Subject: Distribution of sunlight heat on Earth.
Objectives lesson: - to form an idea of \u200b\u200bthe sun as the main source of energy, which causes the processes in the atmosphere; On the features of the illumination of land belts.
- to identify the reasons for the uneven distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth.
Develop the ability to work with cartographic sources
Education in students of tolerance
Equipment: the globe, climate card, physical. World map, Atlas, contour cards
During the classes:
I.Organization of students on the lesson.
II. Checking homework (fill out a table).
Similarities | Differences |
|
Weather | Climate |
|
General indicators:temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation | Indicators every time different | Medium perennial indicators |
Spatial definity(Specific territory) | Very change | Regardless |
Affect the person | Affects other nature features |
III. Studying a new material.
To explain the new material, the teacher uses the globe and a desk lamp, which will be "the Sun".
The lower the sun over the horizon, the lower the air temperature.
The highest position of the sun is at the sky of the Northern Hemisphere in June, and at this time there is a height of summer. The lowest is in December, and at this time there is winter, most of our country is covered with snow.
The time of the year's change occurs because the earth moves around the sun and the earth's axis is tilted to the plane of the earth orbit, as a result of which the globe is facing the sun in the direction of the South, then the southern hemispheme. The sun over the horizon is at different height. In the warm season, it is high above the horizon and the earth receives a lot of heat. In the cold season, the sun is low above the horizon, and the heat of the Earth gets less.
The land for the year makes one turn around the Sun, and when driving around it, the slope of the earth's axis remains unchanged.
(The teacher includes a table lamp and moves a globe around it, keeping its axis constant.)
Some incorrectly believe that the change of seasons is happening because the sun is closer in summer, and in winter - farther from the ground.
The distance from the ground to the Sun to change the seasons of the yearaffects.
At that moment, when the land of the Northern Lolda, as it were, "turned" to the Sun, and the southern - "turned away" from him, in the northern hemisphere Summer. The sun is high above the horizon on the north pole and around it, it does not go beyond the horizon around the horizon. There is a polar day. South parallels 66.5 ° C. sh. (Polar circle) The merger of the day and night happens every day. Reverse painting is observed in the southern hemisphere. When the globe is moved to fix the attention of students on four positions of the Earth:December 22, March 21, June 22 and September 21.At the same time, to show the boundaries of light and shadow, the angle of the sunlight on the parallels marked with flags. Analysis of drawings in the text of the paragraph.
North hemisphere | ||
22 Nunny | 1) illuminated more; 2) day long night; 3) The entire subsolar part over the day is lit to the parallel 66.50 s. sh. (polar day); 4) the rays of the Sun falling it is not 23.50 from. sh. (summer solstice) | 1) illuminated less; 2) the day shorter nights; 3) the entire subsolar part during the day in the shadow to the parallel of 66.50 yu. sh. (Polar Night) (Winter Solstice) |
1) both hemispheres are covered equally, day equal to night (12. h); 2) the rays of the Sun falling steeply at the equator; ( autumnal equinox) (the vernal equinox) |
||
1) illuminated less; 2) the day shorter nights; 3) the entire subsolar part during the day - in the shade to 66.50 s . sh. (Polar Night) (Winter Solstice) | 1) illuminated more; 2) day longer than a night; 3) The entire subsolar part over the day is lit up to 66.5 ° YU. sh. (polar day); 4) The rays of the Sun fall are falling to 23.50 yu. sh. (summer solstice) |
|
1) both hemispheres are covered equally, the day is equal to the night (at 12 h); 2) the rays of the Sun falling steeply at the equator; (Spring equinox) (autumnal equinox) |
||
Light belt.
Tropics and polar circles divide the ground surface on the illumination belt.
1. Polar belts: North and South.
2. Tropical belt.
3. Moderate belt: North and South.
Polar circles.
Parallels 66.50 s. Sh and 66.50 yu. w called polar circles. They are the boundaries of areas where there are polar days and polar nights. On the latitude of 66.50 people in the days of the summer solstice see the sun over the horizon full of a day, that is, all 24 hours after six months - all 24 hours. Polar night.
From the polar circles towards the poles, the duration of polar days and nights increases. So, on the latitude of 66.50 it is equal to 1 days, on the breadth of the day, the breadth of 80 ° - 134 days, in the latitude of 90 ° (on the poles) - approximately six months.
On the entire space between the polar circles, there is a change of day and night (show the northern and southern polar circles on the globe and the hemispheres and space map, where there are polar days and nights).
Tropics . Parallel 23.5 ° C. sh. and 23.5 ° sh. called tropical circles or just tropics. Over each of them once a year, the afternoon sun occurs in the zenith, those sunbeams fall steep.
Fizminutka
III. Fastening the material.
Practical work:"The designation of illumination belts on contour cards Hemisphey and Russia. "
IV.. Homework: Sh § 43; Tasks in the text of the textbook.
V. Additional material (if there is time left at the lesson)
Seasons in poetry. N. Nekrasov
Winter.
Not the wind rages over Bor.
Not from the mountains ran the streams,
Frost Voivode Wort
Own owners.
Looks - Lee Levels
Forest trails listed,
And there is no crack, cracks,
And is there any naked land?A. Pushkin
Spring.
Gonimy rays, .- "
From the surrounding mountains already snow
Fucked with muddy streams
On rummaged meadows.
Smile clear nature
Through the dream meets the morning of the year ...
BUT. Mikes
It smells of hay over meadows ...
In the song Soul Cheering,
Baba with rows
Go, hay meek ...A. Pushkin
With this video, you can independently explore the topic "Distribution of sunlight and heat". Initially discuss, from which the change of seasons depends, examine the scheme of the annual rotation of the Earth around the Sun, paying special attention to the most remarkable four dates on the sun lighting. Then learn what the distribution of sunlight and heat on the planet depends and why it occurs unevenly.
Fig. 2. Lighting the earth by the Sun ()
In winter, the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is better illuminated, in the summer - North.
Fig. 3. Scheme of the annual rotation of the Earth around the Sun
Solstice (summer solstice and winter solstice) -the moments when the height of the sun over the horizon at noon is the highest (summer solstice, June 22) or the smallest (winter solstice, December 22). In the southern hemisphere, the opposite is the opposite. On June 22 in the Northern Hemisphere there is the greatest light of the sun, the day is longer than the night, the polar circular day is observed. In the southern hemisphere, again, all on the contrary (i.e., all this is typical for December 22).
Polar circles (north polar circle and southern polar circle) -parallels, respectively, with the northern and southern latitude of about 66.5 degrees. To the north of the northern polar circle and south of the southern polar circle, a polar day (summer) and a polar night (winter) are observed. The region from the polar circle to the pole in both hemispheres is called Polar. Polar day -the period when the sun in high latitudes is not lowered by the horizon.
polar night - the period when the sun in high latitudes does not rise above the horizon, the phenomenon opposite to the polar day is observed simultaneously with it on the corresponding latitudes of another hemisphere.
Fig. 4. Light lighting scheme by the Sun along zones ()
Equinox (spring equinox and autumnal equinox) -the moments when the sun's rays relate to both poles, and fall to the equator. Spring equinox is March 21, autumnal equinox - September 23. These days both hemispheres are covered in the same way, the day is equal to the night,
The main reason for changing the air temperature is the change in the angle of falling the sunlight: the more sheer they fall into the earth's surface, the better it is warmed.
Fig. 5. Angles of falling sunlight (at the position of the sun 2 rays better warmed the ground surface than at position 1) ()
On June 22, the sun's rays are falling on the northern hemisphere of the Earth, thereby having the greatest degree warming it.
Tropics -Northern tropic and southern tropic - parallels, respectively, with the northern and southern latitude of about 23.5 degrees. In one of the days of the solstice, the sun at noon stands on them in Zenith.
Tropics and polar circles are separated by land on illumination belts. Light belt -parts of the surface of the Earth, limited by tropics and polar circles and characterized by the conditions of illumination. The heat-free illumination belt is tropical, the coldest - polar.
Fig. 6. Earth illumination belts ()
The sun is the main thing that the weather on our planet depends on the position of which. The moon and other cosmic bodies have an indirect effect.
Salekhard is located on the line of the Northern Polar Circle. This city has an obelisk polar circle.
Fig. 7. Obelisk Polar Circle ()
Cities where you can watch polar night:Murmansk, Norilsk, Monchegorsk, Vorkuta, Severomorsk, etc.
Homework
Paragraph 44.
1. Name the days of solstice and the days of equinox.
Bibliography
Basic
1. The initial course of geography: studies. for 6 cl. general education. institutions / etc. Gerasimova, N.P. Nezlukov. - 10th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop; Dick, 2011. - 32 s.
3. Geography. 6 cl.: Atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, Dick, 2013. - 32 s.
4. Geography. 6 CL.: CONT Maps: M.: Dick, Drop, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Directory and Statistical Collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for GIA and EGE
1. Geography: initial course: tests. Studies. Handbook for students of 6 cl. - M.: Humanit. ed. Center Vlados, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 CL.: Educational and methodical manual / A.A. Letlyagin. - M.: Agency "Agency" Krp "Olymp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
1.Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
3.Geografia.ru ().
Atmosphere pressure - The pressure of the atmospheric air into the objects in it and the earth's surface. Normal atmospheric pressure is an indicator of 760 mm Hg. Art. (101325 PA). With increasing height for each kilometer, the pressure drops by 100 mm.
The composition of the atmosphere:
The Earth's atmosphere is the air sheath of the Earth, consisting mainly of gases and various impurities (dust, water drops, ice crystals, sea salts, combustion products), the number of which is inconstant. The main gases are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and argon (0.93%). The concentration of gases constituting the atmosphere is practically constant, with the exception of CO2 carbon dioxide (0.03%).
Also, the atmosphere contains SO2, CH4, NH3, CO, hydrocarbons, NS1, HF, HG, I2 pairs, as well as NO and many other gases in minor quantities. In the troposphere is constantly being a large number of Weighted solid and liquid particles (aerosol).
Climate and weather
Weather and climate are interconnected, but it is worth identifying the difference between them.
Weather - This is the state of the atmosphere over a certain area at a certain point in time. In the same city, the weather may change every few hours: the fog appears in the morning, the thunderstorm begins to dinner, and by the evening the sky is cleared from the clouds.
Climate - Perennial, repeating weather mode, characteristic of a specific area. The climate affects the terrain, water bodies, vegetable and animal world.
The main weather elements are atmospheric precipitation (rain, snow, fog), wind, temperature and humidity, cloudiness.
Precipitation - This is water in a liquid or solid form falling on the surface of the Earth.
They are measured using the device called a rainer. This is a metal cylinder, whose cross section area is 500 cm2. The precipitate is measured in millimeters - this is the depth of the water layer, which appeared in the rainer after falling out of precipitation.
Air temperature It is determined using a thermometer - an instrument consisting of a temperature scale and a cylinder, partially filled with a certain substance (usually alcohol or mercury). The effect of the thermometer is based on the expansion of the substance during heating and compression - during cooling. One of the varieties of the thermometer is the well-known thermometer, in which the cylinder is filled with mercury. The thermometer measuring the air temperature should be in the shade so that the sun's rays do not heate it.
Measuring the temperature is carried out on meteorological stations several times a day, after which they derive the average daily, average monthly or average annual temperature.
The average daily temperature is the arithmetic temperature of the temperature measured at equal intervals during the day. The average monthly temperature is the arithmetic average of all average daily temperatures for a month, and the average annual arithmetic average of all average daily temperatures during the year. In one area, the average temperatures of each month and year remain approximately constant, since any strong temperature fluctuations are leveled during averaging. Currently, there is a tendency to a gradual increase in average temperatures, this phenomenon called global warming. The increase in the average temperature for several tenth of degrees is imperceptible to humans, but has a significant impact on the climate, since the pressure, humidity changes, and winds change together with the temperature.
Air humidity Shows how saturated with aquatic pairs. Measure absolute and relative humidity. Absolute humidity is the amount of water vapor in 1 cubic meter of air, is measured in grams. When they talk about the weather, more often use relative air humidity, which shows the percentage of the number of water vapor in the air to the amount that is in the air during saturation. Saturation is a certain limit to which water vapors are in the air, not condensed. Relative humidity cannot be more than 100%.
The saturation limit is different in different parts of the globe. Therefore, to compare humidity in different localities, it is better to use an absolute humidity indicator, and for the weather characteristic in a specific area - the relative indicator.
Cloud It is usually estimated using the following expressions: Cloudy - all the sky is covered with clouds, partly cloudy - there are a large number of individual clouds, clearly - the number of clouds is slightly either they are missing.
Atmosphere pressure- Very important weather characteristic. Atmospheric air It has its own weight, and for each point of the earth's surface, for each subject and a living being located on it, presses the air column. Atmospheric pressure is made to measure in millimeters mercury pillar. To measure this measurement, we will explain what it means. On each square centimeter of the air surface presses with the same force as the mercury column with a height of 760 mm. Thus, air pressure is compared with the pressure of the mercury column. The figure is less than 760 mean reduced pressure.
Temperature oscillations
In any terrain, the temperature is not permanent. At night, due to the lack of solar energy, the temperature decreases. In this regard, it is customary to allocate the average day and night temperature. Also, the temperature fluctuates during the year in winter the average daily temperature below, gradually increases in the spring and gradually decreases in the fall, in the summer - the highest average temperature.
Distribution of light, heat and moisture on the earth's ground earth
On the surface of the spherical land, solar heat and light are unevenly distributed. This is due to the fact that the angle of falling rays on different latitudes is different.
The earth's axis is inclined to the plane of the orbit at an angle. With its northern end, she is directed towards the polar star. The sun always illuminates half of the earth. At the same time, the northern hemisphere is more illuminated (and the day there lasts longer than in a single hemisphere), on the contrary, south. Twice a year both hemispheres are covered equally (then the duration of the day in both hemispheres is the same).
The sun is the main source of heat and light on Earth. This huge gas ball with a temperature on the surface of about 6000 ° C emits a large amount of energy called solar radiation. It heats our land, moves air, forms a circulation of water, creates conditions for the lives of plants and animals.
Passing through the atmosphere, some of the solar radiation is absorbed, the part is dissipated and reflected. Therefore, the flow of solar radiation, coming to the surface of the Earth, gradually weakens.
Solar radiation enters the surface of the ground straight and scattered. Direct radiation represents the flow of parallel rays running directly from the Sun disk. Scattered radiation comes from all over the sky. It is believed that the flow of heat from the Sun on 1 hectare of land is equivalent to burning almost 143 thousand tons of coal.
The sun rays passing through the atmosphere, it is very hot. The heating of the atmosphere comes from the surface of the Earth, which, absorbing solar energy, turns it into thermal. Air particles, in contact with the heated surface, get warm and carry it into the atmosphere. So the lower layers of the atmosphere are heated. Obviously, the more gets the surface of the earth of solar radiation, the stronger it heats up, the stronger the air heats up from it.
Numerous air temperature observations have shown that the highest temperature was observed in Tripoli (Africa) (+ 58 ° C), the lowest at the East station in Antarctica (-87.4 ° C).
The flow of solar heat and the temperature distribution depends on the latitude of the place. The tropical area gets more heat from the Sun than moderate and polar latitudes. Most of all heat receive Equatorial areas Sun - Star Solar systemwhich is for the planet Earth source of a huge amount of heat and dazzling light. Despite the fact that the sun is from us at a considerable distance and only a small part of its radiation comes to us, this is enough to develop life on Earth. Our planet rotates around the sun in orbit. If with spacecraft Watch the Earth throughout the year, then it can be noted that the sun always covers only any one half of the earth, therefore, there will be a day, and at the opposite half at that time there will be a night. The earth's surface gets warm only during the day.
Our land is heated unevenly. The uneven heating of the Earth is explained by its spherical form, so the angle of falling the solar beam in different areas is varied, and therefore various parts of the earth receive a different amount of heat. At the equator, the sun rays fall again, and they heat the ground strongly. The farther from the equator, the angle of falling the beam becomes less, and therefore, and fewer heat get these territories. The one and the same power bundle of solar radiation heats the equator much less area, as it drops sharply. In addition, rays falling at a smaller angle than at the equator - permeating the atmosphere, pass in it a larger way, as a result of which part of the sun's sun is dissipated in the troposphere and does not reach the earth's surface. All this indicates that when removing from the equator, the air temperature decreases to the north or south, since the angle of falling the solar beam is reduced.
The distribution of precipitation on the globe depends on how many clouds containing moisture is formed above this territory or how much the wind can bring them. The air temperature is very important, because the intensive evaporation of the moisture occurs at high temperatures. Moisture evaporates, clouds up and clouds are formed at a certain altitude.
The air temperature decreases from the equator to the poles, therefore, the amount of precipitation is maximally in equatorial latitudes and decreases to the poles. However, on land, the distribution of precipitation depends on a number of additional factors.
A lot of precipitation falls over coastal territories, and as they remove from the oceans, their number decreases. More precipitation on the winding slopes of the mountain ranges and significantly less on the leeward. For example, on the Atlantic coast of Norway in Bergen, 1730 mm of precipitation falls per year, and in Oslo only 560 mm. The low mountains also affect the distribution of precipitation - on the western slope of the Urals, in Ufa, there is an average of 600 mm of precipitation, and on the eastern slope, in Chelyabinsk, - 370 mm.
The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the Amazon Pool, the shore of the Guinean Bay and Indonesia. In some areas of Indonesia, their maximum values \u200b\u200breach 7000 mm per year. In India, in the foothills of the Himalayas at an altitude of about 1300 m above sea level, there is a rainy place on Earth - Cherapundy (25.3 ° S.Sh. and 91.8 ° V.D., it falls on average more than 11,000 mm of precipitation in Year. Such an abundance of moisture brings the wet summer south-west monsoon to these places, which rises to steep mountain slopes, cooled and sheds powerful rain.
Oceans, the water temperature of which varies much slower than the temperature of the earth's surface or air, have a strong softening effect on the climate. At night and winter, the air over the oceans cools much slower than above the land, and if the ocean air masses move over the continents, it leads to warming. Conversely, during the day and summer, the sea breeze cools the land.
The distribution of moisture on the earth's surface is determined by the cycle of water in nature. Every second into the atmosphere, mostly from the surface of the oceans, a huge amount of water evaporates. Wet ocean air, rushing over the continents, cooled. The moisture is then condensed and returns to the earth's surface in the form of rain or snow. Partially it is preserved in the snow cover, rivers and lakes, and partially returns to the ocean, where evaporation is happening again. This completes the hydrological cycle.
The distribution of precipitation affects the flow of the world's ocean. Above the districts near which warm currents pass, the amount of precipitation increases, since the air heats up from warm water masses, it rises up and clouds are formed with sufficient water. Over the territories, next to which cold flows are undergoing, the air is cooled, it drops down, the clouds are not formed, and the precipitation falls significantly less.
Since water plays an essential role in erosion processes, it thus affects the movement of the earth's crust. And any redistribution of mass due to such movements in the conditions of the land rotating around its axis is capable, in turn, contribute to the change in the position of the earth's axis. During the glacial epochs, the sea level is lowered, as water is accumulated in glaciers. This, in turn, leads to the growing continents and an increase in climatic contrasts. Reducing the river flow and decrease in the world's ocean levels to achieve the warm ocean flows of cold regions, which leads to further climatic changes.
If the thermal mode of the geographic shell was determined only by the distribution of solar radiation without transferred by its atmosphere and hydrosphere, then at the equator, the air temperature would be 39 0 C, and on the Pole -44 0 C. Already on the latitude of 50 0 S.Sh. and Yu.Sh. There would be an eternal frost zone. However, the actual temperature at the equator is about 26 0 s, and in the north pole -20 0 S.
Up to larid 30 0 Solar temperatures above the actual, i.e. In this part of the globe, an excess of sunny heat is formed. On average, and even more so in polar latitudes actual temperatures above solar, i.e. These land belts receive additional to sunny heat. It comes from low latitudes with oceanic (water) and tropospheric air masses in the process of their planetary circulation.
Thus, the distribution of solar heat, as well as his absorption, is not occurring in one system - the atmosphere, but in the system of higher structural level - the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Analysis of heat distribution in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere allows us to make the following generalizing conclusions:
- 1. The southern hemisphere is colder than the North, as there is less advective heat from the hot belt.
- 2. Solar heat is consumed mainly above the oceans on evaporation of water. Together with the ferry, it is redistributed both between the zones and inside each zone, between the continents and the oceans.
- 3. From tropical latitudes Heat with trade in circulation and tropical currents enters Equatorial. The tropics are losing up to 60 kcal / cm 2 per year, and at the equator, the arrival of heat from condensation is 100 or more cal / cm 2 per year.
- 4. The northern moderate belt from the warm ocean currents coming from equatorial latitudes (Golf Stream, Kurovivo), receives on oceans to 20 and more kcal / cm 2 per year.
- 5. Western transfer from the oceans heat is transferred to the continent, where temperate climate It is formed not to latitude 50 0, but a much norther of the polar circle.
- 6. In the southern hemisphere, tropical heat is obtained only by Argentina and Chile; In the southern ocean, the cold water of the Antarctic flow circulate.
In January, a huge area of \u200b\u200bpositive temperature anomalies is in North Atlantic. It extends from the tropics to 85 0 S.Sh. And from Greenland to the line of the Yamal Black Sea. Maximum exceeding the actual temperatures above the medium-wide reach in the Norwegian Sea (up to 26 0 s). British Islands and Norway warmer at 16 0 s, France and the Baltic Sea - by 12 0 S.
In Eastern Siberia, in January, an equally large and pronounced region of negative temperature anomalies with a center in Northeast Siberia is formed in January. Here an anomaly reaches -24 0 S.
In the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, there is also an area of \u200b\u200bpositive anomalies (up to 13 0 s), and in Canada - negative (up to -15 0 s).
Heat distribution on the earth's surface on geographic maps With the help of isotherm. There are cards of the isotherm of the year and every month. These cards are quite objectively illustrate the thermal regime of a particular area.
Heat on the earth's surface is distributed zero-regional:
- 1. The average long-term highest temperature (27 0 c) is observed not at the equator, but by 10 0 s.sh. This warmer parallel is called thermal equator.
- 2. In July, the thermal equator shifts to the northern tropic. The average temperature on this parallel is 28.2 0 C, and in the hottest areas (sugar, California, Tar) it reaches 36 0 C.
- 3. In January, the thermal equator is shifted to the southern hemisphere, but not as much as in July to the North. The warmest parallel (26.7 0 s) is on average 5 0 Yu.Sh., but the hottest areas are still south, i.e. On the mainland of Africa and Australia (30 0 s and 32 0 s).
- 4. The temperature gradient is directed to the poles, i.e. The temperature to the poles decreases, and in the southern hemisphere more than in the northern. The difference between the equator and the north pole is 27 0 with winter 67 0 C, and between the equator and the southern pole in summer 40 0 \u200b\u200bs, in winter 74 0 S.
- 5. The drop in temperature from the equator to the poles is uneven. In tropical latitudes, it occurs very slowly: on 1 0 latitude in summer 0.06-0.09 0 s, in winter 0.2-0.3 0 C. All tropical zone In temperature, it turns out to be very homogeneous.
- 6. Northern moderate belt The course of January isotherm is very complex. Analysis of the isotherm identifies the following patterns:
- - in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the advection of heat associated with the circulation of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere;
- - Looking towards the oceans land - Western Europe and North-West America - have a high temperature (on the coast of Norway 0 0 c);
- - A huge array of sushi Asia is very lifted, on it closed isotherms outline the very cold area in Eastern Siberia, to - 48 0 S.
- - Isotherm in Eurasia goes not from the west to the East, but from the North-West to the southeast, showing that temperatures fall in the direction of the ocean deep into the mainland; Through Novosibirsk passes the same isotherm as the new land (-18 0 s). At the Aral Sea is also cold, as in Spitsbergen (-14 0 c). A similar picture, but somewhat in weakened form, is observed in North America;
- 7. July isotherms are quite straightforward, because The drying temperature is determined by solar insolation, and the transfer of heat according to the ocean (golfustrim) in the summer at the dry temperature is noticeably affected, for it is heated to the sun. The tropical latitudes are noticeable influence of cold ocean currents running along the western banks of the mainland (California, Peruvian, Canary, etc.), which cooled the land adjacent to them and cause deviation to the isotherm towards the equator.
- 8. In the distribution of heat by ground Shar. The following two patterns are distinctly expressed: 1) zonality, obliged by the figure of the Earth; 2) Secto, due to the features of the assimilation of solar heat by oceans and continents.
- 9. The average air temperature at the level of 2 m for the entire Earth is about 14 0 s, January 12 0 C, July 16 0 S. Southern hemisphere in the annual conclusion is colder than North. The average air temperature in the northern hemisphere is 15.2 0 C, in the southern - 13.3 0 S. The average temperature of the air for the entire land coincides with approximately the temperature observed about 40 0 \u200b\u200bS.Sh. (14 0 s).
Air thermal regime indicators
The main indicators of air temperature are the following:
1. The average temperature of the day.
2. For submools for months.
3. The average temperature of each month.
4.Stern multi-year temperatures month. All average perennial data is derived for a long period (at least 35 years). Most often enjoyed data from January and July. The highest perennial monthly temperatures are observed in sugar (up to + 36.5 0 s) and in the valley of death (up to +39 0 s). The lowest temperatures are fixed at the East station in Antarctica (up to - 70 0 c).
5. The average temperature of each year.
6. The average member of the year. The highest average annual temperature is fixed on Dullaol weather station in Ethiopia and amounted to +34.4 0 C. In the south of Sahara, many items have an average annual temperature of + 29-30 0 C. The lowest average annual temperature is registered with the Pereshn plateau and amounted to 56.6 0 s. .
7. Absolute lows and temperature maxima for any observation period - day, month, year, a number of years. The absolute minimum for the entire earth's surface was noted at the station East in Antarctica in August 1960 and amounted to - 88.3 0 s, for the Northern Hemisphere - in Oymyakne in February 1933 (-67,7 0 s).
The highest temperature for the whole land was observed in September 1922 in El Asia in Libya (+57.8 0 s). The second record of the heat +56.7 0 s was registered in the valley of death. In third place on this indicator there is a desert TAR (+53 0 s).
In the sea, the highest water temperature +35.6 0 s is marked in the Persian Gulf. Lake water is most heated in the Caspian Sea (up to +37.2 0 s).
If the thermal mode of the geographic shell was determined only by the distribution of solar radiation without transferred by its atmosphere and hydrosphere, then at the equator, the air temperature would be 39 0 C, and on the Pole -44 0 C. Already on the latitude of 50 0 S.Sh. and Yu.Sh. There would be an eternal frost zone. However, the actual temperature at the equator is about 26 0 s, and in the north pole -20 0 S.
Up to larid 30 0 Solar temperatures above the actual, i.e. In this part of the globe, an excess of sunny heat is formed. In the medium, and even more so in polar latitudes, actual temperatures are higher than solar, i.e. These land belts receive additional to sunny heat. It comes from low latitudes with oceanic (aqueous) and tropospheric air masses in the process of their planetary circulation.
Thus, the distribution of solar heat, as well as his absorption, is not occurring in one system - the atmosphere, but in the system of higher structural level - the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Analysis of heat distribution in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere allows us to make the following generalizing conclusions:
1. Jewish hemisphere is colder than northern, as there is less advective heat from the hot belt.
2. Solar heat is consumed mainly above the oceans for evaporation of water. Together with the ferry, it is redistributed both between the zones and inside each zone, between the continents and the oceans.
3. The tropical latitude of heat with the trade in circulation and tropical currents enters the equatorial. The tropics are losing up to 60 kcal / cm 2 per year, and at the equator, the arrival of heat from condensation is 100 or more cal / cm 2 per year.
4. A superior messenger belt from the warm ocean currents coming from equatorial latitudes (Golfustrim, Kurovivo), receives on oceans to 20 and more kcal / cm 2 per year.
5. The coordinated transfer from the oceans is heat transferred to the continent, where the temperate climate is formed not to the latitude of 50 0, but a much north of the polar circle.
6. In the southern hemisphere, tropical heat is obtained only by Argentina and Chile; In the southern ocean, the cold water of the Antarctic flow circulate.
In January, a huge area of \u200b\u200bpositive temperature anomalies is located in the North Atlantic. It extends from the tropics to 85 0 S.Sh. And from Greenland to the line of the Yamal Black Sea. Maximum exceeding the actual temperatures above the medium-wide reach in the Norwegian Sea (up to 26 0 s). British Islands and Norway warmer at 16 0 s, France and the Baltic Sea - by 12 0 S.
In Eastern Siberia, in January, an equally large and pronounced region of negative temperature anomalies with a center in Northeast Siberia is formed in January. Here an anomaly reaches -24 0 S.
In the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, there is also an area of \u200b\u200bpositive anomalies (up to 13 0 s), and in Canada - negative (up to -15 0 s).
The heat distribution on the earth's surface on geographic maps using isotherms. There are cards of the isotherm of the year and every month. These cards are quite objectively illustrate the thermal regime of a particular area.
Heat on the earth's surface is distributed zero-regional:
1. The average long-term highest temperature (27 0 c) is observed not at the equator, but by 10 0 s.sh. This warmer parallel is called thermal equator.
2. In July, the thermal equator shifts to the northern tropic. The average temperature on this parallel is 28.2 0 C, and in the hottest areas (sugar, California, Tar) it reaches 36 0 C.
3. In January, the thermal equator is shifted to the southern hemisphere, but not as much as in July to the North. The warmest parallel (26.7 0 s) is on average 5 0 Yu.Sh., but the hottest areas are still south, i.e. On the mainland of Africa and Australia (30 0 s and 32 0 s).
4. Temperature gradient is directed to the poles, i.e. The temperature to the poles decreases, and in the southern hemisphere more than in the northern. The difference between the equator and the north pole is 27 0 with winter 67 0 C, and between the equator and the southern pole in summer 40 0 \u200b\u200bs, in winter 74 0 S.
5. The temperature of the temperature from the equator to the poles is uneven. In tropical latitudes, it occurs very slowly: on 1 0 latitude in summer 0.06 - 0.09 0 C, in winter 0.2 - 0.3 0 C. The entire tropical zone in temperature turns out to be very homogeneous.
6. In the northern moderate belt, the course of January isotherm is very complex. Analysis of the isotherm identifies the following patterns:
In the Atlantic and Pacific Aceans, the heat advection associated with the circulation of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere;
Locking towards the oceans land - Western Europe and North-West America - have a high temperature (on the coast of Norway 0 0 c);
The huge array of sushi Asia is very lifted, on it closed isotherms outline the very cold area in Eastern Siberia, to - 48 0 S.
Isothermary in Eurasia goes not from the west to the east, but from the North-West to the southeast, showing that temperatures fall in the direction of the ocean deep into the mainland; Through Novosibirsk passes the same isotherm as the new land (-18 0 c). At the Aral Sea is also cold, as in Spitsbergen (-14 0 c). A similar picture, but somewhat in weakened form, is observed in North America;
7. Ijul isotherms are sufficiently straightforward, since the temperature on land is determined by solar insolation, and the transfer of heat across the ocean (golfustrim) in the summer at the dry temperature does not noticeably affect, for it is heated by the Sun. The tropical latitudes are noticeable influence of cold ocean currents running along the western banks of the mainland (California, Peruvian, Canary, etc.), which cooled the land adjacent to them and cause deviation to the isotherm towards the equator.
8. In the distribution of heat on the globe, the following two patterns are clearly expressed: 1) zonality, obliged by the figure of the Earth; 2) Secto, due to the features of the assimilation of solar heat by oceans and continents.
9. The average air temperature at the level of 2 m for the entire Earth is about 14 0 s, January 12 0 C, July 16 0 S. Southern hemisphere in the annual conclusion is colder than North. The average air temperature in the northern hemisphere is 15.2 0 C, in the southern - 13.3 0 S. The average temperature of the air for the entire land coincides with approximately the temperature observed about 40 0 \u200b\u200bS.Sh. (14 0 s).
