Thesis: youth tourism. Creation and work of regional and district committees on physical culture and sports. Voluntary sports societies Tourism. Development of the infrastructure of the tourism industry

Tourist-sightseeing activities Soviet power literally from the first months of its existence begins to pay close attention, realizing that this is one of the possibilities of affecting the masses.

IN scientific literature It is customary to allocate several stages of tourism development in the USSR.

The first (1917 - 1936) is characterized by the creation of social economic conditions, the emergence and organizational formation of the excursion and tourist movement. In the context of the restoration and reconstruction of the national economy, the deployment of the cultural revolution creates the first institutions of proletarian tourism, designed to intensify the massacre of workers, to satisfy their needs to study the cultural values \u200b\u200band nature of the Motherland.

Since 1921, conferences on the issues of a guide business are being held. The conferences from the very beginning were not local, but all-Russian character. They operated two sections on natural scientific and humanitarian issues. It was not by chance, since excursions and hiking should have been carrying other than general meal and educational also ideological burden. The historical and revolutionary subject was developed according to the Lenin Decree of 1918 on monumental propaganda, as well as the lists of enterprises of the national economy, where it was possible to be convinced of the "Superiority of Socialist Methods". In Moscow, a central museum-excursion institute and a sightseeing department were created at the Institute of Excrehetic Work Methods, and in Petrograd, respectively, a research excursion institute. Employees of these institutions engaged in generalizing the experience in the tourist sphere, they read various cycles of lectures and prepared conferences and congresses both by theoretical and practical issues related to tourism.

From the mid-1920s. Articles began to appear on the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" pages, persistently calling young people to take care of tourism. In December 1926, the Moscow Committee of the Komsomol, together with the Komsomol Pravda and the MGSPS, was organized the first mass excursion, about 300 people took part in it. It was a promotional advocacy event in the framework of Goello.

In the 1930s. It became obvious that the world stands on the threshold of a new war. Tourism began to be introduced into the army. "Journey of the group of teams of the 51st Division on Danube Kayaks from Smolensk to Odessa, according to Dnieper and the Black Sea; the boat campaign of the commander of the Smolensk garrison from Smolensk to Kiev; Bicycle mileage Nachsostav Kiev garrison along the route Kiev - Zhytomyr; Mileage of the Commander of the Volga Military District on the route Kazan - Sviyazhsk - Cheboksary; 700-kilometer hiking on boats Nachsostava North Caucasian Military District on Don, etc. " These facts indicate an understanding of the importance of tourism by the army command in the education and development of such qualities necessary to the fighter, as the ability to navigate the terrain, hardening character, courage, endurance, mutual execution.

In area international Tourism The task is: to provide the friends of the USSR and representatives of the progressive movement abroad with the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the course of socialist construction in the USSR, as well as expand the volume of travel of Soviet workers abroad.

The second stage of tourism development (1936 - 1969) is characterized by the introduction of new organizational forms Control. In 1939 A voluntary climbing organization of military-sports orientation was created. From members of this organization during the Great Patriotic War Special detachments were formed. Tourism brought tangible assistance to the country 1.

Brozhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. - m; SPB., 2001

"Soviet tourist" developed about 30 routes that covered actually all the territory Soviet Union. Routes on the Pamirs were even developed. Given that the average duration of holidays in most workers and employees was about two weeks, respectively, and the overwhelming majority of tours were the same duration.

The difference in the activities of the Wholesale and the Council was that the wholesale was engaged in the organization of amateur trips, and the SovTu residents served a group of holidaymakers on predetermined routes that are mainly general educational and local history.

Along with domestic tourism in the USSR, foreign tourism is very early to develop. As well as in the development of internal tourism, advocacy issues were prioritized.

In April 1936, the Presidium of the USSR CEC found more inappropriate for the further development of tourism in the framework of the voluntary society and decided to eliminate it. All property of OPTE (Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions) was transmitted to the WCSPS, where tourist-sightseeing management (TEU) of the WCSPS was created, to which the management of tourist routes of All-Union Values, as well as all activities in the field of tourism and excursions were introduced. The function of the territorial TEU, who worked on an agricultural principle on the planned tasks of the WCSPs, included the propaganda of tourism, consultation of the population, cultural and economic services in the way, the development of routes, and the construction of tourist houses, mountain huts, camps, inventory production. In November 1937, the charter of the tourist and excursion department of the WCSPS was approved.

This period of development of Russian tourism is characterized by the transition from administrative regulation of tourism to economic stimulation based on new Russian laws relating to both entrepreneurship and the market as a whole and tourist activity in particular.

The Great Patriotic War and the recovery period pushed tourist problems to the background. Inner tourism began to revive only in the late 1940s.

In the postwar years, there was widespread both planned and amateur, sports, children's and family tourism.

Tourism was also restored in the Armed Forces of the USSR. According to the orders of the Minister of Defense, it was entrusted to the head of the rear of Sun, and direct guidance on the management of tourism and excursions of the Ministry of Defense. The All-Army Tourism Council was specifically created to attract the wide layers of the Army and Fleets to this work. Tourism, both planned and amateur, soon becomes one of the most beloved and massive types of rest.

By the mid-1980s. There were 24 tourbases that were subordinate to military departments and the ministries of defense. Only from 1980 to 1985, about 1.2 million military personnel and members of their families rested. The greatest popularity of B. soviet time enjoyed the turbase "TERSKOL", taking tourists round year. In the summer, there were campaigns and excursions on Prielb-Rus, and skiers came in winter. Her uniqueness, however, was in the other. Only here were developed routes. different categories: From the simplest, giving the right to the "Tourist of the USSR" icon, to the category of complexity.

Dozens of bus travel routes in the USSR have been developed. We enjoy popular and river travel along the Volga and Volga-Balt, and in July, a 15-day tour of Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk was held annually from Krasnoyarsk to Polar Dixon. Caring and about the families of young officers appeared.

Three times increased in the mid-1980s. The number of turbases where it was possible to relax with children from the five-year-old age 1.

Amateur tourism was also not covered by attention. Since the 1970s. Annual all-marma competitions began to be held for the best tourist journey, and since 1976, the All-Armenian Tourist Slapes. These were ambitious events.

The traditionally important direction of tourist-sightseeing work was school tourism. Even before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, the beginning of the tourist local lore All-Russian Expedition "My Motherland - USSR" was announced. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe resumption of this expedition returned only in the mid-1950s. In 1956, Pioneer, True and the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station published OS-new provisions of this expedition. The work turned along seven directions: "Lenin and now more than all living", "to the secrets of nature", "Art belongs to the people", "on weekdays of the great construction", etc.

Since 1957, the history of Soviet maritime tourism begins. Intourist rented two vessels - "victory" and "Georgia", on which maritime travels around Europe from Odessa to Leningrad were carried out. The ship "Peter First" conducted Black Sea cruises for tourists from Socratran. And in 1960, the infamous ship "Admiral Nakhimov" began to rush along the Crimean Caucasus coast. In the early 1960s Maritime tourism began to develop in the Baltic, and the Vessel "Grigory Ordzhonikidze" arranged 20-day tours along the Far Eastern coast.

Ten post-war years have gone to the establishment of European standards for receiving foreign tourists. It was necessary to build a chain of hotels and restaurants, accumulate experience of transporting a large number of foreigners by aviation and rail

1 [Sokolova M.V. History of tourism: Tutorial For stud. Higher. Education. Establishments. - 2nd ed., Pererab. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004 p. 294] Transport, deploy advertising and finally establish the production of souvenir products.

"Intourist" was engaged in the organization not only of group tours, but also individual marine and river cruises, travel of foreigners to the resorts of the USSR, and Soviet citizens - on foreign resorts. Exclusive tours have been arranged, for example for hunting.

Since 1964, Intourist began to take tourists to treat the most famous resorts of the country. They included sanatoriums known to mineral sources, for example, Matsesta in Sochi, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, therapeutic dirt Tshaltubo, etc.

In the 1960s In the USSR, there were five areas of tourism, which existed largely in parallel to each other:

Profdurism (Central Tourism Council and Centiece Excursions for the CSDS);

Inturism (State Committee on Foreign Tourism at the Council of Ministers of the USSR);

youth tourism ("satellite" at the Central Committee of the WFCM);

Military tourism (management on tourism and excursions of the USSR Min-Defense);

School tourism (CSDTP of the Ministry of Education of the USSR).

In the 1960s Tourist-excursion organizations of trade unions were developed over 13,000 routes - linear, ring, radial. In order to ensure the development and release different species Advertising, organizations in the press, radio, television and in film propaganda and advertising events held by tourist excursion organizations, was decided to create a tourist advertising and informational bureau. It was discovered in 1971 and operated on commercial conditions.

The main tourist regions were central, somewhere except Moscow included Tula, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kalininskaya, Smolenskaya, Yaroslavl and Vladimir region; and the North-West, which included the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov region. Only the Moscow Bureau of Excursions in the 1960s. Realified 4 million tourist tickets. Tourist "Mecca" during this period, routes are becoming: "in Pushkinsky places", "in the ancient Russian cities and Leningrad" and others. Although the number of routes in the central and north-western regions was less than, let's say, in the Transcaucasia or Crimea, but in They have a lot of participation of a much larger number of tourists due to the development of infrastructure. In addition, large tourist complexes that were able to serve a large number of travelers were concentrated here. Many routes throughout the central and northwestern regions wore a public-union character, which also influenced their mass, although this does not mean that local routes did not exist here.

More than half of all planned all-union routes were laid in such resort places as the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia. This region was leading the "concentration" of campgrounds, tourist bases and hotels, which there were more than 50% of their total number of countries 1.

55 All-Union routes were treated with the routes with active methods of movement. These were equestrian, cycling, aquatic (boat, catering and inflatable roofs), pedestrian. A tourist who took part in one of them was entitled to receive a certificate and the "Tourist of the USSR" icon. Nine routes, found to the first category of complexity, among which can be called such as "on the mountain Crimea",

"In the Dniester Canyon on the rafts", "on Teletsky Lake and Altai Sokolova M.V. History of tourism: Study Guide for the stud. Higher. Education. Establishments. - 2nd ed., Pererab. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004 p. 294] Taiga, "etc. - could bring the tourist to the third discharge on tourism, however, if he had already" the title "" Tourist of the USSR ". Tourism in the 1960s. It became so popular that tourist sections are being created in almost all universities of the USSR, and in some universities, tourist clubs were even organized.

In 1970 - 1980s. There is an expansion of tourism geography. Along with elite sea and river cruises, such as, for example, the "Arctic Cruise", when a journey through the Northern Sea Route was committed, ranging from Murmansk and ending with Petropavlovsky-Kamchatsky, in the seas of the Northern Iceit and Pacific Oceans - Okhotsk and Japanese; Or traveling on comfortable heat shots On Lena, Yenisei, Amuru - there is a development of amateur routes from Support to Kamchatka. Tourist travel becomes one of the most popular forms of rest of Soviet citizens.

Traveling on river ships passed throughout large rivers Soviet Union. More than 40 tips on tourism of different levels rented vessels and organized travel for "their" tourists. And although traveling by water transport traditionally had a small proportion - about 5% of the total volume of transport travel, - nevertheless, in the USSR by the beginning of the 1990s. About 500 river and marine routes operated, which served 200 ships 1

Railway travel travels appeared for the first time in the 1960s. Gradually, routes using rail transport became an integral part of the set of routes of the most different levels. "Trains of health" and special tourist-sightseeing trains begin to form. The routes were compiled in such a way that railway moving between tourist centers accounted for mainly at night. In 1986, tourist-sightseeing trains. Special popularity among residents of the Far East, the Urals and Siberia used ring routes, covering the main cities of the European Union, as well as Central Asia.

The relative cheap air ticket was one of the components of the boom, which was worried in the 1980s. AirTurism. Moreover, the services of the travel agencies and excursions of large cities (according to statistics they were more than 160) used not only to deliver tourists to rest sites and back, but independent air travel was developed, for example, the Moscow route - Arkhangelsk - Solovki - Arkhangelsk - Moscow and dozens of others.

Favorite for many citizens become the campaigns of the "weekend". Only in the 1980s. More than 20 million people took part in them.

In 1960 - 1980s. Tourism no longer worn that forcibly ideologized, as in pre-war years. The material base has increased repeatedly. Various tourist organizations Thousands of all kinds of routes of different types, duration of time, complexity and comfort were developed. Tourism firmly entered the life of the Soviet man, becoming its integral part. But, due to the fact that tourism wore a pronounced social character, the demand for tourist services was significantly advanced. And numerous tourist-sightseeing bureaus could not provide vouchers of all those wishing.

Features of the transition period:

1. Transition from monopoly farming to multi-storey (tourist

enterprises become the property of different owners);

2. Formation of the tourist market based on new laws;
3. Using tourist resources in the market based on new
1 [Japped G.F. History of tourism. - Minsk, 1999] economic and legal relations;
4. Changing the nature of demand due to the appearance of new species

tourist services (exit shop tours, entertainment and adventure tours, tour with a view to learning a language, etc.

5. Cleaning the material base of tourism (hotels, boarding houses, holiday homes);
6. The emergence of a large number of small and medium-sized tourist enterprises;
7. The growth of average indicators of exit tourism, especially with the purpose of shopping.

1.4 Problems of the development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Until 1990, youth tourism, as a social movement, was implemented through the system of tourist clubs in tourism councils and excursions 21.

The number of republican, regional, regional, urban and district clubs in 1989, which can be considered as a turning point, in the RSFSR amounted to more than 700. About 80 regional federations of sports tourism were formed on the basis of clubs. At enterprises, in institutions and educational institutions Over 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked on the public basis. More than 3 thousand classified sports and wellness routes were developed and acted. By 1989, it was classified and included in the public-union list of 5240 passes in high-mountainous areas and about 1 thousand caves 22.

Tourist asset and its public organizations were able to involve 6.8 million people in the tourism tourism, and at the same time carry out hikes, kids, and competitions for 15.2 million people. The number of participants in sports category campaigns, giving the right to assign sports discharges and ranks, was 1,36021 people, and the number of sports tourist groups - 14252.

This work was carried out at the expense of minor allocations - about 6 million rubles. In the year arrived in 1989 from trade unions.

The state system of children's and youth tourism of Russia is based on the federal and municipal bodies of education in the structure of which employs about 500 centers, stations, clubs and the databases of young tourists, as well as more than 2,000 palaces and houses of children's and youth creativity, in which areas and sections of tourism are functioning . In children's specialized tourist institutions, more than eleven thousand qualified teachers work.

In 220 centers and stations of young tourists, tourist polygons and rock simulators (climbers) are equipped, about 400 equipped training tourist-sightseeing trail 23 are constantly used.

Every year in the Russian Federation, over 3400 profile camps are organized, in which tourist skills are received and over 350 thousand children are heated.

In tourist-local lore circles and sections of only additional education institutions, over 300 thousand children are constantly engaged, and more than 1, 5 million children are involved in the campaigns, expeditions and travels organized by them.

Starting from the 90th, many former management structures of sports tourism, mainly ceased existence. State budget, trade union budgets and sports organizations decreased significantly, and in some places and at all include the allocation of financial assistance to sports tourism.

The number of tourist clubs has decreased to 300, the territorial federations of sports tourism continue to operate on their basis. A significant number of clubs lost its premises and operates on a public basis.

The number of sports tourism engaged in approximately decreased compared with 1989 by 3-4 times, and the proportion between organized and inorganized sports tourism changed from 1/3 per 1/9, the control rate was noticeably fell.

Over the past ten years, prices for tourist equipment have increased, the means of movement of the tourists themselves, as well as transportation services - all this was primarily influenced by the stream of sports tourism, even in such famous, and traditional areas like Karelia, Urals, Altai, Sayani, Baikal and Dr.

There is a crowd out of the social and amateur basics of sports tourism by commercial technologies, which significantly affects the inner spirit of movement.

Budget financing compared with 1989 decreased to dozens of times and does not even provide the minimum needs for the development of sports and health tourism in the country. As of 2000, the estimated amount of funding for sports and health tourism from budgets of all levels and other extrabudgetary sources is no more than 0.03 billion rubles, and the relevant conditions are not created for investors who are ready to invest in sports tourism. This moment is exacerbated by the fact that there is a noticeable breakdown in the distribution of budget financial resources at all levels in favor of elite sports of higher achievements.

If earlier sports tourism somehow used the most defeated property of trade unions, then after its privatization by the administrative and economic apparatus of tourist bases and hotels, it became completely separated from any property, both in the city (clubs) and natural environment (shelters , Tourleria, Tourbases).

Due to the preserving departmentalities of organizational and management structures of sports tourism (government agencies of physical culture, sports and tourism and the federation of sports tourism on the one hand) and the children-youth (the Ministry of Education and Station of Young Tourists on the other side) is constantly increasing the gap between children and adults tourism, there is a duplication of a regulatory framework, few joint events. On the other hand, today, a single feather stroke in a number of regions without due to the foundation, children's institutions are subject to unification, reorganization or simply liquidation. The leaders of the social movement - as their basis, the technical intelligentsia represent a miserable existence, while the management staff office of clubs, federations, government agencies compared to the period up to 90 years has decreased by at least 30 times 26.

The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of public policy in the field of socially-oriented sports and health tourism, does not guarantee its development. The law "On the Fundamentals of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation" adopted in 1996, comes down to international departures and inbound tourism. Sports and wellness tourism, in 1987, one-third of the country's tourist flow completely falls out of the general scheme of the law, almost only casually is mentioned about it, since its importance in the life of Russian citizens cannot be directly translated into ruble equivalent. At the same time, the unique social significance of sports and recreation tourism is not available to most representatives of the tourist industry 27.

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Tourist-sightseeing activities Soviet power literally from the first months of its existence begins to pay close attention, realizing that this is one of the possibilities of affecting the masses. At the initiative of the addict of Enlightenment by A.V. Lunacharsky, at the beginning of 1918, courses for teachers in the suburbs of Petrograd are being created. Increase the qualifications of teachers thoroughly, using this type of learning as excursions. But from episodic excursions quickly go to the beginning of the formation of an organization that could coordinate this process.

"In 1919, at the department of the Unified Labor School, excursion sections are created. They were planned to organize an excursion case in schools. The first six sections located in the vicinity of Petrograd, developing special routes, began their work in the same year. How seriously the Bolsheviks reacted to this type of education and training, it is seen from the fact that the composition of the naturally historical commission, which developed the topics of excursions, included such prominent scientists as Academician S.F. Shaldenburg, Professors D.N.Kaygorodov, LS .Berg and other science figures.

For those children who arrived at the excursion, free food was offered (and this is in civil war and foreign military intervention!). Schoolchildren who arrived for multi-day trips were arranged for overnight. For travel on railway Special preferential tickets were issued.

Soviet tourist movement began to form at the beginning of the 20s. The Great October Socialist Revolution laid the beginning of the development of new type tourism. It was in the Soviet period that tourism acquired the importance of a mass social phenomenon, began to successfully promote the solution of many educational, educational and wellness problems. The practice of using tourism has increasingly responded to the urgent needs of the development of the socialist state - the preparation of young people to work and the protection of the Motherland.

Already in the first peaceful years of Soviet power, in addition to the time of massive health tourist hiking, quite complex group multi-day trips, raising the sense of patriotism, the desire for the knowledge of the history and natural wealth of the native land, to communicate with people, and its inhabiting, representatives of various nations and Nathods. During such campaigns, state tasks were solved for that time: clarification of the party's policies, the propaganda of the Soviet lifestyle and the experience of building a socialist society. Under conditions when funds mass media Workers were developed weakly, and the level of literacy of the population is low, it was especially necessary. Live word, a visual example of campaign participants effectively acted on soviet people. In 1923, the campaign campaign of Komsomol residents was performed for the first time on the route Arkhangelsk - Moscow, and in 1924 there were 12 such campaigns. " Japped G.F. History of Tourism.: Minsk, 200.C.110.

Search in the 20s more effective means, forms and methods of physical education of the wide masses of the population was accompanied by the struggle between new and old. Arose various interpretations The role of physical culture. There existed, for example, the so-called hygienic direction, which limited the choice of physical education tools. His supporters unreasonably overestimated the role of simple tourist events organized by nature with minimal financial costs. The preference of uncomplicated tourist hiking and excursions to the detriment of other means has adversely affected the general process of education of the younger generation. Of course, other reasons for such an approach to the development of mass physical culture are the weakness of the material base, a lack of instructing personnel, financial resources, etc.

In the 20s, mass tourist work acquires important socio-political importance. And first of all, this is due to the well-known decrees of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "on the tasks of the party in the field of physical culture" (dated July 13, 1925) and "On physical culture movement" (from September 23, 1929). In front of physical education organizations, the task of introducing such forms and methods into the practice of physical culture movement, which would contribute to the increase in the social activity of the working people.

In the 1930s, many tourist groups are successfully involved in survey work in hard-to-reach areas of the country. For this, a special study was even organized, the program of which provided for the study of the foundations of geology, mineralogy, methods for finding minerals. Tourists also take part in creating reserves and reserves in the country.

Along with the mass agitation and propaganda and nationality campaigns, both complex hikes are organized, for example, bike ride along the route Khabarovsk - Moscow (1934) or high-speed transition from Ashgabat to Moscow of the Group of Turkmen horsemen (1935) and from 1935 to 1939 Soviet physical scientists committed 10 long-range hikes to a distance of 9,000 km.

Conclusions: Thus, in the 30s there were significant changes in organizational structure The development of tourism, contributing to the increase in its mass. Given the foregoing, it can be concluded that by the beginning of the 40s, the final formation and approval of tourism as a massive, available means of physical education of people occurred in the Soviet physical culture movement. Its development has fully complied with the state requirements of that time.

After the October Revolution, tourism became the property of millions of workers.

Victory of Great October socialist revolution Opened workers of our country access to the wealth of material and spiritual culture, contributed to the development of interest in the study of national history, native nature, monuments of multinational culture.

V.I. Lenin considered the nature of not only storeroom material values, but also a source of health, recreation and aesthetic pleasure, means of education of Soviet people. After the October Revolution, the entire territory of our country was opened for widespread tourism development.

One of the first steps of the People's Commissarfrost's activities was to organize a mass work with children in the summer. In the circular order, the drug addicts emphasized that the summer work directly follows from the "Regulations on a Unified Labor School", it was indicated that summer time Classes with children under open sky, Summer labor colonies, summer sites, excursions.

In 1919, the Central Bureau of School Excursions was created in Moscow to help students arriving in the capital, which in the 1930s was transformed into the Central Children's Excursion and Tourism Station of the RSFSR. The desire of the guys to visit Petrograd and Moscow during this period was exceptionally great. Overcoming hunger, many obstacles, destroying transport, students drove into the capital of the revolution. In the drug addict they were given the necessary products, provided space on the excursion base. Rural guys with their teachers from morning to evening went through the Moscow streets, visited museums, examined the monuments of culture, went to the factories. Familiar to schoolchildren with the sights of Moscow Professor I. M. Korf, I. A. Gaine and other experts of the excursion case.

In the 20s, foreign tourism begins to develop in the USSR. Workers' delegations from different countries Peace, progressive writers and cultural figures, industry and trade representatives. It helps disseminate the lies of our country spread abroad.

Moscow Komsomol begins the struggle for the mass development of tourism. In 1928, Komsomolskaya Pravda and MGK VLKSM organized the first mass departure to Volkhovstroy and the first campaign in the places of combat fame.

During these years, changes in child tourism occur. On September 23, 1927, the Narkompros publishes the decision "on the strengthening of excursion work among children and adolescents", containing a deep assessment of the positive importance of excursion work. In 1930, a All-Union Conference on tourist-sightseeing work with schoolchildren was held.

In order to develop and strengthen the tourist movement in 1930, the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created.

April 3, 1932 in Moscow, in the column hall of the House of Unions, opened the first All-Union Congress of OPTE. 290 delegates arrived at the congress. Congress worked for four days. He determined the tasks of his organization, tasks soviet tourism - His connection with socialist construction. Tourism Ros and developed on the basis of improving the cultural, political level of workers, improving material and domestic conditions. Tourism in the USSR clearly acquainted the wide working masses with the progress of socialist construction, the nature, history and culture of our country, promoted the formation of military-applied skills, organizing a healthy, reasonable rest in combination with mass socio-political work.

One of the tasks put forward by the All-Union Tourist Organization was the search for raw materials for the needs of the five-year plan. Thousands of young enthusiasts went around the country. Tourists searched for apatites in the ice expanses of the North, sulfur in the desert of the doodles, copper in Kazakhstan, the mother of pearl in Karelia and the Arkhangelsk region, oil on Sakhalin.

The tourist expedition under the leadership of the young scientist Vadima Bahievich opened in Central Asia valuable raw materials for the rubber industry - Coxagyz. Tourists of the Botkin Plant opened the deposits of copper ore to the chamber.

Much attention was paid to the preparation of the soldiers of the Red Army. On the second all-marched agitosparium in July 1930, it was said that tourism is a powerful tool for increasing the combat and political and cultural training of red-Armenians and the NachSostav of the Red Army. Tourist warriors received physical hardening, mastered the skills of orientation on terrain, hiking life. The program of campaigns were military field games and contests. During this period, campaigns are organized in places of military glory civil War: in terms of the defeat of the yudenich and the heroic transition of the Taman Division.

In the 1930s, much attention is paid to mountaineering. Soviet climbers rose to Pamir - Storming Han Tengri and Communism Peak. In March 1933, seven people first moved in winter through the passals of Mesali and Becho. The participant of this transition was a famous tourist and climber Alexander Maleinov. Since 1936, the direct leadership of the work in the field of mass tourism and mountaineering was carried out by the Central Bank, which organized tourist-sightseeing governments with its tourist-sightseeing bases, property and construction.

In November 1938, the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports, at the USSR SCA, noted the unsatisfactory development of amateur tourism and proposed to create a tourism sections under committees and DSOs. The All-Union Section of Tourism was created. The section developed the standards of the "Tourist of the USSR" icon.

In the fall of 1939 on Borovskaya Kurgan, the place of signs of Pahra in Moscow River, on foot, on kayaks, bicycles, motorcycles gathered on the rally dedicated to the decade of Soviet tourism, more than a thousand people. The most well-deserved tourists here received their first honorable award - the tourist of the USSR tourist traveler. They were among them today in the tourist world: A. N. Kiseleva, N. N. Adehung, O. A. Arkhangelskaya, N. M. Gubanov, etc., just thirty people, before the war, the icon "Tourist of the USSR" was a number and Amented together with the diploma of the All-Union Committee of Physical Education and Sports. Get such a badge was not easy. It was necessary to make two complex travels, actively participate in public work and pass examinations on tourism technique (basics of knowledge on topography, botanic, geology and geography). In 1940, instructors were introduced in tourism.

In 1940, a mass hike was declared, and in early 1941 the All-Russian expedition of pioneers and schoolchildren on the routes of military glory of the Civil War.

The organizational and campaigning measures to improve the management of planned and amateur tourism contributed to the mass development of all forms of tourist-sightseeing work.

War interrupted the peaceful work of Soviet people, peaceful life soviet people. Hundreds of thousands of tourists stood on the defense of the Motherland. Received skills and skills, physical and volitional hardening helped in a combat atmosphere.

The mining town of Tyrnyauses, located in the Baksansky Gorge in the Caucasus, turned out to be cut off the Nazis from the country. The city remained unheavacked by 1.5 thousand women, old people and children. Experienced tourists and climbers came to the population. Through the only free path - Passo's pass, located at an altitude of 3375 m, through the Yusingle glacier, by the ice cracks, they spent the Soviet people on Baran Liba, while using electric wires instead of climbing ropes, and instead of ice crews and hooks - mining tools. The whole transition was performed without a single accident.

He ended in the Great Patriotic War. The Soviet people began to restore the national economy. Already in April 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Professional Unions decided to restore the activities of tourist-sightseeing offices. During 1945, TEU was created in Moscow, Leningrad, Crimea, in the North Caucasus, Krasnodar Territory, in Georgia. The tourism economy began to recovery, the All-Union Section of Tourism resumed its work, which began developing sports regulations on tourism. In 1949, these regulations were approved by the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports and are included in a unified All-Union Sports Classification. This decision, amateur tourism was recognized as a sport.

The first tourists appeared - the Master of Sports: the cyclist A. Vlasov, Bayaker E. Romashov, M. Nemitsky, A. Kost, Ilyicheva. To fulfill the standards for the title of sports masters in tourism according to a unified All-Union sports classification at that time it was necessary to make twelve long journeys with a total length of about 3000 km through four geographical areas; At the same time, the tourist was supposed to own at least three types of tourism.

In the first postwar years, international tourism is growing rapidly. In 1947, the International Union of Official Tourist Organizations (MSOTO) was founded in Paris, which united government or governments of the tourist organizations of most countries of the world. Currently, the Union includes tourist organizations more than 100 countries of the world. USSR - Member MSOTO since 1956

Wide development in the postwar years receive children's tourism. A teacher who has not yet shot the military seinelel, leads his students to the places of battles of the Great Patriotic War, introduces pupils to the glory and the feat of the people. Helping collective farms and aggravations in harvesting, schoolchildren in free time Take excursions and trips to native edge. In the first postwar years, tourist school camps arose.

In the mid-50s, the traditional All-Union tourist and local history expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren become traditional. In 1955, the All-Union Conference on Children's Tourism was held in Moscow.

In 1957, in connection with the VI International Youth Festival on Lake Seliger, the I International Tourist Salary took place. It had envoys of 24 countries of the world.

In June 1958, the International Tourism Bureau of the USSR "Satellite" was created. It organizes the exchange of youth, student and school tourist \\ groups with foreign youth tourist organizations on preferential mutual conditions. On July 20, 1962, the Presidium of the VSSPS, its decree "On Further Tourism Development", transformed TEU to Tourism Tips.

An outstanding event in the tourist movement of the 60s was the beginning of the All-Union Widget of the expensive fame of fathers organized by the Central Committee of the Komsomol.

The first All-Union meal of participants in the campaign, Komsomol members and young people in the places of revolutionary, combat and labor glory of the Soviet people opened on September 19, 1965 in the Hero Fortress Brest. Boys and girls and girls are gathered on the plows, many of whom did not hear the shots of war. The sacred ruins of the Brest quoted from the mouth of her defenders, they learned about the defense of the fortress and the hearts touched the feats of the people.

About three million people took part in the All-Union campaign. Young patriots built monuments to the fallen heroes, put the place of burials, established the names of those who were buried in fraternal graves, recreated the chronicle of combat affairs of military units, biographies of the heroes of war, helped in finding missing.

Tourist detachments delivered a rich material about the root exploits of the Soviet people. Lipetsk schoolchildren on earned money installed a monument at the fraternal grave of Soviet soldiers. Komsomol members of Chelyabinsk committed a 1700-kilometer expedition on battle way Chelyabinsk tank brigade.

The second All-Union meal of the participants in the places of the revolutionary, combat and labor glory of the Soviet people took place in 1966. His finale took place in the city of Hero Moscow. In the future, it became a tradition to devote all-union trips to the places of the revolutionary, combat and labor glory of the Soviet people with historical events, great anniversary dates.

In 1967, the All-Union Fleet was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Great October. The solemn finale of this campaign was held in Leningrad.

The final of the stage of the All-Union Widget of Komsomol and Youth of the Dear Fathers took place in Kiev in 1968. This stage was devoted to the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol.

The stage of the All-Union Sharing (1969-1970) was held in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Lenin) His finale took place in Ulyanovsk.

The 50th anniversary of the USSR formation marked the VI 3TARI of the All-Union hike of Komsomol and Youth; The final it was conducted in Moscow in 1973. Here are some outcome figures of the VI stage, brightly illustrating the scope of this patriotic movement: for three years with the active participation of Komsomol members and young people, pioneers and schoolchildren have created more than sixty thousand museums and corners of the revolutionary, combat and labor glory of the Soviet people; It has been established about seventeen thousand monuments, obeliskov and other memorial signs; Thanks to persistent search for red trackers, the names of forty-four thousand dead warriors were restored.

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev, noting the enormous educational significance of this patriotic movement of Soviet youth, said: "It is very good that the Soviet youth of our days on the initiative of Komsomol created such new traditions as campaigns in places of revolutionary, combat and labor glory ... We, senior people, have the opportunity to compare the past and present on their own experience. Young people are deprived of such an opportunity. About contrasts between the past and the present, she knows only from books and kinocartin, it is hard to imagine that poverty and poverty, whose witnesses we were. Therefore, it is important to bring up our youth so that she deeply understood and felt everything that happened to see and survive to us, the eldest, the grave life of workers in a kingdom, difficult, but complete enthusiasm years of the first five years, disasters and selfless heroism of the military years. All this, youth should know from veterans, from the heroes of labor and the heroes of war "*.

The decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Bank of May 30, 1969 in recent years, has been crucial in the development of tourism and excursions in our country. "On measures for the further development of tourism and excursions in the country" played. The resolution says: "The Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Bank institution notes that in recent years, tourism and excursions have received widespread development in the country. They become not only a form of rest, but also an important means of improving the cultural level and ideological and political education of the population. " In June 1970, the central children's excursion tourist station of the Ministry of Education of the USSR, which plays a large role in the development of school tourism.

On January 11, 1971, a provision on the All-Union camping of Komsomol members and young people in the places of revolutionary, combat and labor glory of the Soviet people, adopted as a joint decree of the secretariat of the Central Federal District, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Federation, the Collegium of the USSR Ministry of Culture, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the DOSAAF USSR, the Presidium of the Soviet Committee of Veterans wars. The situation says that the All-Union Hiker Komsomol and Youth Camping and the Soviet people in the Soviet People's Places is a massive patriotic movement, aimed at raising the young people and girls of ideological conviction, the devotion of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to increase their social and labor activity, willingness to the protection of the birthplace and conquests of socialism.

The forms of the All-Union campaign may be not only hiking and travel, but also by local history work, not related to the active forms of tourism, as well as patriotic socially useful activities (patronage of the disabled of war, veterans of revolution and labor, the families of the victims of warriors; the construction of monuments and memorial signs and patronage over the burial places of warriors; environmental activity, etc.).

In the 70s, the tradition of holding all-Union tourist and local history expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren continues. In 1972, the Pionerskaya Pravda newspaper and the Central Children's Excursion and Tourist Station of the Ministry of Education of the USSR announced a provision on the All-Union tourist-local lore expedition of the pioneers and schoolchildren "My Homeland - the USSR" dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the USSR education and the 50th anniversary of the assignment of the Komsomol and Pioneer names named V. I. Lenin.

The expedition was part of All-Union hike of Komsomol members and young people of the dear fame fathers. In the expedition, pioneers and schoolchildren with IV on the X (XI) class were participating. The finish of the first stage of the expedition took place in December 1974. The most important events of this expedition - all-Union tourist competitions of pioneers and schoolchildren, silent geologists, reviews of school museums, an annual correspondence competition for the best tourist journey, etc.

The first All-Union Pioneer Competition and Schoolchildren dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the USSR education was conducted from 1972 to 1973 at five stages from hiking and flights secondary schools, district, urban, regional, regional and republican competitions to the final - the All-Union Fleet, held in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Skole Lviv region of the Ukrainian SSR. In the final of the competition, 36 teams of the Union republics, the cities of Moscow and Leningrad, the MPS teams were attended by more than 500 students. The winner of these competitions was the team of the Ukrainian SSR.

In August 1976, the final of the All-Union Tourist Competitions of Pioneers and Schoolchildren was held in Belarus, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Polotsk. The winner of these competitions was the team of the Belarusian SSR.

The rapid development of amateur tourism in our country, the quantitative growth of technically complex travel obliges to increase the organizational level, to summarize the advanced tourist experience and state it in a number of documents regulating the procedure for issuing route documentation, checking tourist groups before reaching the route, etc.

From March 1, 1972, a new All-Union Complex "Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR" was introduced by the Committee on Physical Education and Sports at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. A new TRU complex, including tourism and locality orientation among other regulations, is a software basis for physical education. It is intended to play an important role in preparing comprehensively developed, physically strong, active builders of a communist society, resistant defenders of the Motherland. Introduction to the All-Union Complex of Tourism and Marine Orienteer is a recognition of great opportunities in the recovery and physical development of man.

An integral part of any tourist activities of Soviet tourists became socially useful. Even purely sports tourist travel includes local lore tasks, tasks of compiling a technical report on this route for subsequent tourist groups. All tourist detachments go to the places of revolutionary, combat and labor, the glory of the Soviet people lead a large socially useful work. In recent years, tourists' participation in nature conservation has significantly increased, and adopted the most active form - reproduction of natural resources. By tradition, many tourist clubs and sections successfully develop such forms of socially useful activities as the organization of scientific research on the tasks of state and public organizations.

In order to further develop amateur tourism, improving the skill and identification of the strongest: tourist groups, physical education groups and clubs. June 29, 1971 The Presidium of the CA on tourism and excursions approved the Regulations on All-Union competitions for the best tourist journey. Magazine "Tourist" in. According to the Regulations established the Run Prize "Parripments of the Year". In January 1977, the Order of the USSR Education Minister approved the Regulation on republican, regional, regional and district stations of young tourists. In the spring of 1977, the Federation of Tourism of the USSR was created.

Thus, in recent decades, tourism in; Our country became truly folk.

* Brezhnev L. I. in a single building - to new victories. - Brezhnev L. I. On the Communist Education of Workers. Speech and articles. M., 1974, p. 502-503.

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