Judith and Tolfern. Fragment of painting Caravaggio. XVI in.
In the title of this type of execution, its essence is concluded. It does not lead to a branch of the head from the body than different from beheading, but acts on the same principle: death occurs as a result of suffocation, bleeding and brain anemia caused by the dissection of sleepy arteries and tracheas.
The cut of the throat with a sword, widely practiced by the Romans, is often called "Roman justice." However, this type of execution was never basic and did not even appear in the Rome Criminal Code. Most often, this method was used for ambulance extrajudicial reprisals, for one exception: officially resorted to it only on the arons during the gladiator fights.
Death of infigration. Picture of Giovanni Batista Crowato. XVIII century Private count D.R.
When one of the participants in the battle received a serious wound and fell into the arena, he raised his hand and showed the audience the Unnamed finger of his left hand, thereby recognizing his defeat, but calling for mercy. The winner turned to the emperor, and he having heard the opinion of the audience, or was prevented by defeated, or ordered his throat to cut him. Lowned down the thumb meant death. Raised hand meant pardon. If the deadly verdict, the emperor or arbitrator shouted: "Jugula!" (Pull the throat!)
The defeated waiting for her fate, sitting squatting and looking into the ground. He lowered the weapon on the sand and had no right to touch him under any pretext. The legend of death took place on a special ceremonial, in which the winner and defeated, forming a kind of funeral tandem. The public has faded, the winner threw his shield and with a sword in his hand went to the enemy. The defeated launched the winner behind the leg to keep the balance, and he put his hand on his helmet and holding his head, the sword was blocked, just below the chin.
Recall that when the battles of gladiators only entered the fashion, the death sentence was not discussed, but dictated purely technical considerations. The chances of the defeated for survival depended solely from its courage and the ability to appeal in battle.
Christians also cut the throat. Among the martyrs, executed by this method, call the Cyracuz Luchi towards the church, Roman Ageak, Victoria from Tivoli. The last two throat was only "cut", that is, very neatly opened.
Mass executions
Roman legionnaires sentenced to the "sword in the throat". Under the emperor, Maximian was exactly the same thanks to six hundred people of the famous "Fivanda Legion". In this six-year-old Legion, they were mainly Christians who refused to sacrifice the Roman gods before the decisive fight. The emperor ordered to take each tenth and betray death, which was fulfilled. No legionnaire has no resistance.
"Innocent" - infants under the age of two and a half years, who cut the throat with swords in Bethlehem and other cities on the orders of the Jewish king, Herod of the Great. Having learned that the son of Herod was among the domestic children - he was stabbed in Syria, - August said the famous phrase, reported to us by Macrob: "It's better to be a pig of Herod than his son."
Another famous Massacre Christians was arranged in Lyon by order of Septim Surovoy: Eighteen thousand people died. After falling the Roman Empire, the practice of cutting the throat was adopted by the peoples settled in Gaul.
Later, the swords have become longer and harder, then it is easier and thinner, and in the end, the burning of the throat came out of use. Its began to apply extremely rarely, instead of a moster to a knife or flat dagger, as, for example, in Italy in 1620, when Catholics cut out over five hundred Protestants.
The cut of the throat was practiced by the primitive peoples of Africa and Asia, as well as Indians of Central America and Mexico during the sacrifice ceremonies. In Europe, the burning of the throat in itself has never been the ultimate goal, it only drove the punishment. In the preamble of Edict Francis I from 1525, it was said that the blasphemy should be cut into the sovereign, "open it with hot iron, pull out and cut off the language", and even then hang. In England, with Henrich VIII, the law stateed that the incision should be done high so that the executioner could pull the tongue through the wound.
Die freely
The Romans cut the throat by defeated enemies who did not want to give up. The popiion deposited numidians threw women and children into the fire, separated donag and surrendered to the Romans, knowing that they were waiting for them. They cut the throat. To avoid this end, nine hundreds of Jews of the Citadel Massada decided to cut her throat themselves to leave the lifestyle, threw the lot and chose someone who had to kill the others.
In the 20th century, red Khmers revived the practice of cutting the throat. Between 1975 and 1978, their executioners revealed the throat of thousands of victims. Here is one of the countless testimonies given by the refugee, accustomed in France: "Khmer with a meat knife pulled the head of my uncle scrap for his hair back. At first I made a light cup on my throat, and then hit my best. Blood ringed a stream. "
The same red Khmers returned a method in a slow sawn throat with a sharp palm leaf to the life of the throat: so cut the carotid artery.
Roman justice. Picture of Georges-Antoine Rochgross. Private count D.R.
Woman with cut throat. Engraving from Goya painting. Private count D.R.
As is known, according to Islam, the animal should be cut into the throat. And it is impossible to immediately cut the whole and separate your head. In addition, in Islam, it is forbidden to eat animal meat, not slaughtered in a similar way. Abdullah Son Umar (may Allah be pleased), who learned to cut the animal from the Prophet (Salalylah Alyai Vallalyam), describes how to do it: "Animal throat is cut to the spine, through the trachea, esophagus and carotid artery." It is forbidden to also cut the animal from the side of the nape and separating the head. What is the wisdom of this method?
Scientifically to justify this Hadith We asked the head of the Department of Physiology of Animals of the Dagestan Agricultural Academy, Professor Hamidova Yu.H.
"The main task when killing an animal in nutritional purposes is to roll out an animal from the body as much as possible blood as possible, since blood is a medium where bacteria and microorganisms are growing. Literally after 10 minutes in the blood of a deceased animal bacteria, which distinguish microbial poisons, begin to grow violently. But pumping blood is completely impossible. A small amount remains, which is neutralized by the lactic acid emitted in the body. If there is a lot of blood, the lactic acid does not cope with the microbial poison and the organism is poisoning. As well as the whole blood remaining in the body of the animal, is inspired through the liver. It is well known that blood, which has not passed through the liver, is full of slags and microbes, as it is a kind of sewer system of the body.
Therefore, the Muslim cut of the throat is the most effective, safe for humans and humane for the animal, since blood release through the throat quickly deprives the animal of consciousness and, therefore, it will not suffer.
And one more point: As is known, all internal organs, including the heart, are innervated by two nerves of the opposite action. "Assalerant's nerves" passing through the back of the neck, and the "nervous Vagus" passing through the front of the throat. The first has an accelerating effect, and the second is slow. "Nervus Vagus" takes place near the esophagus and cut together with the esophagus, and the action of the accelerating nerve on the heart will increase, literally in five minutes a completely bleeding animal. Both nervous systems in the usual state balance each other and the cut "Vagus" leaves the accelerating nerve without a counterweight, which makes the heart befastfully pumped out blood remnants from the body.
Therefore, it is not difficult to guess that other methods are not only harmful to health, but also antiguman. Take, for example, what is done with animals on meat processing plants, where first the animal is paralyzed by electrical, and although after that an animal and the throat is cut, but the effect is no longer one, since the damage to the nervous system of vessels and hearts blood will be stamped in the devoid of vessel innervations , with all the ensuing consequences. Based on this, you can imagine what will happen if the head of the slaughtered animal is immediately separated.
And then there is a rhetorical question: where could the Prophet (Salalylah Alyayha Vasallam) could know about this, who did not have the opportunity to check everything laboratory? Of course, he told about it the all-living Allah.
Praise the Almighty, who gave us such a safe way of consumption of animal meat! Amine.
About the "tradition" of some nations to cut the throat of prisoners.
First of all, I want to immediately say that this post does not pursue any attempts to blame any people and does not carry any appeals, to an interethnic retail. Everything that is placed here is aimed at examining history.
Many have already seen in the cinema and in the frames of documentary chronicles this one of the most terrible and disgusting (in my opinion) "military rituals".
I was always interested in what moves these people?
Why do you need to kill the prisoner in this way?
What's the point of this?
We will have to begin from far away, and from very far distant, namely from the Old Testament, but otherwise it is impossible to understand where, when and how it all began to find the original source,.
The Book of the Old Testament lies at the heart of 3 major world religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam, I put them in this way, consistent with the time of their appearance in the history of mankind.
The Old Testament tells us about the history of the Jewish people, who was elected the Lord for the Great Serve, namely, the sermons of a single God, and not a pagan multi-life.
For this, the Lord sent this chosen to the people of great prophets, help in troubles and various tests on his historic path, but the main thing is to prophecy about the birth of the Son of God's Son - the Great Messiah of the Savior of all mankind.
By the time when it was time to turn this prophecy, something with the chosen people did not have the way and he crucified the Savior, while their religious leaders convinced the people that it was not a Messiah, but the lzhemesis-impostor and began to expect him appearance.
Waiting still.
However, among the selected people, those who did not want to agree with the statements of religious leaders were.
They convinced that it was not lzhemesis, namely the Savior, that the Great Prophecy turned.
For this, they were ready to part with life, despite even the most terrible execution.
Pupils of Christ created a new teaching (New Testament), which we now know as Christianity.
After some time, another new teaching arose - Islam, it is based on all the same Old Testament.
But what does all this matter to the name of the post? - you ask.
The most direct, I will answer, - for it is in the Old Testament that begins.
In Christianity:
"According to the biblical story (Gen..22: 1-19), God wished to experience the strength of the faith of Abraham and commanded him to bring his beloved son Isaac" in the burnt offering "in the land of Mainy", "on one of the mountains." Abraham, not hesitating, obeyed. On the third day of the way, Abraham and Isaac went to the place specified by God. Having come to the place, Abraham "arranged a satellite," Isaaca tied (hence the traditional Jewish name of history), "put it on the altar over firewood" and already signed a knife over him (since the sacrifice, brought to God to the burnt, followed first to stack, and then burn ) when an angel appealed to him from the sky:
Abraham! Abraham!<...> Do not raise your hands on your father and do not take anything over it, for now I know that you are afraid of God and did not regret your son, the only thing for me, for me.
Instead of Isaac, a ram was brought sacrificed. "
In Judaism:
The Jewish tradition considers Isaac's sacrifice as a symbol of readiness to the most difficult victims in the name of devotion to God. The "land of Moria", referred to in this story, is identified in Judaism with Mount Moria, which built the temple Tsar Solomon. Therefore, it is believed that the temple was erected at the very place where Abraham built an altar for comprehension.
In Islam:
Angel Dzhabrail (Gabriel) came to the Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) in a dream and handed him the command from Allah to sacrifice his firstborn Ismail (Izmail, Isaac). Ibrahim went to the Mina Valley to the place where the Mecca now stands and started cooking, but it turned out to be a test from Allah, and when the victim was almost brought, Allah replaced the sacrifice to the sacrifice of the lamb (Lamb). The holiday symbolizes mercy, the Majesty of God and what faith is the best sacrifice.
The history of sacrifices of his son Ibrahim in the Quran is set out so (37, 100-106):
"When the son reached to divide the diligence with him, [Ibrahim] said:" Oh my son! Truly, I saw in a dream that I will sacrifice you with a mortgage. What do you think [about it]? " Son replied: "Oh my father! Go as well as you can. If so much can Allah, you will find me patient. " When they both submitted [the will of Allah] and [Father], he was following his [face down] ... truly, this is an explicit test. And we replaced him [Son] for a great sacrifice. "
And in Judaism and Christianity it is not accepted somehow especially to celebrate this event, but in Islamic tradition, on the contrary, this is one of the main religious holidays, which is called Kurban by Bayram or a feast of sacrifice, where the main victim of Ibrahim, as follows from the Quran, is not a son And no lamb, but faith!
The lamb is sacrificed with the pronunciation of special prayer.
Here we will also make a small study.
In the Jewish tradition there is such a concept as "kosher" food.
This means that food is allowed to use by law and cooked by a faithful Jewish for Orthodox Jews on a special ritual with reading special prayers.
In Islam, there is a similar tradition, only food subjected to such a ritual is called "Halal".
Thus, it can be assumed that, cutting the throat of the prisoner and, pronouncing the prayer "Allah Akbar", "Warrior" as it will make sacrifice to God, observing all the religious requirements and traditions.
At the same time, he associates a prisoner with a sacrificial lamb (ram), that is, does not consider him for a person, but only for the animal.
Personally, I see this ritual very dubious from the point of view of religious service to God.
The Lord bequeathed not to sacrifice people, for it was the pagans that practiced such sacrifices.
Of course, you can call the prisoner with "Baran", you can even scream about it, but it is akin to how meat is in the most strict post and sentence - "great potatoes, very tasty, thank the Savior."
It is clear to any believer that it is uniform of hypocrisy and no way for the righteous ministry, sorry, does not pull.
Here it would be possible to put the point, I myself do not like too long covers, but not this time, since our history has a continuation.
When you read a lot of different books of various authors, and even lived in different epochs about the same event, then the mind begins to skip all the "whither" by the eye.
The look slips over the line and looks tracks something most important or important.
That's how I read some book about another Russian-Turkish war, I do not remember what the author already, my eyes running on line such as ...
"Shone a slender row of bayonets ..."
"The volley made the rows of the Turks shake ..."
"Grenadiers with a mighty breeze rushed to the bayonets ..."
And suddenly the look stopped on one phrase and refused to move on.
The brain spontaneously grabbed the phrase, which I did not meet anywhere after that:
"... Turks did not stand the bayonet contractions and ran, since death from the bayonet was considered shameful."
... considered a shameful ...
Shameful?
... death from the bayonet considered shameful ???
Why suddenly?
Why, in the people, where there was a special cult of cold weapons, where every child knew how to handle "young nails" with him, and every man did not leave the house without Sabli, Yatgan, dagger, etc. Ave. Pr. And suddenly "... Death from The bayonet considered a shameful "?
Whatever enough, but the answer was found in the same Old Testament.
For a more complete understanding, we divide the response to two input parts.
Part One: "Pig - dirty animal."
Jews, like Muslims do not eat pork.
This ban is directly indicated in the Old Testament, where animals are listed that are allowed in food and those that are prohibited.
In addition, in the New Testament, there is a description of how Christ drove demons into the flock of pigs.
And when he arrived at the other bank to the country of Gergeneskaya, he was met by two undersigned, released from coffins, very ferocious, so no one was bold to pass through.
And so, they shouted: what do you do before us, Jesus, the Son of God? You came here former to torment us.
Almost the big flock of pigs passed away from them.
And the demons asked him: if you encourage us, then we went to the flock of pigs.
And he told them: go. And they, coming out, went to the flock of pork. And so, the whole flock of pigs rushed from the steepness into the sea and died in the water.
And the Jews, and Muslims consider pigs dirty animals to which it is impossible to touch.
Accordingly, they have the attitude and to everything that is associated with this animal.
Part Two: "Science to win."
Our great compatriot and talented military leader Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov created the famous "Science to win."
With the level of development of small armament of that time, Suvorov focused on the bayonet attack.
The descendants of Suvorov, failing to understand the depth of his teachings, brought everything to one phrase, which became already mocking - the bullet of the fool, the bayonet, well done.
However, this is only part of the phrase, it sounds entirely like this:
"Take care of bullet for three days, and sometimes on a whole campaign, when there is nowhere to take. Shoot rarely, yes Male, Kolya Kolya tight.
The bullet will wave, and the bayonet will not raise.
Bullet - fool, bayonet - well done!
If once! Throwing bassurman from the pin: dead on the bayonet, scratches saber neck. Saber on the neck - reckoning step, hit again!
If the other, if the third! Bogatyr clutch half a dozen, and I saw and more.
Take care of bullet in the dule! Three scatter - the first foot, the second shot, the third bayonu Karachun
In the attack do not delay! For flips shoot strongly in the target. On a man bullets twenty, buy lead from savings, stands a little. We shoot it all. We have a thirtieth bullet, and in the field and regimental artillery, is it less than the tenth charge ... "
In those days, the whole war consisted of a uniform movement of divisions with lines.
In each line there were 3 ranks, it was achieved by a carpunity (density) of shooting, for the accuracy of weapons of that time was low.
Suvorov paid great attention to shooting, but he also proposed to more effectively use the bayonet.
That is, not to spend time for charging and aimless shootout, but to charge and rush into the bayonets. In this case, it is possible to use a bullet in this case.
Suvorov created a whole system of preparation of soldiers for offensive bayonets.
The rare army of the world could withstand the Russian "blow to the bayonies", the Turks were no exception.
So why are they "... Death from the bayonet considered shameful."?
In a special knife, which cuts the throat. Photo.
Have you ever seen how a man is dying with a cut throat? Me neither. And I am ready to believe in God, only in order to pray to him - never see it.
When, when talking about Yugoslavia "Cultural" Europeans tell me about the "Serbian whirlures", I begin to laugh hysterically. I can't do anything with me, because, unlike them, I love to recognize the story not on TV and newspapers, but by books and articles of historians.
Do you know what "Serboroz" is he "Serbosek"? I also did not know once. Now I know. This is a special Croatian knife, attached to the leather mitten. Here he is in the photo.
Made in Germany, in the famous Zolingen knives, according to a special order of the Croatian government in 1942. After holding the Croatian government, Ante Pavelich a special competition on the question: which knife should be made so that the executioners can kill serbs as soon as possible and at the same time as little as possible were tired. Tens of thousands of people were killed by this shortest knife! "You did not make a mistake reading, but I was not mistaken, writing it - they were tied up, built in a row and in turn cut the throat. And every next seen as near, squanding the stream of blood from the cut throat and grabbing the air lips, fell the same as he. Or the same. These were women, men, old people, children. It was the hated Croatam Serbs. Croats even conducted competitions for the Surb murder speed by these very "Serboskom" - according to the American researcher Howard Blush the winner of one of the competition Petar Bronitsa overnight stabbed 1360 Serbs.
Here this mitten is impregnated by the blood of thousands of people. And dressed on the hand, who killed, killed, killed ..... It happened in a unique concentration camp - the only one created by the Slavs - created by Croats with a special purpose - kill all Serbs. Called this camp - ashovac. There were delivered all the Serbs who managed to catch in Croatia (before the war there were 30% of the population there, as well as in Serbia there were full of Croats) and it was there that there were competitions in the speed of killing people.
At the beginning of the Second World War, the Germans, capturing Yugoslavia, made Croatia by a separate state and transferred the power of the Croatian nationalist movement of "Thairs" there. Thases, in fact, were very similar to modern Ukrainian nationalists - they wanted to make Croatia better, but could not come up with a better way to do this, except to destroy the Serbs. It was such an idea of \u200b\u200bFix, approximately as the hatred of Ukrainian Vests to Moskal.
The first thing they did, having come to power - staged on a former brick factory 60 kilometers from the concentration camp zagreba and began to bring the Serbs there from all over Croatia. Brought forced to dig a long pit in depth of human growth, two meters width. Then the standing, pre-connected, Serbs, were standing on it. Then the Croats, with sledgehames in their hands, went through their heads and beat a sledgehammer until all the heads. Then the next batch of Serbs fell asleep this ditch with brains and blood.
On the photo - related Serbs are lowered into the pit, where they will break their heads. In white shirts - Croatian Thairs.
There are still disputes, how many thousand people were killed there. But an indisputable fact is the exhumation of 19,000 children - 10268 male children's bodies and 9128 female. In 36, the floor could not be installed. Middle age - 7 years and 2 months.
The investigation of crimes in the aspen was carried out by Americans, Serbs, Croats and Jews. Based on their research in the United States, the Book "Genocide in Croatia" was published ("Genocide in Croatia"). American President Roosevelt was shocked by reports on the mass murder of Serbs in the fascist Croatia and convinced Serbs after the war not to live in one state with his killers. The Croatians of Historians themselves recognize that, though not all Croats in 1941-1945. Serbs killed, but everyone was for their complete destruction. They killed not only in the camp. Miroslav Maistorovich (Filipovich), the former Catholic clergyman, headed the tillage of Thai during the massacre on February 7, 1942, when in the villages of Draculian, Sharovich, Motik and in the mine of the grooves near the bath Luke for 8 hours, 2300 Serbs were destroyed, including 551 child.
In total, during the war, Croats killed 1 million 800 thousand Serbs.
President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito - Ethnic Croat - did everything to hide these crimes from Serbs. As he said: "For the sake of peace in the house."
And at the beginning of the 90s, the thairs were revived. Then one of the Croatian politicians said: "I can not understand - two hundred years we kill Serbs and kill more and more, and they continue to live with us in one state. I can not understand this phenomenon." But this is a separate story .....
Often the rebound of the throat was not a view of the execution, but a simple violence, when there was no time and desire for long "reversals" with the victim. This is what Tacitus told about the violence of Consul Cornelia Dolabella, committed by the order of Emperor Avla Vitelly:
Vytelly caused Dollabell to his letter; Those who are Vyuz Dolabella, he ordered to minimize from a lively flamination road to Intermann and kill him there. The killer, however, all this seemed too complicated; In one of the road Tractors, he just poured Dolabella to the floor and cut him throat.
In Europe, the burning of the throat itself has never been the ultimate goal, it is only had punishment. In the preamble of Edict Francis I from 1525, it was said that the blasphemy should be cut into the sovereign, "open it with hot iron, pull out and cut off the language", and even then hang. In England, with Henrich VIII, the law stateed that the incision should be done high so that the executioner could pull the tongue through the wound. Very often, the burning of the throat was not used with legally appointed executions, but as a means of mass violence during the destruction of prisoners, political and religious opponents, etc. In view of its terrifying simplicity and efficiency.
In 1560-1561 Papal Inquisitors arranged a crusade against Neapolitan Waldens. It was especially famous for its cruelty inquisitor of the Panza, tortured and executed without disasterring men, women and children.
The testimony of the contemporary about the travels of heretics in the city of Montalto, who was committed to the order of papal inquisitors were preserved:
I intend to inform about the terrible conviction, which was betrayed by Lutherans today, June 11, at dawn. Speaking truth, I can compare this execution only with the skill of livestock. Heretics were driven into the house like a herd. The executioner was part, chose one of them, squeezed, pounced on the face of the shawl - "Benda", as they say here, led to the square near the house, put on his knees and turned her throat with a knife. Then, thoring from him a crying handkerchief, he went to the house again, removed the other, which he killed in exactly the same way. So everything was cut to one to one, and there were eighty eight eight people. Imagine what it was a terrible spectacle.
I can not hold back tears, describing it. And there was not a single person who, seeing how the execution there would be a penalty, would feel in the power to attend and watch. Calm and the courage of heretics, when they walked on martyrdom, it is impossible to imagine themselves. Some, although they were led to death, preached the same faith as we were all, but most died with adamant perseverance in their beliefs. The old men met death calmly, only a few young men showed the troubles. I still shudder when I remember how the executioner with a knife in the teeth, with a bloody handkerchief in my hands, in the shell, filled with blood, entered the house and turned one sacrifice after another, exactly like a butcher pulls out a sheep intended for slaughter.
According to predetermined orders, the carts were harvested on which the corpses were hooked in order to then fourth them and put on all the roads from one border of Calabria to another.
In Calabria is captured up to 1600 heretics, 88 of them are executed 88 ... I did not hear that they make something bad. These are simple, uneducated people who speak only the intercession and plow and, as I said, who manifested themselves believers in the hour of death.
Relizhin V. S. Jordano Bruno and the Inquisition.
As the form of the death penalty, the throat was widely used in nomadic people ,.
