Tsar-bomb is the name of the Hydrogen bomb of the An602, the tests of which were carried out in the Soviet Union in 1961. This bomb was the most powerful one ever bleed. Its power was such that the flash from the explosion was visible for 1000 km, and the nuclear mushroom rose by almost 70 km.
The bomb tsar was a hydrogen bomb. She was created in the laboratory Kurchatov. The capacity of the bomb was such that it would be enough for 3,800 Hirosim.
Let's remember the history of its creation.
At the beginning of the "Atomic Age" United States and Soviet Union They took the race not only by the number of atomic bombs, but also by their power.
The USSR, who acquired atomic weapons later than a competitor, sought to equalize the position due to the creation of more advanced and more powerful devices.
The development of the thermonuclear device according to the code name "Ivan" was launched in the mid-1950s by a group of physicists under the leadership of Academician Kurchatov. The group held by this project was entered by Andrei Sakharov, Viktor Adamsky, Yuri Babaev, Yuri Trunov and Yuri Smirnov.
During research works, scientists also tried to fill the limits of the maximum power of thermonuclear explosive device.
The theoretical possibility of obtaining energy by thermonuclear synthesis was known before the Second World War, but it was the war and the subsequent arms race set a question about creating a technical device for the practical creation of this reaction. It is known that in Germany in 1944 work was carried out to initiate thermonuclear synthesis by compressing nuclear fuel using the charges of a conventional explosive - but they were not crowned with success, since it was not possible to obtain the necessary temperatures and pressure. The United States and the USSR conducted the development of thermonuclear weapons since the 40s, almost simultaneously experiencing the first thermonuclear devices at the beginning of the 50s. In 1952, an explosion of 10.4 megatons was an explosion of a 10.4 megaton (which 450 times the capacity of the bomb dropped on Nagasaki 450 times), and in 1953, a 400 kiloton device was tested in the USSR.
The design of the first thermonuclear devices were poorly fit for real combat use. For example, the device tested by the United States in 1952 was a ground construction with a 2-storey house and weighing over 80 tons. Liquid thermonuclear fuel stored in it with a huge refrigeration unit. Therefore, in the future, mass production of thermonuclear weapons was carried out using solid fuel - deuteride lithium-6. In 1954, the United States experienced a device based on the Bikini Atoll, and in 1955 a new Soviet termanuclear bomb was tested at the Semipalatinian landfill. In 1957, the testing of the hydrogen bomb was carried out in the UK.
Project surveys lasted for several years, and the final stage of the development of "Product 602" came to 1961 and took 112 days.
An602 bomb had a three-stage design: a nuclear charge of the first stage (calculated contribution to the explosion power - 1.5 megatons) launched the thermonuclear reaction in the second stage (contribution to the explosion power - 50 megaton), and it, in turn, initiated the so-called nuclear " Jackail Hyde's reaction (core division in uranium-238 blocks under the action of fast neutrons resulting from the reaction of thermonuclear synthesis) in the third stage (more than 50 megaton power), so that the total calculation of the AN602 was 101.5 megaton.
However, the initial option was rejected, because in this form it would cause extremely powerful radiation pollution (which, however, according to calculations, it would still be seriously inferior to that which was caused by much less powerful American devices).
As a result, it was decided not to use the "Jackail Hyda Reaction" in the third stage of the bomb and replace the uranium components on their lead equivalent. This reduced the calculated overall explosion power almost twice (up to 51.5 megaton).
Another restriction for developers was the possibilities of aircraft. The first version of the bombs weighing 40 tons was rejected by aircraft designers from CB Tupolev - the carrier aircraft could not deliver such a cargo to the target.
As a result, the parties reached a compromise - the atommakes reduced the weight of the bomb halve, and the aviation designers were prepared for her special modification of the Tu-95 bombing - Tu-95V.
It turned out that it would not be possible to put a charge in blessing under any circumstances, therefore, to convey the An602 to the Tu-95V target should have been on a special external suspension.
In fact, the carrier aircraft was ready in 1959, but nuclear physicists were given an indication not to force the work on the bomb - just at that moment there were signs of a reduction in voltage in international relations in the world.
In early 1961, however, the situation was again aggravated, and the project reanimated.
The final weight of the bomb together with the parachute system was 26.5 tons. The product turned out to be several names at once - "Big Ivan", "Tsar-Bomb" and "Kuzkina Mother". The latter was stuck to the bomb after the speech of the Soviet leader of Nikita Khrushchev in front of the Americans, in which he won them to show "Kuzkin Mother".
The Soviet Union plans in the near future to test heavy-duty thermonuclear charge in the near future, in 1961 Khrushchev well discovered foreign diplomats. October 17, 1961 On the upcoming tests, the Soviet leader stated in the report at the XXII party congress.
The test site was defined by the Dry Nose Polygon on New Earth. Preparation for the explosion was completed in the recent days of October 1961.
Tu-95V carrier aircraft was based on the airfield in Vaenge. Here, in a special premises, final preparation for testing was made.
On the morning of October 30, 1961, the crew of the pilot Andrei Durovtsev received an order to fly to the landfill area and reset the bomb.
Takes off from the airfield in Vaenge, Tu-95V after two hours reached a calculated point. The bomb on the parachute system was dropped from a height of 10,500 meters, after which the pilots immediately drove the car from a dangerous area.
At 11:33 Moscow time at an altitude of 4 km above the goal was made an explosion.
The power of the explosion significantly exceeded the estimated (51.5 megaton) and amounted to from 57 to 58.6 megatons in TNT equivalent.
Operating principle:
The effect of the hydrogen bomb is based on the use of energy released in the reaction of thermonuclear fusion synthesis of lung nuclei. It is this reaction that flows in the depths of the stars, where under the action of ultra-high temperatures and the giant pressure of the hydrogen nucleus faces and merge into the hardening kernel of helium. During the reaction, part of the mass of the hydrogen nuclei turns into a large amount of energy - thanks to this, the stars and highlight a huge amount of energy constantly. Scientists copied this reaction using hydrogen isotopes - deuterium and tritium, which gave the name "Hydrogen Bomb". Initially, liquid hydrogen isotopes were used to produce charges, and subsequently, lithium-6 deuteride, solid substance, a compound of deuterium and lithium isotope began to be used.
Deuteride Lithium-6 is the main component of the hydrogen bomb, thermonuclear fuel. It is already stored deuterium, and lithium isotope serves as raw materials for education tritium. To begin the reaction of thermonuclear synthesis, it is required to create high temperatures and pressure, as well as allocate from lithium-6 tritium. These conditions are provided as follows.
The shell of the container for thermonuclear fuel is made from uranium-238 and plastic, next to the container placed the usual nuclear charge of a power of several kilotons - it is called a trigger, or the initiator charge of the hydrogen bomb. During the explosion of a plutonium charge-initiator under the action of a powerful X-ray radiation, the container shell turns into a plasma, compressing thousands of times, which creates the necessary high pressure and a huge temperature. At the same time, neutrons emitted by plutonium interact with Lithium-6, forming tritium. The deuterium and tritium nuclei interact under the action of ultra-high temperature and pressure, which leads to thermonuclear explosion.
If you make several layers of uranium-238 and deuteride lithium-6, then each of them will add its capacity to an explosion of a bomb - that is, such a "puff" allows you to increase the power of the explosion almost unlimited. Thanks to this, a hydrogen bomb can be made almost any power, and it will be much cheaper than the usual nuclear bomb of the same power.
Witnesses of the test say that they did not have anything like this in their lives to observe. The nuclear mushroom of the explosion rose to a height of 67 kilometers, the light radiation could potentially cause burns of the third degree at a distance of up to 100 kilometers.
Observers reported that in the epicenter of the explosion of the rocks accepted a surprisingly smooth form, and the Earth turned into a kind of Military Plant. Full destruction was achieved on the square equal to the territory of Paris.
The ionization of the atmosphere was the cause of radio interference even in hundreds of kilometers from the landfill for about 40 minutes. The lack of radio communications convinced scientists - tests passed as it should not be better. The shock wave that arose as a result of the explosion "Tsar Bomb", triggered three times earth. The sound wave generated by an explosion, dickson's island at a distance of about 800 kilometers.
Despite the strong cloudiness, the witnesses saw an explosion even at a distance of a thousand kilometers and could describe it.
Radioactive infection from the explosion turned out to be minimal, as the developers planned, more than 97% of the power of the explosion gave practically no radioactive contamination of the reaction of thermonuclear synthesis.
This allowed scientists to start studying the test results on an experienced field already two hours after the explosion.
The explosion "Tsar-bomb" really impressed the whole world. It turned out to be more powerful than the most powerful American bomb four times.
There was a theoretical opportunity to create even more powerful charges, however, it was decided to refuse such projects.
Oddly enough, the main skeptics were the military. From their point of view, the practical meaning did not have such a weapon. How do you order it to deliver to the "lair"? The rockets from the USSR were already, but to fly to America with such a cargo they were unable.
Strategic bombers were also unable to fly to the United States with such a "fust". In addition, they became an easy target for air defense.
The nuclear scientists turned out to be much larger enthusiasts. Placing plans from the coast of the United States of the USA several ultrabone capacity of 200-500 megaton, the explosion of which was supposed to cause a giant tsunami, which would wash away America in the literal sense of the word.
Academician Andrei Sakharov, the future human rights activist and the laureate of the Nobel Prize of the world, put forward another plan. "The carrier can be a large torpedo, launched from a submarine. I fantasized that a direct-flow water-vapor atomic jet engine can be developed for such a torpedo. The purpose of the attack from the distance of several hundred kilometers should be the enemy ports. War on the sea is lost if the ports are destroyed, "sailors are assured in this. The housing of such a torpedo can be very strong, it will not be terrible mines and networks of barriers. Of course, the destruction of ports - as a superwater explosion of the "unfolded" torpedo from the water with a 100 megaton charge and an underwater explosion - inevitably conjugate with very large human victims, "the scientist wrote in his memoirs.
Sakharov told Vice Admiral Peter Fomin about his idea. Aweller sailor, who headed the "Atomic Department" at the Commanded of the Navy of the USSR, came to the horror of the intention of the scientist, calling the project "Flywood". According to Sakharov, he was ashamed and never returned to this idea.
Scientists and military for successful testing "Tsar Bomb" received generous awards, but the very idea of \u200b\u200bheavy duty thermonuclear charges began to go into the past.
Nuclear weapons constructors focused on things less spectacular, but much more efficient.
And the explosion "Tsar-bomb" and to this day remains the most powerful one that ever were produced by humanity.
Tsar bomb in numbers:
Weight: 27 tons
Length: 8 meters
Diameter: 2 meters
Power: 55 megaton in TNT equivalent
The height of the nuclear mushroom: 67 km
Mushroom base diameter: 40 km
Fire Bowl Diameter: 4.6 km
The distance on which the explosion caused skin burns: 100 km
Explosion Visibility distance: 1000 km
The amount of trotyl needed to be equal to the capacity with the king bomb: a giant trotile cube with a side of 312 meters (height of the Eiffel Tower).
, Yu. N. Babaev, Yu. N. Smirnov, Yu. A. Trutnev and others.
Project goals
In addition to the natural political and propaganda considerations of the internal and (more importantly) of an external nature (to answer nuclear blackmailing the United States in a counter nuclear blackmail), the creation of the "Tsar-bomb" was laid into the concept of the development of the strategic nuclear forces of the USSR, adopted during the leadership of the country G. M. Malenkov and N. S. Khrushchev. In briefly, it came down to - not chase the quantitative parity with the United States in nuclear ammunition and the means of delivery - to achieve sufficient damage for the "guaranteed retaliation with an unacceptable level of damage to the enemy" in the case of its nuclear attack on the USSR quality Superiority of Soviet strategic nuclear forces. Thus, the Nuclear Doctrine of Malenkov-Khrushchev, although he meant the adoption of a geopolitical and military challenge of the United States with the energetic participation of the Soviet Union in a nuclear race, but suggested the maintenance of this race by the USSR "in pronounced asymmetric style".
Technical embodiment of the above policy (documented - in any case, relevant documents - if they were generally not published - but is clearly monitored throughout the USSR military-technical policy in the field of nuclear deterrence in 1953-1964) was the creation and Development of such nuclear ammunition and their delivery to goals that single blows (one rocket, one aircraft) could completely or almost completely destroy even the largest cities and more so - whole urbanized regions (for example, on June 23, 1960, the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the creation of the H-1 orbital missile (Grau index - 11A52) was published The starting mass of 2,200 tons with thermonuclear combat part weighing 75 tons; its estimated power is unknown, but - for a comparative assessment - a 40-ton combat part of the Global Rocket of the UR-500 should have a TNT equivalent of 150 megaton). However, the development of such ammunition required mandatory practical air bombing at least with similar samples - since for a nuclear / thermonuclear explosion of large and super-low power there is an optimal height of the undermining (measured by kilometers), when the explosive device is triggered on which the shock wave reaches the greatest strength and range of distribution . In addition, in thermonuclear airbabes of super-low power, both the USSR are also interested in directly distant aviation, since their use was fully fitted into the overall concept - to cause the greatest damage probable enemy (First of all, the United States) is the minimum number of media (in this case, the-bombarders aircraft). Finally, it was necessary to check the practical feasibility of creating the thermonuclear charges of such power with (an important reservation!) Deligiously predictable characteristics.
As a curious fact, it should be noted that before the emergence of aviation and missile systems - carriers of thermonuclear weapons in the USSR - with acceptable tactical and technical characteristics, as "weapons of the vessel" by the Soviet military-technical and military specialists, a giant torpedo was considered, launched with specially designed Nuclear submarine. The undermining of its combat part was to initiate a devastating tsunami on the US coast. But, according to the results of more detailed consideration, this project It was rejected - as extremely dubious from the point of view of its real combat effectiveness (see "Tsar Torpeda").
Name
It is worth noting that the above information on the start of work is in a partial contradiction with the official history of the Institute (now this is the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - / RFSU-VNIITF). According to it, the order to create the appropriate Research Institute in the system of the Ministry of Middle Engineering of the USSR was signed only on April 5, 1955, and to work in the NII-1011 began several months later. But in any case, the myth is common in due time, that the "Tsar Bomb" was constructed on the task of N. S. Khrushcheva in record short time - Allegedly, all the development and production occupied 112 days - absolutely no correspond to reality. Although the final stage of the development of the An602 (already in KB-11 in the summer-invent, 1961) really took 112 days.
Nevertheless, the an602 was not simply renamed pH202. A number of constructive changes were made to the bomb design - as a result of which, for example, its centering changed noticeably. An602 had a three-stage design: a nuclear charge of the first stage (a calculated contribution to the power of the explosion - 1.5 megatons) launched the thermonuclear reaction in the second stage (contribution to the power of the explosion - 50 megaton), and it, in turn, initiated the nuclear "Jackila" reaction Heyda "(core division in uranium-238 blocks under the action of fast neutrons formed by the reaction of thermonuclear synthesis) in the third stage (more than 50 megaton power), so that the overall calculation of the AN602 was 101.5 megaton.
The initial version of the bomb was rejected due to the extremely high level of radioactive contamination, which it had to call. As a result, it was decided not to use the "Jekyla Hyda Reaction" in the third stage of the bomb and replace the uranium components of this step on their lead equivalent. This reduced the calculated overall explosion power almost twice (up to 51.5 megaton).
The first erases on the "subject 242" began immediately after the negotiations of I. V. Kurchatov with A. N. Tupolev (held in the fall of 1954), who appointed the head of his deputy on the system of weapons A. V. Nadashkevich. A strength analysis showed that the suspension of such a large concentrated load will require serious changes in the power of the original aircraft, in the design of the bomb and in the device suspension and discharge. In the first half of 1955, the overall and weight drawing of the An602 was agreed, as well as the layout drawing of its placement. As it was assumed, the mass of the bomb was 15% of the take-off mass of the carrier, but its overall dimensions required the removal of fuselage fuel tanks. The new BD7-95-242 (BD-242) was developed for the AN602 suspension, was close in design to the BD-206, but significantly loader. He had three bomber castle Der5-6 by a lifting capacity of 9 each. BD-242 was attached directly to power longitudinal bims, finished bomb. Successfully solved the problem of disposal management of the bomb - electrostatomatics ensured only the synchronous opening of all three locks (the need for this was dictated by security conditions).
| To adopt the draft resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the preparation and testing of the product 202. Include in the draft resolution items obliging: a) the Ministry of Middle Machine Building (T. Zavenyagin) and the USSR Ministry of Defense (T. Zhukov) at the end of the preparatory work to conduct the test of the product 202 to report the CPSU CPSU certificate; b) The Ministry of Middle Machine Engineering (T. Zavenyagin) to work out the issue of introducing a special stage of protection into the design of a special level of protection, which ensures the displacement of the product during the refusal of the parachute system, and its proposals to report to the CPSU Central Committee. Instruct TT. Vanchiku and Kurchatov the final edition of the text of this resolution. |
Test
The superb bed carrier was created, but his real tests were postponed for political reasons: Khrushchev was collected in the United States, and a pause came in the Cold War. Tu-95V was overtaken at the airfield in Uzin, where it was used as a training aircraft and no longer listed as fighting machine. However, in 1961, with the beginning of a new turn cold WarTesting "Superbub" again became relevant. On Tu-95V, all connectors were urgently replaced in the discharge electro-automative system and removed the bomb - the real bomb by mass (26.5 tons, including the weight of the parachute system - 0.8 tons) and the dimensions were somewhat larger than (in particular, now Her vertical envelope exceeded the size of the bomb - height). The aircraft was also covered with special reflective paint white.
About the upcoming tests of the 50 megaton bomb announced personally to Khrushchev in his report on October 17, 1961 at the XXII Congress of the CPSU.
The bombs were tested on October 30, 1961. Prepared by Tu-95V with a real bomb on board, piloted by the crew in the composition: the commander of the ship A. E. Durovtsev, the navigator I. N. Klechik, the flight engineer V. Ya. Brui, flew from the airfield of the deer and took the course to a new land. The Tu-16A laboratory was also participating in the test.
2 hours after departure, the bomb was dropped from a height of 10,500 meters on a parachute system according to a conditional target within a nuclear polygon "Dry nose" ( 73 ° 51 'p. sh. 54 ° 30 'in. d. / 73.850 ° C. sh. 54.500 ° C. d. / 73.850; 54.500 (G) (I)). The bomb fell on the main parachute of 1600 square meters. m, the total mass of the parachute system (included five more exhaust parachutes that have triggered three "cascades") amounted to 800 kg. The bomb undermining was carried out barometrically at 11 hours 33 minutes, after 188 seconds after a discharge at an altitude of 4,200 m above sea level (4000 m above the purpose) (however, there are other data height of the explosion - in particular, the numbers 3700 m above (3900 m above sea level) and 4500 m). The carrier aircraft managed to fly at a distance of 39 km, and the laboratory is further - about 53.5 km. The carrier was thrown by a shock wave into dive and lost 800 m of height before the control was restored. The power of the explosion significantly exceeded the estimated (51.5 megaton) and amounted to from 57 to 58.6 megatons in TNT equivalent. There is also information that according to the initial data, the energy of the an602 explosion was significantly overestimated and the values \u200b\u200bof up to 75 megatons were evaluated. In an airplane-laboratory, the effect of the shock wave from the explosion was felt in the form of vibration and did not affect the flight mode of the aircraft.
Test results
Rumors and mystics related to An602
The test results of the An602 became the subject and a number of other rumors and mystifications. So, sometimes it was stated that the capacity of the bomb explosion reached 120 megaton. It was probably due to the "imposition" of information on the exceeding the real power of the explosion above the estimated by about 20% (in fact - by 14-17%) on the initial design capacity of the bomb (100 megaton, more precisely - 101.5 megatons). Oils in the fire of such rumors poured the newspaper "True", on the pages of which it was officially announced that "she<АН602> - yesterday atomic weapons. Now there are even more powerful charges. " In fact, more powerful thermonuclear ammunition (as, for example, a combat part for the already mentioned global Rocket of the UR-500 with a capacity of 150 megaton), although they are really developed, but remained on the drawing boards.
At different times, rumors were also circulated that the capacity of the bomb was reduced by 2 times compared with the planned, as scientists feared the emergence self-sustaining thermonuclear reaction in the atmosphere. Interestingly, similar concerns (only about the possibility of occurrence in the atmosphere of the self-sustaining reaction of nuclear division) have already been expressed earlier - in preparation for testing the first atomic bomb under the Manhattan project. Then it came to the point that one of the scientists not only removed from the tests, but also sent to the treatment of doctors.
Fantastics and physicists also expressed concerns (generated mainly by scientific fiction of those years - in particular, this topic has repeatedly appeared in the books of A. P. Kazantsev; So, in his novel, "Faeta" argued that in this way the hypothetical planet Phathon died - from which , allegedly, and remained a modern inner belt of asteroids of our planetary system - where thermonuclear explosions were able initiate thermonuclear reaction in sea watertruly containing a certain amount of deuterium) and, thus, caused the thermonuclear detonation of the oceans, the seduced planet into pieces.
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Notes
- For example, even at the end of December 1964, rocket troops strategic appointment The USSR had only 176 intercontinental launchers ballistic missiles (ICBM) - see Drinking I. G. Air shield of the country of tips. - Minsk: Harvest, 2004. - P. 240. - ISBN 985-13-2141-9., With clarifications according to: Mikhail first. Rocket complexes RVSN // Technique and Armament. - 2001. - № 5-6. - P. 21.34. For comparison: 744 units were issued in the USA's heavy strategic bombers in the USA ( Shelekhov M. V., and others. Aviation of capitalist states. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1975. - P. 11.). But at the same time, the first thermonuclear ammunition and the first ICBM were created in the USSR.
- Mikhail first. Rocket complexes RVSN // Technique and weapons. - 2001. - № 5-6. - P. 44-45.
- Report of the NII-1011 for the rationale for the design and calculations of the RDS-202 product.
- Veselov A. V.
- At this date of the start of work, it is indicated in particular in
- (Rus.). Nuclear and thermo nuclear weapon (Inaccessible link - history) . Checked on September 28, 2012.
- Sakharov Andrei. Memoirs. - NEW YORK: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. - P. 215-225. - ISBN 0-679-73595-X ..
- Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU. 1954-1964. Chernovy protocol records of meetings. Transcripts. Decisions. / Ch. ed. A. A. Fursenko. - M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (Rossman), 2006. - T. 2.: Resolutions. 1954-1958. - 1120 s.
- In various sources, the weight of the an602 is indicated from 24 tons to 27 tons. This is given from: Veselov A. V. Tsar-bomb // Atmospress. - 2006. - № 43 (726). - P. 7.
- Broadband A. B. Armament of Soviet aviation 1941-1991 / under total. ed. A. E. Taras. - Minsk: Harvest, 2004. - P. 420. - ISBN 985-13-2049-8.
- XXII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. October 17-31, 1961. Stenographic report. - M.: Policy, 1962. - T. 1. - p. 55.
- (Rus.) (The material also contains the details of the tests of An602).
- , from. 420.
- // www.nationalSecurity.ru.
- , from. 423.
- Chernyshev A. K. (Deputy.
- For comparison: the average diameter of Moscow within the boundaries of the ring road is less than 35 km.
- E. FARKAS, "TRANSIT OF PRESSURE WAVES THROUGH NEW ZEALAND FROM THE SOVIET 50 MEGATON BOMB EXPLOSION" Nature. 4817 (24 FEBRARY 1962): 765-766. (eng.)
- Rather, it is limited to some (very large) power threshold, after which the irreversible tectonic effects occur - the local destruction of the Litosphere of the Earth.
- Dyson, Freeman. Weapons and Hope (per. From English). - M.: Progress, 1990 (original - 1984). - P. 41-42. - ISBN 5-01-001882-9.
- Instant division of 1000 kg of uranium provides an explosion of a power of about 18 megaton (see // online encyclopedia around the club). Consequently, to increase the power of the explosion by 50 megaton (the estimated "contribution" of the third stage of the bomb) it was necessary to have about 2,800 kg of uranium.
- , from. 419.
- Mikhail Pereov. Rocket complexes RVSN // Technique and weapons. - 2001 - № 5-6. - P. 44.
- Lawrence U. L. People and atoms. - M.: Atomizdat. - 1967. - P. 137.
Sources
- . A Review of Nuclear Testing by The Soviet Union At Novaya Zemlya, 1955-1990 // "Science and Global Security", 13: 1-42, 2005.
- (eng.). .
Links
- on Strannik.de.
- (video)
- on YouTube
- // 30.11.2015
- d / f "Kuzkina Mother. Tsar bomb. Apocalypse in Soviet "(dir. Igor Chernov, 2011)
Excerpt characterizing king bomb
In the evening, the guard Ontner in the evening, the officer with two soldiers entered the church and declared Pierre that he was forgiven and now comes into the barracks of prisoners of war. Not realizing that he was told, Pierre got up and went with the soldiers. He was led to the field built at the top of the burnt boards, logs and Teso Balaganm and introduced into one of them. In the dark, a person twenty different people surrounded Pierre. Pierre looked at them, not understanding who these people are why they want from him. He heard the words that he told him, but did not make any conclusion and application from them: I did not understand their meanings. He himself answered what he was asked, but did not understand the one who listens to him and how his answers would understand. He looked at her face and figures, and they all seemed equally meaningless to him.From the moment Pierre saw this terrible murder, perfect by people, who did not want to do this, in his soul, as if he was suddenly, the spring was held, on which everything was held and seemed alive, and everything fell into a bunch of meaningless Sora. In him, although he did not give him a report, destroyed faith and in the improvement of the world, and in human, and in his soul, and in God. This condition was tested by Pierre before, but never with such a force, as now. Before Pierre found this kind of doubt, - these doubts had their own guilt. And in the very depths of the soul, Pierre then felt that from that despair and those doubts there was salvation in itself. But now he felt that his fault was the reason that the world fell in his eyes and some meaningless ruins remained. He felt that he would return to faith in life - not in his power.
There were people around him in the dark: it's right that they were very involved in it. He was told that something asked about something, then he was led somewhere, and he finally found himself in the corner of the Balagan next to the people who were talking from different sides, guided.
"And here, my brothers ... That the most prince, who (with a special emphasis on the Word that) ..." Someone said a voice in the anti-fallen corner of the Balagan.
Silently and motionless sitting at the wall on the straw, Pierre opened, it closed his eyes. But just he closed his eyes, he saw the same terrible, especially terrible his simplicity, the face of the factory and even more terrible to his concern of involuntary killers. And he again opened his eyes and thoughtlessly looked in the dark around him.
Next to him sat, bent, some small man, the presence of which Pierre noticed first on a strong smell of sweat, which was separated from him with every movement. This man did something in the dark with his legs, and, despite the fact that Pierre did not see his face, he felt that this man was indifferent to him. Looking around in the dark, Pierre realized that this man was destroyed. And how he did it, Pierre's interested.
Overlooking the tweakers, which one leg was tied, he neatly crushed the twine and immediately began at another leg, looking at Pierre. While one hand hung the twine, the other was already taken to unwind another leg. Thus, neatly, round, dispute, without a slowdown, followed by one after the other movements, having swallowed the man overwhelmed his shoes on the pegs, driven out of his heads, took out the knife, cut out something, folded the knife, put it under the headboard and, better smoking, hugged His raised knees with both hands and straightly stared at Pierre. Pierre felt something pleasant, sedative and round in these dispute movements, in this landscaped in the corner of his farm, in the smell of even this man, and he, not a descent eye, looked at him.
- Did you see a lot of need, Barin? BUT? - Suddenly said a small person. And such an expression of caress and simplicity was in the singement of a person's voice that Pierre wanted to answer, but his jaw tremended him, and he felt tears. A small person at the same second, not giving a pierre to shoot his embarrassment, spoke to the same pleasant voice.
"Uh, Sokolik, not tillage," he said with that gently singer caress, with whom the old Russian women say. - NOT tuma, friend: to endure an hour, and live a century! That's the way, my dear. And we live here, thank God, no offense. Also, people and thin and kind are there, "he said, and, taking a flexible movement to his knees, got up and, leaving, went somewhere.
- Icher, shelma, came! - Spear Pierre in the late Balagan, the same affectionate voice. - The shelma came, remember! Well, well, you will be. - And the soldier, repulcing the dog, who hung up to him, returned to his place and sat down. In his hands, he had something wrapped in a rag.
"Here, attempt, Barin," he said, again returning to the former respectful tone and deploying and feeding the Pierre several baked potatoes. - At dinner, the pussy was. And the potatoes are important!
Pierre did not eat all day, and the smell of potatoes seemed unusually pleasant to him. He thanked the soldier and became there.
- Well, then then? "Smiling, soldiers said and took one of the potatoes. - And here are like. "He pulled out the folding knife again, cut the potatoes on her palm on an equal two half, sprinkled salt from the cloth and brought Pierra.
"Potatoes are important," he repeated. - You are trying so.
Pierre seemed that he had never eaten the Kushan deer.
"No, I'm nothing," said Pierre, "but for what they were shot by these unfortunate! .. The last twenty years old.
- TC, shopping center ... - said a little man. - Sin, sin, then ... - he quickly added, and as if he was always ready for his mouth and inadvertently pulled out of him, he continued: - What is it, Barin, did you stay in Moscow?
- I did not think that they would come soon. I was inadvertently stayed, "said Pierre.
- Yes, how did they take you, Sokolik, from your home?
"No, I went to the fire, and then they grabbed me, judged for the arsonis."
"Where the court, there and not true," the little man inserted.
- Have you long been here? - asked Pierre, waiting for the last potatoes.
- I mean? Sunday, I was taken from Gozaply in Moscow.
- Who are you, soldiers?
- Soldiers of the Absheron Regiment. From fever died. We did not say anything. Our man lay twenty. And they did not think, did not guess.
- Well, you are bored here? - asked Pierre.
- How not boring, Sokolik. I call me Plato; Karataev nickname, - he added, apparently, in order to facilitate Pierre to appeal to him. - Sokolik called the service. How not to miss, Sokolik! Moscow, she cities mother. How not to miss it to look. Yes, the worm of cabbage Gostee, and before that the disappearance: so the old people used to say, "he added quickly.
- How, how did you say that? - asked Pierre.
- I mean? - asked Karataev. "I say: not our mind, and God's court," he said, thinking that he repeats said. And immediately continued: - How do you, Barin, and there are victims? And there is a house? It became a full bowl! And the hostess is? And old people are alive? He asked, and although Pierre did not see in the dark, but he felt that the soldier was frowning his lips with a restrained smile of caress while he asked it. He apparently was distinguished by the fact that Pierre did not have parents, especially the mother.
- Wife for the Council, mother-in-law for the lead, and there is no mile of a native mother! - he said. - Well, and there are kids? - He continued to ask. The negative answer of Pierre again, apparently, grieved him, and he hurried to add: - Well, people young people will give God, will. If only the Council live ...
"Yes, now still," Pierre said unwittingly.
"Oh, a dear man you," Plato objected. - From Sumy Yes from prison, never refuse. - He sat down better, hesitated, apparently prepared for a long story. "So, my dear friend, I lived at home," he began. "We have a rich, the land is a lot, guys live well, and our home, thank you to God." He himself was mounted to mowed. Lived well. There were real villages. It happened ... - and Plato Karatayev told a long story about how he went to someone else's grove behind the forest and caught a watchman, as his sequel, tried and gave the soldiers. "Well, Sokolik," he said to a voice changed from a smile, "said Mount, en joy! Brother would go, I do not have my sin. And the brother smaller himself fifth guys, - and I, looked, one soldier remained. There was a girl, and even before the soldier, God was filled. I came to the first place, I tell you. I look - it is better to live. Zhiroms Polon Yard, women at home, two brothers on earnings. One Michael, Little, at home. Batyushka and says: "I say, all the kids are equal: what a finger or bite, everything hurts. And Kababa not Plato then took, Mikhaile would go. " I called us all - believe - I put it in front of the image. Mikhailo, says, come here, bow to him in my feet, and you, Baba, bow, and grandchildren bow. Understood? He speaks. So, my friend is friendly. Rock head is looking for. And we all judge: it is not good, then not okay. Our happiness, friend, like water in delight: pull - inflated, and pull out - there is nothing. So that. - And Plato moved on his straw.
After pacing a few times, Plato got up.
- Well, I want tea, do you want to sleep? - He said and quickly began to be baptized, senoming:
- Lord, Jesus Christ, Nikola, pleasedness, Frol and Lavra, Lord Jesus Christ, Nikola, please! Frol and Lavra, Lord Jesus Christ - Hose and save us! "He concluded, bowed to the ground, got up and, sighing, sat down on his straw. - That's right. Put, God, the pebble, raise the village, - he said and lay down, pulling over her chinel.
- What kind of prayer did you read? - asked Pierre.
- Are? - Plato said (he already fell asleep). - I read what? God prayed. Do you do not pray?
"No, and I pray," said Pierre. - But what did you say: Frol and Lavra?
"But what about," Plato answered quickly, "a horsepower. And you need to regret livestock, "said Karataev. - Vish, the shelf, curled. I was threatened, Sukina daughter, "he said, squeezing the dog from his feet, and, turning again, immediately fell asleep.
The outside was heard somewhere in the distance of crying and screams, and the fire was seen through the boats; But in Balagan was quiet and dark. Pierre did not sleep for a long time and lay in the dark in his place with open eyes, listening to the measuring ratchet of Plato, lying near him, and felt that before the destroyed world was now with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations, erected in his soul.
In Balagan, which Pierre entered and in which he stayed four weeks, there were twenty-three people of prisoners soldiers, three officers and two officials.
All of them later, as in the fog, Pierre appeared, but Plato Karatayev remained forever in Pierre's soul, the strongest and expensive memories and personification of all Russian, kind and round. When the next day, at dawn, Pierre saw his neighbor, the first impression of something round was confirmed completely: the entire figure of Plato in his sub-rope of the French Sineli, in a cap and lapties, was a round, the head was completely round, back, chest, shoulders, Even the hands that he wore, as it were, going to hug something, were round; Pleasant smile and big brown tender eyes were round.
Plato Karataev should have been in fifty years, judging by his stories about the campaigns in which he participated with a long-standing soldier. He himself did not know and could not determine how much he was years; But his teeth, bright white and sturdy, who all have rolled out with their two semicircles, when he laughed (what he often did), were all good and intact; None of the gray hair was in his beard and hair, and his whole body had the type of flexibility and in particular hardness and consideration.
His face, despite the minor round wrinkles, had an expression of innocence and adolescence; He had a pleasant and singers. But the main feature of his speech was in vulnerability and sport. He apparently never thought about what he said and what he would say; And from this in the speed and loyalty of his intonation was a special irresistible persuasiveness.
His physical forces and turnover were such the first time of captivity, which seemed to not understand what fatigue and illness were. Every day, in the morning, and in the evening he, I was lying around, said: "Put, Lord, a pebble, a raise Kalachik"; In the morning, getting up, always equally shrugging, said: "Legted - curled, got up - shakeped." And indeed, it was worth him to lie down to immediately fall asleep with a stone, and it was worth shaking up that immediately, without a second of delay, take it for some kind of children, insertion, take toys. He knew everything, not very good, but not bad. He is a pitch, Paril, sewed, planing, dried out boots. He was always busy and only at night allowed himself the conversations he loved, and songs. He sang songs, not as they sing songwrites, who know that they are listening, but sang, as the birds sing, obviously, because these sounds it was also necessary to publish how it is necessary to pull out or disperse; And these sounds have always been thin, tender, almost female, guy, and his face happened very seriously.
After getting captured and tricks the beard, he, apparently, discarded everything from himself all the frightened, alien, soldier and involuntarily returned to the previous, peasant, folk warehouse.
"Soldier on vacation - a shirt from a port," he said. He reluctantly spoke about his soldiers' time, although he did not complain, and often repeated that he had never been the whole bitch. When he told, it was preferably told from his old and, apparently, the expensive memories of "Christian", as he spoken, the peasant life. The sayings that filled his speech were not the most part of the indecent and fascinated sayings that the soldiers say, but these were those folk sayings that seem so insignificant, taken separately, and who are suddenly the meaning of deep wisdom when they are said by the way.
Often he spoke exactly the opposite to what he said before, but also it was fair. He loved to talk and spoke well, decorating his speech by the smear and proverbs, who, Pierre seemed to be invented himself; But the main charm of his stories was that in his speech the events are the simplest, sometimes the most, who, without noticing them, saw Pierre, received the nature of the solemn pleasing. He loved to listen to fairy tales, who told in the evenings (all the same) one soldier, but most of all he loved to listen to the stories about the real life. He smiled happily, listening to such stories, inserting words and making questions that kneaded to understand the disagreement of what he was told. Attachments, friendship, love, as Pierre, Karataev understood, did not have any; But he loved and lovingly lived with everything that his life was reduced, and in particular with a person - not with a famous person, but with those people who were before his eyes. He loved his shawl, loved his comrades, French, loved Pierre, who was his neighbor; But Pierre felt that Karataev, despite all his affectionate tenderness to him (to whom he involuntarily gave tribute to the spiritual life of Pierre), would not be upset for a minute to separation from him. And Pierre the same feeling began to test to the karataev.
Plato Karatayev was for all other prisoners with the most ordinary soldier; His named sokolik or a plate, good-naturedly drowned over him, sent him over the parcels. But for Pierre, how he introduced himself on the first night, incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth, so he remained forever.
Plato Karatayev knew nothing by heart, except for his prayer. When he spoke his speech, he, starting them, seemed to not know what he would grab them.
When Pierre, sometimes struck by his speech, asked to repeat said, Plato could not remember what he said a minute ago, - just as he could not say with the words to tell his favorite song. There was: "Rim, Berezanka and nausea me," but in words did not make any sense. He did not understand and could not understand the meaning of the words separately taken from speech. Every word of him and every action was a manifestation of an unknown activity, which was his life. But his life, as he himself looked at her, did not make sense as a separate life. She had meaning only as a particle of a whole, which he constantly felt. His words and actions were poured out of it as evenly, it is necessary and directly like the smell separated from the flower. He could not understand neither the price nor the meanings of a separate action or a word.
Having received news from Nicholas that her brother is located with Rostov, in Yaroslavl, Princess Marya, despite the discharge of aunt, immediately gathered to go, and not only one, but with a nephew. It is difficult, it is not difficult, perhaps or impossible it was, she did not ask and did not want to know: her duty was not only to be less, maybe a dying brother, but also to do everything possible in order to bring him a son, and she rose go. If Prince Andrei himself did not notify her, then Princess Marry explained from or the fact that he was too weak to write, or what he believed for her and for her son this long move was too difficult and dangerous.
In a few days, Princess Marya gathered on the road. The crews of it consisted of a huge princely carriage, in which she came to Voronezh, Bricks and Wagons. With her, M Lle Bourienne rushed, Nichuccushka with Gutener, the old nanny, three girls, Tikhon, Young Lackey and Gaiduk, whom the aunt let go with her.
It was impossible to ride the ordinary way to Moscow and therefore, and therefore the Okol Path, which was supposed to make a princess Marya: On Lipetsk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Shuya, was very long, by lack of postal horses everywhere, is very difficult and about Ryazan, where, how, They spoke, the French showed, even dangerous.
During this difficult journey, M Lle Bourienne, the desal and servants of the Princess Mary were surprised by her hardness of the Spirit and activities. She later went to bed, before everyone got up, and no difficulties could stop her. Thanks to its activities and energy that excited her satellites, by the end of the second week they drove to Yaroslavl.
Recently, its stay in Voronezh Prinja Marya experienced the best happiness in his life. Her love to Rostov no longer tormented, did not worry her. This love filled her whole soul, it became inseparable part of herself, and she did not fight more against her. Recently, Princess Marry was convinced - although she never clear words definitely did not tell himself, "she was convinced that she was loved and loved. In this she was convinced of his last date with Nikolai, when he came to declare that her brother was with Rostov. Nikolai did not hint in any word on the fact that now (in the case of the recovery of Prince Andrei) the former relations between him and Natasha could resume, but Princess Mary saw on his face that he knew and thought it. And, despite his relationship to her - cautious, gentle and love - not only did not change, but he seemed to be rejoiced that now kinship between him and Prince Marya allowed him to be free to express her friendship her friendship, as he sometimes thought Princess Marya. Princess Mary knew that she loved in the first and last time in his life, and felt she was loved, and was happy, calm in this respect.
But this happiness of one side of the spiritual not only did not prevent her in the whole of the power to feel the mountain about his brother, but, on the contrary, this peace of mind in one respect gave her a great opportunity to surrender to his feeling for his brother. The feeling it was so much in the first minute of departure from Voronezh that those who visited her were sure, looking at her exhausted, desperate person, that she would certainly sick dear; But it was precisely difficulties and concerns of the journey, for which the princess of Marya took up with such activities, saved her at the time of her grief and gave her strength.
As always, it happens while traveling, Princess Marya thought only about one journey, forgetting that it was his goal. But, approaching to Yaroslavl, when it was revealed again, what could predominant to her, and no longer after many days, and now in the evening, the excitement of the princess Marya reached the extreme limits.
When the forward Guiduk is sent to learn in Yaroslavl, where Rostov is standing and in what position is the prince Andrei, he met a large wagon of the carriage, he was horrified, seeing the terribly pale face Princess, which leaned him out of the window.
- I learned everything, your clay: Rostov stands on the square, in the house of the merchant Bronnikov. Nearby, over the most over the Volga, - said Gaiduk.
Princess Marya frightenedly looked in question on his face, not understanding what he told her without understanding why he did not answer the main question: what's the brother? M Lle Bourienne made this question for Princess Mari.
- What is the prince? She asked.
- Their shiny with them in the same house is worth.
"It became alive," he thought Princess and quietly asked: what is he?
- People affected everything in the same position.
What did "all in the same position" mean, the princess did not ask and glimpse only, imperceptibly looking at the seven-year-old Nikiushka, who was sitting in front of her and joyed to the city, lowered his head and did not raise it until heavily coach, rummach, shaking and Stretching, did not stop somewhere. Thought up the footnings.
The doors opened. On the left was water - the river is large, the right was the porch; On the porch there were people, servants and some kind of ruddy, with a big black oblique, a girl who unpleasantly smiled preferably, as shown by the princess Marya (it was Sonya). Princess I dressed the stairs, my smiling girl was pretended: - Here, here! - And the princess found himself in the front of the old woman with the eastern type of the face, which with a touched expression quickly went to meet her. It was a countess. She hugged the princess Marree and began to kiss her.
- MON ENFANT! She said, - Je Vous Aime et vous Connais Depuis Longtemps. [My child! I love you and I know how long.]
Despite all his excitement, Princess Marya realized that it was a countess and that it was necessary to say something to her. She, herself not knowing how, said some tricky French words, in the same tone, in which those who were told she, and asked: what is he?
- The doctor says that there is no danger, "said the Countess, but at the time she said it, she raised her eyes up with a sigh, and in this gesture there was an expression contrary to her words.
- Where is he? Can I see it, you can? - asked Princess.
- Now, Princess, now, my friend. Is this his son? She said, referring to Nichochka, who was entered with the desoll. - We are all placed, the house is big. Oh, what an adorable boy!
Countess introduced the princess to the living room. Sonya talked to M Lle Bourienne. Countess caressed the boy. The old Graf entered the room, welcoming the princess. The old Graph was extremely changed since he was last seen Princess. Then he was a brisk, cheerful, self-confident old man, now he seemed a pitiful, lost man. He, speaking with prince, indifferedly looked around, as if asking everyone, whether he did that he was needed. After the ruin of Moscow and his estate, knocked out of the usual rut, he, apparently, lost his mind and felt that he had no place in life.
Despite the excitement in which she was, despite one desire to see his brother and at the annoyance for the fact that at this moment, when she wanted one thing - to see him, - her nephews occupied and pretended to preferably, Princess noticed all that It was done around her, and felt the need for a while submitting to this new order in which she entered. She knew that all this was necessary, and she was difficult for her, but she did not annoy them.
"This is my niece," said Count, representing Sonya, "you don't know her, princess?"
Princess turned to her and trying to slightly rising a hostile feeling toward this girl, kissed her. But she became hard because the mood of all surrounding was so far from what was in her soul.
- Where is he? She asked again, turning to everyone.
"He is downstairs, Natasha with him," Sonya answered, blushing. - went to find out. You, I think, are tired, princess?
The princessee was made to the eyes of the tears of annals. She turned away and wanted to ask the Countess again, where to go to him, as light, rapid, as if fun steps were heard. Princess looked around and saw almost running Natasha, Tu Natasha, who did not like it that long ago in Moscow.
But he did not have time to look at the face of this Natasha, as she realized that it was her sincere companion on the grief, and therefore her friend. She rushed towards her towards and hugging her, cried on her shoulder.
As soon as Natasha, who was sitting by the head of the prince of Andrew, learned about the arrival of the princes Marya, she quietly left his room the quick, as shown by the princes Marya, as if fun step and ran to her.
On an agitated face, when she ran into the room, there was only one expression - the expression of love, infinite love for him, to her, to everything that was close to his beloved person, the expression of pity, suffering for other and passionate warehouse to pay themselves all for Togo to help them. It was seen that at that moment there were not a single thought of herself, there was no one in the soul of Natasha about her relationship.
The sensitive Princess Mary at first sight on Natasha understood all this and with a silent pleasure cried on her shoulder.
"Let's go, let's go to him, Marie," Natasha said, reducing it to another room.
Princess Maria raised her face, his eyes gone and turned to Natasha. She felt that she would understand and find out from her.
"What ..." She began the question, but suddenly stopped. She felt that words could not ask or answer. Natasha's face and eyes had to say everything clearer and deeper.
Natasha looked at her, but it seemed to be in fear and doubt - to say or not to say everything she knew; She as if he felt that in front of these radiant eyes, penetrating into the desert of her heart, it was impossible not to say all the truth, what she saw her. Natasha's lip suddenly trembled, ugly wrinkles were formed around her mouth, and she, buried, closed her face with his hands.
Princess Marya understood everything.
But she still hoped and asked the words in which she did not believe:
- But how is his wound? In general, in what position is it?
"You, you ... See," Natasha could say.
They sat down a few times below his room, in order to stop crying and enter him with calm faces.
- How was the whole disease? How long has he become worse? When did it happen? - asked Princess Marya.
Natasha told that the first time was the danger from the hot state and from suffering, but in Trinity it passed, and the doctor was afraid of one - Antonova Fire. But this danger was passed. When I arrived in Yaroslavl, the wound began to be fogged (Natasha knew everything that came to the suppuration, etc.), and the doctor said that the suppuration could go right. Fever has done. Doctor said that this fever is not as dangerous.
"But two days ago," Natasha began, "suddenly it was happening ..." she kept sobbing. "I don't know why you see what it became."
- weakened? Lose weight? .. - asked Princess.
- No, not that, but worse. You will see. Ah, Marie, Marie, he is too good, he can't, can not live ... because ...
When Natasha ordered his door to the usual movement, passing forward to the princess, Princess Mary felt already in the throat of his finished sobbing. How much she was preparing, neither tried to calm down, she knew that he would not be able to see it without tears.
Princess Maria understood what was intelligent by Natasha with the words: it happened to happen two days ago. She understood that this meant that he suddenly softened, and that softening, these were signs of death. She, coming to the door, has already seen in the imagination of the Andryushi's face, which she knew from childhood, gentle, meek, dying, which was so rarely happening to him and therefore it was always so hard for her. She knew that he would tell her the quiet, gentle words, like those who told her father before death, and that she would not bear it and burst on him. But, whether it was too late, it should have been, and she entered the room. The sobs were getting closer and closer to her throat, while she had more clearly and cleared his shape with his myntic eyes and cleared his shape, and so she saw his face and met with him a look.
He lay on the sofa, covered with pillows, in a fur squirrel bathrobe. He was thin and pale. One thin, transparently white hand held his handkerchief, another, the quiet movements of the fingers, tried thin thiefs of the mustache. His eyes looked at the part.
An602 - Thermonuclear aviation bomb, developed in the USSR in the second half of the 50s by a group of Soviet physicists under the leadership of Kurchatov: A. Sakharov, V. Adamsky, Yu. Babayev, etc.
About the bomb itself and the test can be briefed anyone. It is enough to fill in the search engine "Tsar Bomb": works on the "product pH202 / An602" were conducted more than seven years - from the fall of 1954 to autumn 1961 (with a two-year break in 1959-60), according to various sources "Product "It had from 57 to 58.6 megaton of Trotilo equivalent, the tests of the bomb took place on October 30, 1961 ...
The calculated dimensions "Product 202" (pH202, but correct An602) Weight - 26 tons, length - eight meters, diameter - two meters. Such a "product" was not mounted in a bomb compartment not a single Soviet bombarder. It was decided to take a strategic bomber Tu-95 as the basis of the carrier and radically remake it under the "tsar product". The converted car received the Tu-95-202 / 95V index. The refinement of the machine as a carrier was made in 1956 at the Flight Department of the Ministry of Aviation Industry in Zhukovsky. The development of a new bombardment plant was led by the Deputy General Designer of the OKB. Tupolev in armament. Thus, the carrier aircraft was ready by the end of 1956. In the sense that the car appeared (albeit in a single copy), which could deliver the "product" weighing 26 tons and a diameter of two meters to the place. Due to the lack of clarity in terms of testing, the Tu-95-202 aircraft for subsequent time operation was sent at the Uzin airfield (the base of bomber and aircraft-tankers).
The calculation plane could reset the bomb from the height of more than 10,000 m. But in this case the plane could not leave the defeat area. Therefore, in parallel with the development of a carrier aircraft, a parachute system was carried out for such a bulk as "product 202" (to ensure the decrease time to the height of the explosion required to leave the aircraft).
The development of the parachute system and its manufacture were charged with VAT Research Institute (director of the Institute, Deputy Director, Lead Designer). This system was to reliably ensure a decrease in the 26-ton product from the height of the drop (10500) to the height of the explosion of 3500 meters within 200 seconds. The delay in the reduction of the product with the specified parameters was provided by a parachute system with a total braking area of \u200b\u200b1600 square meters with three exhaust parachutes. The first area of \u200b\u200b0.5 square meters, the second - 5.5, then simultaneously three to 42 square meters extract the main parachute. That is, first "popped out" a little parachute, then more and finally an array of a huge area.
By 1961 everything was ready. At the same time, the carrier itself has undergone another refinement (light-protective coatings on the irradiated surfaces of the aircraft, engine screws and the protection of the crew cabin with light-tight curtains have been added).
By the same time, a double waspired. "Double" he was called, but his function was as follows: it was an airbag to observe the explosion. Aircraft - "Double" Tu-16. "Duplicated" on this plane light-protective coating.
The test itself (as I already indicated) happened on October 30, 1961 at the Polygon of the New Earth. Here are the names of direct test artists:
major (carrier aircraft commander),
captain (assistant commander),
major (navigator),
senior Lieutenant (second navigator),
major (Borttehnik),
captain (REP operator),
captain (commander of fire plants),
senior Lieutenant (Senior Aerial Radiist),
efreitor (Radist shooter).
Also, do not forget the aircraft-dubler Tu-16: Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Martynenko (commander), Senior Lieutenant Vladimir Mukhanov (Assistant Commander), Major Semen Grigoryuk (navigator), Major Vasily Muzlovanov (Navigator Operator), Senior Sergeant Mikhail Sumilov (air arrows -Distist), German Nikolai Suslov (commander of firing installations).
Two aircraft (Tu-95-202 with a bomb on board and Tu-16 with observation devices) rose from the airfield of deer (near Murmansk) on October 30, 1961 at 9 o'clock 27 minutes. Machines started moving on the route Oleny - Cape Kanin Nose - Rogachevo - District of the goal.
At 11:30 am, the bomb was dropped at the target in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Mashekkin Ball. The separation from the aircraft passed normally, then the sequential response of the cascade of exhaust parachutes began (small, more, even more). Everything worked fine.
And then the most interesting begins. And not only an explosion. The explosion really happened. It was the strongest explosion of weapons in the history of mankind. Well, there the shock wave rented the land several times, the brightest flash - and so on. Everything is so. I'm about a friend.
The bomb separated from the carrier aircraft. Everything was fixed by land services. Each second, every movement. In order to create a clearly operating parachute system. 200 seconds - this is a clearly designed time when a 26-ton "fool" was obliged to be at the explosion point. Everything went according to plan.
But the explosion happened on the 188th second after separating the bomb from the aircraft. Explosion. In all calculations, the explosive wave had to overtake Tu-95 60 kilometers from the explosion point, but she reached the aircraft on the 45th ...
And the connection with the Earth was interrupted. What could be the connection?
... There were only four waves. The first three were quite raged the plane, the fourth weaker. The impact of the shock wave for crews was quite tangible, but did not cause difficulties in piloting. Tu-95 has all engines stopped, instruments turned off. The plane began to fall down, but remained manageable [periodically, the plane threw up and up - when the next shock wave is reached]. At an altitude of 7,000 meters, Yevtushenko's flight manager managed to launch one engine, 5000 meters away. Sitted with three running engines. One engine could not run. After landing, they saw that all wiring on the plane was charred.
Flash. "Mushroom" for tens of kilometers (practically "to space": the explosion cloud was visible at a distance of up to 800 kilometers). Shock wave, three times offering a globe ... In short, Comrade Khrushchev frightened the American military, remembered and "Kuzkina Mother". And everyone wondered about disarmament, and not about the infinite increase in nuclear power.
But I think. Fly in the plane men. Something there are made for the Motherland. And there are two hundred seconds, 188 or 50 megaton under the belly, 57, 58 - what they (men) difference. Type.
And so far no one can clearly answer. So what height above the earth there was an explosion? On the calculated 3500 m? Or over 4000? Or "about 5000" (i.e. almost on "halfway")?
Here is a story. Science and technology.
On October 30, 1961, a new land was held at the Table of Soviet Termented Bombs An606 with a capacity of 57 megaton. This capacity is 10 times higher than the total power of all ammunition, which were used during World War II. An606 is the most destructive weapon in the history of mankind.
A place
Nuclear tests in the Soviet Union began in 1949 at the Semipalatinsky landfill, located in Kazakhstan. Its area was 18,500 square meters. km. He was removed from the places of permanent residence of people. But not so much so that it would be possible to experience the most powerful weapon. Therefore, nuclear charges of low and medium power exploded in the Kazakh steppe. They were necessary for debugging nuclear technology, studying influence agrowing factors for equipment and structures. That is, they were, above all, scientific and technical testing.
But under the conditions of military competition, such tests were also needed, which was focused on their political component, to demonstrate the crushing power of the Soviet bomb.
There was also a Totsky polygon in the Orenburg region. But he was less than Semipalatinsky. And besides, it was located in even more dangerous intimacy from cities and villages.
In 1954, found such a place where the nuclear weapons of super-large power could be experienced.
This place was the new land archipelago. He fully satisfied the requirements for the landfill, which was to experience a super-bomb. It was removed as much as possible from major settlements and communications, and after its closure should have had a minimal impact on the subsequent economic and economic activity of the region. It was also required to study the effect of nuclear explosion on ships and submarines.
The islands of the new land best satisfied this and other requirements. Their area was more than four times more than the Semipalatinsky landfill and was equal to 85 thousand square meters. km. that approximately the square of the Netherlands.
The problem of the population, which may suffer from explosions, decided radically: 298 Native Nenets were evicted from the archipelago by providing them with housing in Arkhangelsk, as well as in the village of Amderma and on the island of Kolguev. At the same time, immigrants have been employed, and the elder appointed a pension, despite the fact that they had no work experience.
The builders came to replace.
The nuclear polygon on the new earth is not a clean field on which the bombers drop their deadly cargo, but a whole complex of complex engineering structures and administrative and economic services. These include experimental and engineering services, energy and water supply services, a fighter aviation regiment, a transport aviation detachment, a division of ships and ships special purpose, alarm of a rescue service, communication node, parts of the rebar, residential premises.
Three test sites were created at the test site: black lip, Mutcin ball and dry nose.
In the summer of 1954, 10 building battalions were delivered to the archipelago, which began to build the first platform - a black lip. The builders held the Arctic winter in the tarpaulin tents, preparing the lip to the underwater explosion scheduled for September 1955 - the first in the USSR.
Product
The development of the "tsar-bomb", which received the An602 index, began simultaneously with the construction of a landfill on a new land - in 1955. And she ended with the creation of a ready-to-bomb testing in September 1961, that is, a month before the explosion.
Development began in the NII-1011 Ministry of Users (now - the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics, VNIITF), which was located in Snezhinsk Chelyabinsk region. Actually, the institute was founded on May 5, 1955, first of all, to implement a grandiose thermonuclear project. And then his activities have spread to the creation of 70 percent of all Soviet nuclear bombs, rockets and torpedoes.
NII-1011 was headed by the Scientific Director of the Kirill Institute Ivanovich Schekin, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Schekin, together with the Korieneev Korers group, participated in the creation and testing of the first atomic bomb of the RDS-1. It was he who in 1949 the latter came out of the tower with the charge installed in it, sealed the login and pressed the "Start" button.
Work on the creation of the bomb of the An602, to which the leading physicists of the country, including Kurchatov and Sakharov, were connected without special complications. But the unique capacity of the bomb required the enormous volumes of calculations and design workers. As well as conducting experiments with smaller charges at the landfill - at the beginning of Semipalatinsky, and then on the new land.
The initial project assumed the creation of a bomb, which would certainly rip the glass let not in Moscow, but for sure in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, and even in the north of Finland. Since the capacity exceeding 100 megaton was scheduled.
Initially, the scheme of the bomb was three-star. Initially, a plutonium charge of 1.5 MT was triggered. He felt the reaction of thermonuclear synthesis, the power of which was 50 MT. Fast neutrons developed as a result of thermonuclear reaction launched the core division reaction in Uranium-238 blocks. The contribution of this reaction to the "General case" was 50 MT.
Such a scheme led to an extremely high level of radioactive contamination on a huge territory. And about the "minimal influence of the landfill on the subsequent economic and economic activity of the region after its closure" was not to speak. Therefore, from the final phase - the division of uranium - it was decided to refuse. But at the same time, the real power of the obtained bomb turned out to be slightly more than the calculations proceeded. Instead of 51.5 MT, on October 30, 1961, 57 MT exploded on the new land.
The creation of the An602 bomb is no longer in Snezhinsk, but in the famous KB-11, located in Arzamas-16. 112 days left for final refinement.
The result was a monster weighing 26500 kg, a length of 800 cm and a maximum diameter of 210 cm.
The dimensions and weight of the bomb were determined in 1955. In order to raise it into the air, it was necessary to significantly upgrade the largest Tu-95 bomber at that time. And this, too, was not the work out of simple, since the standard Tu-95 could not raise the "Tsar-Bomb" in the air, with an 84 ton aircraft, he could take only 11 tons of combat load. 90 tons took out the fuel. In addition, the bomb did not fit in the bomb compartment. Therefore, I had to remove the fuselant fuel tanks. And also replace the beam bomb holders to more powerful.
Work on the modernization of the bombarder, who received the name-95 V and a single copy, was held from 1956 to 1958. Aven a year continued flight tests, during which the technique of dropping the layout of the bomb of the same weight and the same dimensions were worked out. In 1959, the aircraft was recognized by fully satisfying the requirements.
Result
The main result, as was conceived - political - exceeded all expectations. The explosion of the unknown before the strength was very strong impressed by the leaders of Western countries. He made more seriously take a look at the possibilities of the Soviet military industrial complex and slightly reduce its militaristic ambitions.
Events on October 30, 1961 developed as follows. Early in the morning from the remote airfield, two bomber rose - Tu-95 V with an An602 product on board and Tu-16 with research equipment and film photographic equipment.
At 11 hours 32 minutes from the height of 10500 meters, Tu-95 commander in Major Andrei Egorovich Durunsev dropped the bomb. At the airfield, Major returned by the lieutenant colonel and the hero of the Soviet Union.
The bomb, dropping on a parachute to a level of 3,700 meters, exploded. By this time, the aircraft managed to leave the epicenter by 39 kilometers.
Test executives - Minister of Middle Machinery E.P.Slavsky and Commander-in-Chief rocket troops Marshal K.S. Moskalenko - at the time of the explosion were on board IL-14 at a distance of more than 500 kilometers. Despite cloudy weather, they saw a bright outbreak. At the same time, the shock wave the plane clearly shook. The Minister and Marshal immediately sent the Khrushchev telegram.
One of the groups of researchers from a distance of 270 kilometers from the explosion point was not only a bright outbreak through protective darkened glasses, but even felt the effect of the light pulse. In the abandoned village - 400 kilometers from the epicenter - wooden houses were defeated, and the stone lost the roofs, windows and doors.
The mushroom from the explosion has reached a height of 68 kilometers. At the same time, the shock wave, reflected from the Earth, prevented lowering the plasma bowl on the ground, which would dissuade everything on a huge space.
A variety of effects were monstrous. Seismic wave triggered a globe three times. Light radiation was able to cause third degree burns at a distance of 100 km. The roar of the explosion was heard within a radius of 800 km. Because of the ionizing impact in Europe, there was no interference with radio communications for more than an hour. For the same reason, the connection with the two bomber disappeared for 30 minutes.
In this case, the test was surprisingly clean. Radioactive radiation within a radius of three kilometers from the epicenter two hours after the explosion was only 1 billitant per hour.
Tu-95 B, despite the fact that it was 39 kilometers from the epicenter, the shock wave dropped in the peak. And the pilot was able to restore the air control, only losing 800 meters of height. The bomber is completely, including screws, was painted with white reflective paint. But when it was inspected, it was found that fragmentary paint burned out. And some elements of the design even melted and deformed.
In conclusion, it should be noted that a 100 megaton filling could be placed in the housing of the An602.
Tsar bomb
"Tsar Bomb", "Kuzkina Mother" - so called the created in the USSR in 1954-1961. Thermonuclear Aviation Bomb An602, the explosion of which in the fall of 1961 showed the power and power of the Soviet Union. The capacity of this bomb was from 57 to 58.6 megaton of the TNT, it became the most powerful explosive device in the entire history of mankind.
The development of this bomb was a group of nuclear physicists under the leadership of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR I. V. Kurchatov. A group of developers included A.D. Sakharov, VB Adamsky, Yu.N. Babayev, Yu.A. Trutnev, Yu.N. Smirnov and others. The development of this Sakharov bomb was awarded the third medal of the Hero of Socialist Labor.
The name "Kuzkina Mother" appeared under the impression famous statement N. S. Khrushcheva "We still show America Kuzkina Mother!". The official bomb of the an602 did not have the name.
Where is designed?
The myth is distributed that the "tsar-bomb" was designed on the task of N. S. Khrushcheva and in record short time - allegedly all development and production took 112 days. In fact, work on pH202 / An602 was conducted more than seven years - from the fall of 1954 to autumn 1961 (with a two-year break in 1959-1960). At the same time in 1954-1958 Work on a 100 megaton bomb Velia-1011.
It is worth noting that the above information on the period of start of work is in a partial contradiction with the official history of the Institute (now this is the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics / RFSU-VNIITFF). According to it, the order to create the appropriate Research Institute in the system of the Ministry of Middle Engineering of the USSR was signed only on April 5, 1955, and to work in the NII-1011 began several months later. But in any case - only the final stage of the development of the An602 (already in the KB-11 - now this is the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics / RFSU-VNIIEF) in the summer-in 1961 (and not the whole project as a whole !) Really took 112 days. Nevertheless, the an602 was not simply renamed pH202. A number of constructive changes were made to the bomb design - as a result of which, for example, its centering changed noticeably. An602 had a three-step design: a nuclear charge of the first stage (the calculated contribution to the explosion capacity - 1.5 megaton) launched the thermonuclear reaction in the second stage (contribution to the power of the explosion - 50 megaton), and it, in turn, initiated the nuclear "Jackail Reaction Hyde "in the third stage (another 50 megaton power).
The initial version of the bomb
The initial version of the bomb was rejected due to the extremely high level of radioactive contamination, which it had to call. It was decided not to use the third stage of the explosion process ("Jackail-Heid's Reaction") and replace the uranium components on their lead equivalent.
The first erases on the "topic 242" began immediately after the negotiations of I. V. Kurchatov with A. N. Tupolev (took place in the fall of 1954), who appointed the head of his deputy on the system of weapons by A. V. Nadashkevich. The test analysis has shown that the suspension of such a large focused load will require major changes in the power scheme of the original aircraft, in the construction of the bomb and in the suspension and discharge devices. In the first half of 1955, the overall and weight drawing of the an602 was agreed, as well as the layout drawing of its placement. As it was assumed, the mass of the bomb was 15% of the take-off mass of the carrier, but its overall dimensions required the removal of fuselage fuel tanks. The new BD7-95-242 (BD-242) was developed for the AN602 suspension, was close in design to the BD-206, but significantly lifting. He had three bomber castle Der5-6 with a lifting capacity of 9 tons each. BD-242 was attached directly to power longitudinal bims, finished bomb. Successfully solved the problem of disposal management of bombs - electrostatomatics ensured only the synchronous discovery of all three locks (the need to dictated by security conditions).
On March 17, 1956, a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 357-228ss, according to which OKB-156 had to begin converting Tu-95 to the carrier of high power nuclear bombs. These works were conducted in Lii Air Force (Zhukovsky) from May to September 1956. Then Tu-95V was adopted by the Customer and transferred to flight tests, which were conducted (including the discharge of the "Superbub" layout) under the leadership of Colonel S. M. Kulikova until 1959 and passed without special comments. In October 1959, Kuzkina Mother delivered a Dnepropetrovsk crew to the polygon.
The carrier "Superbub" was created, but his real tests were postponed for political reasons: Khrushchev was collected in the United States, and a pause came in the cold war. Tu-95V was overtaken at the airfield in Uzin, where it was used as an educational plane and no longer listed as a combat. However, in 1961, with the beginning of a new round of the Cold War, the tests of "superbub" were relevant again. The Tu-95V urgently replaced all connectors in the discharge electro-automative system and removed the bomb - the real bomb by mass (26.5 tons, including the weight of the parachute system - 0.8 tons) and the dimensions were somewhat labeled. In particular, now its vertical envelope exceeded the size of the bomb-height.
Test
Prepared Tu-95V overtake at the deer airfield. Soon he with a special reflective white coating and a real bomb on board, piloted by the crew led by Major A. E. Doruntev, took a course for a new land.
The test of the most powerful in the world of the explosive device was held on October 30, 1961, in the days of the XXII Congress of the CPSU. But the initially flown on the task and the equipped plane had to be returned to the base due to the failure of the radar guidance device. The dilemma got up - to reset the bomb and lose the fruits of tremendous effort, or to plant the aircraft with the already crumble, with the risk of her undermining. Academician of Sakharov and his colleague personally put signatures under a document certifying that landing is safe. And only after landing and eliminating the fault, a second departure took place, which ended with success.
The bomb underminicing occurred within the nuclear polygon "dry nose" (73.85, 54.573 ° 51 's. Sh. 54 ° 30' c. / 73.85 ° C. sh. 54.5 ° C. d. (G)) at an altitude of 4200 m above sea level, 4000 m above the goal (however, there are other data on the height of the explosion - in particular, the figures of 3700 m above the target (3900 m above sea level) and 4500 m). The power of the explosion significantly exceeded the estimated (51.5 megaton) and amounted to from 57 to 58.6 megatons in TNT equivalent. There is also information that according to the initial data, the energy of the an602 explosion was significantly overestimated and the values \u200b\u200bof up to 75 megatons were evaluated.
Even in the "half" version (and the maximum power of such a bomb is 100 megaton) the explosion energy tenfold exceeded the total power of all explosives used by all the warring parties over the years of World War II (including atomic bombs, discarded on Hiroshima and Nagasaki).
Shock wave
The shock wave from the explosion triggered the globe three times, for the first time - for 36 hours. 27 min. The light flash was so bright that, despite the solid clouds, it was visible even from the command point in the village of Belushya Luba (remote from the epicenter of the explosion almost 200 km).
The mushroom cloud has grown to a height of 67 km. By the time the explosion, while on a huge parachute, the bomb slowed down from a height of 10,500 to the calculated point of the underground, the carrier-carrier Tu-95 with the crew and his commander Major Andrei Egorovich Durnovtsev was already in a safe zone. The commander returned to his airfield by Lieutenant Colonel, the hero of the Soviet Union.
The results of the explosion of the charge, who received the name "Tsar Bomb" in the West, was impressed:
* Nuclear explosion mushroom rose to a height of 67 kilometers; The diameter of his bunk "Hats" reached (at the upper tier) 95 kilometers.
* The fiery bowl of breaking by a radius of about 4.6 kilometers reached the surface of the Earth - which is uncharacteristic for air nuclear explosions.
* The radiation caused burns to a third degree at a distance of up to 100 kilometers.
* Shock wave, resulting in an explosion, triggered the globe three times.
* The atmosphere ionization caused the cause of the radio interference even in hundreds of kilometers from the landfill for about 40 minutes.
* Witnesses felt the blow and could describe the explosion at a distance of a thousand kilometers from his center.
* A sound wave generated by an explosion, dickson's island at a distance of about 800 kilometers. However, about any destruction or damage to structures, even at a much closer (280 km), the sources are not reported to the landfill of the village of urban type of Amderma and the village of Belushye.
The main goal that was set and was achieved by this test was demonstrating the ownership of the Soviet Union unlimited for the power of weapons of mass lesion - the Trotil equivalent of the most powerful thermonuclear bomb from among those tested by the time in the United States was almost four times less than that of the An602. Also, this test, the Soviet Union demonstrated the ability to create a hydrogen bomb of any power and means of delivering a bomb to the subfield point.
No capacity limitations bombs
In fact, the increase in the power of the hydrogen bomb is achieved by a simple increase in the mass of the working material, so, in principle, there are no factors that prevent the creation of a 100 megaton or 500-megaton hydrogen bomb.
In a tested instance of the bomb to raise the explosion power for another 50 megaton, it was enough to fulfill the third stage of the bomb (it was the shell of the second stage) not from lead, but from uranium-238, as expected normally. Replacing the shell material and lowering the explosion power were due only to the desire to reduce the number of radioactive precipitation to an acceptable level, and not the desire to reduce the weight of the bomb, as sometimes believed. However, the weight of the an602 from this really decreased, but a slightly uranium shell was supposed to weigh about 2,800 kg, the lead shell of the same volume - based on a lower lead density - about 1,700 kg. Achieved facilitating a little more than one ton is weakly noticeable when total mass An602 at least 24 tons (even if you take the most modest estimate) and did not affect the situation with its transportation.
It is impossible to argue that "the explosion has become one of the cleanest in the history of atmospheric nuclear tests" - the first stage of the bomb was a uranium charge with a capacity of 1.5 megatons, which in itself provided a large number of radioactive precipitation. In addition, the fiery ball of the explosion touched the Earth, and this led to an additional amount of particles of the soil irradiated into the atmosphere. However, we can assume that for the nuclear explosive device of this power, the an602 was indeed quite clean.
