Partisan traffic In Crimea - partisan traffic on the territory of the Crimean ASSR during the Great Patriotic War. Component Soviet partisan movement in the occupied territory of the USSR. Work on the organization of the partisan movement, the formation of partisan detachments and underground organizations was launched after the start of the war. Until the occupation of the Crimea on the basis of the fighter battalions, 24 partisan detachments were formed, in the first days after the occupation, their number increased due to the influx of military personnel. As of November 10, 1941, 27 partisan detachments were already in Crimea; As of November 20, 1941, 28 partisan detachments, which consisted of 3734 people (of which 1316 servicemen) for the immediate leadership of the underground and partisan traffic in the beginning of October 1941, the underground center was formed in Kerch.
On October 23, 1941, the headquarters of the partisan movement of Crimea, the head of the headquarters, became Colonel A. V. Mokrusov, Commissioner - S. V. Martynov.
The whole territory of Crimea was conditionally divided into six partisan districts:
· 1st area (old-Crimean forests, surroundings of Sudak and Old Crimea): Theodosia, old-Crimean, Sudak and Kirov partisan detachments operated here;
· 2nd area (Zui and Karasubazar forests): Karasubazar, Janka, Ichkinsky, Kolaysk, Seitler, Zui, Biyuk-Onlars, and Krasnoarmeysky squad number 2 and Krasnoarmeysky squad number 2 were operated here.
· 3rd area ( state Reserve): Alushta, Evpatoria, Simferopol Detachment No. 2, were operated here.
· 4th district (Bakhchisaraya and Yalta district): Bakhchisarai, Yalta, Ak-Moody, Ak-Sheikh, and Krasnoarmeysky detachment No. 5 operated here.
· 5th district (surroundings of Sevastopol): Sevastopol and Balaklava detachments operated here;
· 6th district (Kerch Peninsula): There were three detachments under the general command of I.I. Pakhomov
· * Detachment. IN AND. Lenin (Commander M.N. Majorov, Commissioner S.I. Cherkez) - In Adzhimushki quarries
· Detachment them. IN AND. Stalin (commander A.F. Zyabrev, Commissioner I.Z. Kotko) - in old-quarantine quarries
· Detachment of the Mak-Sali district (commander I.G. Shulga, Commissioner D.K. Tkachenko
Commanders and commissioners of partisan regions and detachments: V. I. Nikanorov, V. I. Black, A. A. Omeryov, E. D. Kiselev, N. D. Lurova, 3. F. Alimenov, I. M. Bortnikov, V. V. Krasnikov, I. G. Genov.
In the partisan movement, communists, Komsomol members, pioneers and schoolchildren were actively involved. In total, during the war years, 1974 Communist and 2416 Komsomol residents fought on the territory of the Germal Councils in the Crimean ASSRA. As part of the Sevastopol detachment was 15-year-old Vilor Chekmak. On November 10, 1941, while at the dosor at the village of Alsu, he noticed the approaching punishers and warned a squad shot from the signaling rocket, after which he accepted a battle alone. When the cartridges ended, Vilor submitted the fascists to himself and the grenade blew himself together with the enemies.
On November 28, 1941, the commander of the 11th Army of the Wehrmacht General E. Von Manstein announced that the partisans operating in the Crimea "became a real threat". The next day, on November 29, 1941, he gave an order for the army "On the organization and methods of fighting partisans", in accordance with which a special headquarters were established on the organization of anti-Paintisan actions. Headquarters received broad powers, as well as a significant amount of troops to solve the tasks headquarters.
In December 1941, German-Romanian troops began the first large-scale anti-partisan operation.
After on December 26, 1941, the landing parts of the Red Army landed on the Kerch Peninsula, the Crimean partisans assisted the army parts, attacking the enemy garrisons, arranging ambushes on communications, occupying and holding defensive positions near the landing sites.
On January 5, 1942, a landing land in Evpatoria was planted from the ships of the Black Sea Fleet, at the same time the uprising began in the city, to which the partisans joined. The paratroopers and the rebels managed to take most of the city, but the storm began to plant reinforcement. The German command was forced to distract to the fight against the landing regiment and two battalions who participated in the siege of Sevastopol, but the battles in Evpatoria continued until January 8, 1942.
In early 1942, 33 underground organizations and groups (about 400 people) operated in the occupied territories (about 400 people).
The growth of the network of underground organizations revealed the need to coordinate their activities, as a result of April 1942, the Crimean Committee of the WCP (b) I. G. Genov was approved by the authorized underground struggle in Crimea. In order to expand underground activities in April 1942, from among the fighters and commanders of partisan detachments were selected, approved and sent to cities and areas 34 of the organizer, who created 37 underground organizations and groups in 72 settlements (126 people). Created additionally underground organizations in Simferopol, Feodosia and Karasubazar.
By the summer of 1942, 63 underground organizations and groups acted in Crimea (about 600 people).
Since mid-1942, a steady radio communication has been established with the Crimean partisans and the air transportation began. The supply of Crimean partisans was carried out by airplanes of the 1st air transport division of the GVF USSR.
By the end of the summer of 1942, the German military-political leadership decided to create a propaganda headquarters in the Crimea to enhance the influence on the population of the peninsula. On September 5, 1942, the 2nd separate platoon was highlighted from the "Ukraine" propaganda battalion, which became the basis for the headquarters of the Propaganda "Crimea" in Simferopol (in the future, began to act in the subordination of the headquarters in Evpatoria, Dzhankoy , Feodosia, Yalta and Sevastopol).
On October 2, 1942, the decision of the Crimean Regional Committee of the WCP (b) the underground party center was created as part of R. Mustafaeva, I. G. Genova and N. D. Lugovoy, which was entrusted with the leadership of underground party organizations and partisan traffic in the Crimea as well Conducting agitation and organizational and mass work with the population.
In order to improve the leadership of partisan detachments by order of the CSPD of July 8, 1942, the Crimea ACS has been disbanded.
The leadership of the partisan movement in the North Caucasus and in Crimea was entrusted to the South Agens of the Military Council of the North Caucasus Front created on August 3, 1942. In August - September 1942, the partisan command was sent from detailed work to the city and villages of about 400 partisans.
By early 1943, 106 underground organizations and groups were conducted in Crimea (over 1300 people)
In June 1943, the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement was created by the head of which V. S. Bulatov was appointed.
In August 1943, the Crimean Obkom adopted a resolution "On the work of the regional underground center in Crimea", in which the activities of partisans and underground workers were positively evaluated, new tasks were made. The ruling has played an important role in expanding the fight against the occupiers.
Over October - December 1943, over 5600 people entered partisan detachments. 7 partisan brigades were created, then combined in 3 compounds:
· North (com. P. R. Yampolsky)
· South (com. M. A. Macedonsky)
· Eastern (com. V. S. Kuznetsov).
In the fall of 1943, the partisans committed sabotage on the railways, defeated a number of large garrisons.
With the beginning of the Crimean offensive operation, the partisans of the Crimea have activated actions:
· The Northern Partisan Union was operated on the roads of Simferopol - Alushta and Simferopol - Karasubazar, only from April 8 to April 13 held over 50 battles.
· The southern joint was led by the fights on the roads Simferopol - Bakhchisarai - Sevastopol, on the southern coast of Crimea, together with the Soviet troops participated in the liberation of Yalta, Bakhchisaraya.
· The Eastern Union acted on the highway Simferopol - Feodosia and Feodosia - Sudak, together with the units of the Soviet Army participated in the liberation of the old Crimea and other settlements.
April 13, 1944 Servicemen of the 279th Rifle Division, Part 19 tank corps, partisans (17th and 19th partisan detachments of the 1st partisan brigade) and the undergrounders freed Simferopol.
On the same day, April 13, 1944, the soldiers of the 227th Rifle Division, the 257th separate tank regiment and the partisans of the 3rd brigade of the Eastern Partisan compound were released by the Old Crimea.
Also, on April 13, 1944, the guerrillas of the 2nd Brigade of the Northern Partisan Connection took the city of Karasubazar and held it before the Soviet troops approach.
On April 15, 1944 parts of the 16th Rifle Corps and the 7th Brigade of the Southern Partisan Union (1st, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th partisan detachments) were released by Yalta.
On the same day, on April 15, 1944, parts of the 26th motorized rifle brigade, the 19th Tank Corps and the 4th Brigade of the Southern Partisan compound were liberated by Alushta.
During the Crimean offensive operation, Crimean partisans had considerable assistance to the advancing Soviet troops.
From November 1, 1941 to April 16, 1944, Crimean Soviet partisans and underground workers held 3226 shares against troops, communications and enemy facilities (including 252 battle, 1632 diversions and communications operations, 349 ambuses and attacks, 163 diversions and railways operations, 824 attacks on motor vehicles and summies); undermined, they were allowed to sleep and burned 79 echelons and 2 armored trains (total, 48 steam locomotives and 947 wagons and platforms were destroyed); destroyed 29383 soldiers and police officers (and another 3872 captured); Three railway stations, three power plants, two radio stations, 25 military warehouses, three railway and 52 highway bridges, 112.8 km of telephone cable and 6.6 km power lines; 13 tanks, 3 armored car, 211 guns, 1940 cars, 83 carts.
In addition, they captured 201 cars, 40 tractors, 2627 horses, 542 wagons, 17 guns, 250 machine guns, 254 automaton, 5415 rifles, ammunition and other military property. Also, they beat off 1019 heads of cattle, 6661 sheep and 609 tons of food.
Also, the Crimean partisans and underground workers were engaged in political work with the population: they produced 4 newspapers ("Crimean partisans", "For the Soviet Crimea", "Crimean Pravda", "for their homeland"), as well as leaflets, appeals and appeals. In total, the period of the occupation of the partisans and the underground workers of the Crimea released 213 names of newspapers and leaflets with a total circulation of more than 3 million copies.
Over 3 thousand partisans and underground workers (including 1500 participants in the partisan movement) were awarded orders and medals of the USSR, the head of the Sevastopol underground V. D. Revyakin awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union (posthumously).
In the first months of occupation in Simferopol, Zui, Bakhchisarai and other areas of the Crimea, the underground workers launched a wide organizational and mass-political work among the population, raising him against the fight against the Hitler's occupiers. They distributed summaries of Sovinformbüro, the appeal of the Crimean Committee of the Party, Leaflets, Anti-Fascist Slogans, conducted intelligence work, gathered medicines, mined weapons for their combat groups. According to incomplete data, in the first months of the enemy occupation in Crimea, 33 underground organizations and groups that united about 400 people actively acted.
However, the necessary leadership of the underground movement in the Crimea at this time still could not be organized. The underground party center, which was in Kerch, could not establish connections with underground groups: the lack of experience of conspiracy was affected.
The defeat of the Nazis, near Moscow, has activated the national struggle in the rear of the enemy. In April 1942, the Crimean Commander of the Party approved the commissioned on underground cases at the Crimean Staff of the Partisan Movement I. G. Genova - a participant in the Civil War in Crimea, an experienced Bolshevik-Undergrounder. More specific and operational was the leadership of the underground struggle. In August-September 1942, the Commander of the Party sent from the partisan detachments of Crimea to the city and the village of about 400 people for underground work.
In October 1942, a new composition of the regional underground party center was approved. From August 1943, he was headed by the secretary of the regional commissioning of the WCP (b) P. R. Yampolsky.
In total, more than 200 underground organizations and groups consisting of 2500 people acted in the period of fascist occupation in Crimea, including 179 Communists and 154 Komsomol. Underfooters and partisans distributed 213 leaflets in the cities and villages of Crimea with a total circulation of more than 3 million copies. Leaflets in German, Romanian, Slovak and other languages \u200b\u200balso spread among the occupying troops. Under the influence of this campaigning on the side of the partisans, a group of Slovak soldiers has passed. The anti-fascist sentiment intensified and among Romanians. Underground organizations regularly reported valuable intelligence officers.
Under the leadership of the regional party organization at the end of 1941, 28 partisan detachments operated in Crimea, in which 3734 people fought, including about 1,700 communists and 500 Komsomol members. 1315 soldiers, sailors and officers who did not manage to break into Sevastopol joined the partisan detachments. Crimean partisans fought with the enemy in extremely difficult conditions. The German command held in the peninsula. Large military units, which often took punitive operations against partisans and underground workers. Partisan detachments had to act mainly in the mountain forest part of the peninsula. In addition, in many localities, Tatar bourgeois nationalists, former fists and criminals, who moved to the fascists in the first months of the war, using the knowledge of the area, together with the occupiers, plundered the majority of partisan bases and thereby put the partisans and underfiders in a difficult situation. Nationalist traitors only during the first eight months of occupation took part in 112 punitive operations of the fascist troops against partisans. But in these difficult conditions, the partisans applied tangible strikes with fascist invaders. During the heroic defense of Sevastopol and the Kerch-Feodosian landing operation, they performed the tasks of the Soviet command, provided substantial assistance to our troops, making sabotage operations, violating the communities of the enemy.
After capturing Kerch and Sevastopol, the fascists and their accomplices - Tatar nationalists took a large punitive expedition against the Crimean partisans. In the heavy July and August fights of 1942 with the superior forces of the enemy, the Folk Avengers showed exceptional courage and courage. The position of the partisan was very difficult at this time: the last food reserves were dried, a connection with a big land was disturbed. But the partisans survived. Since the summer of 1942, the colonel M. G. Lobov became the responsibility of the commander of the partisan movement, the Commissioner was appointed N. D. Lugovoy - the former secretary of the Zuy district of the Party. September 13th S. Big land The first aircraft with food arrived. During week aircraft, products, uniforms, weapons, ammunition were discharged every night. Then the evacuation of the wounded and patients began.
In winter, 1942-1943. The partisans were again in the Ring of the enemy blockade. But this time they survived, retaining the base of the partisan war in the peninsula. In March 1943, partisans managed to escape from the blockade and go to active combat actions.
In July 1943, on the initiative of the Crimean Committee of the Party, the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement rebuilt the leadership of the partisan movement in the Crimea. The Crimean headquarters was created, which was headed by the first secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee of the WCP (b) V. S. Bulatov. Thanks to the help of the Soviet command, the Crimean Obliga party and the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement organized regular supply of partisans with weapons, ammunition, subversive equipment, outfit, medicines and food. The partisan movement took a wide range. Only on the night of September 10, 1943, sabotage were made in many areas of the railway - from Feodosia to Dzhankoi and from Janka to Sevastopol. Railway highway, binding the Donbass and Kuban enemy groupings, was out of order for 5 days. The partisans attacked enemy garrisons in Bakhchisaraye, in Zew, the old Crimea and more. The fascists sought to destroy the partisans. At the end of November 1943, fulfilling the order of General Yenek, the Nazis, with the participation of the 152nd volunteer Tatar battalion, held an expedition against civilians. The punishers rushed into the foothill villages - sabla (partisans), Beshui, and others, have grabbed everyone in a row - women, children, old people, many were killed, others were thrown into the concentration camp. But the plan of invaders defeat the partisans failed. In early 1944, seven partisan brigades acted on the peninsula. Later, they were combined in three compounds: North (commander P. R. Yampolsky), South (commander M. A. Macedonsky) and East (commander V. S. Kuznetsov). In the period of the decisive fighting of the Red Army for the liberation of the Crimea, the partisans went down from the mountains and contributed to the rapid advancement of the Soviet parts.
In total from November 1941 to April 1944, partisan detachments held 252 battle with the fascists, made 1632 fighting and sabotage. They destroyed about 30 thousand fascists, 79 Military echelons blew up, destroyed 3 railway stations, 52 highway and 3 railway bridges, destroyed and damaged 13 tanks, 3 armored vehicles, 211 guns, 1940 cars. Over 11,700 people participated in the partisan movement. More than 3 thousand Crimean partisans for heroism in the fight against the enemy were marked by government awards. Many participants of the Crimean underground are also awarded orders and medals. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was assigned to posthumously V. D. Revyakin, the Order of Lenin was awarded V. I. Babi, A. A. Voloshinov (posthumously), V. K. Efremov (posthumously), A. N. Kuzhin, N. M. Leasts (posthumously), P. D. Silnikov (posthumously), N. I. Tereshchenko (posthumously).
The mass resistance of the residents of the Crimea Hitler's occupiers was an integral part of the nationwide struggle against the fascists who deployed under the leadership of the Communist Party at the temporarily occupied territory.
The inflexible courage of Soviet people was manifested in the fight against fascism during the Great Patriotic War in the Crimea. Heroically fought with the German-fascist invaders of the Crimean partisans, showing a selfless devotion to their socialist homeland.
The organizers of the partisan and underground struggle were the Crimean Obmah, the city committees and district schools, which, fulfilling the instructions of the Central Committee, were tremended by the formation of partisan detachments and underground groups. By early November 1941, 29 partisan detachments were created on the peninsula. The Bureau of the Crimean Committee of the Party appointed commander of the partisan movement of a participant in the civil war A. V. Mokrousov, Commissioner - secretary of the Simferopol City Council S. V. Martynova. Partisan detachments were headed by the secretaries of the towns and district schools, party, Soviet and Komsomol workers 3. F. Amelinov, V. A. Bolotova, V. G. Yeremenko, I. N. Kazakov, E. D. Kiselev, A. A. Litvinenko , N. D. Lugovoy, V.I. Nikanorov, V. I. Filippov, V. I. Black; Economic executives M. A. Macedonsky, M. I. Chub; Commanders of the Red Army D. I. Aerkin, B. B. Gorovikov, G. L. Seversky, F. I. Fedorenko and others.
Almost in full, Biyuk-Onlarsky, Zui, Ichkinsky, Karasubazar, Starokremsky district schools remained in the enemy rear.
In November 1941, soldiers, commander and political workers were joined in the ranks of partisans, which, covering the waste of Soviet troops to Sevastopol, were in the fascist rear. It was mainly the fighters and officers of the 184th rifle and the 48th separate cavalry divisions, parts of the marine infantry.
The territory of the dislocation of partisan detachments was divided into five districts. The heads of them were A. A. Satsyuk (1st District - Starocrym Forests), I. G. Genov (2nd area - Zui and Belogorsky forests), G. L. Seversky (3rd area - Forests of the State Register), I. M. Bortnikov (4th district - the surroundings of Yalta), V. V. Krasnikov (5th district - the neighborhood of Sevastopol). Partisan detachments were also based in the area of \u200b\u200bKerch, in Adzhimushki and Starokarantinian quarries. It was essentially the 6th area, which was headed by I. I. Pakhomov. The overall leadership of the detachments carried out the headquarters of the partisan movement in Crimea, headed by A. V. Mokrousov.
From the first days of occupation, the Crimean partisans launched active fighting. When there were battles near Sevastopol and on the Kerch Peninsula, they provided all-possible assistance among the parts of the Red Army. Making sabotage on highways and railways, attacking enemy garrisons, collecting reconnaissance data, closer to victory.
For the first period of the partisan struggle, which ended with the end of the heroic defense of Sevastopol, the detachments of the people's avengers destroyed over 12 thousand soldiers and opponent officers.
In the summer of 1942, when the Nazis fully occupied the Crimea, the position of the partisan was significantly complicated. Given the important strategic importance of the peninsula, the Hitler's command concentrated large military forces here. Enemy garrisons stood in almost every location. Actively collaborated with invaders in their repeated attempts
Destroy the partisan detachments of local nationalist elements and other renegades. But when the peninsula became a deep rear, the fascists failed to pay off the flame people's War. Part of the partisans to solve the regional committee of the party was transferred to the city and villages - to help underground workers. The remaining in the forests continued to work on enemy communications.
By the fall of 1943, the number of fighters in the partisan detachments increased significantly. Residents of villages, underground workers, prisoners of war, liberated by patriots from concentration camps, left the forest. In this, third, period of the partisan movement in the Crimean forests, there were 33 detachments united in 7 brigades. On January 15, 1944, the number of Crimean partisans was 3733 people: Russians - 1944 (52%), Crimean Tatars - 598 (16%), Ukrainians - 348 (9%), Georgians - 134 (3.6%), Armenians - 69 (1.8%).
At the new stage of the fight against the occupiers, which takes more and wide range, in Moscow, it was decided to create the Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement.
The overall management of partisans and underground activities carried out the regional underground center, which from August 1943 he headed the secretary of the Crimean Committee of the Party P. R. Yampolsky.In November, he informed the head of the headquarters of the partisan movement to the first secretary of the Committee of the Party V. S. Bulatov: "The enemy evaluates the partisan movement in the Crimea in this period as the third front on the Crimean Peninsula ... Infantry without tanks, guns, artillery and mortars against us now goes ... "
During this period, the partisans defeated major enemy garrisons in the zea, in the villages of Sorokino, flower, general, and mint, goalube. Constantly combat operations on railways. On the night of September 9-10, 1943 divergent groups At the same time, rails blew up in several sites, they were allowed to sleep enemy enemist. As a result, the movement on the railways of the Crimea ceased for five days.
The Military Council of the North-Caucasian Front and the command of a separate seaside army was provided to the Military Council of the Crimean Partisans. Ammunition, food, medicines were regularly delivered to the forest. On team posts in the detachments, a group of combat commanders of the Red Army was sent.
In early 1944, three partisan compounds were formed in Crimea; Northern headed P. R. Yampolsky, South - M. A. Macedonian, East - V. S. Kuznetsov.
Winter and spring 1944 - the period of the most active hostilities of the Crimean partisans. In total during the war, the patriots were destroyed and over 33,000 enemy soldiers and officers were captured, destroyed 79 military echelons, 2 armored tickets, dozens of flavors of fuel and ammunition, blew 3 railway bridges, captured a lot of trophies.
During the preparation of the Crimean offensive operation, the northern compounds were controlled by the promotion of the enemy on the roads of Simferopol - Alushta and Simferopol - Belogorsk. The southern joint operated in the Yalta area, on the highway Simferopol - Bakhchisarai - Sevastopol. And on April 1944, the partisans together with the Soviet troops took part in the liberation of Simferopol, Yalta, Bakhchisaraya, Belogorsk, Zui and other settlements of the peninsula.
From the very beginning of the German occupation of the Crimea, in the fall of 1941 many residents of Simeiza We went to the mountains and became the participants of the Yalta partisan detachment. In the autumn of 1942, several landings on the shore were made by sailors of the Black Sea Fleet. Many residents of the village died from the hands of the occupiers who practiced violence with the civilian population in response to partisans. The Red Army liberated Simeiz on April 16, 1944. In May 1943 in Simeiz An underground patriotic group was organized led by G S. Leonenko. It consisted of V. M. Devishva, L. A. Ermakovother (Crimean Obrupartarhiv, f. 1, op. 24, d. 375, LL. 61, 62.). They delivered the "Red Crimea" newspaper, partisan leaflets and distributed them among the population. The receipt of the radio receiver, the patriots took the sumptures of the Sovinform Bureau, rewritten them. From undergrounders, the residents of the village learned about the situation on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The underground participants supported close ties with the partisans, carried out their tasks until the arrival of the Red Army.
Liberation from fascist slavery brought the workers of the Crimea Spring 1944. On April 16, the troops of the 16th Rifle Corps of a separate seaside army arrived in Simeiz under the command of Major General K.I. Provivoov and the 26th Motorized Brigade of the 19th Tank Corps under the command of Colonel A. P. Khrapovitsky. The rapid offensive of the Soviet troops and the agreed actions of the partisans were deprived of the enemy the ability to completely destroy the village. On the main avenue of Simeiza, where the population met the liberators, red banners saved by the pioneer L. Yermakov (now L. A. Ermakov operates a doctor in Simeiz). The many residents of Simeiza, who bravely fought with a hate enemy on the front, artillery Guard Sergeant N. T. Vasilchenko awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The fighting path was a scientist-astronomer Simeiza I. G. Moiseev. He courageously fought against the enemy in the partisan detachments of Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, participated in the Slovak uprising of 1944, fought for the liberation of Czechoslovakia. In November 1967, a monument to 15 Simeizs, who died in the Great Patriotic War was established in the center of the village. Considerable contribution was made to the fight against the Hitler's invaders undergrounders. They led political and propaganda work among the population. They committed sabotage, transferred to partisans and command of the Red Army intelligence data on the location and actions of the enemy's troops.
From October to December 1941, the activities of the underground and patriotic groups were led to the Stem Center headed by the Bureau of the Crimean Region I. A. Kozlov, experienced conspirator, party member since 1905
The underground center was in Kerch; After the liberation of the city by the landing parts in early 1942 he was legalized. In April 1942, the Commissioner for the underground cases of the Crimean Committee of the Party was appointed I. Genov, and in October 1942 the regional underground party center was established, which included I. G. Genov and N. D. Lugovoy. From August 1943, the work of under-patriotic groups organized and directed the underground party center headed by P. R. Yampolsky. E. P. Stepanov, E. P. Stepanov, N. D. Lugova and others. Only 220 underground organizations operated in the Crimea during the time occupation. There were over 2500 people in their ranks.
Motherland highly appreciated the feats of Crimean partisans and underground workers. April 13, Simferopol was released. After the liberation of the whole Crimea, a representative of the Supreme Commander's Rate, Marshal Vasilevsky signed a submission to the assignment of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union the most famous partisan commander: A. Vakhtina, N. Dementiev, Georgian, V. Kuznetsov, M. Macedonsky, F. Fedorenko. Over 3000 patriots are awarded government awards. A. A. Voloshinov, N. M. Leastnikova, A. F. Zyabrev, V. K. Efremov, P. D. Silnikov, N. I. Tereshchenko (all posthumously), V. I. Babi, and . N. Kuratim, V.I. Nikanorov, G. L. Seversky, M. I. Chub and others. The head of the Sevastopol underground organization V. D. Revyakin is posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Bedin Ivan StepanovichFor participation in the partisan movement in Crimea, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Medals "Partiz of Patriotic War", "For the defense of Sevastopol ».
Motyain Ivan Ermolaevich.
For participation in the partisan movement in Crimea was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Order of the Red Star: Barybkin Feodora Evdokimovna, Grishko Mikhail Davidovich, Leonova Galina Ivanovna, Leonov Fedor Konstantinovich, wheat Dmitry Mikhailovich, Podtochilina Lydia Andreevna, Zhigarev Vladimir Semenovich, Yevgeny Petrovich, Tyuterev Kuzma Romanovich.
Chub Mikhail Ilyich, Commander of the partisan detachment. For participation in the partisan movement in the Crimea was awarded the Order of Lenin .
Tyuterev Kuzma Romanovich.
For participation in the partisan movement in the Crimea, the medal "Partiz of Patriotic War" II degree, the Order of the Hall Sign in September 1943 and the Order of the Rusk Star in July 1944
The last reward was made by order of the head of the Belarusian headquarters of the partisan movement number 435 already 07/25/46. In accordance with this, by order a medal "Partiz of Patriotic War", another hundred forty-five former Crimean partisans were awarded
Working with archival documents, the author revealed a kind "Partisan Guard": thirty-seven people who had four government awards. Even with a fluent study of the list, it is striking that there are no such legendary personalities as Fedorenko, Serma, Kadyiv, Muratov ...
It is explained by the fact that the two first went to the front, two others were deported and therefore the subsequent awards did not touch them.
Given the fact that the medal "For the defense of Sevastopol" is not awarded for his status
The manifestation of personal courage, and the entire composition of the parts of the army, aviation and the fleet, which took part in the defense of the city. The medal "Partiz of the Patriotic War" de facto also acquired similar status, you can make a sad conclusion that fifty-six of the best of the best Crimean partisans, those who passed the whole epic from November 1941 to April 1944 were awarded only one or two combat Awards each. From this glorious cohort today is only one of them - the former commander of the 6th partisan detachment of the Southern Union Nikolay Dementiev, who presented to the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union and did not receive it undeservedly. I want to believe that the awards will still find their heroes.
Monument to Yalta partisans installed on Ai-Petri
The fraternal grave of the partisan of the Yalta squad, who died in battle with the Germans on December 13, 1941.
The inscription on the monument reads: "People's Avengers-partisans of the Crimea who gave life to the fight against fascist invaders in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945
Monument to partisans and undergrounders Crimea
On May 9, 1978, in Simferopol on the Kyiv Street, in front of the Mir cinema building, a monument to partisans and underground workers was opened (the authors - the sculptor N. D. Soloschenko, architect E. V. Popov). At a high pedestal - a sculptural composition depicting two patriots. One of them is wounded, but supported by a comrades in arms, remains in the ranks. The monument symbolizes the unreleased courage of Soviet people, which are in the fight against fascism, their dedication to their socialist homeland.
The monument to the partisans in the old Crimea was built in 1961.
On the edges, memorial plates made of white marble in the form of shields, the inscription: "April 1944. Your names will always live in the hearts of Soviet people!" In the square, older underground workers and partisans who died on the eve of the liberation of the old Crimea were buried, and the rabusers were reburied on the mountain .
Live in the memory of people the names of the commander of the partisan group, the former Mathematics teacher of the old people high School, Communist N. I. Cold, young patriots, yesterday's schoolchildren. The older squad opened his military account in the fall of 1941 in the late October 1943. In almost full, the youth underground group was gone. He headed her Georgy (Yuri) Stoyanov. Jewish undergrounders - fearless, daring, elusive - made themselves to the locations of the enemy parts; They did not miss any transportation worn, looked, believed, remembered. And then the partisan forest delivered valuable intelligence. In the partisan forest, young undergrounders amounted to the combat core of the Komsomolsk and youth detachment named after the Lenin Komsomol. The commander of him was a young Officer of the Red Army A. A. Vakhitin. In January 1944, the death of the hero fell in a battle on the mountain Burer of the favorite detachment of Jura Stanov, in March - April, the Nazis grabbed and killed in the Benches of I. I. Davydov, the Mitu brothers and the Thoms of Stoyanov.
Partizan Day and Underground - Memore Date in Russia, which is celebrated on June 29, starting in 2010. The day of partisans and underground workers will be marked with memorable events.
Installed by the State Duma of Russia in March 2009 on the initiative and Central Committee of the CPSU (b) party, Soviet, trade union and Komsomol organizations to create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to combat German troops.
Medal "Parisan of the Great Patriotic War"
established. The author of the drawing of the medal is the artist N. I. Moskalev, the drawing is taken from the unfulfilled project of the medal "25 years of the Soviet Army". .jpg)
As is well known from historical documents, the actions of the partisans and the work of the underground workers played great importance in the successful outcome of the Great Patriotic War. In the rear of the enemy, in total, more than one million partisans - men, women and children. Currently, many documents telling about a true feat of partisans and underground workers during the war years are still stored in state archives Under the vulture "Top Secret." Perhaps the introduction of this "military" memorable date will serve as a reason for the research and the opening of unknown pages of partisan glory. And it is undoubted that the institution of the Day of Partizan and underground workers became a tribute to deep respect for the lives and feat of people, thanks to which in 1945 the Motherland was liberated. On this day, many memorable events are held throughout the country to the monuments of the victims during the Great Patriotic War and other memorials. Also celebrate now living veterans, partisans and underground workers who operated in the enemy's rear. 
Large Yalta was freed from the fascist invaders on April 16, 1944. Partisans and undergrounders, all of them - young and adults, doctors and workers, fragile girls and strong men - closed with each of us, gave us peace and a bright sky above their heads.
Sources
1. Brushevn V.M. Crimean headquarters of the partisan movement, 2001. - 101 c. 2. GARARK. - F.151, OP.1, D.197, L. 28. 3. Lugovoy N.D. Strada Partizanskaya: 900 days in the rear of the enemy. Simferopol: Elinho, 2004. 4. Arunan L.E.- Teacher of the history and law of Simeiz UHC.
Chapter 26. Partizans and Traitors
Having taking the Crimea, the Germans and Romanians even before the capture of Sevastopol, they began to spraul over the peaceful residents of the peninsula. According to the most likely evaluation, the Germans and their accomplices destroyed to 50 thousand civilians in Crimea, the overwhelming majority of which were Russian and Jews.
In 1941-1944, 85.5 thousand people were exported from Crimea to Germany for compulsory work, mostly Russians. Of these in 1945-1947, 64 thousand returned.
After the landing in Kerch and Feodosia, the Nazis feared the landing of Soviet troops in Yalta and January 14, 1942, 1300 men aged 17 to 55 years old in the camp "Potato town" under Simferopol. By July 1942, when Yaltians were liberated, more than 500 people died from hunger and disease. The victims of the Nazis in Yalta, according to the urban emergency state commission, were about 900 civilians, not counting those killed in the "potato town." The number of victims is derived from the volume of burials.
Capturing Kerch's city in November 1941, the Germans immediately issued an order in which it was said: "Kerch residents are invited to pass german command All food existing in each family. For the found food owner shall be executed. " The next order (No. 2), the city government ordered all residents to immediately register all chickens, roosters, ducks, chickens, turkeys, geese, sheep, cows, calves, working cattle. The owners of poultry and livestock were strictly forbidden to use the bird and livestock for their needs without much resolution of the German commandant. After the publication of these orders began clamps For all houses and apartments.
At the arrival of the Red Army in Kerch in January 1942, during the examination of the Bagherovsky RVA, it was found that it for a kilometer in length, a width of 4 m and a depth of 2 m was filled with the corpses of women, children, old men and adolescents.
Only the list of German crimes can take several pages. Of course, at the repressions of the Germans, a natural reaction was the strengthening of the partisan movement.
However, the Soviet and party bodies were preparing for the partisan struggle before the invasion of the Germans in the Crimea. On October 23, 1941 by the Resolution of the Bureau of the Crimean Regional Committee of the WCP (b) the commander of the partisan detachments of Crimea was appointed A.V. Mocrowes. The choice of committee was successful. The Black Sea Matros Mokrusov participated in the Oktyabrsky uprising in Petrograd, from March 1918 - on command posts in the Red Army. In August-November 1921, he commanded the Crimean Rustic Army, acting in the rear of Wrangel. In 1937-1938, Mokrusov fought in Spain.
The Secretary of the Simferopol City Council S.V. was appointed to the commissioner of partisan detachments by the Commissioner Martynov, and headquarters head - IK Smetan.
At the same resolution, the chairman of the Sovnarkom of the Crimea allocated two million rubles to the partisan movement.
The core of many partisan detachments became surrounded by fighters and commanders of the 51st and seaside armies. By mid-November 1941, at least 1315 surripens were in partisan detachments. Among them are 438 commanders and political workers, including Major General D.I. Averkin, Colonel I.T. Lobs, Lieutenant Colonel B.B. Gorodovikov, Major I.V. Kharchenko, captains I.G. Kurakov, N.P. Larin, D.G. Isaev, military commissar A. Ahedinov, P. Lakhtikov, M. Khalansky, etc.
October 31, 1941 by order No. 1 of Mokrousov announced the organization of five partisan districts, located in mining and wooded terrain, and appointed commander, commissioners and headquarters of these areas. From the party and Soviet asset, 24 partisan detachments were created from fighter battalions fighters on a voluntary basis. Three independent detachments were formed later from the commanders and fighters of the Primorskaya and the 51st armies, delayed in the mountains and forests of the Crimea during a waste to Sevastopol and Kerch. In total, in partisan detachments by the end of 1941 there were more than 3,700 people, including 1315 fighters and commanders who felt in the detachments during the army retreat.
The base of five partisan regions were in the mountains and forests of Yalta from the old Crimea to Balaclava. In the area of \u200b\u200bKerch, three detachments were created, which were based in the dungeons Kamenolomen. Food and other reserves were calculated on a significantly less partisan than them turned out in fact. Moreover, these reserves could not be replenished at the expense of the population, because in mining and wooded areas there were almost no settlements.
Partisan detachments were located in a very small area, which made them the opportunity to maneuver. Partisans did not have topographic maps. Subsequently, they were withdrawn from the killed German officers, Soviet tourist cards with the situation applied to them, up to the shepherd trail.
In the postwar years, the Soviet propaganda exaggerated the success of the partisan movement and constantly used the stamps "Earth everywhere burned under the notes of the occupiers", "all rose to the struggle soviet people"And so on. Therefore, I turn to German documents.
Already on November 20, Manstein issued an order: "Behind the front, the struggle also continues. Partisan snipers, disguised into the village, are shooting on separate soldiers and small units. Using the methods of sabotage, laying mines and hellish machines, partisans are trying to break our supply ... They destroy the crops and enterprises, ruthlessly eligible for hunger city population. "
Soon the guerrilla actions turned seriously. "According to the reports we received, - it says in a memorable note dated November 14, 1941, compiled by an officer of counterintelligence of the 11th Army, - in the southern Crimea there is a well-organized, leading partisan organization from the center. At its disposal in the mountains of Yalta there are large and small bases in which there are many weapons, food, whole herds and other stocks ... The tasks of the partisans include the destruction of communications and transport facilities and attack on the rear services and transport columns. "
According to the report of Mokrousov dated March 21: "The total number of partisan detachments 26, united in the 4th district, the 5th district was liquidated on March 18, 1942 on operational reasons and the entire personnel in the 4th district. The total number of personnel of 3180 people.
Avenue was carried out in total - 156. In addition, battles were held when attacking the enemy detachments at fuching - 78. Destroyed the living force - 4040 soldiers and officers. Automansers destroyed - 350 with ammunition, food and humans. Two tanks are beaten, 12 sumports are broken, 1 mill blown up, 6 bridges and disabled a boss-copy. Discontinued 10,000 m cable of telephone and telegraph.
Our losses: 175 people killed, wounded - 200 people, missing - 58 and 15 connected. Among the missing Major General T. Averkin. Until now, the fate of the Sevastopol detachment is unknown ...
Food Partisan detachments are provided with a hungry soldering for no more than 10 days, and the 3rd and 4th areas are not at all, as a result of which 18 deaths and 30 people were recorded. at death's door.
In all detachments there are no medicines (bandages, iodine, wool, etc.) and surgical instruments.
During his stay in the forest, the uniforms had to fighters, basically shoes, clothes, linen. Ammunition and weapons are provided, with the exception of the 2nd area. There are no completely anti-tank grenades, mines and explosives ...
For 4 months, from among the identified traitors and traitors of the Motherland on the settlements of the mountain-wooded part of the Crimea and in partisan detachments, 362 were destroyed ...
In the overwhelming majority, the Tatar population in the foothill and mountain villages is a profascist, from whose residents of the Gestapo created detachments of volunteers used at present to combat partisans, and in the future the possibility and against the Red Army are not excluded ...
The activities of partisan detachments are complicated by the need for armed struggle on two fronts: against the fascist occupiers, on the one hand, and against armed gangs of mining and wooded Tatar settlements. "
On December 5, 1941, Manstein sent his senior boss, the commander-in-chief group of the Army "South", a report on the organization of fighting partisans and achieved in this success. The report said: "To eliminate this danger (in Crimea, on our information, there are 8 thousand partisans) We have taken decisive measures; Sometimes to fight the partisans had to distract troops (SIC!).
IN this time In action against partisans take part:
a) Headquarters headquarters (Major Stefanus); His task includes a collection of information and submission of recommendations for the necessary measures;
b) Romanian mining corps with the 8th cavalry and 4th mining brigades;
c) 24th, 52nd and 240th fighter-anti-tank divisions;
d) on the site of the 30th building: Romanian motorized cavalry regiment and divisions of the 1st Mornetral Brigade;
e) in Kerch mines; Sapper battalion and divisions of infantry regiments of the 46th Infantry Division;
e) Cordons are exhibited on various mountain roads and escort commands are used.
To date, the following results have been achieved: 19 partisan camps were eliminated, 640 destroyed and captured 522 partisans, captured or destroyed. a large number of Weapons, equipment and ammunition (including 75 mortars, 25 machine guns, 20 passenger cars and a large number of trucks, 12 warehouses of equipment and ammunition), as well as livestock, fuel and lubricants and two radio installations. "
Partisans fought with the economic events of the Germans. The occupiers created the main Economic Department "South", which was led by the economic department of Dnepropetrovsk, which included the territory of the Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia regions, Northern Tavria and Crimea. In Crimea, the Germans launched two economic branches - in Kerch and in Sevastopol. But they could not restore industrial productionAnd agriculture was restored only to a small degree.
According to the report of the Crimean branch of the SD dated April 8, 1942, "Partisans, whose activities are still active, began to abandon the attack on individual German soldiers or single cars and move mainly to massive raids on the village and to other actions for the purpose of capturing Food.
This coincides with these German sources. "On the night of February 7 to February 8, a 300 partisan attack was committed." "On February 9, 150 partisans ... burst into the village of Shliya and plundered it completely." And a few days earlier, the partisans took the village of Kazanla. After that, 500 partisans attacked Baksan and 200 partisans made a raid on the village of Bsyuy.
In early 1942, the Commander of the 30th Corps General Von Salmuth established the exact number of hostages to be executed for each killed or wounded German or Romanian: "All hostages must be enclosed in concentration camps. The hostages ensures the population of their villages. For each German or Romanian soldier killed by partisans, 10 hostages should be shot, and for each wounded German or Romanian soldier - one hostage; If possible, shooting near the place where German or Romanian soldiers were killed. The corpses are shot not to clean for three days.
Arrests hostages in places where troops are not (and especially in the mountains), must be made by the 1st Romanian mining brigade. To this end, the relevant items must be temporarily occupied by the troops. "
The following lists of location of concentration camps for hostages, as well as units and units carrying responsibility for their contents. The last paragraph of the Order of the Salmut said: "Concentration lags must be created in the following paragraphs":
Table 8.
| Name of settlement | Part (division) responsible for creating a concentration campaign |
| Kuchuk-Muskya | 124th Infantry Regiment |
| Alsu | 1st Romanian Morning Regiment |
| Varnutka | 266th Infantry Regiment |
| Biyuk Muskya | 105th Infantry Regiment |
| Heita | 14th Romanian machine gun battalion |
| Baidar. | 172nd Artillery Regiment |
| Sahtik | 72nd Sapper Battalion |
| Foros | 72nd Tank Battalion |
Here you should pay attention to two points. First, the source is the German service documents first published in London in 1954, so that the label of Soviet propaganda does not have sex. Secondly, it should clearly follow from the document that the mass of the SS troops, which was not there at all, and the field German and Romanian parts.
But the German leaflet from the same source opened in Simferopol: "On November 29, 1941, 40 men were shot by residents of Simferopol, which was repressive measure:
1) for the death of a German soldier, who was born on November 22, 1941 on mine in the area, no information was received about the possible mining of whom no information was received in the commandant;
From the beginning of 1942, the command of the Soviet Army set up with partisans in the air. Only for the period from April 7, 1942 to October 1, 1943, 507 aircraft-flights were made to the partisan detachments of the Crimea, of which the Li-2 aircraft, TB-3 - 274 and aircraft) U-2 and PR-5 - 233.
All delivered 270729 kg of cargo, including 252225 kg of food, 600 sets of uniforms, 120 automata, five anti-tank guns, four hand guns for DP, 1980 grenades, 92,563 ammunition (different), 885 minutes of different, 3487 kg Tola, 54 Radio Setup , Two sets of printing houses.
During the same period, 776 people were exported from partisan detachments, of which 747 people who were withdrawn by seven people and 22 children were taken out of the patients and wounded partisans. And 137 people were sent to the partisan detachments, of which 78 of the healing partisans, 30 demolitions, 15 PARTAKATIVA, 14 command-management workers.
Curious quote from the commission of commissioner P.R. Yamoplsk Secretary of the Crimean Region V.S. Bulatov dated October 14, 1943: "An annoying case occurred with a tank. Captured good middle tank, they beat him away from the place of battle, already close to the forest stuck in the beam, we did not have tankers, they were taught until the motors jammed. Fedorenko accepted the decision and burned the tank. I scolded him all the crusts for such a decision, but you won't return the tank. Now in front of him is tasked - get another tank instead. "
But along with the success of the partisan movement, any objective historian must recognize the fact of use by the Germans in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe so-called Hii, and in a much larger scale than in any other field of the USSR occupied in 1941-1944.
So, for example, in the autumn of 1943 the coastal defense from the village of Koktebel to the bouquoon of the bay (wide beaches and comfortable places for disembarking, this place itself fell) guarded Azerbaijani Battalion Hii. Its composition was 60 Germans and 1090 Azerbaijanis. The battalion was in service with 42 hand-gun machine guns, 80 machine guns, 10 battalion and 10 shelf mortars, as well as 16 anti-tank guns. At the same time railway From Vladislavovka to Islam-Terek was guarded by Himi, which consisted of 150 Georgians.
However, the Crimean Tatars, who served in Khivi, in the detachments of self-defense and other units, became a real support of the Wehrmacht in the Crimea in Crimea.
To attract crimean Tatars And Turkey to combat the Bolsheviks, the leadership of the Reich since the summer of 1941 began to use the Crimea as bait. At the end of the summer of 1941, the staff of the German Embassy in Turkey met with the leaders of the Crimean and Tatar emigration. He promoted a positive solution to the issue of involving Crimean-Tatar emigration into an active German policy visit to Berlin in October 1941. Turkish generals Ali Fuad Erdena (Head of the Military Academy) and Husni Emir Erkileta. During the negotiations, Ali Fuad suggested the hope that after the end of hostilities in the Crimea, the administration would be formed, in which the Crimean Tatars would participate in a large extent. This, in turn, could strongly influence the Turkish government in favor of the decision on Turkey's accession to the war on the side of Germany.
The statement of the active member of the proper group in Turkey Nuri Pasha (Brother Enver Pasha): "The provision of freedom of such a small area, as the Crimea, would be not a victim for the German Empire, but a politically wise event. It would be propaganda in action. In Turkey, she would have found the greater response. "
It should be noted the duality in the German propaganda of " eastern Question" On the one hand, the invasion of the USSR began under the slogan of the "destruction of the Bolshevik-Asian Bestiya", and propaganda was built in this direction. Among the German soldiers, leaflets and brochures with photos of Soviet soldiers of various Asian nationalities and the following text were distributed in a huge amount: "This is what Tatar-Mongolian creatures! The soldiers of the Fuhrer protect you from them! " The propaganda of the SS propaganda as a reference manual for German troops was published brochure "Neochoralovka" ("Der Untermensch"). The soldier was called on to look at the local population as in harmful microbes that need to be destroyed. The peoples of the East were called in the brochure with "dirty mongoloids, scotch bastards."
But, on the other hand, it is precisely in relation to the so-called "Eastern" nations, the German command required to show maximum respect. So, Manstein on November 20 and 29, 1941 issued two orders in which the Tatar Muslims demanded a valid attitude towards the religious customs of Tatar-Muslims and urged not to allow any unjustified actions against civilians.
An important element in coordinating the works of the Supreme Command of the Wehrmacht, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Repressive structures to involve the Mission of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the headquarters of the 11th Army in the Crimea was an important element. The obligation of the representative performed the leading employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Major Werner Otto von Hentin.
German propaganda brought its fruits. Of those mobilized to the Red Army in July - August 1941. 90 thousand inhabitants of Crimea 20 thousand were Tatars. They all became part of the 51st army, acting in the Crimea, and during the retreat almost all deserted.
After the occupation of the Crimea, the Germans organized the recruitment points of the Crimean Tatars to the German army and local militarized formations. The work of the recruitment commissions ended in February 1942. As a result, in 203 settlements, it was credited to Tatar voluntary formations of about six thousand people and in five camps for prisoners of war of about four thousand people (2800 people in Nikolaev), only about 10 thousand volunteers. By January 29, 1942, 8684 Crimean Tatarin were recruited to the German army, and the rest were divorced by small groups of 3-10 people and are distributed among the rotes, batteries and other military units deployed under Sevastopol and on the Kerch Peninsula.
According to the Simferopol Muslim Committee, the elders of the villages organized more than four thousand people to fight the partisans. In addition, about five thousand volunteers were supposed to go later to replenish military units. According to German documents, with the population of the Crimea, about 200 thousand people of Crimean Tatars gave the German army of 20 thousand. If we consider that about 10 thousand people were called to the Red Army, then we can consider all combat-ready Tatars in 1942 were fully taken into account.
14 Tatar mouth of the "self-defense" of the total number of 1632 people was formed, soon these companies were transformed in ten battalions of 200-250 people each. These battalions were used to carry the guard service, the protection of prisons, SD objects, in operations against partisans.
The 147th and 154th Tatar battalions were stationed in Simferopol, 148th - in Karasubazar, 149th - in Bakhchisaraye, 150th - in the old Crimea, 151st - in Alushta, 152th - in the state farm "Red "(Camp SD), 153rd - to Giankoy, 155th - in Evpatoria, 156th - in Yalta.
With the beginning of the occupation of the Crimea, the Nazi security service (SD) immediately created the Muslim Committee, and then at its base Tatar Committee with the center in Simferopol. The chairman was appointed Jelly Abduraimdov. The Committee had six departments: on the acquisition of volunteers for the German army; to assist the families of volunteers; culture; religion; propaganda and agitation; Administrative and office and office. Local committees were also created in some cities and settlements.
For the organization of pro-person self-government in Crimea, the German authorities were brought from Turkey the elderly Jafar Seidamete - Minister of Foreign Affairs at the Crimean Regional Government of the Government of 1918. In the future, to form a more solid administration, the German leadership of the last Han of the Crimean Tatar Sultan-Gurya.
The Tatar Committee had a number of printed organs, including the newspaper "Azat Crimea" ("Liberated Crimea", editor of Mustafa Krutov) and the Ana-Yurt magazine ("Motherland"), which were agitated for the creation of the Tatar state under the German Protector .
What did the "liberated Crimea" wrote? Here, for example, March 3, 1942: "After our brothers are the Germans - the historical ditch at the gate of the relent, the Great Sun of Freedom and Happiness rose for the peoples of Crimea."
March 10, 1942 Alushta. At the meeting, arranged by the Muslim Committee, "Muslims expressed their gratitude to the Great Führer Adolf Hitler - Efendi for the free life given to them by the Muslim people. Then they staged a worship for the preservation of life and health for many Summer Adolf Hitler - Efendi.
In the same room: "Great Hitler - the liberator of all nations and religions!" Two thousand Tatars of the village of Kokokoz and the surrounding area "gathered for prayers ... in honor of the German warriors. The German martyrs of war we made a prayer ... The whole Tatar people pray every minute and asks Allah to give the Germans to the victory over the world. Oh, the Great Leader, we tell you with all my heart, from our whole being, believe us! We, Tatars, give the floor to fight with the flock of Jews and Bolsheviks together with the German warriors in one row! .. Yes, thanks you Allah, our great Mr. Hitler! "
March 20, 1942 "Together with the glorious brothers - the Germans who submitted to free the world of the East, we, the Crimean Tatars, declare the world that we did not forget the solemn promises of Churchill in Washington, his desires to revive the Jewish power in Palestine, his desire to destroy Turkey, to capture Istanbul and Dardanelles, raise an uprising in Turkey and Afghanistan, etc., etc. East is waiting for his liberator not from the solicing democrats and swells, but from the National Socialist Party and from the liberator Adolf Hitler. We gave an oath to follow the victims for such a sacred and brilliant task. "
But Pearl dated April 10, 1942: "The liberator of oppressed peoples, the son of the German people Adolf Hitler. We, Muslims, with the arrival in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bValorous Sons Great Germany With your blessing and in memory of a long friendship, they became a shoulder to shoulder with the German people, they took a weapon in their hands and began to fight the great universal ideas to the last drop of blood - the destruction of the Red Zhid-Bolshevik plague to the end and without a residue.
Our ancestors came from the east, and we were waiting for liberation from there, today we are witnessing the fact that we are released from the West. Maybe the first and only time in history happened so that the Sun of Freedom rose from the West. This is the sun - you, our great friend and the leader, with their powerful German people. The Presidium of the Muslim Committee. "
As we see, Gorbachev with his notorious "universal owes" was a worthy predecessor.
An enlightened Aryans in April 1942 suddenly seriously concerned about the state of agriculture and animal husbandry of the Tatar population. Under the Evpatoria, sheepodov courses were created for this purpose, and under Yalta - grapes courses. On these courses, young Tatars studied sheep, grow grapes, led all types of cars, jump with parachute, shoot from all kinds small arms, as well as encryption and much more, apparently, so necessary in peasant life. But, alas, when these enlightened young men appeared behind the front line, they had enough villains from the NKVD. I think that now all these innocently repressed sheeps and grapes are posthumously rehabilitated.
The Crimean Tatars actively participated in the storming of Sevastopol in June-July 1942. This is what the Sevastopol historian captain 2 rank I.S. writes on this occasion. Manyushin: "On July 2, the boat on which the senior lieutenant V.K. Kvariani and Sergeant P. Sudak, got holes in the housing, began to settle from the accepted water. One motor stood up, and the boat had to turn to the shore occupied by the fascists. All this happened in the shore area near Alushta. On the shore there was a fight between paratroopers and an armed group of Tatars. As a result of an unequal battle, everyone who remained alive was captured. The wounded Tatars were shot in the emphasis. Severe Italian soldiers part of the prisoners sent by car, and part of the boat in Yalta. "
"IN. Mishchenko, who went in one of the columns of the prisoners, testifies that of the three thousand of their columns to the camp in Simferopol "potato field" only reached half of the prisoners. The rest were shot in the path of converge from the Germans and traitors from the Crimean Tatars. "
"In the Sudak district, the self-defense group was brought to eliminate the landing. At the same time, 12 parachutists were burned alive. One of the punitive expeditions was completed by a long blockade of partisans, as a result of which 90 people died of hunger. "
Enough. I think it is quite sufficient.
In the summer of 1942, the capture of Sevastopol and the exit of Paulus to Stalingrad spoke the head of Reich's refivisions, and many of them began to offer to get rid of the Tatar allies: "Mavr did his job ..."
In June 1942, a major official Alfred Frauenfeld sent an extensive memorandum on the future device of the Crimea in the name of Hitler, in which he offered to cross the Germans from South Tyrol Crimea. On July 2, Hitler said he considers this proposal very useful. Also was supposed to be placed on the peninsula of 140 thousand Germans from the tracistria and two thousand German migrants from Palestine, but then it was decided to use the Testrovsky Germans.
In the proposals for the transformation of Crimea in 1942-1943 there was no lack. Thus, the head of the labor front and the Chief of the Kraft Durch Freude, Robert Lei offered to re-equip the Crimea in a giant resort for German youth.
To justify the original affiliation of the Crimea of \u200b\u200bGermany A. Frauenfeld in July 1942 organized an archaeological expedition under the leadership of the Fuhrer Brigadera von Alvenesleben and Army officers of Colonel Ceck and Captain Werner Baumelburg. They conducted a survey of the surroundings of Bakhchisaraya and the medieval fortress of Magnul-Kale.
On July 5, 1942, a meeting of the commandhrht and police command was held, where the issue of eviction methods from the Crimea Rasovo "defective" residents was discussed. It was decided to create special camps to conduct a "racial examination" of the population.
By July 1942, the German leadership finally refused its plans to provide the Crimean Tatars of self-government. On July 27, at the Vervolf rate, Hitler declared his desire to "clean" the Crimea.
The unwillingness of the Turkish leadership to enter the war on the side of Germany was the basis for the termination of the discussion of the future status of the Turkic peoples living in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. And in the Crimean Tatars stopped watching both a link in German-Turkish relations.
In the 1970s, the 90s, a number of Russian "dissidents", exposing the "Stalin's crimes,", argued that, they say, not all the Tatars served to the Germans, but only "individual groups", and others are partisani at that time. However, in Germany, there was also an antihytler underground, so, now the Germans now write to our allies on the Second World War? Let's see concrete numbers.
Let us turn to the "Democratic" historian N.F. Bugaya: "In the divisions of the German army, stationed in Crimea, consisted according to approximate data, more than 20 thousand Crimean Tatars." That is, almost the entire Crimean-Tatar population of the draft age. It is significant that this non-aggative circumstance is actually recognized in a very characteristic publication ("The book is a documentary historical basis for measures carried out in the Russian Federation on the rehabilitation of defined and punished peoples").
And how many Crimean Tatars were among the partisans? On June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, of which 145 Russians, 67 Ukrainians and ... Six Tatars.
As of January 15, 1944, according to the party archive of the Crimean Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, there were 3,733 partisans in Crimea, of which Russians - 1944, Ukrainians - 348, Tatars - 598. Finally, according to a certificate of party, national and age-related partisans of Crimea for April 1944, among the partisans it was: Russians - 2075, Tatars - 391, Ukrainians - 356, Belarusians - 71, others - 754.
So, even if you take the maximum of the above numbers - 598, the ratio of Tatars in the German army and in the partisans will be greater than 30 K 1.
In connection with the onset of the Red Army since October 1943, the leaders of the Tatar nationalists begin to leave the Crimea. During the evacuation from the peninsula together with the German parts in March-April 1944, at least three thousand Crimean Tatars left. Most of them, as well as refugees in 1943, asslaved in Romania, some were allowed to move to Germany.
Tatar units exported from the Crimea in Romania in June 1944 were summarized in the Tatar equestrian regiment of the SS of the three-bedtopic composition. But later, in the territory of Hungary, the regiment was reformed into the first Tatar mining housing brigade of the SS (about 2500 people) under the command of Standandfürera Furtenbach. On December 31, 1944, the Brigade was disbanded and entered into the East Turkic compound of the SS (the combat group "Crimea" in the composition of two infantry battalions and one equestrian hundred). These compounds constantly carried losses, and the remains of Tatars in March 1945 were joined by Azerbaijan combat group as separate units.
Part of the Crimean Tatars was transported to France and entered the spare battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion, which was stationed by the city of Le Puy. At the end of the war, several hundred Tatars entered the 35th SS police division and the support service of the Air Defense in France.
After the liberation of the Crimea, the state security authorities conducted a relocation of the Crimean Tatars to the Uzbek SSR. The question is now quite delicate, and I will fully quote the following document:
"State Defense Committee Comrade Stalin I.V.
The NKVD and NKGB bodies are carried out in the Crimea, work on the identification and seizure of the opponent's agent, traitors of the Motherland, the accomplices of the German-fascist occupiers and another anti-Soviet element.
The 5995 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 cars, and a large number of garnet and rifle cartridges and a large number of garnet and rifle cartridges and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges are seized.
From parts of the Red Army, by 1944, over 20 thousand Tatars were deserted, who changed their homeland, went to the Germans and with a weapon in their hands struggled against the Red Army ...
Given the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and on the undestereridation of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union, the NKVD of the USSR introduces the draft decision of the State Defense Committee on evicting all the Tatars from the territory of Crimea.
We consider it expedient to condemn the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the areas of the Uzbek SSR for use in both agriculture - collective farms, state farms and in industry and construction.
The question of the settlement of the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was agreed with the secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Uzbekistan, t. Yusupov.
According to preliminary data, there are currently 140-160 thousand Tatar people in the Crimea. The eviction operation will be started on May 20-21 and is completed on June 10. I present a draft resolution of the State Defense Committee, I ask your decision.
People's Commissar of the Interior Union of SSR L. Beria. "
According to the decision of the Defense Committee, it was proposed: "all the Tatars from the territory of Crimea and settle them for permanent residence as special settlers in the areas of the Uzbek SSR. Eviction shall be entrusted to the NKVD of the USSR. Observe the NKVD of the USSR (Tov. Beria) Evaluation of the Crimean Tatars to finish until June 1, 1944
Install the following procedure and conditions for eviction:
Allow special settlements to bring personal belongings, clothes, household equipment, dishes and food in the amount of up to 500 kg per family.
To oblige NKPS (Tov. Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special fleets from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR specially formed echelons according to the schedule compiled in conjunction with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of echelons, loading station and destination station on the application of the NKVD of the USSR. Calculations for transportation to produce prisoners at the fare.
People's Commissariat of the USSR (TOV. Mielywa) is allocated for each echelon with special trains, on time as agreed with the NKVD of the USSR, one doctor and two nurses with the corresponding reserve of medicines and provide medical and sanitary services of special settlers on the way.
People's Commissariat of the USSR (Tov. Lyubimov) to provide all the echelons with special footholds daily hot nutrition and boiling water. For the organization of food specialists in the way to allocate drugs products ...
To oblige secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Uzbekistan Tov. Yusupova ... Ensure that those who arrived by special settlements are detrimental sites and assist in the construction of houses by local building materials.
To oblige Agriculturalbank (TOV. Kravtsova) to issue special trap directed to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their settlement loan to the construction of houses and on the economic input of up to 5,000 rubles for a seven with installments under 7 years.
To oblige the drug commerce of the USSR (TOV. Subbotin) to allocate the SNK of the Uzbek SSR flour, cereals and vegetables for issuing special trains during June - August with. M. Equally equal number ... Issue to special fleets, cereals and vegetables during June-August with. Mrd to produce for free, into account for adopting in places of eviction of agricultural products and cattle. "
On April 2 and May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted Resolution No. 5943SS and No. 5859ss about the eviction of the Crimean Tatars from the Crimean ASSR to the Uzbek SSR.
The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, and already on May 20, Serov and Kobulov reported:
"Telegram in the name of the People's Commissioner of the Interior of the USSR L.P. Beria.
We hereby report that begun in accordance with your instructions on May 18 p. G. Evaluation Operation of Crimean Tatars is completed today, May 20, at 16 o'clock. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, immersed in 67 echelons, of which 63 echelon number 173,287 people sent to the destination, the remaining 4 echelon will also be sent today.
In addition, the Railoenkoms of Crimea mobilized the 6,000 Tatars of the draft age, which, according to the outfits, the primordial form of the Red Army are directed to the city of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.
From among those sent to your instructions to the Trest "MOVOGOL" 8000 people of specialkontinger 5000 people also make up the Tatars.
Thus, 191044 people of Tatar nationality were exported from the Crimean ASSR.
During the eviction of the Tatars, anti-Soviet elements of 1137 people were arrested, and in total during the operation of 5989 people.
Separated weapons during eviction: mortars - 10, machine guns - 173, automata - 192, rifles - 2650, ammunition - 46603 pcs.
In total, during the operation, seized: mortars - 49, machine guns - 622, automata - 724, rifles - 9888 and booster - 326887 pcs.
When carrying out operation, no excesses had a place.
It should not be forgotten that neither in May 1944, none in the next two years, no one guarantees that the war between the USSR and the allies on the one hand and Germany will not turn into a war between allies and the USSR. England and the United States focused in May 1944 a huge fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, and it is not difficult to figure out that in the event of the beginning of the war from the USSR, he would be in the Black Sea. Could Stalin keep the Crimean Tatars in this situation, so many times hit the back of Russia? In May 1944, the Crimean Tatars had a weapon, sufficient for the rifle division of wartime (without an artillery regiment). And how many more weapons were hidden in of different types Skronakh? After all, only naive people could keep him at home. And the Troops of the NKVD during the deportation was not prior to the search for weapons.
Since the 70s of the 20th century, Tatar nationalists and their supporters among the "liberal intelligentsia" constantly injected the question of the "deportation of the Crimean Tatar people", the "genocide" of the nation, etc., etc., etc.
There is no controversy, Stalin (namely he is responsible for the relocation of Tatars, Beria, Serov, and others. Were only performers of his will), of course, was very severely entered with the Crimean Tatars.
But what to pump hysteria and do wrap? Let's start with what is deportation. None in any Russian (until 1917) and the Soviet (until 1991), there is simply no official document. We will reveal the "Dictionary of Foreign Words", published in Moscow in 1979. It says: "Deportation - expulsion from the state as a criminal or administrative punishment." Question: What state did the Crimean Tatar evisuate? From the USSR to the USSR. How to say to say the beat of the hippo: "I congratulate you on the counsession."
Now, what is genocide? This extermination or significantly reduced the number of people in this nationality. Let's consider: evicted, arrested and mobilized to the Red Army in May 1944 less than 200 thousand Crimean Tatars. But in 1991 he wanted to return to the Crimea for different data from two to five million (!) People who consider themselves the Crimean Tatars. I note that from the XV century to 1941, the number of Tatar people in the Crimea was relatively stable. So, if we talk about the number of the Tatar population, Stalin was not a genocide, but the demographic explosion, impossible if the Tatars remained in the Crimea.
It is not necessary to note that not all the Crimean Tatars were evicted in Uzbekistan. So, according to Vlad Selina, "from the status of special settlement was released and the participants of the Crimean underground, acting in the rear of the enemy, members of their families. So, the family of S.S. was released. Useinova, which during the occupation of the Crimea was in Simferopol, consisted of December 1942 to March 1943 by a member of the underground patriotic group, was then arrested by Nazis and shot. Family members were allowed to accommodate in Simferopol. "
Crimean Tatars - Frontoviki immediately appealed to release their relatives from the special settlements. Such appeals were sent deputy. Commander of the 2nd Aviation Squadron of the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Higher Officer School of Air Fight Captain E. Chalbash, Major armored troops H. Chlbash and many others ... Often, the requests of this character were satisfied, in particular, the family E. Chalbash was allowed to accommodate in the Kherson region.
They were released from eviction and Tatar women who married Russians. "
The story does not like the subjunctive ignition, but let's try to imagine that the 9th case of the victory of Hitler would have happened. I am afraid that then the Tatars would have to go not east to their historic homeland, but to the West to the cultural European cities of Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dakhau, etc.
Finally, it is notended to remember how in France, almost not fought, in 1944-1945, patriots without trial were repent of collaborators, that is, with everyone who at least a little collaborated by the Germans. The whole world bypassed the photo of the reprisal of the Frenchwoman, which gave birth to a child from the German soldier. And the French intelligentsia chose all this completely forget.
And the same Poles and Czechs did not deporte millions of innocent German citizens in 1945-1946? So what? Passing there is a native intelligentsia about genocide and deportation? Wait to return deportees and their descendants and put the monuments to the deported people?
It is clear that all this hysteria is the work of the hands of politicians and businessmen, inciting interethnic conflicts for mercenary purposes.
The return of Tatars in the Crimea, a serious strengthening of their political and economic positions on the peninsula, as well as the intervention of Turkey created a factor of instability in the Crimea. And now the question is not whether or not ethnic conflict will begin in the Crimea, but when it starts.
Unsuccessful guidance led to the failure of the partisan movement in the Crimea initial stage. On July 19, 1942, the headquarters of the front radiated in Crimea that "Mokrusov and Martynov will not return anymore", the commander of the partisan movement in Crimea was appointed Colonel Mikhail Lobov.
On July 24, 1942, in the new military conditions, the complete occupation of the Crimea was approved by the "Plan under the leadership of partisan movement, the strengthening of combat activities, deploying new partisan detachments in the Crimea."
On August 16, 1942, the head of the 4th Department of the NKVD of the USSR Pavel Shudoplatov sent the head of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (CSTP) Pantelemon Ponomarenko from the leadership of the partisan movement of Crimea. Message:
"Please transfer TOV. Stalin and Tov. Beria: Thousands of Crimean partisans lead fierce battles with the enemy's largest forces. For one month, we destroyed 10 thousand Nazis, more than a thousand cars, a lot of weapons and techniques. For the last 20 days we do not receive answers and the help of the North Caucasian front and the Crimean Committee of the Party. More than 500 people of patients and wounded hungry and doomed to death. Food still can not be possible due to the disadvantage and complete robbery of the population by the Germans.
We ask you to resume help and evacuate patients and wounded by air, sea. "
The position became critical. A few weeks later, the new command of the partisan movement of Crimea came to the conclusion that there is no prospects for the development of movement in the Crimea, which Ponomarenko said the Colonel of the Southern Staff of the Partisan Movement of Hadzhiumar Mamsurov: "There are 22 partisan detachments in Crimea. The number of detachments decreased due to exporting from there a significant part of the wounded, patients exhausted. The leading part of the detachments (foreheads, meadow, etc.) is configured to essentially leave the Crimea due to the unbearable atmosphere. "
However, such an opinion was not supported by neither the central headquarters nor the management of the regional committee. As the head of one of the detachments of Ivan Genov recalls, the secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee Yampolsky "went with the decision of the regional underground committee and the opinion of the absolute majority that the struggle must continue": "Patients, wounded and exhausted partisans take to" Large land", Came, and after the rest, return to the forest to continue the struggle."
As a result, the line conducted by the Crimean Obcomment is under no circumstances to stop the activities of the partisan movement - took over. On October 18, 1942, a resolution of the Bureau of the Crimean Committee of the WCP (b) "On events to strengthen partisan detachments and the further development of the partisan movement in Crimea" was adopted. For the guidance of partisan detachments, Crimea was created "Operational Center in the composition of the T. Severskiy (commander of partisan movement), t. Yampolsky (secretary OK VKP (b), t. Mustafayeva (secretary OK VKP (b))", the existing central headquarters eliminated.
The operational center undertook:
- finish the work on the evacuation of patients and wounded partisans from the forest for treatment (approximately 250-300 people);
- From the remaining parts of the partisan after evacuation, it is formed to form 6 detachments of each to 60-70 people, having ordered the operational center to determine the areas of their activities on the spot;
- to plan small detachments and partisan groups in the steppe part of the Crimea, first of all: Evpatoria, Akmonai, Kamysh Buran, Adzhimushki quarries, as well as in cities;
- Request the Military Council of the Black Sea Fleet to assist in plaques for the evacuation of the remaining sick and wounded partisans.
The following tasks of the Crimean squads of the Crimea were formulated for the nearby period: a) strengthen the military exploration and military work on communications ("not to give the enemy to export a bad job from the Crimea"); b) keep an opponent in a state of anxiety: to attack small garrisons, commandanda, headquarters, self-defense squads; c) destroy local traitors, Starost, Politsaev, Burgomistra; d) avenged for every act of violence, produced on the local population.
The Chairman of the Crimean Government Ismail Seifulaev was obliged by December 1, 1942 "Throw 90-100 tons of food for partisan detachments, for 6 months, winter uniforms and other items of real content, and also timely replenish the supply of food."
It was proposed to "plant a new agent in cities and villages, especially Tatar" and "throw a group of fresh employees of Chekists
In addition, it was decided to ask the CCHP to issue for the partisan detachments of the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe North type of the "North", and the Military Council of the Black Sea Group of the Troops of the Transcaucasian Front to allocate one radio for the Crimean Regional Committee of the WCP (b). The request to the Commissar of the internal affairs of the USSR Beria is also formulated: "Commit one of the employees of the former NKVD of the NKVD Crimea for the leadership of intelligence and agent work in Crimea." At the same time, it was proposed to "plant a new agent in cities and villages, especially Tatar" and "throw a group of fresh workers of the Chekists."
These were events for the next reorganization of the partisan movement. The results of the first stage of activity of the movement were summed up in the "certificate of the state of the partisan movement of the Crimea for the period from 15.11.41 to 15-20.11.42", preserved in the fund of the permanent head of the CSTP Panteleimon Ponomarenko in RGASPI.
According to the document, the loss for the first year amounted to: out of 3098 partisans from hunger died 450 people, deserted or disappeared - 400 people, 848 people died in battles, patients were exported, wounded and exhausted - 556 people (of them: civil - 230 , servicemen - 211, border guards - 58, sailors - 30, cavalryrs - 27). "In connection with the hunger strike," 400 people were sent to the steppe to the steppe part of the underground and sabotage work.
The number of dead partisans died from hunger is only 2 times less than those who died during the fighting
The document draws attention to the numbers of human losses. So, it can not be not surprised that the number of deaths of the partisans (450 people) died of hunger is only 2 times less than those who died during the fighting. Even if the numbers are not 100% accurate, the fact of the death of each seventh fighter from hunger is impressive. At the same time, taking into account the obviously fault character of the partisan movement at the first stage, - certain doubts cause a figure "exterminated soldiers and officers and the enemy for the year of partisan work" - 12 thousand people.
As of November 1942, 480 people remained in the forest as part of 6 partisan detachments.
In November 1942, a very remote ruling of the Crimean Commandment of the Party "On errors made in assessing the behavior of the Crimean Tatars in relation to partisans, about measures to eliminate these errors and strengthening work among the Tatar population" was adopted. In fact, it was the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar people accused of the former leadership of Motion - Mokrousov and Martynov, - in the treason of the Motherland.
In der. Kousch group of partisans of the former 4th district in a drunken form arranged in the pogrom without disassembling who his own who is strangers
In the preamble it said that "the analysis of the facts, reports of commanders and commissioners of partisan detachments conducted on the spot indicate that the statements about the allegedly hostile attitude of the majority of the Tatar population of the Crimea to the partisans and that most of the Tatar passed to the service to the enemy, are unfounded and politically harmful. " It was recognized that incorrect actions were made in relation to the local population, and the conflict between the population and partisans was largely due to the relationship of "individual partisan groups to the local population": "For example, a group t. Zinchenko on one of the roads took out products of passing citizens. In der. Couste group of partisans of the former 4th district in a drunken form arranged in the pogrom, without disassembling who his own who is strangers. The robberies of food bases with fascists were regarded as a ladderment from the local population and any citizen who had fallen into the forest was shot. "
The document contained the facts of help and the sympathetic relations of the Crimean Tatars partisans ("A number of villages and villages of the mountain and foothill part of Crimea have long provided active assistance to partisans (der. Koktash, Chermalyk, Ailanma, Bsyuy, Asers, Shah-Murza, etc.), And the landing parts arrived in January 1942 in Sudak, and the Food was fully supplied by the Food with the surrounding Tatar villages of this area. In der. Koktash Lesson lived and fed to the partisan detachment, until the Germans raised this village. Aylyanma villages, Sartan, Chermalyk for a long time fed the partisan Troops of the 2nd District. Detachment. Seleznev 4 months stood in the village of Bsuyu and supplied food ").
The Bureau of the Crimean Committee of the WCP (b) decided:
"one. Condemnate as an incorrect and politically harmful statement about the hostile attitude of most Crimean Tatars to partisans and clarify that the Crimean Tatars in the bulk of their mass and the same hostile to German-Romanian occupiers, like all the workers of the Crimea.
2. To ask the Military Council of the Transcaucasian Front and the Black Sea Fleet to selected and transfer to the Crimean SKP (b) of the Communist Group - the political composition from the Crimean Tatars tested in the battles for their homeland to send them to the partisan detachments and work in the rear. "
The decision "in the Tatar issue is absolutely correct
In July 1943, the former leader of the partisan movement of Crimea Mokrusov tried to challenge this decision, but in response to his statement, the OBKOM confirmed once again that the ruling "in the Tatar issue is absolutely correct and no changes in the wording that demands a friend of widges should not be made." . After that, Mokrusov "recognized their mistakes" and withdrew the application.
It should be noted that after the decisions made among the new leadership of the partisan movement, the representatives of the Crimean Tatar party elite appeared, which at the initial stage were absent, and, as officially recognized, this was one of the reasons for the failures of the first stage of partisan resistance ("None of the leaders did not take into account The indigenous population of the Crimea is Tatars and, therefore, it was necessary to leave authoritative figures from the Tatar for permanent communication and work among the Tatar population, "the heads colonel wrote in one of the reports to the center).
According to the "certificates of the state of the partisan movement of the Crimea for the period 15.11.41 to 15-20.11.42", "sent to the forest" were Refat Mustafayev - the third secretary of the regional committee of the WCP (b), and with him a group of Tatar workers, of which 6 people Already deliced \u200b\u200bin Tatar villages "(among them - the Commissioner, the deputy in the political part of Naf Belyalov, Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Crimean ASSR, Mustafa Selimov, secretary of the Yalta district of the party).
As follows from numerous official documents, the Tatar issue was discussed at various meetings of the country's leadership.
Ismail Seifulaev recalled: "In the second half of 1942 and early 1943, I was at the reception of Malenkov, Kalinina, Andreeva, Zhdanov, Kosygin, Mikoyan, Ponomareva, as well as a number of senior military leaders. He reported on the state of the partisan movement, the necessary assistance to the people's avengers who have suffered a heavy winter who lost a significant amount among combat comrades. At the same time, the Secretary of the Regional Committee, the head of the headquarters of the partisan movement in Crimea of \u200b\u200bBulat wrote several reports to the Central Committee. Everything and everywhere we listened carefully, but the alarm raised by Mokrousov, bothered and was alarmed by the leaders. No one took the defend or disprove the accusations imposed by our people. The question is too serious, no one wanted to risk. Everyone knew that it was coming for their competence that such questions would solve Personally Stalin. "
In June 1943, Vladimir Bulatov again highlighted this issue - now at the meeting of the headquarters of the headquarters of the partisan movement headquarters: "On the basis of some of the biased, unverified data coming from our comrades, we had such an opinion that the good half of the Crimean Tatar population went through Treaty activities, on the Germans. I must say that in fact the situation did not look as we were represented by ourselves and how they informed the leading comrades, which remained in the territory of the Crimea ... In a number of villages of the mountain and foothill part of the Germans managed to create detachments of self-defense, and what was the base and The motives of organizing these squadors? The Germans, when they occupied the Crimea, were organized first of all the defeat of the food base of partisan detachments, and we had food supply to all partisan detachments, which had to 3.5 thousand for about a year. Naturally, as conductors for these partisan bases, the Germans selected people from among hostile nationalist elements. And when at the head of any punitive group or German, or individual specimens from the Tatars, an impression was created, and our comrades made such a conclusion that the plundering of partisan detachments was carried out by Tatars. And without having disappeared into the essence of this phenomenon, I did not understand the depth of the mood of the Tatar village, I got up to a hostile path in relation to partisans ...
For example, if we have up to 150 villages in the Crimea exclusively with the Tatar population, the so-called self-defense troops were organized only in 20-25 villages. Therefore, to say that the Tatar population has become in positions hostile to Soviet power, absolutely incorrectly ...
The Crimean Party of the Party on this issue adopted a special decree, where he gave an appropriate assessment of our mistakes of the initial and former partisan detachments on the ground from a number of leadership comrades ... This is the decision of the Committee of Communication Tov. Ponomarenko considers absolutely correct. And Comrade Stalin, when such rumors came to him, literally indignant and said that he could not be such a situation, apparently, they did not understand or banned something. "
In the veracity of the phrase about the "indignation" of the leader to believe with difficulty
In the light of today's knowledge about the previously deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the veracity of the phrase about the "indignation" of the leader believed with difficulty. But what can be told with a great degree of confidence, so it is that, despite the decisions taken by the rehabilitation, the "Tatar question" is still to be worked in the top.
Ismail Seifulaev recalled his meeting with the Marshal of the USSR Voroshilov in December 1943: "I reported to the struggle of partisans with the fascists, about diversions on communications. Marshal listened carefully. When it comes to a climbing accusation of the Crimean Tatars, the beginning of which laid Mokrousov, the Clement Efremovich said the following: "The Crimean Tatars were and there are traitors. They in the war of 1854-1856 during the defense of Sevastopol refused to supply military units to the Russian army by SEN, read about it at the Lion Tolstoy. " I replied to this that I could not agree with this, the Tatars of the hay and the fodder gave military unitsAnd the Army Intendants wanted to get the hay for free, and the money allocated from the state treasury. "
It seems that the position of the member of the GKO Voroshilov, on the eve of the decisive battles behind the Crimea, would allow us to assume that the eviction of the Crimean Tatar was only a matter of time ...
Despite organizational and personnel changes and some stabilization, and in mid-1943, the Crimean partisans continued to experience material difficulties.
For 18 months, the partisans destroyed 15,200 people of German-Romanian soldiers and officers
As of May 1, 1943, "For 18 months, 15,200 people of German-Romanian soldiers and officers destroyed the partisans. 1500 cars were destroyed from the technicians and the alive enemy power. 15 military railway echelons with appliances and lively power, from them only in 1943, 11 echelons were allowed. According to incomplete data, up to 50 guns, more than 700 soldiers and opponent officers were destroyed. The telegraph wires are cut over 50,000 meters. Three large warehouses with ammunition, fodder, uniforms blown up. Burned stable. In Simferopol, 1,500 cattle heads, 100 horses of the enemy, were dismissed, 10,000 mechanical forms were tailed on the bakery, 3 wagon of leather materials was ruled. Destroyed by tractor, autographs - 48, blown up bridges - 35, unassigned bypass - 30, enemy headquarters - 5. 300 traitors are exterminated. "
As of December 14, 1943, there were 6 brigades from 29 detachments, as well as the headquarters of the Central operational group. They had 3557 people (Russians - 2100, Crimean Tatars - 406, Ukrainians - 331, Belarusians - 23, another nationality - 697). In the future, the number of partisan detachments began to increase.
During the offensive operation in the spring of 1944, they performed together with the Soviet troops who freed the Crimea ...
Gulnara Bekirov, Crimean historian, member of the Ukrainian Peng Club
