How many climatic belts on the globe. Climatic belts of land. Equatorial climate over land

The characteristic of climatic belts (table is shown below) is the topic of this article. We will tell about what types of climate exist on our planet, and consider in detail each of them. To this end, we recall that the climate is called weather regime established years, which depends on the specific territory, its geographical position.

Equatorial belt

This climatic belt is characterized by low pressure, as well as the year-round presence of air masses. There are no separate climatic areas inside the belt. Concerning temperature mode, It is hot here. During the year there are many precipitation, moisturizing in excess. The weather here is changing very sharply during the day. The first half is sultry, and the second begins with abundant rains.

The names of climatic belts are associated with their features. Equatorial belt is located near the equator, therefore it has such a name.

The subequatorial belt is characterized by changing the air masses, which occurs seasonally. Equatorial is dominated in summer aerial massesAnd in winter more tropical. In the summer, fully correspond to the equatorial type of climate, while the weather is reminded by the conditions of the tropical belt. Winter dry and a little colder summer.

Tropical belt

As we already know, the names of climatic belts are associated with their location. For this type of climate, the tropical air masses are characterized by the whole year. Continental air. This tropical belt weather is high pressure and temperature, a large temperature difference not only during the year, but also during the day. Water in such a climate is very lacking. It is very hot and dry here, often dry winds. There is almost no rainy. The weather is usually dry and sunny.

However, the tropical belt is deceptive. Eastern shores of continents, which are washed by warm currents, are also in this belt, but have another climate. Air turopical air, abundant precipitation, monsoon. Climatic conditions Similar to the equatorial climate.

For subtropical belts, the air mass change is characteristic. Summer prevails tropical climate, winter - moderate. Pressure jumps in summer and winter are quite high. In winter, the pressure is low, and in the summer - high. Despite the strong difference in temperature and precipitation during the year, on the thermometer all the year above zero. Sometimes the temperature may fall even to negative values. Snow falls at such periods. On the plain localities, he melts quickly, but in the mountains can lie for several months. As for the winds, in winter they rule in the summer - trade winds.

Temperate zone

The temperature of the climatic belts is largely depends on the air masses that prevail over the territory. IN moderate beltHow it is clear from the name, moderate climate. But not always. Sometimes tropical or arctic air masses invade. Temperate climate It is characterized by a large temperature difference. Summer roast, and winter frosty and long. Comparatively low pressure, cyclone, instability of weather conditions in winter. Western winds are blowing throughout the year, summer sometimes there are trade winds, and in winter - northeastern wind. Every winter massive snow cover.

Arctic and Antarctic belt

In the characteristic of climatic belts in the table, you can see which temperatures prevail in these belts. Features of these belts in low temperaturesah all year, strong winds and cold summer. The precipitation is very small.

Subarctic and subnutrctic belt

These belts are distinguished by the fact that a moderate climate is dominated in the summer. Because of this, there is a large amplitude of temperature fluctuations. In these belts there are a lot of eternal permafrost. In winter, northeastern and southeastern winds prevail, and in the summer - Western. The belt has 2 climatic areas, about them below.

Territories of climatic belts

Each belt is characteristic of a certain territory. The natural climatic belts were formed on the planet for a long time, so it is safe to designate certain areas in which the climate belt is pronounced.

Equatorial climate Characterized for Oceania, countries of South America and Africa. The subequatorial climate is characteristic of Northern Australia and Southeast Asia. Central part of Australia and North Africa - This is a tropical belt. Subtropics are characteristic of the internal regions of the continents. Moderate climate dominates in the western and eastern outskirts of Eurasia. The belt prevails in North America and the northern part of Eurasia. The Arctic and Antarctic belt is characteristic of Australia and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean.

Table climatic belts

The table shows the characteristics of the zones.

Climatic areas of belts

Subtropical belts have three climatic areas:

1. Mediterranean climate. Prevails in the northern hemisphere, on the southern and western banks of the mainland. In the summer there is a continental climate, and in winter - continental and sea air masses. Summer arid and warm, and winter is relatively cool, wet. Moisturizing is insufficient.
2. Monsoon climate. Widged on the eastern banks of the mainland. Summer monsoons cause severe heat and a lot of precipitation, and winter monsions - coolness and dryness. Moisturizing in this area moderate. The precipitation is characteristic of winter season.
3. Sea climate. Distributed on the mainland of the southern hemisphere. Characterized sea air masses. Summer and winter warm. Moisture is enough, it is distributed evenly throughout the year.

Moderate belt consists of 5 climatic areas:

1. Moderate Prevails on the western banks of the continents. The weather is formed under the influence of warm currents and western winds. Winter is pretty soft, and summer is warm. For the year there will be a lot of precipitation. Winter is characterized by abundant and frequent snowfall. Moisture is more than enough. The geography of the climatic belt contributes to the instability of the weather.
2. Continental moderate climate. It is characterized by a warm summer and cold winter. Arctic air masses sometimes provoke a sharp cooling, and tropical air masses - warming. Precipitation is a bit, they are uniform (cyclonal and frontal).
3. Continental climate. It applies only to the northern hemisphere. Throughout the year, moderate air masses are dominated here. Sometimes arctic air masses appear (in this area, their invasion is possible in the summer). In the warm season, precipitation is greater, but in general they are insignificant. A small amount of snow and the predominance of low temperatures contribute to the existence of permafrost.
4. Sharply continental climate. It is characteristic of the internal regions of North America and Eurasia. The territory is practically isolated from the influence of the seas and oceans and is located in the center high pressure. Sometimes summer is hot, winter is always frosty. There are a lot of eternal freezlot. Weather type - anticyclonal. The precipitation is a bit, the moisturia is not enough.
5. Monsonic climate. Distributed on the eastern side of the mainland. Characterized by seasonality of air masses. Summer wet and warm, and winter dry and cool. Summer precipitation is more numerous, excessive moisturizing.

Subarctic and subnutrctic belts have two areas:

• continental climate (harsh, but short winter, little precipitation, the wetlability of the territory);
• ocean climate (fog, a lot of precipitation, soft winter and cool summer).

The characteristic of climatic belts in the table does not include two areas of Arctic and Antarctic belts:

• continental (little precipitation, the whole year the temperature is lower than zero);
• ocean climate (cyclones, little precipitation, negative temperatures).

The temperature in the oceanic climate can rise to +5 during the polar day.

Summing up, let's say that the characteristic of climatic belts (in the table) is needed to every educated person.

The air temperature here is constant (+ 24 ° -26 ° C), the temperature fluctuations can be less than 1 °. The annual amount of precipitation is up to 3000 mm, and in the mountains of the equatorial belt of precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm. Water from the sky drops more than evaporates, so there are many wetlands and dense wet forests - jungle. Remember the adventure films about Indiana Jones - how hard to wade the main heroes through the thick vegetation of the jungle and escape from crocodiles that love the muddy waters of small forest rivers. All this is an equatorial belt. There are great influence on its climate, bringing a lot of precipitation from the ocean.

Northern: Africa (sugar), Asia (Arabia, South of Iranian Highlands), North America (Mexico, Western Cuba).

South: South America (Peru, Bolivia, Northern Chile, Paraguay), Africa (Angola, Kalahari desert), Australia (Central part of the mainland).

In the tropics, the state of the atmosphere over the mainland (land) and the ocean is different, so the mainland tropical climate is distinguished and the ocean tropical climate.

The oceanic climate is similar to Equatorial, but differs from it less cloudiness and sustainable winds. Summer over the oceans is warm (+ 20-27 ° C), and the winter is cool (+ 10-15 ° C).

Over the land of the tropics (mainland tropical climate) dominates the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure, so the rain is a rare guest here (from 100 to 250 mm). This type of climate is distinguished by very hot summer (up to + 40 ° C) and cool in winter (+ 15 ° C). The air temperature per day is able to change dramatically - up to 40 ° C! That is, a person can pour from the heat during the day and tremble from the cold at night. Such drops lead to the destruction of rocks, creating the mass of sand and dust, so dust storms are frequent here.

Photo: shutterstock.com

This type of climate, as well as tropical, forms two belts in the northern and southern hemispheres, which are formed over the territories of moderate latitudes (from 40-45 ° Northern and southern latitude to the polar circles).

In a moderate belt, a lot of cyclones, forcing the weather, capricious and extract it snow, then rain. In addition, Western winds blow here, which round year Sidelines bring. Summer in this climatic belt is warm (up to + 25 ° -28 ° C), winter cold (from + 4 ° C to -50 ° C). Annual precipitation from 1000 mm to 3000 mm, and in the center of the mainland is only up to 100 mm.

In a temperate climatic belt, unlike the equatorial and tropical, the seasons are pronounced (that is, it is possible to sculpt snowmen in winter, and we can swim in the river in the summer).

Moderate climate is also divided into two subtypes - sea and continental.

Marine dominates B. western parts North America, South America and Eurasia. It is formed by Western winds, giving from the ocean to the mainland, so there is a pretty cool summer (+15 -20 ° C) and warm winter (from + 5 ° C). The precipitation, brought by Western winds, falls out all year round (from 500 to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm).

Continental prevails in the central areas of the mainland. Cyclones penetrate here less often, so there is a warmer and dry summer (up to + 26 ° C) and a colder winter (up to -24 ° C), and the snow holds very long and reluctantly.

Photo: shutterstock.com

Polar belt

He dominates in the territory above 65 ° -70 ° latitude in northern and Southern HemisphereTherefore, forms two belts: Arctic and Antarctic. The polar belt has a unique feature - the sun here for several months does not appear at all (polar night) and several months does not go beyond the horizon (polar day). Snow and ice reflect more heat than it is obtained, so the air is very cooled, and the snow does not melt almost all year. Since there is a high pressure region, there are almost no clouds, the winds are weak, the air is saturated with small ice needles. The average temperature of the summer does not exceed 0 ° C, and in the winter here from -20 ° to -40 ° C. The rain falls only in the summer in the form of the smallest droplets - Moshai.

Between the main climatic belts there are transitional, having a "sub" prefix in the title (translated from Latin "under"). Here, air masses change over the seasons, coming from neighboring belts under the influence of the rotation of the Earth.

a) subequatorial climate. In the summer, all climatic belts are shifted to the north, so equatorial air masses begin to dominate here. They form the weather: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), average temperature Air + 30 ° C. The sun is still in the spring reaches zenith and mercilessly palette. In winter, all climatic belts are shifted to the south, and in the sub equatorial belt Tropical air masses begin to dominate, the winter is cooler than the summer (+ 14 ° C). The precipitates falls little. The soil after summer rains enhanced, so in the subequatorial belt, unlike Equatorial, few swamps. The territory of this climatic belt is favorable for the lives of people, therefore, it is here that many centers of the emergence of civilization are located.

The subequatorial climate forms two belts. Northern belongs: Panaman End (Latin America), Venezuela, Guinea, Sachel's Desert Belt in Africa, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, All Indochina, South China, part of Asia. The southern belt includes: Amazonian lowland, Brazil (South America), Center and East Africa and the North Coast of Australia.

b) subtropical climate. Here in the summer, tropical air masses dominate, and in winter - the air masses of moderate latitudes, which determines the weather: roast, dry summer (from + 30 ° C to + 50 ° C) and relatively cold winter with precipitation, and the steady snow cover is not formed.

c) subpolar climate. This climatic belt is located only on the northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America. In summer, wet air masses come here from moderate latitude, so summer is cool here (from + 5 ° C to + 10 ° C) Despite not a large number of precipitation, evaporation is low, as the angle of falling the sun's rays is small and the earth is badly warming up. Therefore, in the subpolar climate in the north of Eurasia and North America many lakes and swamps. In winter, cold Arctic air masses come here, so winter is long and cold, the temperature can be lowered to -50 ° C.

On Earth is very diverse for the reason that the planet is heated unevenly, and also uneven falls out precipitation. The climate classification began to offer in the 19th century, in about the 70s. Professor MSU B.P. Alisova spoke about 7 types of climate, which make up their climatic belt. In her opinion, only four climatic belts can be called basic, and three belts are transitional. Let's consider the main characteristics and features of climatic zones.

Types of climatic belts:

Here throughout the year, equatorial air masses dominate. At the time when the sun is right above the belt, and this is the days of spring and autumn equinoxOn the equatorial belt there is heat, the temperature approximately reaches 28 degrees above zero. The water temperature is not much different from the air temperature, about 1 degrees. The precipitation here falls a lot, about 3000 mm. Evaporation is low here, so in this belt there are many wetlands, as well as many thick wet forests, due to the marshy soil. The precipitates to these areas of the equatorial belt bring trade winds, that is, rainy winds. This type of climate is located above the north of South America, over the Guinean Bay, above the Congo River and the Nilee Nile, as well as almost over the entire Indonesian archipelago, above the part of the quiet and Indian Oceans, which are located in Asia and over the shores of Lake Victoria, which is located in Africa.

This type of climatic belt is located simultaneously in the southern and northern hemispheres. This type of climate is divided into the mainland and ocean tropical climate. The mainland is located above the larger territory of the high pressure area, therefore, in this belt there is little precipitation, approximately 250 mm. Here is a hot summer, so the air temperature rises to 40 degrees above zero. In winter, the temperature is not below 10 degrees above zero.

The clouds are absent in the sky, so this climate is characterized by cold nights. Daily temperature differences are large enough, so it contributes to the high destruction of rocks.

Due to the greater disintegration of rocks, a huge amount of dust and sand is formed, which in the future forms sand storms. Data storms for humans cause potential danger. The Western and eastern part of the mainland climate differ on a lot. Since cold flows flow along the western bank of Africa, Australia, and therefore the air temperature here is much lower, there is little precipitation, approximately 100 mm. If you look at the Eastern Coast, there are warm currents here, therefore, the air temperature above and precipitation falls more. For tourism, this area is quite suitable.

Oceanic climates

This type of climate is a bit similar to, the only difference is that there is less cloudy and strong, stable winds. Summer air temperature here does not rise above 27 degrees, and in winter it does not fall below 15 degrees. The period for precipitation here is predominantly summer, but there are very few of them, about 50 mm. This arid area in summer time filled with tourists and guests of coastal cities.

The precipitation here falls often and go throughout the year. This happens under the influence of Western winds. In summer, the air temperature does not rise above 28 degrees, and in the winter it reaches -50 degrees. On the coasts of precipitation drops a lot - 3000 mm, and in the central regions - 1000 mm. Bright changes are manifested when changing the seasons of the year. The temperate climate is formed in two hemispheres - northern and southern and is located above moderate breadth. Low pressure dominates here.

This type of climate is divided into subcordats: sea and continental.

The sea subcarmatism prevails in the western part of North America, Eurasia and South America. The wind is brought from the ocean on the mainland. From this we can conclude that summer is cool here (+20 degrees), but the winter is relatively warm and mild (+5 degrees). Precipitation drops a lot - up to 6000 mm in the mountains.
Continental subcalimat - prevails in the central regions. The precipitation is less here, since cyclones are practically not passing here. In the summer, the temperature is approximately +26 degrees, and in winter it is quite cold -24 degrees with a large snow cover. Continental subcarmatism is pronounced in Eurasia only in Yakutia. Winter here is cold with a small amount of precipitation. This is because in the inner areas of Eurasia, the region is less susceptible to the influence of the ocean and ocean winds. On the coast, the frost is softened under the influence of a large amount of precipitation in winter, and the heat softens in the summer.

There is also, which prevails in Kamchatka, Korea, in the north of Japan, parts of China. This subtype is expressed by frequent change of monsoon. Monsoons are winds, which, as a rule, bring rains to the mainland and always blow with the ocean on land. Winter here is cold thanks to cold winds, and summer rainy. Rain or monsoons here bring winds from the Pacific Ocean. On the island of Sakhalin and in Kamchatka, precipitation falls not enough, about 2000 mm. Air masses in the entire temperate climate type only moderate. Due to the increased humidity of these islands, during the fallout of 2000 mm of precipitation per year for a unusual person, acclimatization is needed in this area.

Polar climate

This type of climate forms two belts: Antarctic and. The polar air masses are dominated all year round. During the period of the polar night, there is no sun on this type of climate for several months, and during the period of the polar day it does not go away at all, but shines for several months. Snow cover here never melts, and radiating warm ice and snow, carry constant cold air into the air. The strength of the winds weakened here and there are no clouds at all. The precipitation here is catastrophically not enough, the particles resembling needles constantly fly in the air. The precipitation here falls as 100 mm as possible. In summer, the air temperature does not exceed 0 degrees, and in the winter it comes to -40 degrees. In the summer, periodic is prevailing in the air. When traveling to this area, you can see that the face is a bit tingles frost, so the temperature seems higher than it really is.

All climate types discussed above are considered basic, because the air masses correspond to these belts. There are also interim types of climates, which in their title carry the prefix "sub". In such types of climate, the air masses are replaced by the upcoming seasons. They go from nearby belts. Scientists explain this by the fact that when the earth moves around its axis, climatic belts are shifted alternately, then to the south, north.

Intermediate types of climates

Here, in summer, equatorial masses come, and in winter, tropical masses are dominated. The precipitation is only in the summer period - about 3000 mm, but, despite this, the sun here is merciless and air temperature all summer reaches +30 degrees. Winter cool.

In this climatic belt, good injection and dryness. The air temperature here reaches +14 degrees and in terms of precipitation, there are very few in winter. Good dedication of the soil do not give water stagnate and form as in. This type of climate makes it possible to settle. Here are the states that are populated by the people to the limit, for example, India, Ethiopia, Indochina. There are many cultivated plants that export to various countries. In the north of this belt are located Venezuela, Guinea, India, Indochina, Africa, Australia, South America, Bangladesh and other states. Amaazonia, Brazil, North Australia and the Center of Africa are located in the south.

Here in the summer the tropical air masses dominate, and in the winter they come here from moderate latitudes and carry a large amount of precipitation. Summer is dry and roast, and the temperature reaches +50 degrees. Winter is very soft with maximum temperature -20 degrees. Small precipitation, about 120 mm.

In the West, the Mediterranean climate is dominated, which is characterized by hot summer and rainy winter. This area is characterized by the fact that there are a little more precipitation. For the year there is about 600 mm of precipitation. This area is favorable for resorts and life of people as a whole.

Among the crops, grapes, citrus and olives are grown here. Missual winds prevail here. In winter, it is dry and cold here, and in the summer is burning and humid. The precipitation here falls about 800 mm per year. The forest of the monsoons blows from the sea to the land and carry with themselves, and in winter the winds blow from sushi to the sea. This type of climate is pronounced in the northern hemisphere and in the east of Asia. Vegetation grows well here thanks to heavy rains. Also, thanks to heavy rains, agriculture is well developed here, which gives life to the local population.

Subolar type of climate

Summer is cool and wet. The temperature rises to the limits of +10, and precipitation is about 300 mm. On the mountain slopes, the amount of precipitation is greater than on the plains. The wetlability of the territory speaks of the low weathering territory, as well as a large number of lakes. The winter here is quite prolonged and cold, and the temperature reaches -50 degrees. The boundaries of the poles are not exactly, this is exactly what the uneven heating of the Earth and the diversity of relief.

Antarctic and climatic belts

Arctic air is dominated here, and the snow crust does not melt. In winter, the air temperature reaches -71 degrees below zero. In the summer, the temperature can only rise to -20 degrees. The precipitation is very small here.

In these climatic belts, air masses are changed from the arctic, which prevail in winter to moderate air masses that dominate in the summer. Winter here lasts 9 months, and it is cold enough, since on average the air temperature decreases to -40 degrees. In summer, on average, the temperature is about 0 degrees. For this type of climate, a large humidity that is approximately 200 mm and a rather low evaporation of moisture. Winds here are strong and blowing in this area often. This type of climate is located on the north coast of North America and Eurasia, as well as Antarctica and the Aleutian Islands.

In such a climatic belt, winds from the west prevail over the rest, and the monsime blows from the east. If monsoons blow, then drop-down precipitation depend on how far the area is located from the sea, as well as from the terrain. The closer to the sea, the more precipitation falls. The northern and western parts of the continents carry a lot of precipitation, and in the southern parts there are very few of them. Winter and summer are very different here, there are also differences in the climate on sushi and the sea. Snow cover here lasts only a couple of months, in winter the temperature is significantly different from the air temperature.

A moderate belt consists of four climatic belts: the sea climatic belt (a fairly warm winter and rainy summer), a continental climatic belt (a lot of precipitation falls in the summer), (cold winter and rainy summer), as well as the climate of transitional climatic belts to the continental Climatic belt.

and climatic belts

In the tropics, hot and dry air usually prevails. Between the winter and summer periods, the difference in temperature is large and even very significant. In summer, the temperature is on average +35 degrees, and in winter +10 degrees. Large drops of temperature here are manifested between day and night temperatures. In the tropical type of climate there are few precipitation, a maximum of 150 mm per year. On the coasts, precipitation is more, but not much, as the moisture goes to the land from the ocean.

In subtropics in summer, dry air than in winter. In winter, he is more wet. Summer here is very roast, since the air temperature rises to +30 degrees. In winter, the air temperature is rarely below zero degrees, so even in winter it is not particularly cold here. When snow dropping, it is very quickly melting and leaves no snow cover. The precipitation here drops a bit - about 500 mm. In the subtropics there are several climatic belts: monsoon, bringing rains from the ocean to land and on the coast, Mediterranean, which is characterized by plenty of precipitation and continental, on which precipitation is much smaller and it is more dry and warm.

and climatic belts

The air temperature on average is +28 degrees, and its differences from daylight temperatures are insignificant. High humidity and weak winds are characteristic of this type of climate. The precipitation here falls every year 2000 mm. A pair of rainy periods is replaced by less rainy periods. Equatorial climatic belt is in Amazonia, on the coast of the Guinean Bay, Africa, on the Malacca Peninsula, on the islands of New Guinea.

On both sides of the equatorial climatic belt there are subequatorial belts. In the summer, the equatorial type of climate prevails here, and in the winter - tropical and dry. That is why precipitation falls more in the summer than in the winter. On the slopes of the mountains of precipitation, even overwhelms limits and reach 10,000 mm per year and this is all thanks to heavy rains that dominate all year round here. On average, the temperature keeps approximately +30 degrees. The difference between the winter and in the summer is greater than in the equatorial climate type. There is a subequatorial type of climate on the Highlands of Brazil, New Guinea and South America, as well as in Northern Australia.

Types of climate

To date, there are three criteria for climate classification:

• according to the characteristics of the circulation of air masses;
• by the nature of the geographical relief;
• on climatic features.

Relying on certain indicators the following climate types can be distinguished:

• Solar. It determines the amount of arrival and distribution of ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surface. The definition of the solar climate is influenced by astronomical indicators, season and latitude;
• Mountain. Climatic conditions at height in the mountains are distinguished by low atmospheric pressure and clean air, increased solar radiation and increasing the number of precipitation;
• . Dominates and semi-deserts. There are large fluctuations in the temperature of the day and night, as well as precipitation is practically absent and are rare once every few years;
• . Very wet climate. It is formed in places where there is not enough sunlight, so moisture does not have time to evaporate;
• Nival. This climate is inherent in the area where precipitation falls mainly in solid form, they settle in the form of glaciers and snowflows, do not have time and evaporate;
• Urban. There are always air temperature in the city than in the district. Solar radiation comes in a reduced quantity, so the light day is shorter than on natural objects Nearby. Over cities more focuses clouds, and precipitation falls out more often, although in some settlements The humidity level is reduced.

In general, climatic belts alternately alternate, but they are not always pronounced. In addition, climate features depend on relief and terrain. In a zone where anthropogenic influence is most manifested, the climate will differ from the conditions of natural objects. It should be noted that over time, this or that climatic zone changes changes, climatic indicators change, which leads to changes in ecosystems on the planet.

Basic climatic belts - video

The amount of solar radiation decreases from the equator to the poles, and the air masses are formed by thermal belts, i.e. Depending on the latitude. The climatic belt is determined by latitude - huge areas, in which the main climate indicators are practically not changed. Climatic belts I defined the Russian climatologist Alisov B.P. The basis of their determination is the dominant types of air masses, which received their name and climatic belts.

Climatic belts are divided into main and transitional. Where throughout the year the influence of one type of air masses prevails, the main climatic belts have been formed. They are only seven: Equatorial, two tropical, two moderate, arctic and antarctic. The seven major climatic belts correspond to four types of air masses.

In the equatorial climatic belt, reduced atmospheric pressure and equatorial air masses are dominated. The sun here is high above the horizon, which contributes high temperatures Air, and due to the predominance of ascending air flows, the influence of the wet ocean air masses, which come with the trade winds, there are many (1000-3500 mm) precipitation in this belt.

IN tropical belts Tropical air masses, high pressure and low air masses dominate. Tropical air masses are always dry, because the air that comes from the equator in the tropic at an altitude of 10-12 km already contains a little moisture. Running, it heats up and becomes still land. Therefore, it rains here not often. The air temperature is high. Such climatic conditions contributed to the creation of here zones tropical deserts And semi-desert.

A moderate climatic belt is under the influence of western winds and temperate air masses. This is clearly pronounced four years of year. The amount of precipitation depends on the remote territories from the ocean. So, the most precipitation falls in the western part of Eurasia. They are brought by Western winds from the Atlantic Ocean. The farther east, the less precipitation, that is, the continentality of the climate is increasing. In the extreme east, under the influence of the ocean, the amount of precipitation increases again.

Arctic and antarctic climatic belts are high-pressure areas that are under the influence of stock winds. The air temperature rarely rises above 0⁰. Climatic conditions in both belts are very similar - it is always cold and dry here. The precipitation falls less than 200 mm over the whole year.

The territory where air masses vary on the seasons twice a year relate to transient climatic belts. In the names of transitional belts, the prefix "sub" appears, which means "under", i.e. Under the main belt. Transient climatic belts are between the main belts. There are only six of them: two subequatorial, two subtropical, subarctic and subnutrctic.

Thus, the subarctic belt is between the arctic and moderate, subtropical - between moderate and tropical, subequatorial - between the tropical and equatorial belts. In transitional belts, the weather is determined by air masses that come from neighboring main belts and change over the seasons. So, for example, the climate of the subtropical belt in the summer is similar to the climate of tropical, and in the winter - on the climate of the moderate belt. And the climate of the subequatorial belt in the summer has signs of equatorial, and in the winter - tropical climate. In the subarctic belt in the summer of weather, moderate air masses determine, and in the summer - arctic.

Thus, climatic belts are placed zone and this is due to the effect of solar radiation. Thus, the climate type on Earth changes zalla. Under the climate type, they understand the constant combination of climatic indicators characteristic of a certain period of time and a certain territory. But ground surface Inhomogeneous, therefore, various types of climate can be formed inside climatic belts.

The boundaries of climatic belts do not always coincide with the direction of parallels. And in some places they significantly deviate north or south. This is primarily due to the nature of the underlying surface. Therefore, within one climatic belt, various types of climate can be formed. They differ from each other by the amount of precipitation, the seasonality of their distribution and annilates of temperature fluctuations. For example, in a moderate belt, Eurasia is distinguished by sea, continental and monsonic climates. Therefore, individual climatic belts are subdivided into climatic areas.

Thus, 13 climatic belts are distinguished on Earth: 7 of them are the main and 6 - transitional. The determination of climatic belts lie dominant in the region throughout the year, air masses. Separate climatic belts (moderate, subtropical, tropical) are also divided into climatic areas. Climatic regions Form under the influence of the underlying surface within the boundaries of one climatic belt.

Climatic belts are basic and transition. The main climatic belts have the unchanged nature of the air movement throughout the year. In transition areas, there are signs of two main belts depending on the time of year. The main types include:

1. Equatorial belt

Located on both sides of the equator. Characterized permanent temperature Air (24 ° -26 ° С Heat), temperature fluctuations on the sea less than 1 ° C. The maximum of solar heat is observed in September and March, when the sun stands in Zenith. During these months, the maximum falls. The annual precipitation amount is about 3000 mm, in the mountains of the sediment can reach 6000 mm. Precipitation is usually in the form of a rain. There are many wetlands, dense multi-tiered wets with exceptional variety of plant and animal world. For most cultivated plants, high moisturizing is favorable, so two harvests are collected in the equatorial belt per year.

The equatorial climate belt includes wet forests of the left tributaries of Amazon, Andeador and Colombia and Colombia, the Shine Bay shore, Cameroon, the right tributaries of the Congo, the Neighborhood Nile, the Southern Half of Ceylon Island, most of the Indonesian archipelago, part of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

2. Tropical belt

Tropical climatic belts in the north and southern hemisphere covers the zones of the year-round high pressure area. In the tropics, the atmosphere above the mainland is different, so the ocean tropical climate and the mainland tropical climate differs. Oceanic is similar to, differs only by stable winds and a smaller cloud. Summer over the oceans is warm, about + 25 ° C, and the winter is cool, on average + 12 ° C.

Above the ground dominates the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure, rain rains here. The mainland climate is characterized by very hot summer and cool in winter. Daily temperature The air is capable of changing dramatically. Such drops lead to frequent dusty beams.
In lush forests, it is always warm and wet. Here also drops a lot of precipitation. The tropical climatic belt includes Africa (sugar, Angola, Kalahari), Asia (Arabia), North America (Cuba, Mexico), South America (Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay), Central part of Australia.

3. Moderate belt

A moderate climatic belt is far from uniform. In it, the seasons are pronounced in contrast to tropical and equatorial. The marine climate and wet continental is highlighted. All zones are distinguished by the average annual amount of precipitation and characteristic vegetation.

Sea dominates in the west of North and South America, Eurasia. There are many cyclones, so the weather is unstable. In addition, Western winds blowing around the decontamination all year round. Summer in this belt is warm, about + 26 ° C, cold winter, from + 7 ° C to -50 ° C. Continental prevails in the center of the mainland. Cyclones penetrate here less often, so there is a warmer and dry summer and a colder winter.

4. Polar belt

Forms two belts: Antarctic and Arctic. The polar belt has a unique feature - the sun does not appear here for several months in a row (polar night) and also long lasts a polar day when it does not go beyond the horizon. The air is very cooled, the snow does not melt almost all year.

The transition zones include:

1. Subscance belt

The northern belt includes: Panama Panama, Venezuela, Guinea, Sakelian deserts in Africa, India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, South China. The southern belt covers Amazonian lowland, Brazil, Center and East Africa, North Australia. In the summer, equatorial air masses dominate here. Many precipitation falls out, the average temperature is + 30 ° C. In winter, tropical air masses are hosting a tropical air mass, the temperature is about + 14 ° C. The territory of this climatic belt is very favorable for the lives of people, it was here that many civilizations arose.

2. Subtropical climate.

This belt prevails or the Mediterranean climate, or subtropical. A lot of precipitation drops almost all year, so vegetation is characterized by a special diversity. The subtropical belt covers the Mediterranean, the South Coast of the Crimea, Western California, South-West Africa and Australia, South of Japan, East China, North of New Zealand, Pamir and Tibet.

3. Subolar climate.

This climatic belt is located on the northern outskirts of North America and Eurasia. In the summer there is cool (+ 5 ° C-10 ° C), the arctic air masses come here, the winter is long and cold (up to -50 ° C).