikhailovich Cherepaschuk.
Based on the data obtained as a result of topographic, geodesic studies of the area, fixing astronomical events, the expedition participants were made by preliminary conclusions, fully consistent with the results of the expedition of 2001, according to the results of which, in March 2002, a report was made at a meeting of the Astronomical Society under state astronomical Institute in the presence of employees of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences of International Astronomical Society. And the State Historical Museum.
A report was also made at the conference on the problems of early civilizations, in St. Petersburg.
What exactly found researchers.
The Karaka Mountain, in the rocky ridge at an altitude of 3,646 meters above sea level between the villages of the Upper Chegem and Benelli from the eastern side of Elbrus, found traces of the capital of Ruskolani city of Kiyar, which existed long before the Nativity of Christ, which is mentioned in many legends and epics of different peoples of the world, As well as the ancient Astronomical observatory - the temple of the Sun, described by the ancient historian Al Masidi in his books as the temple of the Sun.
The location of the city found exactly coincides with the instructions from ancient sources, and later the location of the city also confirmed the Turkish traveler of the XVII century Evlia Chelebi.
On Mount Karaki, the remains of an ancient capital, caves and graves were found. An incredible number of settlements, ruins of temples were found, and a lot was preserved quite well. In the valley near the foot of the Karakaya Mountain, the Besyn Plateau, found mengirors - high-handed stones like wooden pagan idols.
On one of the stone pillars, the face of Vityaz, looking straight to the east. And the bell-shaped hill is visible behind Mengir. This is Tuzuluk ("Treasury of the Sun"). The ruins of the ancient sunshine are really visible on its top. At the top of the hill is a tour marking the highest point. Then three large rocks exposed to manual processing. Once upon them, they cut the slot directed from the north to south. Also found stones laid out as sectors in the zodiac calendar. Each sector is exactly 30 degrees.
Each part of the temple complex was intended for calendar-astrological calculations. In this, he is similar to the South Ural city-Temple by Arkaimu, which has the same zodiacal structure, the same division into 12 sectors. He is also like Stonehenge in the UK. With Stonehenge, it brings him closer, firstly, the fact that the axis of the temple is also focused from the north to south, secondly, one of the most important distinguishing features of Stonehengezha is the presence of the so-called "heel stone" from the sanctuary. But after all, the landmark of Mengir is installed at the Tuzuluk's sanctuce.
There are evidence that at the turn of our era, the temple plundered the Bosporus King Farnak. Finally, the temple was destroyed in IV AD. Goths and Gunns. Even the sizes of the temple are known; 60 elbows (about 20 meters) in length, 20 (6-8 meters) in width and 15 (up to 10 meters) in height, as well as the number of windows and doors - 12 by the number of zodiac signs.
As a result of the first expedition, there is every reason to assume that the stones on the top of the Tuzluk Mountain served as the foundation of the temple of the Sun. Tuzluk Mountain - the right grassy cone is about 40 meters high. The slopes rise to the top at an angle of 45 degrees, which actually corresponds to the latitude of the place, and, therefore, looking along it can be seen a polar star. The axis of the foundation of the temple is 30 degrees with the direction to the eastern vertex of Elbrus. The same 30 degrees make up the distance between the temple axis and the direction on Mengir, and the direction on Mengir and the felling shaws. Considering that 30 degrees - 1/12 part of the circle - corresponds to the calendar month, it is not a random coincidence. The azimuths of the sunrise and sunset on the days of the summer and winter solstice differ only at 1.5 degrees from the directions on the tops of the Cancer, the "gate" of two hills in the depths of pastures, Mount Jaurgen and Mount Tashla-Syr. There is an assumption that Mengir served in the Sun Temple with a heel stone by analogy with Stonehenge, and helped predict solar and lunar eclipses. Thus, the Tuzluk mountain is tied to four natural landmarks on the Sun and is tied to the Eastern Top of Elbrus. The height of the mountain is only about 40 meters, the base diameter is about 150 meters. These are sizes comparable to the sizes of Egyptian pyramids and other religious structures.
In addition, two square tower rounds were found on the kayaashik pass. One of them lies strictly on the axis of the temple. Here, on the pass, there are foundations of structures, fortress shafts.
In addition, in the central part of the Caucasus, at the northern foot of Elbrus, in the late 70s of the 80s of the 20th century, an ancient center of metallurgical production was discovered, remnants of melting furnaces, settlements, and burial grounds.
Summing up the results of the works of expeditions of the 1980s and 2001, discovered in the radius of several kilometers of traces of ancient metallurgy, deposits of coal, silver, iron, as well as astronomical, cult and other archaeological sites, can with great confidence to assume the opening of one of the most ancient cultural and administrative centers of Slavs in Elbrus.
During the expeditions of the year 1851 and 1914, the Archaeologist P.G. Acryatas were examined the ruins of the Scythian Temple of the Sun on the eastern slopes of Beshtau. The results of the further archaeological excavations of this connection were published in 1914 in the "Notes of the Rostov-on-Don of Historical Society". There was described a huge stone "in the form of the Scythian Hat", mounted on three stuffs, as well as the domed grotto.
And the beginning of large excavations in Pyatigorsia (Kavminvoda) put the famous pre-revolutionary archaeologist D.Ya. Samokvasov, who described 44 Kurgan in the vicinity of Pyatigorsk in 1881. In the future, after the revolution, only some mounds were examined, only initial exploration works were held on the settlements by archaeologists E.I. Little, V.A. Kuznetsov, G.E. Runic, E.P. Alekseeva, S.Ya. Baychorov, H.H. Bijiyev and others.
Start Rus
This book is dedicated political history The ancient Russian state, and therefore we do not concern the difficult question about the origin of the Oriental Slavs, do not give a hypotheses about the area of \u200b\u200btheir initial habitat - about their "Praodin", do not consider the relationship between the Slavs with their neighbors, in a word, do not concern the prehistory of Russia. This is a special area of \u200b\u200bknowledge - the car of archaeologists, historians of the language, ethnographers.
Immediately before the emergence of an ancient Russian state - in the 9th century - in the East European Plain, the advantage of the Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes lived. Lands of the Slavic tribe of Poland were among the middle of the Dnieper, in the area modern Kiev. To the east and northeast of Pollas (from the modern Novgorod-Seversky to Kursk), Northene lived, to the west of Kiev - Drevlyan, and the west of them - Volynian (dulaby). In the south of modern Belarus, Dregovichi lived, in the county of Polotsk and Smolensk - Crivichi, between Dnipro and sorry - Radmichi, in the upper reaches of Oki - Vyatići, in the area surrounding Lake Ilmen, Slovenia. The Finno-Ugric tribes were chosen inhabited in the territory of modern Estonia and those adjacent to it areas; Eastern, beside the White lake, lived all (the ancestors of vegetices), and then, to the southeast, between Klyazma and Volga, - Merry, in the lower reaches of Oki - Murom, south of her - Mordva. Baltic tribes - Yatvägi, Livi, Zmmud - inhabited the territory of modern Latvia, Lithuania and the northeastern areas of Belarus. The Black Sea steppes were the place of nomads of Pechenegs, and then Polovtsy. In the VIII-XI centuries. From the Seversky Donets to the Volga, and in the south, the territory of the powerful Khazar Kaganat extended to the Caucasian ridge.
All this information is contained in the most valuable source on the oldest history of Russia - "Tale of Bygone Years". But it must be borne in mind that the "story" was created at the beginning of the XII century., And the chronicle vaults preceding it (Nicon and the initial arch) in the 70s and 90s. XI century The assumptions of more ancient chronicles cannot be reliably justified, and we have to assume that the chronicles of the second half of the XI-XII century. Relying in many ways to oral legends about the events that took place in one hundred and fifty-two hundred years before them. That is why in the presentation of the history of the IX and X centuries. Much is controversial and legendary, and the exact dates to which certain events are dedicated, apparently, are affixed by the chronicler on the basis of some, perhaps not always accurate calculations and calculations. Said applies to the first date mentioned in the "Tale of Bygone Years", - 852
852 - This year, the chronicler reports, the Russian Earth began to "be honored", since this year Mikhail's Byzantine emperor began to reign, and with it "came Russia to Constantinople." In addition to actual inaccuracies (Mikhail III rules from 842 to 867), there is clearly a trace of any legend: they could not learn about the existence of Russia only after the attack of Rusichi on her capital - the relationship of the empire with the eastern Slavs began long before. Apparently, this campaign is the first event that the chronicler tried to relate with the Christian summer, only very unclear messages were preserved about earlier contacts: at the end of the VIII-first quarter IX century. Rusa attacked Surozh - Byzantine colon in the Crimea; between 825 and 842 The fleet of Rusov devastated Amastrid - the city in the Byzantine province of Pafuladland, in the north-west of the Peninsula, Small Asia; In 838-839. The ambassadors returned from Constantinople were passing in Inglegeem - the residence of Emperor Louis Gobious.
860 - in 860 (and not in 866, according to the "Tale of Bygone Years"), the Russian fleet approached the walls of Constantinople. Late historical tradition calls the leaders of the hiking of the Kiev princes of Askold and Dira. Having learned about the attack of Russia, the emperor Mikhail returned to the capital from the campaign against Arabs. Constantinople approached two hundred Russians. But the capital was saved. According to one version of the prayer of the Greeks heard the Virgin, revered as a patronage of the city; She sent a storm, which was hosted by Russian ships. Part of them was thrown ashore or died, the rest returned the ravis. This version reflected the Russian chronicle. But another version is known in Byzantine sources: the Russian fleet left the neighborhood of the capital without a fight. It can be assumed that the Byzantines managed to pay off from the attackers.
862 - The chronicle claims that this year the tribes inhabited in the north of the Russian Plain - Chok, Slovenia, Curvichi and all - called from behind the sea Varyagov (Swedes), headed by Prince Rurik and his brothers Sineus and Trumor, inviting the princes them. "Our Land is great and is abundant, but there is no order in it," as if they were told Varyagam sent to them. Rurik began to prince in Novgorod, Sineus in Beloser, Trourway in Izborsk, i.e., in cities-centers invited their tribes. In the above legend, much controversial, much naive, but it was used by scientists-normators to approve that the Russian state was created by the aliens-Varyagi. In fact, we could only talk about the invitation of hired triggers led by their leaders. The Russian state originated independently as the result of the internal development of Slavic tribes.
879 - Rurik died, passing, according to PVL, the reign of his relative - Oleg - because of the youngsters of Igor. But this chroniclel message is extremely doubtful: having accepted it, it is difficult to explain why Oleg's Regency stretched three more than three decades. It is characteristic that in the Novgorod first chronicle, in contrast to PVL, Oleg is not the prince, but Igor's Voivode. Therefore, most likely that Rüric's direct relationships and Igor is a historiographic legend; we are talking About the three replacing each other in the forage of the authorities quite independent princes.
882 - Oleg moved from Novgorod to South: he planted his governors in Smolensk and Lisher (the city on the Dnieper, to the west of Chernigov), and then approached Kiev, where, according to the chronicles, Askold and Dir. Hiding warriors in boats, Oleg introduced himself as a merchant, and when Askold and Deer came to him from the city, ordered them to kill them.
883 - Oleg went to Drevlyan and forced them to pay tribute to Kiev.
884 - Oleg laid the tribute to Northern, and in 886 - Radmich.
907 - Oleg went hiking for Byzantium for 2000 ships. He tried to the walls of Constantinople, received the Vizantine emperors of Leo VI and Alexander significant, as the chronicle claims, redemption and returned to Kiev.
912 - Oleg has concluded a contract with Byzantium, in which the terms of trade, the status of Russians, in Byzantium in the service, redemption of prisoners, and so on.
In the same year, Oleg dies. The chronicler offers two versions; According to one Oleg died of snake bite and was buried in Kiev, according to another snake stung him when he was going to leave (or go campaign) "for the sea"; He was buried in Ladoga (now the old Ladoga). Kiev Prince Igor becomes.
915 - For the first time in the vicinity of Russia, Pechenegs appear - the nomadic nation of Turkic origin.
941 - Igor's campaign on Byzantium. Rusichs managed to undertake to the Viphini, Paflagonia and Nikomidia (Byzantine provinces in the north of the Malaya Asia Peninsula), but, the victims of defeat in the battle with the vibrant Byzantine troops, the Russians were plunged into their rooks and here at sea suffered a big damage from "Greek fire" - flamethmets, which the Byzantine ships were equipped. Returning to Russia, Igor began to prepare for a new campaign.
944 - New Igor's campaign for Byzantium. Without reaching Constantinople, Igor received a rich ransom from Byzantine ambassadors and returned to Kiev.
945 - Byzantine emperors-co-guards Roman, Konstantin VII and Stefan sent to Igor ambassadors with a proposal to conclude a peace treaty. Igor sent his ambassadors to Constantinople, the treaty was concluded and fastened by the oaths of emperors and Russian princes on Christian and pagan rites.
In the same year, Igor was killed in the Drevlyan land. The chronicle tells that, having gathered tributes from Dran, Igor sent most of the squad to Kiev, and he himself decided to "like more", "wanting more lungs." Hearing about it, Drevlyan decided: "If the wolf is having a flock of herd, it transfers the whole herd, if it is not killed and this one; If you do not kill it, they will destroy us all. " They attacked Igor and killed.
The widow of Igor Olga brutally dismissed her husband's death. According to legend, she ordered to throw in a hole and fall asleep by the living of the Divlyan ambassadors who came to get married to their prince, other ambassadors were burned in the bath, where they were invited to wash out, and then, having come with a friend to the Drevlyan land, Olga ordered to kill the Drevdian warriors in TRIZIN TIME MANUAL. However, this story is the features of the legend, as it has an analogy in the pagan funeral ritual: they were buried in the Ladyah, for the dead, on the pagan rite, the baths were treated, triction is an indispensable element of the funeral rite.
It was in the "Tale of Bygone Years", in contrast to the initial initial chronicle, the story was added about the fourth revenge Olga; She burns the capital of the Drevlyan Earrows. Collecting in the form of Dani Pigeon and Sparrow, Olga ordered to bind to the bird paws grilled clutch and release them. Pigeons and sparrows flew to their nests, "and there was no courtyard, wherever it was burning, and it was impossible to extinguish, for all the yards caught fire," says the chronicler.
946 - Olga commits a trip to Constantinople, and twice - September 9 and October 18 - she was with honor adopted by Emperor Konstantin Bagryanorogennoe.
955 - Olga visits Constantinople a second time and takes Christianity. In the chronicles, both travels are merged into one, mistakenly dated 957.
964 - Son and successor to Igor Prince Svyatoslav makes a trip to the land of Vyatichi and frees them from Dani Khazara. A year later, Svyatoslav again goes to Vyatichi and forces them to pay tribute to Kiev.
965 - The chronicle of Skapor mentions the campaign of Svyatoslav to Khazar, about the victory of him over the Khazar ruler-kagan. From other sources, it is known that Svyatoslav, defeated the Volga Bulgarians, descended along the Volga to Itilo - the capital of Kaganat, located in the Volga Delta. Taking ITIL, Svyatoslav moved to the seven (the city, which was in the area of \u200b\u200bMakhachkala), passed through Kuban to the coast of the Azov Sea, from there he climbed on the bottom of Don to Sarkela, captured this fortress and found the Fortress White Visey in her place.
968 - At the request of the Byzantine emperor Nikifora Foki, supported by generous payment of gold, Svyatoslav invades Danube Bulgaria and captures the capital of Bulgaria Preslav.
Taking advantage of the absence of Svyatoslav, to Kiev, where the elderly Olga was located with grandchildren, the Pechenegs attack. Only thanks to the seamless, the pretice, who came to the rescue of the Kievans on the left bank of the Dnieper and issued himself to the Governoral Regiment of Svyatoslav, managed to prevent the capture of Kiev Pechenegs.
969 - Princess Olga dies.
970 - Svyatoslav puts yuropolk in Kiev in Kiev. Other Son - Oleg - He puts the Trellian Prince, the third - Vladimir (Svyatoslav's son from Knyagini Olga - Malushi) - Sends to printeen in Novgorod. Princely accompanies Brother Malushi Dobrynya, this historic face becomes the most famous character of Russian epics. In the same year, Svyatoslav attacks the Byzantine province of Frace, comes to Arkadiopol.
971 - Byzantine Emperor John Tsimischiy attacks Svyatoslav, who was in Dorostol (on the Danube). After a three-month siege, the Greeks forced Svyatoslav to take a fight under the walls of the fortress. According to the chronicle, it was in this battle that Svyatoslav said his incoming winged phrase; "It is not for the Land of the Land of Russian, but by laying bones, for the dead storms do not have." Greeks with difficulty defeated Svyatoslav and hurried to offer him peace.
972 - Svyatoslav, returned to Russia, was killed by Pechenegs at the Dnieper thresholds. From his skull, the Pechenezh Prince made a bowl.
977 - Yaropolk kills her brother Oleg.
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