What was in the North Caucasus to the Caucasian Wars? How did they live before joining the Russian Empire? What is the history of the Caucasus from antiquity to the XIX century?
The North Caucasus has an ancient and confusing history. This region has always been a crossroads of civilizations on which many nations and conquerors left the trail. The work of historians complicates a poor set of written monuments. Interestingly, the name "Caucasus" is already found in ancient Greek historians, and the very first mention of the region - in the II century BC. e. On the clay plate of the ancient heights living in Malaya Asia.
BC
People began to actively settle the North Caucasus about 500 thousand years ago. Five thousand years ago in the Caucasus there were two Culture Center: Maikopskaya, which included the West and Central Caucasus, and Kuro-Arak, who united Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia. The first was characterized by bronze weapons, decorations of gold and materials of Central Asia. The second was distinguished by a high level of agriculture.
The scientist-geneticist Nikolai Vavilov considered Dagestan to the ancient destination of cereals. Four thousand years ago, on the east coast of the Black Sea, a dolled culture was spread, which is associated with the mythical Assyrian king by Nin. In the XI-VIII centuries BC E North Ossetia occupied a unique Coban culture, whose items are interested in European collectors as well as gold ancient Egypt.
It is with the North Caucasus that some historians connect and the emergence of the tribes of the Kimmerians who made raids in the Middle East. Then they were replaced by Scythians, then Sarmatians who lived next to the farmers and cattle facilities, sides, zhyams, meots, kerkets, and Aheymi. At the beginning of the VI century. BC e. on the Taman Peninsula From the Greek colonies there was a Bosporovka state, which became a vassal of the Roman Empire. According to the geographer Strabo, the central regions of the North Caucasus at the turn of the Er were inhabited by Gargaras, who are considered the ancestors of the Vainakh peoples: Chechens and Ingush.
The first millennium of our era
In the 70s e. The Sarmatian tribe of Alanov passed to farming. For the first time, the name "Alania" is mentioned in the II century. e. The state was finally developed in the 6th century, thanks to the roads of the Great Silk Road. Through the country went rich caravans.
At the same time, the territory of modern Dagestan, until the Derbent fell under the influence of the Caucasian Albania, which appeared on the Caspian coast. At the beginning of the 5th century, Albania conquered the Persian kings of Sasanida. Already in those days of the land of Dagestan were settled by Tavaspora - the possible ancestors of the Tabasaranov and the Legs - the ancestors of Lakstev.
From IV to the 6th century, the North Caucasus was exposed to the invasions of the barbaric tribes. First, Huns were held on it, later - Avars and Turkot. Looking for salvation, peoples moved to the mountains. Part of Alan, along with Hunnam, moved to Europe, and some of them with German vandals reached Tunisia.
Khazary
In the VII century, the region was waiting for new shocks. By this time, a multi-confessional Khazar kaganate was formed, which distributed his influence on the huge territories from Aral (the former Flat Salon Lake in Central Asia on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) to the Middle Volga region, from Dnipro to Transcaucasia.
Khazars were tested by Priazovsky Bulgar, subjugated Alan. In turn, the Arabs invaded from the south to the North Caucasus. The first invasions occurred in the VII century and were reflected, but already in 737, the commander of Mervan with a 150-thousand army broke the Khazar and subjugated to the land of Dagestan and Alania. After 23 years of Arabs, the land was knocked out, but Derbent became part of the Arab Caliphate called Bab Al-Abvab and became the center of Islamization of peoples.
Since the beginning of the IX century, Khazari began to weaken, but the heyday reached Christian Alanya: its territory included land from the Laba River to Chechnya and Dagestan. The country has supported connections with Byzantium and the principles of Dagestan.
Invasion for invasion
By the beginning of the X century, Tmutarakan principality appeared on Taman, which soon fell under the raids of Polovtsy. From Polovtsev suffered Adygi and even Alans, who entered into an alliance with Polovtsy at the beginning of the XII century, when Alanya was experiencing a decline. In the XI century, the Selzhuki Turks invaded the Derbent. In the XIII century, the region survived the repeated invasions of Tatar-Mongol. They defeated Adygov, defeated Alanya and devastated Dagestan. Dagestan suffered from the robbers of Khorezmshaha Jelal Ad-Dina. As a result of Wars, many nations starred from the seats and moved to where: in the mountains, to the Central Caucasus, and even in Hungary.
And the region fell under the Igo Horde. At the beginning of the XIV century, the top of the Golden Horde adopted Islam, which continued to spread among the peoples of the Caucasus. The world was not still. Derbent and Shirvan were in the hands of the descendants of Genghis Khan, and only in 1385, the Order of the Hanu Tukhtamysh managed to re-enter these lands to himself. In 1395, Tamerlan invaded the Caucasus. He was erased from the face of the city of the city, the population destroyed and penetrated where even Mongols did not reach.
Adygi under the Khan ig
Adygi began to come to the empty after the invasion of Tamerlana. They submitted to themselves local peoples. Abazines moved from the Black Sea region. In the north of Dagestan, Tarkovsky shamchoalism, inhabited by the brummy. In the XV century, the Ottoman Empire concluded an alliance with the Crimean Khanate. After the robber raids, the Black Sea coast became part of the empire, and the plains of the left bank of the Kuban moved the Crimea. Adygi until the XVIII century sent an annual tribute to Crimean Khan in 200 girls and 100 young men.
In the XVI century, the Moscow State drew attention to the region. Russian colonists appeared in Kuban and Terek. Adygi and Kabardians asked Ivan the Terrible to protect them from the Crimeans and take into citizenship. To breed with the Russians, the senior prince of Kabarda Temryuk Idarov gave her daughter to Grozny. So the principalities of the cabarda became subjects of Russia.
Course - on rapprochement
Over the next years, the rapprochement of Moscow and the North Caucasus continued against the background of the enhancing influence of Islam. New principalities fell into the sphere of interests of Moscow. But in the XVIII century, after an unsuccessful war with Turkey, Russia was forced to recognize a large and small cabardium by independent buffer states. The Black Sea coast was under the rule of Turks until 1829. In ports, trade flourished by the slaves of Caucasian and Slavic origin.
Russia also entered the era of palace coups and lost influence in the North Caucasus until the Board of Catherine II, which decided to spend offensive policies in the region. After the victory of the Russians over the Turks in the war of 1787-1792, the Crimea was influenced by Russia. Catherine rearranged a part of the Don Cossacks to Kuban and arranged a line of fortifications, near which the cities of Stavropol and Georgievsk appeared.
In the second half of the 18th century, as in the preceding time, in the territory of the North Caucasus did not work out any large state formations. There were or separate small feudal possessions (in Kabardian, Dagestan, partly in Western Cherkessia), weakened by permanent internecine wars, or society (in the highland part of the Caucasian Range), which were in the decomposition stage of the generic system and the slow addition of feudal relations (Ossetians, Balkarians , Ingush, Chechens, etc.).
The process of the development of the productive forces of the North Caucasus, with a large, and sometimes prevailing, value of cattle breeding, was slow, the farm remained mainly natural, especially in the mountains. However, in the second half of the XVIII century. There were some shifts in the development of commodity production and commodity-monetary relations, largely related to the increased Russian colonization of the North Caucasus and the development of the exchange of Russian goods to local products and products in the border with Russia points.
In sphere social relationship This process was accompanied by the development of feudal relations complicated, however, sustainable patriarchal remnants, and the enhancement of the operation of feudal-dependent groups of the population; This caused an aggravation of the class struggle, which was especially brightly manifested with Adygei tribes.
Numerous adygei tribes Cherkesov occupied the territory for Kuban, from r. Laba to the shores of the Black Sea, and the mountainous part of the Western Caucasus in Northern and partly the southwest slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range. The process of feudalization was faster from Temperichetsev, Zapeevsev, Khatukaites and Brzedukhov, whose settlements were located in the foothill plains. Here, the highest feudal layer was the princes, often from families who have breeded with the Crimean Khan house.
The tribes who lived in mountain slopes did not have princes. In the 90s of the XVIII V.U. Abadsekhov, Patuhaians and Shapsov, the uprising of the peasantry (Tlofokotl) against the nobility (Works) took place. Shapsuga The nobility under the leadership of Ali Sultan SHARETLUKUKO was looking for support against the people at Brzden Princes and the nobles and appealed to help to the Russian government, for which Sherelukov traveled personally to Petersburg. The Russian government sent a Cossack squad with artillery, as a result of which, in the Binsiuksky battle (1796), Shapsuga P. Abadzekh folk militia was defeated. Despite this, the struggle continued - the peasantry disagreed to the restoration of noble privileges, did not accept SHARETLUKOV, and he was forced to settle under the protection of the Russian military line.
IN Kabarda The process of feudalization has evolved in the conditions of natural cattle and agricultural economy, with an overlooking system, and incomplete more somewar. The craft was still connected to agriculture, the industry wore a house. In Russian settlements, the Kabardians brought bread, honey and home industry products - Sukna, Burka, Felt, exchanging them or buying canvas, small iron products, etc. However, in the XVIII century. Commodity monetary ratings have not yet been developed. "Fines" were paid by livestock or jersies (prisoners). The feudal rent was either a waste, or product.
Under these conditions, a centralized state could not have a centralized state in Kabarda. In 1748, 32 owners were listed in a large and small cabarda, and the Russian author of the end of the XVIII century. It was noted that "now the number of owners so multiplying that they are already deprived of the ways to be worthwhile food."
Holding steadily patriarchal relics demanded "respect" to the owner, "older years", but no strong power did not have a strong power. Nobles (Works) were "free in the choice of owner", so the influence of this or another prince was fragile.
Sources of the second half of the XVIII century. Extremely draws an increase in the operation of the feudal dependent population of the Kabarda, combined into the community of the peasantry and holsters. The peasant elders (Bologoye) participated in the people's assemblies, which had already lost themselves in the XVIII century. Democratic character: Meetings "in degrees" - "Owners, spoken and folk elders, each year, especially", and the head of the owners almost always agreed "with the opinion of the owners, they depend on them," and their duty was "try Agree people with adopted owners
The cruel appeal of owners with subjects led to the fact that "mutual malice and hatred" increased. Extremely intensified the flight of the Halls (Yassey) to the Russian line, as well as the desire of the "Black people" to leave the owners under the protection of Russian fortifications. During the Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the XVIII century. The Russian government, aware of the marchs of Turkish agents among the Kabardian owners, carefully followed the manifestations of antagonism between the Kabardian feudalities and the "simple" people, encouraging the last promises of protection against oppression of owners. But the policies of the Russian fastener government in relation to the feudal dependent layers of the population of the Kabarda, of course, was not consistent, and it supported the "faithful" Kabardian owners, fixing the land behind them. So, in the late 80s of the XVIII century. The Kabardian princes of the Athuka and Araslambek Ebbutukin was given 9 thousand declues. Comfortable land on the left bank r. Malki.
In Dagestan XVIII century. Up to 15 separate feudal possessions. Especially fractional they were in the territory inhabited by Kumykov. According to the Russian source of the 90s of the XVIII century, the largest of the Dagestan Khanni was the Avarian Happing, where up to 30 thousand courtyards were considered; In the capture of Kaitagsky, then there were 25 thousand courtyards, in Kazikumukh Khanate - 15 thousand, in Shamhavnia Tarkovsky - 12 thousand, and so on. there were very small ownership. In the highlands, the so-called "free" societies that did not depend on the Hangehog authorities persisted.
In the seaside part of Dagestan, there was irrigation agriculture, gardening was developed. Along with the cities of Derbent and Tarka stood out crafts and shopping centers - some Mountain Dagestan aules.
According to sources of the XVIII century, Aul Kubachi is most famous, with its craft production of weapons, metal dishes and jewelry to order and for sale. In the high-mountainous parts of Dagestan, pasture cattle breeding was developed with distinguishing livestock on summer and winter pastures. Agriculture here required a lot of labor costs.
The population of Dagestan, especially the seaside parts, was already drawn into trade relations with the residents of Transcaucasia and with the Russian population of the Cossack towns and Russian fortresses along Terek, especially with Kizlyar.
The main process of social development in feudal khanate was the growth of feudal duties and serfdom . The serfs (Chagars in Kumkov, Ra "Yiyaty in Kaitag) who lived in the Khan or Becky lands were serviced by the rente. The dependence of the peasantry (bonding), united in community (Tukhuma), was largely related to the fact that Mountain pastures (summer) and Kutans (Winter pastures on the plain), like the best irrigation lands, were captured by feudalles.
The second half of the XVIII century. Filled by the permanent wars of Dagestan feudal feudalists between him, raids for Georgia, interference in the feudal boses of the Azerbaijani owners, many of which were associated with the Khana Dagestan related relations.
Thus, for the internal position among the peoples of the North Caucasus in the second half of the XVIII century. The strengthening of the feudal oppression, feudal fragmentation and internal interdisodes are characteristic.
The paths of the historical development of the peoples of the North Caucasus were largely determined by the relationship between Russia and Turkey.
Sultanskaya Turkey since a long time sought to master the Caucasus and, using them as a strategic bridgehead, spread further towards Russia. Although in the XVIII century. The power of the Ottoman Empire kneaded to decline, she did not cease to be dangerous for his neighbors, as it became an instrument of Western European powers, especially France and England.
Adygei, or Circassians, were considered to be subjects of Crimean Khan, but this dependence was quite a row. Separate Tribes of Adygets, such as Temirgoevts, paid the Crimean Khans tribute to captives and horses, did not agree to make this tribute to this tribute and called her gift. Crimean Khans "made terrible efforts to conquer all these peoples," the contemporary is evidenced by the French consul in Crimea Piasonsel. The Turkish Sultan and the Crimean Khan Fire and the sword imposed Muslim among the Highlanders. Muslims were distributed among the Circassian feudalists, but in the mass of their Circassians remained half-speaking semi-christians.
Under the influence of bloody, ruinous raids of the Turks and Tatars, individual tribes stated in the middle of the XVIII century. About your desire to join Russian citizenship. However, despite the large strategic importance of the Kuban land, the Russian government abstained from negotiations on the citizenship of Circassians to avoid "explicitly with the port of Ottoman of Friendship."
Kabardian branch of the Adyghe people Also suffered from the Turkish-Crimean aggression, which encouraged it to ortate to Russia. But the territorial proximity gave the Crimean Khanty the opportunity to keep part of the Kabardians in a certain dependence on themselves. So, when joining the throne of a new Khan (and the khans were replaced in the Crimea very often) Kabardians were forced to pay him a heavy tribute to people. Belgrade agreement 1739, proclaiming Kabarda "Barrier" between Russia and Turkey, did not allow the issue of Kabarda, being a compromise in this paragraph.
Cruel exploitation From the side of Kabardian feudalists encouraged people dependent on them to leave their native places and settle in the Russian limits - mainly in the Kizlyar fortress and in the one in 1763. Mozdok. There they took Christianity, which fenced them from issuing feudals and brought them at the same time some material benefits. Slaves of Kabardian owners also fled to the Russian line, in particular - the captured Georgians and Armenians. The refusal of the Russian government to return fugitives, who adopted Christianity, led to the fact that part of the Kabardian Tips took a sharply hostile position in relation to Russia; Kabardian feudal feudal began to require braid abolition, arrange attacks on Russian fortresses.
The split of the Kabardians on the issue of foreign policy orientation was reflected on the attitude of various classes to the ongoing port of Muslim: BAI and the nobility entered into Magometania, rural residents still preserved traces of Christianity.
At the junction of a large and small cabarda, the northern branch of the Ossetian people lived in the gorges of the Central Caucasus. The struggle for winter pastures on the plain led to the dependence of Ossetians from Kabardian feudal. Ossetians, suffering "throughout the scarcity and a lack of closeness of their places", sought to free themselves from Russia from Russia. Kabardian lands separated Ossetians from the Russian border, embarrassing their trade relations with Russia. Meanwhile, Ossetians were in dire needed in salt, in textile and metal products of the Russian industry, etc. And in the case of inhorrh, also in Russian bread.
In the 40-50s of the XVIII century. In the government spheres of Russia, the requests of the Ossetian marriage were repeatedly discussed to allow them together with a number of "surnames from their people" to move to the free lands "closer to Russia" and join Russian citizenship. OPI saw salvation in this not only from the blowjob of Kabardian feudal, but also "from the attack of the Crimean and Kuban troops"
Satisfaction of these requests corresponded to the interests and tsarist Russia. North Ossetia included the Darialya Gorge and was a link between Russia and conquer, in particular with friendly Georgia. In the middle of the XVIII century. In the territory of Mining Ossetia, the deposits of lead and silver ores were found, so Ossetia began to interest Russia and from an economic point of view. But the foreign policy situation forced the Senate to act carefully and postpone the acceptance of Ossetians to Russian citizenship until more favorable time. It was decided to limit the preparatory activities, in particular, to continue the Christianization of the Ossetian population.
In Northern Dagestan, there were populated by the hands of Shamhal Tarkovsky, which is officially since the XVII century. Irani dependent on Shakhov, but in its foreign policy he focused on Russia. After the Persian campaign of Peter I, the trade relations of the peoples of Dagestan with Russia have steadily developed, which was very important for the restoration of their economy, strongly affected by the repeated invasions of the Iranian, Turkish and Tatar troops. Transit trade of Russia with conquer and Iran also underwent through Dagestan. In this part of the Caucasus, Russia did not bordered by Turkey, but, using the decline of the Iranian state, Sultan sought to seize his possessions in the Caucasus. In 1762, the State Chancellor M. I. Vorontsov pointed to the intention of Sultan "to teach acquisitions over Percia, and especially near the Caspian Sea." If this happens, "Vorontsov wrote," that is not difficult for them (Turks. - Ed.) There will be no Tokmo-based on that sea Russian bargaining to write down, but also to clean the way to the internal limits of Russian. "
During the Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774. Two buildings of Russian troops operated in the Caucasus: the Kuban Corps under the command of General I. F. Medema and the Transcaucasian corps under the command of General G.-g. Totleben. With the support of Nogaev Medem in 1769, he took the Turkish strengthening of Kopel in Kuban and moved to the borders of the Kabarda. Crimean Khan insistently encouraged the Kabardians to act in favor of Turkey. The oppressed masses of the cabardium, resolutely ending in Russia, openly declared their intention to join Russian citizenship. "They, the chores, such an intention have," E. Chorin who visited Kabarda reported in Kabarda, - that, as if soon, the Russian Paki to them came to them with the rapid attack, immediately aroused (so! - Ed.) To him, and through that Owners and sponsoring them will be existed and no longer opposed. "The" black people about the citizenship of the Crimea does not want to hear, "the Astrakhan Governor N. A. Beketov reported.
In June 1769, the Moor's troops won the detachments of the Kabardian feudal feudals on the river. Eskacon. The Kabardian people swore to the citizenship of Russia. After that, the Russian government, going on a compromise with the Kabardinian "owners" on the issue of runaway, agreed to return to them all the serfs, and for non-Christian slave workers who worked in the farms of the feudalists, to pay ransom.
In connection with the shipment to Georgia, the Russian corps, it was important for Russia to ensure the unimpeded movement of troops and couriers through the land of North Ossetia. This prompted the government to satisfy the request of Ossetians about making them to Russian citizenship. When oath, Ossetians clarified what kind of assistance is required from them for the successful actions of Russian troops (the construction of bridges, the provision of conductors, etc.). The Russian government, in turn, promised to defend the Ossetians from oppression from the feudal of the Malaya and Big Kabarda.
In 1771, the Russian troops occupied the Crimea, which was declared independent. During negotiations with Khan, the Russian government demanded recognition of Russia's rights to a large and small cabardium, agreeing at the same time to return to the Crimean Hanu to his bonus ownership. As a result, Article 3 entered the Allied Treaty of 1772, which was reading: "All the Tatar and Circassian peoples under the rule of Crimean Khan, Tatar and Circassian peoples, Tamamann and Nekrasovtsy are in power to be in power Khan Krymsky; The largest cabarda is in the citizenship of the Russian Empire. "
Giving great importance The Kabardian question, the Russian government sought the inclusion in the Russian-Turkish peace treaty: "Both cabards, big and small, should be recognized as completely owned by the All-Russian Empire, since they belonged to her to the last Belgrade treatise." However, at the Peace Congress of 1772, the Turkish Commissioner, referring to the desire to protect the prestige of his state, proposed to write down in the contract that "both cabards have remained the power of the Russian and Tatars under the Russian and Tatars". This formulation, which included in a somewhat modified form to a peace treaty of 1774, subsequently served as serious complications.
Kychuk-Kainardzhi World (1774) was a turning point in the history of the peoples of the North Caucasus. Department from Turkey of Crimean Khanate, the exit of Russia to the Black Sea and the restoration of her rights to Azov, finally, the final including the cabarda in Russia- Changed the ratio of the forces of Russia and Turkey in the Caucasus. Strengthening Russian positions also contributed to friendly relations with Georgia, who received a new stimulus thanks to article 23 Küchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty (the liberation of Imereti and Megrelia from Dani people, etc.). As a result of a successful war, 1768-1774. The influence of Russia in Dagestan and in Azerbaijan was noticeably increased.
Having calculated with the help of foreign powers to eliminate the contract of 1774, the Sultan Turkey stubbornly did not bring his troops from the Crimea and Taman, strengthened garrisons in Ochakov and Sudzhuk-Kale, sent agents to the legs and Circass. In the spring of 1775, with the help of the Turkish troops, Khan became the company's ports of Devlet-Gary, who refused to recognize the contract of 1772
Explicit violations of the peace treaty from Sultan prompted the Russian government in December 1776 to introduce troops for reproof. The Devlet-Gire had to leave the Crimea, Khan became the Shagin Gary. It came to calm, but not long. Already in October 1777, the Turks were very skillfully worked by the Tatar riot "against the Stegin-Hire and tried to take the Crimea. The Russian government was forced to take more effective measures to ensure the implementation of the Küchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty: it was decided to create a solid defensive line on p. Kuban. In 1777, A. V. Suvorov was appointed commander of the Kuban Corps and arrived in Kopyl. Per short term The Kuban was created a whole system of fortresses and redoubts from the sea to the mouth of the lava. As a result of these events, the risk of invasion of Turkish troops from the Caucasus decreased significantly. According to A. V. Suvorov (1778), the Skuban Circassians began to come to Russian fortifications on the line and "little-grinding to produce horses, cattle, butter, milk and other goods." In March 1779, Turkey confirmed the terms of the Kychuk-Kainardzhi world and recognized Khan Shagin-Hire (by virtue of the Ainal Cavaca Convention); Russia agreed (for the same convention) to bring his troops from Crimea and Kuban.
The withdrawal of Russian troops was immediately used by the port in hostile purposes. The Sultan agents began to increasing the Kabardians and Circassians to attacks on the fortress of the Azov-Mozdok line, which Russia built on the lands acquired on the Küchuk-Kainern Treaty. The Kabardian Tip raised his head again, but "the black people Kabardinsky weakly participated in the owners enterprises"
In the most Crimea, Turkish agents also developed great activity. In the spring of 1782, the situation in the Crimean Khanate was so aggravated that the Shagin Gary was fled in Yanikale under the protection of the Russian garrison.
All this prompted the Russian government to introduce their troops into the territory Crimean Khanate , instruct A. V. Suvorov command by the Kuban Corps and declare the inclusion of the Crimea, Taman and Kuban to Russia. Constantinople acts of December 28, 1783 (January 8, 1784), Turkey recognized this act, simultaneously connecting Russia the obligation to not claim the land on the left bank of the Kuban.
Thus, the border of Russia in the North Caucasus was now passing through Kuban. The position of the zubbanks of Circassians could not be considered settled, since instead of the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire was directly prepared on their land. In the early 80s of the XVIII century. The port began to strengthen Anapa in order to turn it into the support point for the conquest of the North Caucasus.
For the further history of the peoples of the North Caucasus, the Russian Protectorate over Eastern Georgia was of great importance from 1783. Through the North Caucasus, the links of Russian and Georgian peoples were carried out.
The construction of a number of fortresses, including Vladikavkaz, to protect the Military Georgian road contributed to the strengthening of ties also with North Ossetia. Ossetians began to settle around Russian fortifications and handle empty fields.
Sultan did not reconcile with the loss of the Crimea. It also did not reconcile the fact that Eastern Georgia was under the proportion of Russia.
Preparing for a new war, Turkish politicians in their plans assigned a large place of activity of anti-Russian elements in the Caucasus. The Commander of the Fortress Anapa Ferrah Ali sent his agents and gifts to the Kabardian feudal feudalists, established ties with Chechnya, as well as with a local Muslim clergy and called the mountaineers to unite under the banner of Islam to fight against "incorrect". The port policy has met subside! RHGKU from the English and French diplomacy.
Agents of the Turkish Sultan was used by the performance of Mysura (the religious preaching "Sheikh" Mysura (his real name was Ushurma). "The Prophet" Ushurma appeared for the Sunya, in the Chechen Aulla, in March 1785 and, preaching Sharia and the fight against "incorrect" , attracted to the famous part of the horses suffering from feudal exploitation, from the internecine struggle of the feudalists and the arbitrariness of the royal authorities. Ushurhma was surrounded by representatives of the Muslim clergy related to the port. He repeatedly visited Anapa. In his calls, Ushurma pointed to the expected military assistance to Turkey. In July 1785, Ushurma tried to take the Military Administrative and Economic Center of the North Caucasus - Kizlyar, but failed.
In the autumn of 1786, the departure of the horses from Ushurma took a massive character. In 1787, he fled to Kuban in the calculation to raise the Circass against Russia. In September 1787, the Russian-Turkish war began, and the Turks did everything to enhance the authority of the Ushurma: Sultan officially assigned him the title of Imam, sent him gifts, etc. But in clashes with Russians, Ushurma was broken and in the fall of 1787 fled In Anapa. The Turkish Seracter Batal Pasha also suffered, which in 1790 switched to Kuban with a 35 thousandth army.
In the summer of 1791, Russia managed to take anface in serious, bloody battle (capturing there with Ushurmu) and Sudzhuk-Kale. Russian victories in the Caucasian and Danube theaters of the war forced the Turkish government to agree to the conclusion of the world.
The Yask Mirny Treaty on January 9 (December 29), 1791 consolidated by Russia Kabarda, the right bank of Kuban and Taman. Turkey refused his claims to Georgia (Article 5). However, the remaining in the hands of the Ottoman Empire of the Fortress Anapa and part of the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea represented a serious threat to Russia and the peoples of the Caucasus, especially for Western Circassians. To strengthen the Kuban border, the Russian government in 1792-1793. Move the Chernomorsk Cossack army to Kuban (the yastered between Bug and Dnipro).
Creation in the second half of the XVIII century. A number of Russian defensive lines strengthened Russian colonization of the territory of the North Caucasus. Along with the military colonization, a broad distribution of the Tsarist Government began with Russian landowners of fertile steppe lands to the north of the lines, the latter translated here the fortress peasants. Famous distribution received free colonization, permitted due to the need for the speedy settlement of the border area. Economic appearance edge changed significantly. On the one hand, the sphere of the feudal-serf and colonial oppression of Tsarist Russia has expanded; On the other hand, during the colonization (especially the peasant and the Cossack) and the economic development of new lands, the prerequisites for faster development were former - already in the XIX century-capitalism in the southern outskirts of the country. Economic and cultural connections were tied between Russian immigrants and the local population.
Time period from 18 V. before the beginning of the 19th century It is very important in the history of the peoples of the North Caucasus. It was an era, filled with major events and stormy cataclysms, coolly changed the further course of the history of this region of the Russian state.
The North Caucasus in the 18th century still crushed to a significant number of independent or semi-broadcast political entities. A large number of such formations was located on the territory of Dagestan. The feudal possessions of Dagestan were not ethnically homogeneous.
They had a rather developed administrative management system. The princes of the ownership of Zazulakskaya Kumykia, Ender, Aksaevsky and Kosybyskovsky shamchoalities were carried out by princes (BI). In each of the possessions there was a council of princes, at the head of which was the senior prince. At the senior princes there was a squad. To pars, the Council appointed judges who disassembled criminal cases on Adatam. All civil cases on the Sharia disassembled representatives of the local Muslim clergy. For the execution of various orders at the advice of the princes there were runners. The Supreme Ruler in Tarkov's ownership was Shamhal. However, to solve important issues, he convened a meeting from the most influential feudalists who lived in his possessions. Separate branches of the management of Viziri. Local control was in the hands of rural elders. The court peaked off representatives of the Muslim clergy - Cadia, who were guided by the decision of the Sharia. Police responsibilities were performed by turngags, and partly and Chaos, whose duties came to bring to the attention of the population of Shamhal's decision and its officials. The Armed Forces of Shamhal consisted of nuclear detachments, which carried a permanent military, administrative and police service. At wartime, Shamhal made mobilization of the entire adult male population capable of carrying weapons.
Inside the shamhamility, there were still separate feudal dots - biikhelism. There were four such lots in the 18th century: Buynaksky, Erpelinsky, Karabudakhkent, Bamatulinsky. The ruler Buynak was considered the heir of Shamhala and wore the title of Crimea-Shaha. The Kaitagsky Uzmizya was used to be a big political influence in Dagestan. His possessions were divided into two parts: the upper kaitag (mountain part) and the lower kaitag (the lowland Caspian part of the Highness).
In administratively, the captivity was divided into magals and becks. Each magal essentially was an independent union of communities. Maghali was located in the upper kaitag. There were eight of them. In the lower kaitag, community relations were no longer preserved, the whole land here belonged to becas, in the hands of which all administrative governance were, whereas in the upper kaitaga land were in the hands of the community and its representatives managed administrative affairs.
Pretty peculiarly managed tobasaran, where two independent feudal possessions were; At the head of one of them stood Mysum, and at the head of another - Kadii. In turn, each of these possessions was divided into two parts: on the so-called Ryyytskaya and Uzden. In Ryyytsky Tabasaran, all the power was in the hands of Becks. In Uradinsky villages, administrative management was carried out by the elders - Kevhi together with the local Muslim clergy. The administrative apparatus, which was directly carried out by Maisum and Kadi, was very easy. He consisted of nukeers who in peacetime were performed by police functions, and in wartime, Maizum or Kadi is a squad. In addition, a relatively small number of serving people, there were no officials in Tabasaran.
More difficult was the management in Kazikumukh Khanate, which in the 18th century belonged to the number of the largest feudal possessions of Dagestan. Administratively, the Khanate was divided into 10 districts. Assistants of Khan on management were Vizyri. Police features performed Nucers, held mainly from Khan's slaves. They made it and his military squad. The direct management of the villages was in the hands of foreman, Kadiev. An affiliates of Khan, or relatives, or the most distinguished becks, were delivered to Khanate.
In the 18th century, Avarian Khan acquired great importance in Dagestan. By taking the central position in Nagorno Dagestan, they provided a large pressure on neighboring "free fighters", which was significantly expanded by their territory.
In the 18th century, most of the Avarian, Darginian and Lezgin unions of rural communities fell to one degree or another under the authorities of the neighboring Kumyk, Avarian and Kazikumukhevsky rulers. Others retained their independence, often nominally and briefly.
In "free societies", the Office was in the hands of rural elders. In a number of communities, the post was already hereditary. Also, elders could be elected, however, as a rule, from among the richest and influential persons. The judiciary in these areas was in the hands of the clergy, which gave him the opportunity to acquire a large political influence and enriched at the expense of heavily. Some "free societies" Dagestan united into large political unions, which in their significance did not inferior to feudal possessions (Akush Dargo). The Union management carried out by Kadii, in the hands of which focused spiritual, secular and military power. In his meaning, he was the most influential domineering of Dagestan.
The political system of Chechnya and Ingushetia in the 18th century was characterized by extreme fragmentation and the presence of many independent societies (Mountain Ichkeria, Michik, Zongarta, Kacalekovo society, Maista, Meriagi, Galash, Duban, etc.).
The disunity mostly reigned in the mountain area, where the form of the association of Types was unions or associations (Tukhkuma, Jamaat, etc.). These are territorial associations Cheberela, Schubuta, Nakhchichamka, FGPPI, etc. There were trucks that were not included in Tukhkuma and who lived themselves: Mai, Garden, Peshny, etc. All this determined the emergency fragility of the population and served as a serious obstacle to the internal overcoming of the original political fraud.
Going to the plane, Chechens and Ingush, as a whole, retained the traditional form of the Starshinsky government, which was acquired in the conditions of mixed multi-phase communities, the nature of the Soviets of "elected old people", based on the opinion of the Soviets of all old people and young people.
However, on the plains, the prevailing part of the Vainakh migrants from the mountains fell into the sphere of possessions of the Kumyk and Kabardian princes, but their power over them was relative. This was the cause of the unsubstantial political climate of early referred formations with an escaped internal political struggle, the consequences of which had fallen on the status of the init secure princes.
Due to the sharp activation of ethnopolitical and economic processes, due to the resettlement on the plain, from the mid-18th century, the trends towards the political consolidation of some parts of the Vainakh population are noticeable. Forms and ways of this were different.
It was in the 18th century, judging by the available data, the role of mehkelov ("Soviets of the country") is the meetings of the Starshish-Muslim tips of different societies in order to develop a unified policy. It is significant that the places of common Ingush, Karabulak and Chechen gatherings are now transferred to the plain areas.
By the beginning of the 70s, the 18th century is made by some political unity of the Ingush. The basis of him was the desire to protect themselves from the traffic police of the neighboring feudalists.
But in the characteristic conditions of Chechnya and Ingushetia, the prerequisites for the creation of any strong political associations were absent. Centripetal forces were weak, and sustainable centrifugal aspirations predetermined the political fragmentation of Chechnya and Ingushetia on the historical arena of the 18th century.
This situation was characteristic of the rest of the territory of the North Caucasus. It was due to common level The socio-economic development of the country, which has not yet created the conditions for the formation of centralized feudal states. Moreover, in areas where the development of feudal relations made the greatest success, the withdrawal was manifested with a special acute and brought disasters to the people's masses due to continuous feudal cross-consumables. So it was, for example, at Adyzh. Even in Kabarde, where feudal relations were most developed, there was no centralization of political power. The custom of choice of the older prince in the 18th century could not prevent the princely crossbursions and combine this Adyg region into a single whole. Kabarda in the first half of the 18th century was divided between five princely surnames, each of which had its own own possession, headed by his senior prince. In the second half of the 18th century, the number of outputs increased to six. Thus, the feudal crushing of the cabardium continued, although the entire Kazard was still dominated by the princes, the investigator of which was inal. This family kinship of the Kabardian princes found its expression in the elevated by their life senior prince of the entire Kabarda. Once, the power of this prince was largely nominal, and the older princes of individual diets were often not considered with her.
Feudal internecasters in a large cabarda led to the fact that in the second decade of the 18th century two feudal groups were formed, hostile among themselves throughout the century. In Russian sources, these groupings were called the Baksan and Caschatas parties. The Baksan Party included the princes of Atajukins and Mosostov, in Caschatas - Princes of Jambulatov (later Kaitukins and Beckmurzines). Feedals of both groups led a fierce struggle for power, for land and subjects. Usually, the advantage in this area was on the side of the Baksan party as stronger. Often, during its civil workers, the Kabardian princes appealed for help to neighboring feudal regulators and the Crimean Khan, which made them collisions even more bloody and devastating.
Types of political organizations among the peoples of the North Caucasus depended on the level of socio-economic development, character public relations. Most developed feudal relationships and corresponding to them political organizations Were in Dagestan.
In the early 19th century there were more than 10 feudal possessions and several dozen unions of rural communities. On the northeast Plain of Dagestan, in the so-called Zazulak Kumyki, there were ownership of Ender, Aksaevskoye, Kosyzekovskoye. Each of them had a private attachment and a senior prince. At the head of all three administrative units stood the chief Kumyk bait. South of r. Sulac Before the river Orsai-Bulak was located the Shamkhallope Tarkovskoye with diets (bablestones) Buinaksky, Karabudakhkent, Erpelin, Bamatulinsky, Kazanishki.
The central and significant part of the southern Dagestan in the early 19th century was occupied by Cura Casicumukh Khanate. In 1812, the Caucasian Administration in South Dagestan formed Curin Khanate, which united the territory of the Curin Plane, Kurachka, Koshansky, Agul and Richin villagers. In 1839, the will of the Caucasian administration were formed by two Khanate - Curin and Kazikumskoye.
At the very beginning of the 19th century, Avar Khanate finally entered into Russia. Administratively accidents shared on Beczing - Bailing (Shamkhalliya Tarkovskoye), Maghali - Highness Kaitag, Tabasaran, and others. In addition, there were four military districts: Kuwal, Kid, Kiel, Karalal. The closest assistants of the dominates of Dagestan were Vizyri. As the heads of the Muslim clergy of Cadia played an important role in possession. Only the spiritual and secular power was concentrated in the hands of one of the dominates of the Tabasaran Cadia. The performers of the owner of the dominates were Nucers - Wizard. Public power in the field was carried out by the elders: Chukhby, Adil-Zabi (order workers) - in the accident, Kunachu, in Kazikumukh Khanate, cards - in the buildings, etc. Police features performed Mangushi, Em, Chausi - in the accident, turngocks - in the Highness, Nucers - in Kazikumukh, Tabasaran and other places.
In the North Caucasus, more than 50 distinctive national ethnic groups live compact groups on the lands of their ancient ancestors. For centuries, in the course of a rich in the events of the historical process in the region, completely different peoples had a uniform fate, and the so-called generally waste ethnographic unity was gradually formed.
In total, 9,428,826 people live in North Caucasian FO, of which the overwhelming majority are Russian - 2,854,040 inhabitants, but in national areas and republics, the share of Russians is noticeably less. The second northern people are Chechens, their share is 1,355,857 people. And the third nation in the number in the North Caucasus are anvars, 865,348 people live here.
Adygei
Adygei belong to the Adyg ethnic group and call themselves "Adyge." Today Adygei is independent in ethnically community and have an administrative territory of the Adygei AO in the Krasnodar Territory. They live with a number of 107,048 people in the lower flow of Laba and Kuban on an area of \u200b\u200b4654 square meters. km.
The fertile edges of the extensive plain and footnights with moderately warm climates and chernozem soils, oak and beech forests are perfect for the development of agriculture. Adygi has long been the aborigines of this North Caucasian area. After separating the Kabardians from the Unified Communion of Adygs, the subsequent relocation, the Tremirgoevtsev tribes, Bzcess, Abadsekhov, Chapsugov, Natuhavians, from which the Unified Adyghe Natopolia were formed in the native territories in Kuban.
The number of all adyg tribes by the end Caucasian War It reached 1 million people, but in 1864 a lot of Adygs moved to Turkey. Russian Adygi focused on a small area of \u200b\u200bnative land on and Laba. After the revolution in 1922, Adygetsi allocated on the national basis to the autonomous region.
In 1936, the region was significantly expanded by the accession of the Giaginsky district and Maykop. Maykop becomes the capital city of the region. In 1990, the Adygei ASSR was allocated from Krasnodar Region, and a little later in 1992 an independent republic was formed. Since the days of Middle Ages Adygei retained the traditional farm, the cultivation of wheat, corn, barley, gardens and vineyards, settled cattle breeding.
Armenians
190,825 Armenians live in the region, and although Armenian ethnos has historically formed noticeably south of Armenian Highlands, some of this people lives within the North Caucasus FD. Armenians Ancient people appeared on the historic arena in the XIII-VI centuries. BC e. As a result of mixing large number Variamatic tribes of Urartov, Luvians and Hurrites on Armenian Highlands. Armenian belongs to a large Indo-European family of languages.
The historical process of the statehood of Armenians has 2.5 millennia, a small Armenia was known for Alexander Great, then in 316 g to N. e. Airarat kingdom, later Sofhen kingdom. In the III-II centuries. BC e. The political and cultural center of Armenians moved to the Transcaucasus to the Ararat Valley. With IV century n. e. Armenians adopted Christianity, the Armenian Apostolic Church was formed here in the Christian world. Most Armenians after the terrible genocide of 1915, produced by Omman Turkis, today live being outside their historic homeland.
Circassians
The indigenous inhabitants of Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea and some areas of Kabardino-Balkaria are Circassians, the North Caucasian people with a number of 61,409 people from which 56,5 thousand live tightly in 17 high-mountainous Karachay-Cherkessia. Ancient Greek historians called them "Kerket".
According to the archaeologists, the ancient Coban culture, dated XIII century, belongs to this ethnic. BC e. In the formation of the ethnographic group of Circassians, "Proady" and "Provinahi" could participate. Scientists deny the participation of the participation of ancient Scythians in the formation of the Ethnic Sheet of Circassians.
In 1921, the Gorskaya ASSR was formed, and later in 1922, the National Karachay-Circassian JSC was formed in the RSFSR. That is why Adygs have long been called according to Circassians, and a lot of time passed until the definition of Adygs by independent people. In 1957 in Stavropol Territory The Karachay-Cherkessian JSC is formed on the ethnic principle.
The main traditional studies of Circassians have long been distant mountain cattle breeding, breeding cows, sheep, horses, goats. In the valleys of Karachay-Cherkessia, gardens and vineyards grow from antiquity, barley, weight and wheat grown. Circassians were famous among other peoples of high-quality cloth and the manufacture of clothes from it, forging craft and manufacture of weapons. 
Karachayevtsy
Another indigenous Turkic speech, the impact of the centuries living in Karachay-Cherkessia in the valleys of Kuban, Teberda, Urup and Big Laba are pretty few Karachai. In the North Caucasian FO today, 211,122 people live.
For the first time about the nation "Korache" or "Kooche" is mentioned in the records of the Russian ambassador Fedot Echchina in Mergelia in 1639. Later, "Harachai" living in the high peaks of Kuban and speakers on the "Tatar" language is mentioned repeatedly.
In the formation of the ethnos of Karachay in the VIII-XIV centuries. Local Alans and Turks-Kipchak participated. The closest to the gene pool and the language of the peoples to Karachayam are Circassians and Abazines. After the negotiations and the decision of the elders in 1828, the land of Karachay entered Russian state.
During the Went of the Karachai JSC for a long time 1942-1943 was under fascist occupation. Due to the amendments to the enemies, showing the fascists of passages in the Transcaucasus, the mass entry into the ranks of the invaders, the decree of the USSR SNC on the resettlement of 69 267 Korochevtsev to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Karachay wanted in other regions of the Caucasus, 2543 people demobilized from the army.
For a long time, for three centuries from the XVI century, the Islamization process of Karachai tribes was she, they still retained a certain mixture of paganism, worshiping the highest spirit of the nature of Tengri, faith in natural magic, sacred stones and trees with Christian teachings and Islam. Today, the majority of Karachaiths are Muslmans-Sunni.
Balkarta
One of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the region living in the foothills and mountains in the center of the territory of the region in the Haznidon, Chegema, Cherley, Malki and Baksan are Balkar. There are two versions on the origin of an ethnonym, some scientists suggest that the word "Balcar" is modified from Malkar, a resident of Malkar Gorge, or from Balkan Bulgaria.
Today, the main population of Balkarians is 110,125 people live in Kabardino-Balkaria. Balcarians are talking on Karachay-Balkar, which is practically not divided into dialects. Balkarians live high in the mountains and are considered one of the few highland peoples in Europe. In the long-term ethnogenesis of Balkarians, Alano-Ossetian, Svan and Adygh tribes participated.
For the first time on the ethnonym "Balkar" mentions in his notes IV century. Mar Abas Katina, these invaluable information have been preserved by the "History of Armenia", recorded in the V century Movze Horanatsi. In Russian historical documents, for the first time, the ethnonym "Basiana", relating to the Balkarians appeared in 1629. Ossetian-alans have long been called Balkarians asams.
Kabardians
More than 57% of the population of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria is quite numerous for the region of the Kabardians. Within the Russian part of the region, representatives of this ethnic, 502,817 people live. The closest in the language and cultural traditions to the Kabardians are Circassians, Abkhaz and Adygei. Kabardians talk in their Kabardian language, close to Circassian, which belongs to the Abkhaz-Adyg language group. In addition to Russia, the largest diaspora of Kabardians lives in Turkey.
Until the XIV century, the nearest peoples of Adyzh had a common story. Many later different of these peoples have found their history. And antiquity with IV thousand to n. e. Under the general ethnonym, Adygi was the descendants of representatives of original Maykop culture, it was from her that the North Caucasian, Prikubanskaya and Kobane culture appeared.
For the first time, the Emperor of Byzantium, Constantine Bagryanorovnnaya, for the first time, mention the country of casuals, modern cabardians, first mentioned in the Entogenesis of Kabardians, according to many researchers, Scythians and Sarmatians participated. From 1552, the Kabardian Princes, headed by Temryuk Idarov, start a policy of rapprochement with Russia, so that she helped them defend themselves from the Crimean Khan. Later participated in the seizure of Kazan on the side of Ivan the Terrible, the Russian king even concluded a political marriage with the daughter of Temryuk Idarov.
Ossetians
The main population of North Ossetia Alanya and South Ossetia are the descendants of the fearless warriors of ancientness of Alan, opposing, and so and the unrelated great Tamerlane - Ossetians. In total, 481,492 people who feel belong to the Ossetian ethnos live in the North Caucasus.
The ethnonym "Ossetian" appeared on the name of the region, where representatives of this nation "Osseti" have long lived. So called this area in the Caucasian mountains of Georgians. The word "axis" comes from self-sizing one of the births of Alan Assa. In the well-known Code of the soldiers of the Narth Epos, another self-confusion of Ossetians "ALLON", from which the word "Alan" occurred.
Ossetian spoken language belongs to the Iranian group and is the only one among the languages \u200b\u200bof the world, closest to the ancient Skifo-Sarmatian language. In it, linguists distinguish between two related dialects on two subethnic groups of Ossetians: Iron and Digorsky. The championship in the number of media belongs to the Iron dialect, it became the basis for the literary Ossetian language.
In ethnogenesis, Ossetians participated ancient alans, descendants of the Pontic Scythians, they mixed with local tribes. Fearless Alans still in the Middle Ages represented a greater danger of Khazar, they were interested in the valiant soldiers and allies for Byzantium, they fought on an equal footing with Mongols and opposed Tamerlane.
Ingush
The indigenous people of Ingushetia, North Ossetia and the Sunzhensky district of Chechnya are those mentioned by Strabo "Gargaray" - North Caucasian Ingush. Their ancestors were native speakers for many Caucasian peoples of Coban culture. Today, 418,996 Ingush lives on their native lands.
In the medieval period, Ingush were in the Union of Alanian tribes, along with the ancestors of the Balkarians and Ossetians, Chechens and Karachay. It is here that in Ingushetia are the ruins of the so-called Ekazhevsky-Yandyr settlement, according to archaeologists, the city's city of Alanya - Maasa.
After the defeat of Alania Mongols and the collision of Alan, with Tamerlane, the remains of related tribes went to the mountains, and there began the formation of the Ingush ethnos. In the XV century, the Ingush took several attempts to return to the plain, but in the campaign of 1562, Prince Temryuk was forced to return to the mountains.
The resettlement of the Ingush to the Tarskaya Valley ended after joining Russia only in the XIX century. In the composition of Russia, Ingush are after the decision of the elders since 1770. When construction through the lands of the Ingush of the Military Georgian road in 1784, the fortress of Vladikavkaz was founded on the banks of the Terek.
Chechens
The indigenous population of Chechens are Chechens, the self-confidence of the Vainki tribe "Nochchchi". For the first time, the people with the name "Sasan", identical "Nohcha", are mentioned in the Chronicles of Persian Rashid-Ad-Dina XIII-XIV centuries. Today, 1,335,857 Chechens live in the region, most of them in Chechnya.
Mountain Chechnya entered the Russian state in 1781 by the decision of the honorary elders 15 villages of the southern part of the republic. After the protracted and bloody Caucasian war, more than 5 thousand families of Chechens went to the Ottoman Empire, their descendants became the basis of Chechen diasporas in Syria and Turkey.
In 1944, more than 0.5 million Chechens are resettled in Central Asia. The reason for the deportation was banditism, there were up to 200 gangs for up to 2-3 thousand people. Few, who knows that the work of the underground organization Hassan Israilov has become a serious cause of deportation, the purpose of which was the separation of the region from the USSR and the destruction of all Russians here.
Nogai
Another Turkic people of the region are Nogai, self-sizing the ethnos - "Nogai", sometimes they are called Nogai Tatars or Crimean steppe tatars. More than 20 ancient peoples participated in the formation of the ethnos, among them Sirac and Uigurs, Neumani and Duriennes, Keertites and Assa, Kipchak and Bulgars, Argyns and Kenegsa.
The ethnonym "Nogai" belongs to the name of the Goldenopinian political figure of the XIII century Dolnik Beklerbek's foot, which united all the scattered protonogai ethnic groups into a single ethnicity under its beginning. The first state association of Nogaites became the so-called Nogai Horde, it appeared on the historic arena with the collapse of the Golden Horde.
The formation of the Nogai state continued under the Goldenopa Datoka Ediec, the legendary and heroic ruler, the preacher Islam continued to unite the Nogai. He continued all the traditions of the leg of the leg and completely separated the Nogai from the power of the Khanan Golden Horde. The Nogai Orda is mentioned in the chronicles and Russian Embassy Books for 1479, 1481, 1486, the letters of European rulers, the king of Poland Sigismund I, in the Matters and letters of Russia and medieval Poland, Crimean Khan.
Through the capital city of the Nogai Horde, the Saratik at the River Ural passed the caravanways between Central Asia and Europe. The Nogai's Russian state entered the decision of the elders of the birth in 1783, the service station was confirmed by the Manifesto Catherine II. Separate groups of Nogai still fought for independence, but the coloded talent A. V. Suvorov did not leave them a chance. Only a small part of the Nogaians hid in Mezhdury Terek and Kuma, on the territory of modern Chechnya.
Other nations
In the foothills of the Caucasus there are many other ethnic groups and nationalities. 865 348 people live here, 466,769 people, Lactev numbers 166,526 people, Darginians based on the results of the last census 541,552 people, 396,408 people - Lezginov, 29,979 people - Aguly, 29 413 people - Rutultsy, 127 941 - Tabasarans and others.
According to historians, philologists and archaeologists - on the territory of the modern Caucasus, the descendants at the moment about 60 different language groups, I. more than 30 nationalities. For the centuries-old period of the formation of nationalities in the territory bordering with permanent wars and devices, the ethnos could carry his culture and customs through the century. I will get acquainted with each of them - the impossible work, but to learn about most of them will be at least interesting.
Conducting your excursion about the peoples of CaucasusI would like to determine the way we pass to getting acquainted with the common characteristic of this or other ethnic groups. Let's start it from the West Caucasus, and the western nationality itself - abkhaz. Let's finish our acquaintance in the East, together with Lezgins. But do not forget about nomadic tribes.
Let's start with them, in order to get acquainted with geographical features Caucasus to understand the specifics of life of all other nations. The fact is that the North Caucasus - predisposes the management of agriculture. Therefore, many nomadic tribes are asssets, and began to build their own culture on the ground. Ranging from Abkhaz and ending with residents Alanya.
Southern Caucasus
But as for the southern part of the Caucasus - then the soil in these places is barren. Water that comes from the mountains - reaches the plains in the stagnant form, for the irrigation systems are far from excellence. Therefore, as soon as summer comes, nomadic tribes are sent higher and higher in the mountains. It all depends on the conditions for livestock. If food is enough, the height remains unchanged.
With the onset of cold weather, nomads descend from the mountains. Tatars, Nogai and Truchmen live according to the principle of wipe grass: as soon as the grass under the feet of the wretfold - it's time to move. And, depending on the time of year, determine up in the mountains, or descend.
Map settlement map:
Now let's go back to settled back in the ancient times, tribes that have chosen agriculture for the basis of their livelihoods.
The most numerous peoples of the North Caucasus
Abkhaza
- The most western nationality of the Caucasus. Most - Christians, however, from the 15th century, in view of the expansion of the territory, Muslims of the Sunni sense were added.
The total number of Abkhaz around the world includes about 200 thousand people in 52 countries of the world.
The cultural component of the Christian people is traditional to this area. It has long been engaged and famous for rowing, embroidery, thread.
Next population towards the east. The northern slopes of the Caucasus, as well as the plains at the Terek and Sunii - their habitat. The current territory of Karachay-Cherkessia, but the Karachay has nothing to do with the territory. At the same time, there is a relationship with the Kabardians, however, those, due to administrative-territorial division, also share the territory with distant Balkars.
All of them belong to Adygham. The cultural heritage of which made a huge contribution to the world heritage of the blacksmith and jewelry business.
Svaans
- Northern Georgian branch, which has kept its own language and cultural heritage. The territory of residence is the most high-mountainous part of Georgia, it is from 1000 to 2500 meters above sea level.
Characteristic feature cultural life Swan is the lack of serfdom and the conditional principle of the nobility. There was no invasion wars. In total there are about 30,000 savages around the world.
Ossetians
- Ancient peoples of Iranian origin. The kingdom of Ossetian Alanya is one of the most ancient and stolen through the century Christianity in its original form. Many republics in view of the failure of Christianity moved to Islam, but Alanya is the largest territory of the North Caucasus inherited Christianity. The moment of Islamization passed by.
and Chechens
- related peoples. Most profess Islam, the exception is only living in Georgia. The total number of peoples is about 2 million people.
Lezgins
The most Eastern region is represented by the peoples of the current Dagestan. And most common not only on the territory of Dagestan, but also Azerbaijan - LezginsDifferent with rich cultural heritage.
The geographical position was played with defining importance in the formation of Caucasian peoples. Located at the borders of the Ottoman Empire, Byzantium, the Russian Empire - they were predetermined by the military past, the features of which were displayed on the nature and specifics of the peoples of the Caucasus. However, it is worth noting that the cultural heritage was preserved, despite the oppression of neighboring empires.
