Baikal. How many times it flashed this place in my head, when I chose a place to travel, but unfortunately, it was not on this wonderful lake. Russia is a huge country and there is a lot of beautiful in it. I would call our country with a New Year's Christmas tree, hung with beautiful toys, and on the top of a big and beautiful star. Yes, the star is Lake Baikal. But why every Russian, at least once, but wants to go there? Not only our population, but also inhabitants of abroad. What attracts everyone? What is the uniqueness of this lake?
Features of the lake
The origin of this lake is tectonic. Located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia.
Uniqueness of water:
- Environmental formula.
- Water acidity.
- Energy of melt water.
- The unique composition of water.
- The taste of clean water.
Pure water from all lakes on the planet. Differs from sea water. Some less than minerals than in other sources. Oxygen saturation.
Baikal is guarded by UNESCO.
A unique type of vegetable and animal world, geological objects. All of them are of great importance for the planet.
The oldest lake, about 30 million years.
One of the deepest lakes. Its depth is 1637 meters.
Water transparency can reach 40 meters.
The eighth miracle of the world or why it is worth visiting Baikal
Definitely, from my point of view, Baikal is one of the wonders of the world. At least once in life, but it is worth visiting this unique lake. Feel the scale of this planet. Soak up this air. Take this water. Just enjoy your existence. Here are a few reasons why cost to visit this unique creation of nature:
- Variety of terrain. Colorful landscapes.
- Many interesting myths around this lake.
- Local settlement. An interesting culture of peoples inhabiting this place.
- Baikalsk. Ski resort.
- A variety of local dishes.
- Flora and fauna.
Better place on the planet is not found. There is definitely a miracle of this planet.
Scales amazed. Nature surprises. Features discourage. What can be more beautiful than not mother nature. If our planet had a face, it would definitely be Baikal.
Such a contrast is collected in one place. Well, is it not unique?
Land World natural HeritageWith the adoption of the Convention on the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Planet, in 1972, the United Nations (Division on Education, Science and Culture) began to form a UNESCO World Heritage List, which includes the most significant objects of nature, history and culture, territories with outstanding global values \u200b\u200bof natural resources and which require careful relationship, Save for descendants.
To get to this list, you must meet at least one of the four criteria:
The object represents outstanding examples illustrating the most important stages of the history of the Earth and noteworthy geological processes;
The object presents exceptional examples to illustrate the most important environmental and biological processes of the evolution and development of ecosystems and communities of living organisms;
The object includes outstanding natural phenomena or territory of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;
The object includes the most important and significant natural habitats for the preservation of biodiversity, as well as species of outstanding universal value in terms of science or nature conservation.
Baikal in this sense is unique, it satisfies absolutely all criteria. Connection. For thousands of natural objects contained in the list of natural heritage, a little more than a dozen satisfy all four criteria.
On December 5, 1996, by decision of the 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the Mexican city of Merida, Baikal, together with the coastal area with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 8.8 million hectares., It was included in the UNESCO Natural Heritage List.
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe World Natural Heritage site (OHPN) "Lake Baikal" is equal to 88 thousand km2, of which 31.5 thousand km2 - the surface of the lake, and 19 thousand km2 occupy 3 reserves (Baikal-Lensky, Baikal, Barguzinsky) and 3 national Park (Pribaikalsky, Zabaykalsky and, partly, Tunksky).
5 urbanized industrialized territories are excluded from the site: Baikalsk, Slyudyanka, Kultuk, Babushkin and Severobaykalsk.
The UNESCO World Heritage Committee of the UNESCO decision is: "Lake Baikal - a classic case of a plot world Heritagesatisfying all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. Features of the lake, hidden to a greater degree from the eye of water, are the main value for science and protection. The lake is surrounded by mountain and taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mainly preserved in natural state and represent additional value.
Lake Baikal - a limbic miracle and territory with the following excellent qualities:
The geological rift system, which gave rise to Lake Baikal, was formed in the Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the most ancient and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue their effects, as evidenced by the exits of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.
The evolution of aquatic organisms, which occurred during this long period, led to the formation of an exclusively unique endemic fauna and flora. Lake Baikal is the "Galapagos Islands of Russia", is an exceptional value for the study of evolution.
The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain arrays, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes ensures an exceptionally beautiful environment of Lake Baikal. Baikal - the largest tank fresh water On Earth (20% of all world stocks), which additionally characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.
Lake Baikal is one of the most biode-shaped lakes on Earth, it lives 1340 species of animals (745 endemic) and 570 species of plants (150 endemic). In the forests surrounding the lake, there are 10 species of plants listed in the Red Book of the International Union of Nature Protection (IUCN), and a complete composition of typical boreal species is presented. "
In addition to the implementation of one of the four criteria for the Convention, the desire of the country in which this site is, to protect and preserve it is necessary.
By the leadership of the World Heritage Committee to the Government of the Russian Federation, the following requirements were presented:
1. Ensure the final adoption by the State Duma of the Law on Baikal;
2. Refill the BCBC so that it stops being a source of pollution;
3. Reduce the discharge of pollutants in Selengu;
4. Allocate additional means to ensure the activities of nature reserves and national parks;
5. Ensure and strengthen support scientific research and monitoring on Lake Baikal.
The list of environmental protection measures implemented and already implemented by the Russian Federation to meet the requirements by the leadership of the World Heritage Committee to the Government of the Russian Federation presented in connection with the assignment of the status of the World Natural Heritage:
2. The legislation has made changes regulating relations in the field of lake Lake Baikal:
The boundaries of the water-protection and fisherous zones of Lake Baikal are established by the Government of the Russian Federation;
Public accounting of objects providing negative impact on the environment Baikal natural territory;
On the Baikal Natural Area, the construction of new business objects is prohibited, the reconstruction of existing economic facilities without a positive conclusion of state environmental impact assessment project documentation such objects, and in the central ecological zone of this natural territory - the placement of waste and consumption of the I - III of the hazard class;
The possibility of transferring land funds engaged in protective forests, in the land of specially protected territories and objects in the creation of specially protected natural territories;
Water Code of the Russian Federation, Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws "On Environmental Expertise" and "On Fisheries and Conservation of Water biological resources"Changes in compliance with the changes made to the Federal Law" On the Protection of Lake Baikal ".
In more detail with regulatory legal acts, in accordance with which environmental activities are being implemented, it can be found in the "Laws" section.
3. In 2008, the BCBC at the request of Rosprirodnadzor suspended the production of white cellulose and moved to the release of less cost-effective non-refilled cellulose using a closed water management technology, which completely eliminates the release of even purified wastewater into the lake. The plant ceased its work on December 25, 2013. On December 28, 2013, the Prime Minister of Russia signed an order to establish the "Reserves of Russia" on the territory of the closed plant.
4. The Seleginsky PCB from August 1, 1990 ceased to reset in Selengu industrial wastewater.
5. In 2008-2010, the International Research Expeditionary Expedition "Mira" on Baikal "was held during which 160 dives were committed on deep-water devices" Mir-1 "and" Mir-2 ". According to the results of the international conference at UNESCO headquarters, Baikal - World Treasure was noted an increase in the intensity and quality of scientific research in order to preserve the Baikal ecosystem, the importance of the results of the research International Expedition "Worlds" on Baikal ", which includes scientists from 12 countries of the world; Significant contribution of this expedition to the development of the Russian and global fundamental science, its regions, such as geology, geography, limbor, geochemistry, geophysics, biology, etc.; Large arrays of the data obtained during the expedition to significantly expand the ideas about the genesis of Baikal and modern processes occurring in it.
6. State financing of ensuring the protection of Lake Baikal and the Baikal natural territory is carried out with the help of the Federal Target Program "Protection of Lake Baikal and the Socio-Economic Development of the Baikal Natural Territory for 2012 - 2020", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2012 No. 847. (See the "Realization of FDP Events").
When preparing the material sources were used:
Baikalovology: studies. Deposit / N. S. Berkin, A. A. Makarov, O. T. Rusinek. - Irkutsk: Publishing House IRK. State University, 2009
Volkov, S. on Baikal / Sergey Volkov. - M.: AST: AST Moscow, 2010. - 568 p.
Lake Baikal is one of the most beautiful and picturesque places not only in the Asian part of our country, and on the entire planet. This is the most ancient lake (its age about 25-35 million years), which is lying in the rift depressure, is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. It is the largest freshwater reservoir on earth, there are 22% of all fresh clean and transparent water all over the world and 85% of Russia. The volume of water is 23 thousand km 3 (this is five combined the great lakes in the USA). In addition to the value of the huge stocks of fresh water, which, thanks to its small mineralization (100 g / l), one can boldly equate to the distilled one, it should also be noted that Baikal is the most deep-water lake in the world and since 1996 is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Geographical position
Lake Baikal, having a form stretched from southwest to northeast crescent, is located almost in the very center of the mainland of Eurasia, in Central Asia, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. Ancient rift Wpadin of Ice Origin, in which the Lake Basin is located in the Baikal Mountain Region, surrounded by high peaks of mountain ranges and swords of horses (the border of the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia in the Russian Federation).
Characteristics of Lake Baikal
The area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is 31.7 thousand km 2, this is the seventh place in the world after the Caspian Sea Lake, Lakes Victoria, Taganyika, Guron, Michigan, the top or Square of the Belgium countries or the Netherlands. In the length of the lake has 636 km, the widest thing in the center (81 km) is the most narrow - near the Delta of the Serenga River (27 km).
The average depth of the lake is 744.4 m above the maximum depth indicators of many lakes in the world, its maximum depth, measured by Soviet scientists Berotilo and Sulimov in 1983, was 1640 m, which made Baikal in the world's deepestive lake.
The lake lies in the glacial rift depressure, from all sides it is surrounded by mountain ranges and hills. The length of the coastline is 2 thousand km, the western shore rocky and climbing, oriental - more gently, the mountains are tens of kilometers from the coast. The lake water area has six bays (Barguzinsky, Chivirkuisk, failure, Embassy, \u200b\u200bCherkalov, Mukhor), two dozen bays (delicious, sandy, aya, a lot of closed shallow bays, which are called litter. From the lake, the only river flows - hangar, flows over 336 rivers And the river, from the major you can call the Selengu, the upper hangar, Barguzin, Snowy, Cycera, etc.
Temperature regime of water
Water, due to its small mineralization, is distinguished by amazing purity, transparency (viewed to a depth of 40 meters), saturation of oxygen. In the spring water is especially transparent to have a rich blue-blue color, in summer, as a result of the development of the organic, transparency is reduced and the water acquire a blue-green shade. The average annual indicators of the surface temperature of the water are about + 4 ° C, in the summer period water is +16, + 17 ° C, it comes to + 22, + 23 ° C.
Baikal is almost completely covered by the thickness of ice (1-2 meters) from January to May (the exception is a small plot of 15-20 km in the origin of the hangars). One of the amazing mysteries of Lake Baikal is the appearance in the winter period of huge dark rings on ice, which are visible only from the height. Presumably they are formed as a result of the ejection of methane from the depths of the lake, this contributes to the formation of huge proper with a diameter of hundreds of meters with a very thin layer of ice.
Wind on Baikal
The distinctive features of the climate of Baikal are its wind, they blow almost always, their maximum wind speed is 40 m / s. There are more than 30 names of the winds there: the wind of the northwestern direction is the mountain, the wind of Northeast-East - Barguzin, the Ripper), Southeast - Shelongnik, South-West - Cultuk, Sarma - Wind blowing in the center of Baikal. They blow mostly along the coast, on which there are practically no places to hide from such a piercing and strong wind.
Nature of Lake Baikal
Flora and fauna of the lake is diverse and unique. Oxygen-saturated water allows you to live here large quantity More than 2600 species and subspecies of the aquatic inhabitants live here, most of them are endemics. More than 58 species of fish live in the thickness of water, such as Omul, Harius, Sig, Tymen, Baikal Ostr, Lenok, Golomanka (unique fish, consisting of 30% of fat).
The coast covers more than 2000 species of plants, there are about 2,000 species of birds, here lives a unique marine mammal - Baikal Nerpe, in the mountain part of the Baikalia - the smallest deer in the world - Kabarga.
(Olkhon - the largest island of Lake Baikal)
The northeast coast of the lake is part of the PAs of the Barguzin State Natural Biosphere Reserve, since 1996, Baikal is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Popularities and cities
Large cities located a few dozen kilometers from the lake is Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude (130 km east of the lake) and Severobaykalsk (in the northern part of the lake coast). From Irkutsk (70 km from Baikal), the closer to the ancient Baikal village at the origins of Angara - Listvyanka, he has more than three hundred years. Well developed here tourist infrastructure And there is a lake museum dedicated to the history of Baikal, his flora and fauna. Also in the village is Nerpinal, where the exciting water show is shown with the participation of the Baikal Nerk and the legendary stone-stone, the reserved rock at the origin of the hangary, here in antiquity there were vintage shamanic rites.
Climate and seasons
(Transparent Baikal Water Summer)
Eastern Siberia lies in moderate sharp continental climatic beltHowever, the huge masses of the water contained in Lake Baikal specially affect the climate of the coast and, due to this, extraordinary conditions of microclimate with warm soft winter and cool summer are formed. The water masses of the lakes act as a huge natural stabilizer and make winter warmer, and summer is cooler than, for example, in the same Irkutsk, located at a short distance from the lake (70 km). Air temperature in summer can reach + 35 ° C.
(Transparent ice on Baikal in winter)
In winter, the water of Baikal is styling incredibly transparent and smooth ice. The temperature above the surface of the lake in the middle of winter is about -21 ° C, and on the coasts on the degrees 5-10 above, on average -10 ° C - 17 ° C. Due to a minor evaporation cold water From the surface of the lake, the clouds are very rare here, so the Lake Baikal area has a high total solar shine duration, cloudy and cloud days are infrequent.
Lake Baikal.
Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 in Four Natural Criteria.:
(vii) The object is a natural phenomenon or space of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance.
(viii) The object is an outstanding sample of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including the monument of the past, the symbol of the geological processes in the development of relief or the symbol of geomorphological or physical and geographical features.
(ix) The object is an outstanding model of occurring environmental or biological processes in the evolution and development of earthly, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and vegetable and animal communities.
(x) The object includes the most important or significant natural habitat for saving it biological manifold, including disappearing species of exceptional global value in terms of science and protection.
Lake is B. Russian Federation, on the border of the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia, stretched from the north-east to the south-west of 620 km in the form of a crescent. Baikal width ranges from 24 to 80 km.
Baikal is the deepest and most ancient lake on Earth. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 m. Located at a point with coordinates 53 ° 14'59 "s. sh. 108 ° 05'11 "in. (Installed in 1983 by the expedition of Gunio Mo, was confirmed in 2002 as a result of the implementation of the Belgian-Spanish-Russian project to create a new batmetric card Baikal)
Baikal is in the mainland depression: the bottom point of the basin lies 1187 m. Below the level of the world ocean
The average depth of the lake - 744.4 m. The water surface of the lake occupies the area 31 722 km². Freshwater stocks in Baikal - 23 615.39 km³ (about 19% of world reserves of lake fresh water)
The geological rift system, which gave rise to Lake Baikal, was formed in the Mesozoic period. The age of the Baikal Basin is estimated 20-25 million years. The Baikal rift zone relates to territories with high seismicity, earthquakes are regularly occurring, the strength of which is one or two points.
Baikal flows 336 rivers and streams. The largest of them are Selenga, the upper hangar, Barguzin, Turk, Snow, Sarma. Out of the lake flows one river - hangar.
(Overview from a height of 734 km, height above sea level: 952 km.)
Peninsula Holy Nose -Shemable Big Peninsula, divides Chivyrkuisk and Barguzin Bay. The largest island of Lake - Olkhon. Ushkanya Islands are four islands in the middle of the Baikal: big, round, thin and long. On the area, they constitute about 10 sq. M. The islands of the Chivirkuy bay - shaggy, naked, white stone, cormorants and drives and islands of the Small Sea - Izilhai, Edors, Modoto, Harantsets, Koek, Ode, Boracchin, Hubin, Huenuk, Big and Small Toynaki.
In the north of the lakes are the islands of Bright and Million.
Ushka Islands are known to the biggest fanger of the Baikal Nerze. Baikal Nerpen is an endemic of the lake and the attraction of the Trans-Baikal National Park.
Baikal nerves.
Young nerve.
Baikal has about 2600 species and subspecies of living organisms.
About 1000 species are endemics.
The most famous fish of Baikal: Baikal Omul, Harius, Sig, Baikal Axist, Golomanka.
In the lake there is a number of rare forms of water invertebrates (sponges, raki-booplasts).
The Baikal Epiphura Strike plays a very important role in the lake ecosystem. This representative of the form of plankton crustaceans, 1.5 mm, consumes the organic, passing water through its body. As the natural filter, the Baikal Epiphur cleans the water of the lake.
On the eastern shore of Baikal is the Zabaykalsky national ParkThe west coast is located the Pribaikal National Park.
Flora Coastal Zone Lake Baikal is represented by more than 800 species of plants.
Among 50 kinds of mammals, which live in the coastal zone in the swamps, in the steppes and forest-steppes, in the foothill and mountain forests, high-mountainous areas: wild reindeer, maral, elk, cabgarh, boar, brown bear, wolf, fox, sable, ermine, columns, squirrel, chipmunk, brown-tarbagan, otter, ondatra.
In the area of \u200b\u200bBaikal, about 250 species of birds live. Most rare species: Sapsan, Skop, Berkut, Black crane, Orlan-Belochvost.
Area: 8.8 million ha
Criteria: (VII), (VIII), (IX), (x)
Status: included in the World Heritage List in 1996
Compound objects:
The central ecological zone of the Baikal Natural Territory, which includes the FBSU "Reserved Baikalier" (Baikal National Park and Baikal Lensky State natural Reserve) (664050, Irkutsk, ul. Baikal, 291b), FBSU "Reserved Podmillary" (Transbaikal National Park, Barguzin State Natural biosphere reserve and federal Reserve "Frolichinsky" (671623, Republic of Buryatia, p. Ust-Barguzin, ul. Lenin, d. 7), Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve and Federal Reserve "Kaban" (167220, Republic of Buryatia, Kaban district , ul. Krasnogvardeyskaya, 34), Tunksky National Park (partially) (671010, Republic of Buryatia, Tunksky district, s. Kyren, ul. Lenin, 69), regional reserves "Snezhinsky", "Kochergatsky", "Verkhne-Angarsk", "Pribaikalsky", "Enhaluksky".
The lake of excellent degrees is so called the "Sacred Baikal". It covers an area of \u200b\u200b3.15 million hectares and recognized as the most ancient (25 million years) and the deepest (about 1700 m) Lake of the planet. Baikal retains approximately 20% of all world stocks of fresh water in the primordant purity.
It is called the most important center of the speciation - the "biodiversity laboratory". Many millions of years his closed ecosystem formed a unique "biosphere", the study of which gives knowledge necessary to understand the evolution of life on Earth.
Wpadina Baikal is the central link of the Baikal rift zone, one of the largest fault systems on Earth. She is now active - Baikal's shores diverge at speeds up to 2 cm per year.
The lake with the framing ridges is the most important natural frontier of Siberia. The boundaries of various floral and faunistic complexes are converged here and not having no analogs of biogeocenoses.
In the Baikal Wpadin, one of the richest and most unusual freshwater fauna in the world was formed. Of the more than 2,630 species and subspecies of animals and plants found by now in the lake, more than 80% are no longer found anywhere in the world.
Who did not hear about the famous Baikal Omul or Baikal sturgeon? Two unique types Viliable fish, representatives of endemic for Baikal Family, are a big and small goal, are known to the ompologists of the whole world. The pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned with a typical marine by origin of a mammal - Baikal Nerpe.
Lake Baikal with its pool is a peculiar and very fragile natural ecosystem, which provides a natural process of formation of water, famous for the whole world with its transparency and purity. A little on Earth remained places where you can drink water, simply by hovering by her shore. The transparency of this water reaches 40 meters.
For Siberia, the climate of Baikal coasts are relatively soft, and the number of sunny days a year in some places is higher than in many Black Sea resorts.
