Kala Koreish is ancient settlement of Dagestan. Located near the famous Aul Zlatokuznets Kubachi, which is located in the Dakhadaevsky district of the republic. For several centuries in a row, the Kala Korean Fortress was an administrative center of Kaitagsky Highness - one of the feudal possessions in the territory of modern Dagestan.
It is believed that from here began the spread of Islam in the North Caucasus. The village was founded by Arabs, which were in this mountainous region as conquerors. It happened somewhere in the VII-VIII centuries. The settlement was named after one of the Arab tribes - Kureshitov, from which the prophet Muhammad occurred. The head of the aliens was the ruler of Amirgamza, it was him attributed to the foundation of the Dynasty of Kaitagsky Usmeys, and the beginning of the construction of the fortress. Cala Koreish is located in a place convenient from the point of view of a military strategy - on the ridge of a high mountain, which is surrounded by five fleeting rivers from three sides.
The village was taken by a high fortress wall. Thus, the village has become impregnable for conquerors. In those days from the fortress in the three directions, the so-called "Utsmiysk" roads were laid. They were intended for the passage of wheel transport and were strengthened with retaining walls, which in separate areas reached 6-8 meters of height. Now Cala Koreish is a labyrinth of ancient buildings, terraces descending from the top of the mountain, the restored museum and the tomb of Kaitagsky Usmeys are also present.
The location of the settlement was so successful for mountain dagestan, which the village quickly grew into the city and became an important center of trade. We can judge the richness and strength of the city, you can see the ruins and surviving buildings. A carefully thought-out defense system, as well as the natural mountain fortress defended the city from all sides.
A beautiful and sad legend is connected with the Kala Korean fortress. They say that the enemies decided to get into the village when all local men prayed to the mosque. But they met a young girl on a horse and with a dog, descending to the span. On a narrow path, the brave warrior held back the enemy. The dog raised the loud barking, which was escaped by the locals. They were driven by the uninvited guests, but the girl by that time was already dead - she saved the price of his life. And now at the entrance to the fortress you can see a small Kurgan (it is believed that the girl was buried here) and the tree, planted in memory of the brave defender. On him, by tradition, every guest in the sign of the worship should tie a handkerchief or a piece of fabric.
According to the main version, the name Kalaku-Kureysh (there are also writing Kalakureash, Kalakuresh, Kala Kureyshn, Kala Koreish, etc.) means the fortress of Kureshitov. "Cala" translated from Arabic - fortress; Kureyshitis - the Arab tribe from which the prophet Mohammed also took place. After the formation of the Arab Caliphate, the spread of Islam on neighboring lands and the Mohammed tribesmen naturally became active participants in this process. On the territory of Dagestan, the first Muslims, distributing a new religion, appeared in the 7th century - first in coastal lands (primarily in Derbent), then in mountainous areas. Cala Curure was one of the supporting fortresses to conquer the surrounding lands.
I apologize for the fair amount of unarchitectural information, but there is little on the Internet about Cala Kureysh - maybe this is useful to someone.
Now (for May 2010) to get to the village of Kala Kureysh by car is the easiest way from Majalis on the road along the Dzhivus River. You can drive up to the grief itself, on which the village is located. On the public transport, it is probably like that - to sit on a minibus to the villages of Kubachi or Urcars and go out where the road from the Dzhivus River rises to serpentine to the mountain.
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This is a new road; It took a large amount of work to cut it into steep mountainside 
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Casting cliffs hang over expensive on the road (view from the hatch m / a vertically up) 
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Sometimes the collaps happen, at such times it is better not to be on this road :) 
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So now after heavy rains, Kohnpad happened. You can estimate that the mass of "pebble" order tons. The locals are already working here; Under the Treaty of Lee with the authorities or "on the social basis" they remove the shredded stones; then this stone is inexpensive for sale as building material 
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So we got to the place where the Jewherk River flows into the dzhivus. Here on the steep mountain and the village of Kala Kureysh is located 
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The automotive bridge over the hulaherk built more recently 
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Previously, the river accounted for such a bridge 
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Kala-Kureyshu remained only a kilometer, but this is a kilometer to the mountain 
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Automotive turns into a trail 
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In places are arranged steps, retaining walls. Historically, this is not the main way to the village; On the contrary, this is the rear side of the fortress and this trail, if there existed in ancient times, was just an additional descent to the river 
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The first ruins appeared 
I quote http://dagestanland.narod.ru/rayon/r_kaitag.html:
Kaitag (originally Hydak) as a political association of a slave-owned feudal type arose in V-VII V.V. Our era ... In the VIII century, Arabs took a number of ruler campaigns on Kaitag. The Arab conquerors on the territories captured by them are forcibly imposed Islam (Muslim). Before the adoption of Islam in Hydak, the Christian religion was mainly observed ... Arabs founded the Kaitagskoye, headed by Udzhem, which existed before joining Dagestan to Russia ... in the XI-XIII V.V. There is a significant strengthening of Hydaka, but he reaches the greatest bloom in the XIV-XV centuries ... the capital of Hydak rulers in the XI century. Steel Kala Kureysh fortress.
So, the "state" kaitag existed before the Arabs. Having built a fortress, the Arabs strengthened in the region and the Kaitag rulers became the 11th century. Kaitag's offices in the Middle Ages was one of the strongest states on the territory of modern Dagestan.
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In 1581, the capital of Kaitagsky captivity was transferred to Majalis. Alpine fortress begins to lose its importance 
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Finally, Cala Curiesh was empty in 1944, when his inhabitants moved to the empty Chechen land 
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The remaining buildings began to understand the inhabitants of the neighboring villages. Something got into museums, such as a carved door of the mosque 
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At the tops around Cala Kureysh, as they write, sent a sentry towers 
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The village of Dibgali and the main historical road in Kala Kureysh 
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Central Place of Contemporary Kala-Kureysh - Mausoleum Kaitagsky Utshiev 
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The only more or less permanent resident is a caretaker of this place. 
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Rules of behavior in the territory 
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Near the mosque also preserved tombstones made in the so-called untsky style. A skillful stone carving resembles the patterns of Kubachin silver products. Binding stones are decorated with sacred texts written by flowering camp (one of the later varieties of Arab letter).
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Mosque of the XII-XIII centuries. The building suffered greatly in the 20th century and was restored relatively recently, but the decor, the interiors are lost 
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Modern door of the mosque 
34a. Historical doors and detail of a thumb. Photos from the site a-u-l.narod.ru. Illustrations for the book V. I. Markovina "Roads and Trails of Dagestan".
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Kala Kureysh - for Russia a unique place for Russia. History leaving in the depths of centuries, dizzying species - some compare it with Machu Picchu. Soon the museum will undoubtedly be organized here, the road will allow us to massively bring tourists - it does not always go to the place, so it makes sense not to postpone the visit.
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Just five kilometers from the Dagestan village of Kubach well-known by its jewelers and 120 from the capital of the Republic, Makhachkala, there is an amazing settlement, which can be compared only with Machu-Picchu in Peru - Alpine Seryo Kala Koreish.
It was founded by Kala Korean, presumably, in the VII-VIII centuries, the Arabs, namely, the Koreishites - representatives of the tribe to which the prophet Mohammed belonged. The Arabs chose a place for their settlement, taking into account the convenient strategic position - on the top of a high mountain, in a place, to get to the unnoticed simply impossible: from all sides, the peak surrounds the turbulent Caucasian rivers and sheer cliffs.
For a long time, Kala Korean remained the cultural and political center of the Caucasus. It is here - one of the origins of the spread of Islam in the region. However, in the middle of the 20th century, during the tragic events related to the resettlement of the Dagestan people to Chechnya, the last residents of the Kaitag of Highness, whose capital was once Cala Koreish (Kaitagsky District), left their homes forever.
Returning to Dagestan after rehabilitation, the indigenous people were no longer rising to their native village, but justified in more comfortable cities or settlements in the foothills. In the 70s of the last century, only three people lived here, and in the 90s - only one, the voluntary keeper of the local Mausoleum, who considered the sacred and attractive travelers from the entire republic.
For many years, Kala Koreish, stretching in length almost a kilometer, was significantly destroyed - in the mountains, the old buildings do not live long: they are disassembled to build new buildings. So, for example, almost destroyed was the beautiful Mosque of the IX century, decorated with once wonderful decorative carved elements. In the Dagestan Museum you can see a carved door, removed in the mosque, and exported from the mountains. In the building itself, today it is still a miracle who survived Stela over the grave of one of the residents of the settlement (obviously, he made some feat for which he was awarded such an honor).
Not far from the mosques - the Mausoleum of the Kaitagsky Highness, where a large number of tombstones are preserved, decorated with a carvings, similar to cubic patterns. On the tombstones are sacred words written by flowering kuf (special font based on the use of plant motifs).
Below the walls - the cemetery, which can be seen unconventional for Dagestan Muslims of sarcophages - such burials are only in Derbent. It is assumed that sarcophages were established on the graves of distinguished during life - warriors, martyrs for faith ... The earliest sarcophages - the XI century, belong to two little brothers, who are dead before the age of adulthood.
Not far from the village of Kala Koreish is another unconventional structure for the region - a caravan-shed (a storage courtyard for caravans).
Currently, Kala Koreish is under the protection of the government of the republic, which plans to save from the death of an ancient complex of structures.
Digitized memory
Once strong and famous, and now deserted and dilapidated, it is a mansion in the list of architectural and historical monuments of Dagestan. Located on the top of the steep mountain, whose slopes are cut to two deep gorges, along the bottom of which Buugu ("Big River") and a nameless river.
With its own mausoleums and towers, mosques and sarcophagi, the heads and steles of Kala Koreish in the early Middle Ages and actually remained in it, staying in a special measurement, where the thick time flows slowly and leisurely.
And although it takes a road that connects the district center of Urcars and cerebral cubes, modernity, with her mad rhythm, does not reach her.
With the outer world of Kala Korean is connected only by a jumper with a length of 40 and 5 meters wide. The city was built as a fortress; A narrow path over a steep, almost with a picker "Magakat" leads to the only goal, which were locked at the slightest danger. And the high two-storey houses, a deaf side turned to the gorges, and the system of defensive and signal towers made it almost impregnable.
In the stories about Kala Korean, eras, rulers, excellent were mixed. According to legend, people in the local places settled even in time immemorial times, almost immediately after the World Flood, when the surrounding rocks were still washed by sea waves. And so far, allegedly, among the rocks, overwhelmed the city-fortress, there is one with a huge iron ring embedded in her body, - to mount the ropes to shore ships. And he lived here, as they tell, the courageous and freedom-loving people who obeyed only the Council of Elders, who was elected every year. Many times the neighbors tried to conquer him, but the gorge was deep, the walls are high, the gates are reliable, and the clocks did not sleep on the towers. And only the Arabam managed to conquer it. After the battle, in which almost all the defenders of the city, the survivors accepted the religion of conquerors. And from this time, as the legend says, the city began to be called Cala Koreish.
But these are all legends, but what can be spent with greater confidence - Kala Korean (or Urkimuz, as his kaitagtsy called) was the capital of Kaitagh feudal possession and residence of Kaitagi rulers-Usmeys. The earliest mention of Kaitage is found in the works of Arab historians of the IX-X centuries. Al-Jacubi, al-Belazuri, AT-Tabari, Al-Kufi and anonymous author "Hudud Al-Alam" ("Limits of the World") written by Persian. But the events described there belong to the VI-VII centuries, the time of Arab trips to Dagestan. More precisely, by that period, when the Arabs under the leadership of the oil was already strengthened in Derbent and from there they began to go deep into southern Dagestan, arguing his religion and their rulers there.
In those days, there was no single center in Dagestan, and Kaitag, who was named Hydak in the Arab chronicles, performed as an independent state leading his independent policy. In the chronicle "Tarich Dagestan" Muhammad Rafi tells in detail how Arabs conquered Kaitag, killing His ruler of Gazanfar, whose place was taken by Emir Chufan, one of the descendants of Hamza, uncle of the Prophet. He founded in Kaitag "A large number of crowded villages, and his residence chose the city of Kala Koreish," or the Kureyshitov fortress, called so in honor of the winners - Arabs from the Curcept's tribe, to which the prophet Muhammad himself belonged.
The associate history of Kaitag merged with the new, and Kala Koreish became one of the largest Islamic centers of Dagestan, from where Gaza (fighters for faith), Muslim lawyers and theologians moved on, mastering new spaces. However, according to some reports, Islam professed only the utshi and his family. In the notes of the Arab scientist-encyclopedist Ibn Rusta, belonging to the first half of the years, there is a curious mention of the ruler of the city of Handan (talking about Hydak). This "ruler," writes Ibn Rusta, "three religions adheres to, on Fridays it prays with Muslims, on Saturdays with Jews, and on Sundays - with Christians."
One of the most famous and influential Utshiev Kaitag was Rustam-Khan, who in the first half of the XVII century, a set of laws regulating the relationship between different estates and residents of villages. It said "the state without ruler, Dargo without a trial, the flock without a shepherd, the army without a reasonable head never be." He, like his grandson Ahmed-Khan, was buried in the Mausoleum of Usmeys in Kala Koreish.
The German scientist Adam Olady, and the famous Turkish traveler Evia Chelebi, who were visiting Dagestan in the XVII century, wrote about Kaitag's offices. And Johann Gustav Gerber, who took part in the Persian campaign of Peter I in 1772, left a detailed description of the "People of Karahaydaki", "the particular Hydatsky language", the Udzmy and his power, as well as the "village of Great, strong and strong ... Kara-Gurash."
But shortly before that, or rather in the middle of the XVIII century, "strong and strong Kara-Gurash", like most of Dagestan, was exhausted and bleeded by the battles with a crowded army under the leadership of the Iranian commander Nadyr-Shaha.
However, Nadyr-Shah soon was crushed, and in 1812, the last Uzmi Kaitag Adil-Khan, accompanied by honorary foreman of all Dargin societies, arrived in Derbent to swear Russia.
A detailed study of the lifestyle and architectural and historical monuments of Kala Korean began later, in the second half of the XIX century, after the end of the Caucasian War. Previously closed, and therefore, the poorly studied territories of Dagestan manili researchers were attracted by a motley diversity of culture, nature and languages. In 1861, the famous Russian scientist Academician Boris Andreevich Dorn visited several Dagestan Aulah, including Kala Koreish. Dorn wrote: "We stayed for the night in the Kaitag mountain fortress Kala Kureysh ... There were before the place of stay of Usmeys, on the open cemetery I saw the tomb of Ahmed-Khan, Mohammed-Khan-Ben-Ahmed-Sultan, Emir Hamza Utsmiy Ben Mohammed Ben Ahmed -Han, Udzmy and Dia, Udzmy Ben Khan-Mohammed. "
In addition to the Pantheon of Kaitag's Usmeys, the scientist in detail described the Kala Koreis Juma Mosque, one of the most ancient in Dagestan. Dorn was the first to noted the uniqueness of her Mihraba, or a prayer niche in the wall facing Mecca. Unlike the mosque itself, which is built from a local torn and river stone, Michrab is cut out of a plastic mixture of plaster and alabaster. This detail, uncharacteristic for the traditional cult architecture of Dagestan, indicates the penetration of Iran and Central Asia culture on its territory. Unfortunately, during one of the restorations, Mihrab was damaged.
The most terrible blow to Kala Korean was inflicted in 1944, when his residents were rapidly resettled in Chechnya, the deported Chechens deported. And they could return to Dagestan only after 10 years - after the death of Stalin. However, it was assieved on the plain, as if they thought they would not be able to live again in Kala Korean as the owners worthy of His Glory and former Majestices.
So empty this sometime powerful medieval city. Time and nature drained his mausoleums and towers; A richly carved door in the mosque was transferred to the Dagestan United Historical and Architectural Museum. Tahoe-go, and since 2006, Kala Koreish himself became the branch of this museum. Now one person lives here, he is the keeper of the walls and the spirit of Kala Korean. Magomed Ramazanov 79th year, he lives in a family house, which he himself repaired. He gets up early, five hours. Brewing tea, leisurely, breakfasts and, opening the door, steps for the threshold. 
Bypass starts from the central street. He goes, looking at the cozov houses of houses, - in many Magomed there was still a child, whispering names and nicknames - Ointment, Chanka, Bazhants, Vorkuna ... Returning home, he will carefully record everything that he remembered, and on the settlement of the settlement, he will celebrate who he lived.
You still need to go to the cemetery near the house, there are 39 gravestone tombstones with Arabic names - Magomed can not remember them, followed by Mausoleum, where four Udzmy and Imam are buried, Juma Mosque, which he tries to "restore" on his own. In winter, he lives here in perfect loneliness, and in the spring and summer there is no time to rest - tourists. From all the edges of the world - multiliamatic, Dimensional - they come to Kala Koreish, and then Magomed becomes a guide, telling about the Utshiev, and about raids of the neighboring tribes, and about the grave in which those who once saved in ancient times saved city. According to legend, during one of the raids of Kubachintsev, their advanced squad came across a girl with a dog who came out for the city gate. Serious reversal neither the girl nor her dog give the enemy, of course, could not, but they fought, as was able to. Creams and Lai were heard in the city, and in front of the Kubachints was not clouded by surprise, but ready for defense city. Well, after the defeat of the enemy, the girl and her dog buried there, where they were killed.
But, besides tourists, pilgrims come to Kala Korean. For many believers, this place remains sacral. Third, where come to worship shrines. And if tourists can afford to drive up to the village on cars, the pilgrims should climb the mountain themselves.
And here it starts oddities. They say it all depends on the purity of the heart and intentions. It happens that young and full forces people can turn the leg in a flat place or they will suffer shortness of breath, but a completely stray old old man who led her grandchildren's hands, steps up the slope easily like a young man. And also told, it happened that the sounds of battle, clang iron, shouts of dying, dying, and in the fog, that in the morning, shrouded Cala Koreish, vaguely see the shapes with swords in their mist, wondering the morning .
Magomed does not argue with this, as it does not argue with the legend of the sea, which reached the walls of Kala Korean, and ships standing on the pier.
"And how not to believe? I remember when we were moved, "Magomed says," the mosque door was removed, put on the arma and, without reaching the river, the bull died. Then a person from the neighboring village took all the jumpers, destroyed the walls, immersed the asshole, and also fell, and died, without reaching the river. Ishak came home. Most likely, the village did not export anything, it's as if conspired. "
It may well be, by the way. This is such a place, the protected area, where time thickened like jam, and modernity, stuck in the jumper connecting Kala Korean and the outside world, turns back.
Rebeling stones
Polina Filippova, Executive Director of the Charitable Foundation Ziyavudin Magomedova "Peri" - about the confusion on the Trafalgar Square and that in common between the tomb of the pharaoh of the first, frescoes of Dionysius and the tombstones of the ancient Dagestan village:
- As far as I know, an incredible chain of coincidence has started for this story.
- Not certainly in that way. I would exclude from here the word "coincidence", all that happened is not accidental. In fact, life often gives a hint to someone who is long and stubbornly looking for their way. Whatever enough, the legend is that the ancient settlement of Koreishites is located high in the mountains of Dagestan, we first heard from Western colleagues and ...
- ... right immediately went there with the intention to get off and digitized? By the way, what has already done with this digitization and is it necessary?
- Well, for example, using 3D digitization (and it allows you to make an exact copy of any cultural object) recreated the tomb of Tutankhamon. Please note that I focus on the word "accurate". Last year, the scandal broke out in London. At Trafalgar Square set a copy of the arch of Palmyra, blown up terrorists. But reproduced it for not too accurate photographs. And it turned out something "based on", with distorted proportions and ornaments. Perturbed specialists called it falsification.
And then the problem is more serious than the failed show. After all, the legacy of the East was looted at one time, many artifacts went into private collections, and there is no access to them. Or, for example, in one of the Egyptian pyramids in the valley of Pharaohs there is a tomb of the first network. For the past 40 years, it is closed, because the flow of tourists violates the temperature, light and the acidic medium, on which the preservation of this historical object depends. Consequently, anyone who is interested in the culture of the East, at best, you have to be content with a copy, for whose compliance is impossible to vouch.
- Polina, sorry, but we are so accustomed to be content with the simulators, which I do not see here a special misfortune.
- I am afraid that scientists, as well as students studying the cultures of the past centuries, will not agree with you. They just need authenticity. There is another circumstance. Often the person who came to the museum sees only an artifact fragment. In many world museums, there is a lonely some column, and we absolutely do not understand, part of what it is. And we can not only recreate monuments of material culture, but also to connect dismembered into the whole. And, seeing everything in full, admire the beauty and magnitude of the plan.
"Listen, and I suddenly got so pleased that next to the tombs of Pharaohs stood like equal to our Kala Korean.
"Well, when in December 2015, we went to Kala Koreish in December 2015, it was very slippery, hung the fog and complete confidence that I would have taken foreign colleagues and herself, I did not have. But, one way or another, we reached this abandoned village, and saw how unusual place is vulnerable. Yes, there are no vandals, but there is an impact of the medium - no less destructive. Unique squeezing plates with the names of the Usmeys, uncramed still writing on them, the artifacts of the Islamic and Dhaislam periods - they are destroyed. And in addition, people also, that of the best motives are trying to save something, having no special knowledge or an authentic sample before their eyes. The same mosque, which was restored, not very imagining how she looked, is already practically lost as a historically significant object.
But something still remains. For example, the wooden doors of this mosque are preserved and are now in one of Mahachkala museums. They are unique. Although Kala Koreish is considered to be the center, from where Islam extended to the villages of Nagorno Dagestan, but the settlement itself has more ancient, pre-Islamic history. There is a legend that these doors, in which, contrary to Islamic prohibitions, were cut out animals, they used to be either in Zoroastrian, or in the Christian temple, from where they were transferred to the mosque.
- Wait, so maybe there is some kind of new amazing story, and if you solve it ...
- While we can talk only about legend. Perhaps there is not a doxy, but a Persian tradition, in which the image of living beings is not rebiring. Honestly, we do not even set themselves the task of finding an accurate answer. We simply create a base, make these objects available for scientists and those who are interested in history.
By the way, these doors made such a strong impression on our Spanish partners that they were completely digitized, and now their copy is cut out of the tree. But, before it is raised to the mountains and put on a legitimate place, we want to make several exhibitions in different countries, which will tell about Dagestan, the history of Kala Korean and people inhabited by him.
So after the first expedition, we decided that this is exactly what we need. Announced the competition, selected two young Dagestan photographers.
"Yes, I remember Shamil Gaggidadaev and the Gena of Viktorov, they placed pictures from Madrid in social networks and somehow explained very vaguely that they were doing there.
- They studied. Two month. And as soon as they returned, they immediately went to the mountains, removed and digitized each pebble, each squeezing plate in Kala Korean. Now work is already completed, the minimization of materials is completed, the elimination of small flams remains. We are planning an exhibition based on what they were digitized; In St. Petersburg, European University will be a conference on Kala Korean. After all, not everyone, even having arrived in Dagestan, will get to him. But tell us, showing its world extremely important.
And from the history with Kala Korean, the project was thrown first to digitize all monuments of this village, and after we joined the Great Program "Cultural Heritage 2.0".
- That is, you did not stop on Kala Korean?
- The guys continue to work in Dagestan, but already over other objects. And when we began to talk at the federal level with specialists in the field of preservation of cultural heritage, we listed a huge number of objects that need digitization. President of the President of Culture Vladimir Ilyich Tolstoy appealed to us with a request to work in Ferapontov. There is a temple of the Nativity of the Mother of God with amazing frescoes Dionysia. There are also Novgorod waste and much, much more, which must be documented.
- Polina, but here only start, and it turns out that it needs to be preserved, and this is, and there, there are still amazing artifacts around the corner, and you are told for the sleeve, they require that these objects are in the first place.
- Yes, we can digitize several objects per year, no more. Therefore, we plan to organize the All-Russian Competition, select those objects that represent a special cultural value, but require immediate interference to save them. And so that we all saved and documented, digitized has become a general property, we are now creating a website that will be integrated into the international and Russian network of cultural heritage conservation programs.
"I'm only" for ", but often heard, they say, yes, it is extremely important work, but the world is fixed in the future, and we, and in the past, are hopelessly behind him.
- not to lag behind. For example, Amsterdam Royal Museum, having posted all his collection in open access, announced a competition for young artists. And this is a competition not to blind copying of masterpieces, but on their impairment in today's reality, the actualization of cultural heritage.
And we outlined for yourself exactly the same way.
Magic place
Eva Rosenthal, representative of Factum Arte - on how Lucinda will help preserve unique manuscripts, about home sour cream and rainbow over Kala Koreysh:
- The founder of the company Adam Low by profession the artist, and originally "facts art" was a kind of mediator between artists and modern technologies. Soon all the museums that today may have not heard of the like, will have to start digitizing their collections to preserve them for subsequent generations.
When copying, we use a variety of devices. We develop something yourself, and we take something already in the finished form. For example, Lucinda scanner is fully our invention for digitizing manuscripts. But sometimes in the process it turns out that its ability is insufficient for detailed digitization of some surfaces. And then we use a laser scanner, and photogrammetry.
The Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with whom "Peri" cooperates, as a result, received the technique developed by us especially for their needs. One of the requirements is the ease of transportation from the area to the area during long expeditions.
We have several goals. First of all, we want to maintain cultural heritage objects for subsequent generations, because nothing in this world is not forever. We even specially go to such regions - the regions of "high risk". And it's not just a matter of wars, civil workers, terrorists, but also that far from all countries have a financial opportunity to preserve such objects important for the whole world. When people simply try not to die with hunger, most often their cultural heritage is abandoned, and over time it may disappear. And this can not be allowed.
The "Peri" Foundation very much wanted that our cooperation began with Cala Korean. Of course, to go to Dagestan, what to hide, it was scary: news about some incidents with local radicals are not inspired. But then I quickly realized that everything, of course, is not so bad. For all the time that we were in Dagestan, never felt any threat. And when I got into Kala Koreish, then I was directly covered with the magic of this place. We spent the night in a house for pilgrims. The night we spent there, I remember all the time. It was so beautiful - to become involved in this antiquity, to this place of life, wander there, walk, collect flowers. I can't even compare this feeling with something of my other trips.
Yes, the village seemed to be cut off from the world, but there inside you feel no insulation, but it is peace. Yes, far from civilization, there is no amenities, but it is a colorful, warm benevolent place.
And fogs, incredible fogs that envelop the village literally in a couple of minutes. Morning can be incredibly sunny, clear, and then once - and shine as a wall, nothing can be seen.
In Kubachi for breakfast, we were fed with milk soup. And I snorn homely sour cream. Every morning the saw was sour cream with bread. Dagestan cuisine, of course, stunning. Wherever we eating, it was delicious everywhere. Kurza with nettle still remembered!
One day a group of women of old age came to the village. They committed
pilgrimage, has been moving away from the place to the place already, - where on cars where on foot. And in Kala Koreish they rose their feet, and this is very difficult. They appeared gradually: first one, then two more, then three more, then - after 20 minutes - another ten approached. Gathered, prayed. They seemed like me some incredible, in traditional long dresses, scarves. And suddenly one of them is so easy to learn from the pocket of a super sophisticated smartphone, a hundred times better than mine, and says: "Can I click you on my memory?"!
And what the rainbow we saw there! It was at the very beginning. She was so bright, so close, so solid - she hung over the valley, and clouds floated through it.
Keeper of antiquities
Magomed Ramazanov, Kala-Koreish Museum - about how devils the fire was paled, as the neighbors met, and the pressed time:
"For more than 10 years, I have a caretaker here, I live here since February to November-December, I only come to the city for a salary. And what did I forget there, in this city? I myself worked for 30 years, I retired. And at the very time a cousin who worked here before me, died in an accident. And since 2004, I'm already here instead of him. Slightly strange it, when your village, where you ran through the streets still the boy, where they lived, went to visit each other, laughed and your relatives and neighbors quarreled, suddenly becomes a museum. And when you - like a security guard. Although now is not very strange, used to.
I live in the parent house, repaired the room there, put the furniture some, bed for myself, the tile was still electrical, and I live. In the morning I get up at 5-6 hours. Sleep reluctance, age probably. There is a breakfast, tea and I go ... "Bypass" incorrectly sounds, I can say just walking.
When I go out of the house, I definitely stand a little on the threshold. We, like in Kubach, the clouds rightly go to the village, who is not local, thinks that fog, and this is a cloud. A week can lie. You look through them and you see: Straight - Mountains, a little left - Mausoleum, and on the right - the garden. I planted him myself. There is apricot, sweet cherry, white plum, quince, wild cherry, bitter such. When spring blooms, beautifully very, through the cloud everything glows, as if in childhood.
... told the mother how people had lived before, we had a hard to reach village, it was difficult to make it difficult to earn. Our family is not starved, the grandmother had their gardens, people hired, they sowed wheat, cleaned, she paid them. But so not everyone had. When were hungry years, men harvested charcoal in the forest and sold Kubachinsky and Harbuch masters, in Amuses. And women went to neighboring villages to sell something, change. The children went on the outskirts of the village, cried, waited by moms. Who returned the mother, fall to sleep satisfying. Who does not have, hungry will remain.
... I myself remember little, we were moved to Chechnya in the 44th, when I was 6 years old. The teacher of history in the village was, until he was alive, and we together made a plan of the streets, the names were recorded who lived. Nicknames also recorded. They told that one somehow from Kutan rode her horse home and saw a fire. Drove closer, and this devils were divorced, celebrated. He had a gun with him, he fired into the fire and devils fled. They fled and shouted "Vorkuna-Vorkuna!". So call him became Vorkun.
... Our village is very old, Urkmuti was called before, then Arabs came. The first in Dagestan Islam took the lacquers; From there, Arabs descended to the Kubachirs - they did not accept; Then they descended in our village, they look, the place is good, and settled. And the name is new Dali - Kala Koreish. I do not even know how many centuries our family, from Amirkhan Udzmy he goes. Here his grave. There are still many different antiquities, there is a grave where the girl, horse and a dog are buried together. The old men were told that during Friday Namaz, when all the men were in the mosque, the neighbors-Kubachinians attacked the village (they were still not accepted then). And the first they met the girl, she led the horse on the water and the dog was concerned. Kubachinians killed them. Women saw it and raised noise. The man's noise jumped out, 40 young Kubachinsev's guys killed. The bays of the body were taken, at night buried them in a fraternal grave. If anyone asked why the earth is digging, they answered, for grass, we do the field. They did not want to admit that they have been killed so many people.
... I start bypass from the site that next to the village. Then I'm going through the central street. If somewhere there is nettle, I'm writing, I always have a piece of braid on a stick. Then I climb back. I look, whether everything is going whether the wall did not catch. It is then necessary to walk behind the water, and this mountain, which needs to be descended to the river, like a horsepower: Thin path and on both sides of the cliffs. If there is nothing to do, I go to bed after lunch. Then I get up, dinner will prepare, there is nothing to do something. Recently, I read on the history of the book, I used to be particularly interested, and there was no time.
But it happens if there are no people. And here it also come to the zirayarate, even from Chechnya come, and tourists come often. When they come, they need to show everything, mausoleum to show, cemetery, mosque. She is strange, this mosque, the outside is small, and you will go - inside spacious, a lot of space. One scientist here was, said that the village is such - it seems small, and inside, as if the layer on the layer. "Compressed story" - that's how he said.
But they are all leaving, and I again stay alone, I go, I look, is there a harvest of nut trees. Sometimes I catch myself on what I think out out loud, as if I spend myself with him. Or maybe not with you, maybe with the village himself and say. And it hears
Svetlana Anokhina
Yana Martirosova
Subject: Cala – Koreish - A unique monument of history and culture.
Plan:
1. Introduction.
2. Home:
2.1. History Kala - Koreish.
2.2. Rol Cala - Korean in the history of Dagestan.
3. Transcue.
4. Literary list.
5. Applications.
Introduction
Kala Koreish is the medieval capital of large feudal possession, the Kaitag of the Highness.The settlement was founded 5 km from the famous village in the 7th century by the tribe from the Koreshite tribe (tribe). This place was the first outpost of the spread of Islam in the North Caucasus. The Koreshites founded their settlement on top of the hard-to-reach mountain, standing at the merger of five rivers, important to Dargo. Taking such a strategic point they could control trade in the region and at the same time spreading their religion
From the generation to generation, legends are transmitted that the first inhabitants were the Arabs from the Kureshit tribe, which was reflected in the name of the residence. Cala - Fortress. Kuraysh - the Meccan Arab tribe, from which the prophet Mohammed (according to another version, "Kuresh" means "black", that is, the "black fortress").
In the Middle Ages, Kala Koreish was an important city, from the main attractions of which the mosque is allocated (Osn. IX century), the mausoleum of Sheikhs and Caravan Sarai. With the development of flat in the XVIII-XIX century. The significance of Kala Korean began to fall, and at the Soviet government in the 1930s. From it evicted the last inhabitants.
Now Kala Koreish is a labyrinth from the ancient buildings with terraces descending from the top of the mountain, and there is also a restored museum and . (1)
Kala Koreish is notable for the fact that many wonderful monuments of history and culture are concentrated here (Mosque of the XII - XIII centuries with Piece Michrab, half-cylindrical or "sarcophago-like" tagging, mausoleum of Kaitagsky Usmeys, monuments of Arab epigraphy, etc.). Together with Kubachi and other neighboring lands, Kala Koreish is a unique historical and cultural zone.
1.Vikipedia ..
Main part.
In the mountain Dahadaevsky district of Dagestan A few kilometers from the famous Aul Zlatokuznets, Kubachi, there is a unique historical monument to Kala Koreish - the oldest settlement of Dagestan, stretching on Polkilometer. For several centuries, he was the capital of a large feudal possession of the Kaitag of Highness, the administrative and political and cultural center, the focus of the spread of Islam in the North Caucasus. (1)
Kala Kureysh was founded by the Arabs who came to the mountain region at the end of the 8th century of our era, from the Kureshit Tribe, from where the prophet Muhammad (s. A.S.) from here and the name of Cala Curiesh, that is, the fortress of Kureshit. Then he was truly a city and a well-fortified fortress. But what is the story of her occurrence, back to the origins.
In 40 g. The associates under the leadership of Salman Ibn Rabbi in the number of four thousand brave warriors approached Derbent. Caliph at the time was Moaviyat. When they approached Derbent, his ruler Hakan, seeing the power of Muslims, passed the fortress without a fight. It was already the second hike of associates. For the first time they arrived in Dagestan in 22 g. Ie in 644g. According to the Christian calendar, during the reign of the second Caliph Umar Ibn Hataba. Arabs noticed that there is no single state here as not and the Unified Center. They decided to strengthen in Derbent and spread Islam around Dagestan.
But local states did not want to give power into the hands of alien and could not accept their rule, as a result, the case was the rebellion and a number of small battles. And in one of the periods there was a battle of Muslims with the combined troops of Khazar, Turks and Dagestani, the battle in which the brave warrior Salman Ibn Rabi from the forty brave warriors fell by the death of Shahids.
Only at the very end of the 7th and early 8th centuries, a new wave of Arab invasions in the Caucasus begins. In this period, the Transcaucasian ruler of the Khalifa Maslyam is performed here. Capturing Derbent Maslyama establishes here Sharia PRICE, bringing order and assigning the ruler in Derbent, he returns back to Sham. But over time, the disbelief begins to increase. And in 200 g. or in 9V. according to christian summer
2.Asmedkhanov K. E. Traveling to Dagestan: Practical Guide. - M.: 1988
tabiines again had to take up the weapons, this time, the son of Abdurrahman's son got up at the head of the troops. Capturing Derbent he strengthens it. Abumesslim subordinates almost all Dagestan, spreading here Islam Sunitsky and assigning rulers to various parts of Dagestan. After Abumesslim, there is a huge army and personally, at the head of him, goes towards Hydaka (then Kaitagsky Principality) and Zerichgeran (modern cubic). Arriving in Hydak he overthrows the Prince Gazanpara standing in power.
Later, the first governor of the kaitagsky captivity becomes Emir Chugupa, the descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (s. A.S.), and Cala Kureysh becomes the first capital, the residence of Usmeys.(2)
Kalakoresh played a significant role in the history of the peoples of Dagestan as a major administrative and political, cultural and ideological center of the early service era
The role of Kala-Kureysh in the history of Dagestan testifies to the large number of first-class monuments of material and spiritual culture. For several decades, these buildings were almost completely destroyed here. More than half was destroyed by the Mosque of the 11th century, when it was decorated with a piece finish, which raises the perfection of decorative motifs. Here recorded first-class samples of monuments of stone art. Among them, Mihrab stood out of 11-12 centuries, graded steles of the tomb of the tomb, the generic cemetery of Kaitagsky Usmeys, sarcophago-like gravestones. The mosque standing in the center of the settlement is one of the oldest in Dagestan.
Cala-Kuresskaya Juma Mosque is truly one of the most valuable historical monuments in the North Caucasus. Currently, it is renovated, the masters tried to restore it in an original form .. The placing the mosque is an irregular form of a rectangle, the length of the walls of the largest of them is South was-12m, and the smallest Eastern-9.4 m. Entering the room, we seem to be immersed in the history of the Middle Ages. The first thing that the four round stone pillars of the ceiling of the building rushes into our eyes, we see the laborious and workshop work, they are carted carefully and exactly what the professionalism of workers is visible. The reference pillars are delivered to the low stone area of \u200b\u200bthe square shape. The height of each column is about 4 meters, in its form no post repeats the form of another.
The true decoration of the mosque was a piece of Michrab. He was in the southern wall
3. Dagestan and Muslim East. Collection of articles in honor of Professor Amri Rzaevich Shhisidov
the mosques and consisted of two niches carrying cufic inscriptions and columns, which also had inscriptions, the decorative possibilities of the "blooming campi" here were fully used. With the whole Mihrab, a 3.2 meter highlight resembles a mosque portal. Pano Pano Cathedral Mosque enters the list of monuments of cultural heritage of federal significance. Unfortunately, when restoration, the carving from the thing with the patterns was removed, there were only a few of its samples. The carving in the piece was widespread in Central Asia and Iran (pieces was natural material - a mixture of alabastra with plaster), the walls of the palaces of the Assyrian kings were also decorated with bas-reliefs from alabastral plates. The lack of a mental mineral on the territory of this region and the carving characteristic of the eastern countries testifies to the close contacts of the Masters of Iran and Dagestan.
At the very entrance to the mosque opposite Mihraba, the tombstone of one of the particularly distinguished Uduzmiev was well preserved, for which he was honored to be buried here. Recently, a scientist from Morocco visited Kala-Kuresh, examining the slab and written on the inscription he said that this stove was not local and that she was brought here.
This stone plate of the owner of Kala Kureysh Akhsisibar Son Hizdan 13-14 V.V. Mortacean Arabic Text-Polunochi Person: "The fact is belonging to the Most High, the Unified, all-facing. The owner (sahab) of this grave, in knowledge, he resembles the acts of the prophets, his piety is like a piety of Abu-Bakra, the valor of him is similar to the validity of Ali, his justice is like the justice of the righteous caliphs, and he owner (Sahab) Cala Kureysh Ahsibar Son Hizdana yes highlights Allah His grave will forgive Allah his sins. " Ahsisibara is considered to be the predecessor and possibly the ancestor of Usmeys.
In the center of the mosque there is a low length of 1 meter platform, and the round rack inside it is possible for a jug, apparently it was a place for ablution. Also near the entrance to the floor, a large clay jug for storing a liquid substance is likely to fuel.
A two-chamber extension is adjacent to the western side of the mosque. Judging by the inscription in the extension wall, she had a destination of the room for students, that is, the madrasa. The length of the northern wall is 4.9 meters, and west of about 6 meters. Madrasa was built much later after the construction of the mosque in 1333. It was also half destroyed and restored with a mosque. The entrance to it is pleased with the same not large somewhere 1.3 meters in height with thick walls. Because of the small passage, probably in the doorway there was no need. Madrasa itself is located on the second floor, the first is located room for performing ablution.
Previously, there were carved doors decorated with gerhelical lions performed in 11-12 centuries on the site of the modern doors of Cala Kureysha Juma Mosque. Now these doors are stored in the National Drawn Museum of the city of Makhachkala. They are a unique pattern of the artistic medieval wood thread. Doors were made of solid oak tree boards. The front side of the first pair of flaps on the edges is covered with a wide stripe of a populated ribbon pattern, relief raised above the background. The central part is placed gerhelical composition from Lviv's figures. Especially highlighted by the ornamented frame of the lower panel of the right sash, in the center of which the eagle is cut. The motifs of the ornament and geldic symbols have analogues with a wide range of monuments of the medieval art of the peoples of the Middle East and anterior Asia.
Next to the mosque is the mausoleum of the last Utshimi Kaitaga. Tomb, which has been preserved to this day in perfect condition. Mausoleum towers in the middle of the cemetery. From the beginning, the dome of the Mausoleum was erected, and later they made an extension in the form of a small room from local stones. Inside the building it turned out and a tree of hazel, he was left and did not cut down. Now he stands like a faithful guard, towering over the dome and protecting the peace of his owners.
Pursuing the first small room we go to the tomb of Uduzhev. The Mausoleum are the graves of the four last Usmeys Kaitag. With the left right, Muhammad Khan, Ali-Amir, Ahmed-Khan, on the fourth above the burial ground over time, is unfortunately, it is impossible to read. Before, their graves were in the open sky. Mausoleum was built in the 20th century. Erequently, this structure is one of the villagers, of course, understanding what benefit it will receive from this in this and other life. A small format of a stone slab (23-23cm) was built into the wall of the dome of the Mausoleum, with a mortise Arabic inscription, testifying to the mausoleum building, she says "Buzzing this house Isa Son Hassan-Al Kurigi for Paradise.
Among the first-class monuments of stone threads on the stone, epchogging steles and sarcophago-like grabbies occupy a special place. From the east side to the mosque, the family cemetery of Kaitagi rulers with an area of \u200b\u200b60 per 25 meters is adjacent, fenced by a wall with a height of almost 1.5 meters. According to the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe cemetery, the subtlest work is towering the submade stellands 13-19 V.V. Stone carving This is one of the ancient species of folk arts, it was widespread in the North Caucasus. The earliest Stellovoid tombstones are dating 13-14 centuries, and sarcophago-like 11-12 centuries (besides Kala-Kuresh, they are also in Derbent.) Gorish cemeteries have become a kind of reserves of the history of the stone and zpigigraphic art of different generations of people's masters. The reliefs of the majority of the epchogging monuments made in the so-called untsky style (the stupid stone carving resembles the patterns of Kubachin jewelry) and decorated with sacred Islamic texts written by flowering camp (later a variety of Arab letter). This place is most revered by pilgrims who come here on the zirayarate.
Below the fortress - a cemetery, where they buried and ordinary and noble inhabitants, it is on the southeast side from the village on one of the hills. Here are atypical for Muslims of the tombstone - stocking sarcophages, decorated with ornaments and inscriptions. Students of historians in 1996 were made of this interesting find. They were listed and only the most extreme visible side of the hill, later they were excavated .. they appear in the 9-10 centuries. The earliest sarcophagi sarcophages detected in Cala Cala-Kureysh borneling belong to the 11th century. These are registered tombstones of two young brothers. There are later, 13-14Veks. Such sarcophago-like tombstones on the territory of Dagestan also in the ancient Derbent, this is a sacred Cemetery of Krychal or as it is also called a cemetery of 40 shakhids. Many famous and great people were buried here. Here are those who gave their lives in the first century spread Islam. Cemetery Krayl and Kala Kureysh cemetery are places where pilgrims are constantly walking, where Muslims are trying to get a barrack and blessing.
Stones for the tombstones were out of the sewer, one of the rocks, on the hill of one of the nearby mountains. Maidan where work was carried out with an area of \u200b\u200b50 by 50 meters, he was 5-6 kilometers from Cala Kureysh. Satisfied with the same far. When the work was completed, the tombstones were put on the cart and with the help of bulls dragged to the destination on a special trail. It was a rather complicated and time-consuming work, since all this was done manually. Probably, sarcophagi marked the graves of the dead, especially distinguished by the martyrs for faith.
Cala-Kureysh sarcophagus is of great interest. It is located on the northwestern side of the fortress. The tombstone - Cala-Kureysh sarcophague is carved from the massive blocker and is covered with artistic carvings with visual plots from three sides. On one side of the face, the figures of the lion and the lioness are carved, between which the Gerheldic Eagle is located. Lions are shown in profile, but turned to the viewer, as if protecting the deceased and emphasizing his power. Eagle releasing claws, looks at us with one eye, forming a composite center. At the end side, a relief multifunctional composition was carved - "Tree of Life", around which lions and birds are placed. Analogies of sarcophagus is not anywhere. This unique monument date back to 8-10 centuries, it is believed that the cofic inscription was applied on it later. Whatever it was, this carved sarcophague has a lot of riddles.
The territory of the fortress was protected from the possible invasion of the enemy not only the sheer mountains, but also a carefully thought-out layout, as well as a defense system especially from the side of the road stretched from the west to the fortress. At the top of the residues of residential quarters of the fortress all over the entire length of the winding central street from which narrow side streets branches. Such passes are dismembered by the territory of the fortress for small quarters, including complexes of residential and economic premises, usually consisting of 2-6 cameras. Here is the text on the camera.
The defense fortress served and joined each other housing towering over expensive. In the outer walls of the upper floors, the dwellings are preserved and individual foolits, obviously keep under the firing road to the fortress, stretching for more than 300 meters. It was almost impossible to penetrate into the fortress.
Around the fortress on the main vertices, once they stood the guarding tower, in the direction of the sides, on the dominant eastern ridge, from which the entire seaside Dagestan was overlooked. According to the system of guard towers, the danger signals were transmitted faster than in the telegraph and blocked any danger. The period of the 18th century is recorded in bloody letters in the history of not only Dakhadaevsky district, but also from Dagestan. It was during this period in 1741 here from 24-thousand. The Iranian commander of Nadyr-Shah arrives in the army arrived by the army of the world.
Moved in the territory of the Kaitag of Highness, they ruin individual villages. Some have decent resistance, and some have passed to prevent bloodshed. In the villages of Kalkni and the Dibgies, legends were recorded about their desperate resistance: both aula were taken by the attachment remaining there old people and children of Persians gathered on the currents and flooded the Connection. Until now, the place of terrible massaches of "Hlushurachi" - translated "Blood Lake", preserved in the memory of people.
After a turn of failures in October 1742, Nadyr-Shah moves its main forces on Cala Curiesh. A few weeks of the siege of the fortress did not give a result as soon as Nadyr climbed the top of the fortress with her army, the brave Kalakurea was hit the attack and turned the army of Mongolo Tatars to flight. Iranians were surprised by the resistance of the residents of Cala Kureysh, their courage and courage. But the reserves of food and drinking were on the outcome and hunger made the elders of the village bellowed to negotiate with Nadyr-Shaha, with the condition that Shah will leave their homes and fields and forget about feeding. In return, he demanded to issue 200 amanates. After a long senior disputes, they found 80 prisoners, the vagrants died into row clothing and gave the Iranians, thus avoiding bloodshed. It strikes the mass heroism of the peoples of Dagestan in the fight against enemies not only men, but also women who fought with invaders along with their husbands, brothers and fathers.
The ancient legend associated with the history of Kala Korean, who saved his native settlement from the enemies, still walks among Dargintsev, mainly inhabiting the area. At the entrance to the fortress there is a small, laid out of the Kurgan and a tree, for which, by tradition, every pilgrim, who came here, binds a handkerchief or fabric ribbon. It is believed that in this place there is a grave, in which the girl is buried, and with her a horse and a dog. According to the legend, one day the enemy geaseler passed into the village. The enemies decided to get into the village at that time when all local men prayed to the mosque. But on their misfortune at this time, a girl on a horse went down to a sovereign for water and with a dog. The dog raised loud bark. The girl was able to restrain enemies on a narrow road until Namaz ended. She died a martyr's death, but saved the tribesmen ... There is a version that the legend about a girl with a horse is a szvuk legend about the Caucasian Amazons. In the ancient Dargin songs there is a mention of the horse, which was put in the graves of women.
This terrible war contributed to the cohesion of all Dagestan peoples.
Conclusion.
Currently, almost all the conditions for the pilgrims arriving at the Pilgrimnikov arriving in Cala-Kureysha. Near the mountain slope at the river many springs, where the water is cold and healing. One of them is located at the western foot of the fortress on the coast of the river. He is still calling by Utshia. On the east side, the shore has a different spring, which resembles a small pool with which water flows into another elongated stone container. Next to it is the chapel with an arched entrance. People come to the ziyarate can stay here, relax, make a prayer or just drink fresh mountain water. At the foot of the mountain east of Cala Kureysh, the old caravansery of 14-15 centuries, structures not traditional for Dagestan preserved. Here and today is still a durable.
Today Kala -Kurish is included in one of the tourist routes and the ziharata of Dagestan, and the republic's authorities are trying to restore the complex of structures of the ancient
4. History of Dagestan from ancient times to the present day. In two volumes. Ed. A. I. Omanov.
capitals of the Kaitag of Highness.
For all life, medieval mosques darkened by the time of time are persisted in memory, which rushed into departure minarets and dilapidated buildings and monuments. Large taste marked, large architecture monuments that keep in themselves the special traditions of the Muslim religion.
