Moderate climate of Russia. Continental tropical climate What does the continental climate mean

The continental climate, the type of climate, which is formed under the conditions of the prevailing effect on the atmosphere during the year of large sushi massifs, i.e., in those parts of the mainland and in the coastal areas of the oceans, where the air masses of continental origin are dominated during the entire year. Particularly characteristic of Asia and North America. The continentality of the climate is determined by the large daily and annual (hot summer and cold winter) with the values \u200b\u200bof the amplitude of the air temperature, significantly exceeding those that are observed on the oceans on the same geographical latitude. The continental climate is also peculiar to the large variability of the anomalies of meteorological values \u200b\u200bfor different time intervals, reduced values relative humidity, clouds day and in summer months, unevenness in the fallout of precipitation in all seasons, as well as the overall increase in the annual amplitude of the air temperature, the decrease in the amount of precipitation and the average wind speed is deep into the mainland.

To assess the continentality of the climate of the geographic region, continentality indices (K) developed by a number of scientists are used. According to L. Gorkynsky, to GR \u003d (1,7A / SIN F) - 20.4 (where a - annual amplitude of air temperature in ° C, F - geographical latitude in degrees); According to S. P. Chromova, to XP \u003d A-5.4SIN F / a. Continental indexes are usually expressed as a percentage; For example, for the extreme West of Europe, the XP varies from 50 to 75%, for Central and Northeast Asia, the inland areas of North America to XP over 90%, for small areas within Central Australia, the northern parts of Africa and South America also reaches 90% .

The continental climate in Russia varies from moderately continental on the European part to a sharp continental in Eastern Siberia. The most severe continental climate in Russia is characteristic of Yakutia, in Yakutsk, the average monthly air temperature in July 19 ° C, in January -43 ° C, the annual precipitation amount is 190 mm. In moderate and high latitudes, the continentality of the climate is greater extent depends on the decrease in the values \u200b\u200bof the winter air temperature, and in tropical - from the increase in summer. A special kind of continental climate is a climate of mountain areas in moderate latitudes, where the temperature regime and the number atmospheric Ospalkov Very diverse, depend on the height above sea level, exposure of slopes and other relief features.

Lit.: Vyvetsky G. N. Climates of Foreign Asia. M., 1960; Movie N. A. Climate of the USSR. M., 1983; Climatology / Edited by O. A. Drozdova, N. V. Kobysheva. L., 1989; Chromov S. P., Petrosanz M. A. Meteorology and climatology. 7th ed. M., 2006; Sorokina V. N., Ghushchina D. Yu. Climatology. Climate geography. M., 2006.

Climate type, characteristic of the inland areas of large continents, whose feature is a combination of a very hot summer with rainfall convection type and very cold dry winter with minor snowfall. Summer temperatures are on average about 20 ° C, and winter from -10 ° C to -20 ° C in the coldest month. Annual precipitation is about 500 mm. The most characteristic landscape of the regions of this climate are meadows and steppes. There are a moderate continental and sharp continental climate. The regions of the moderately continental climate are available in the inner areas of Poland and in Hungary, in the steppe areas of Russia and North America.
A sharply continental climate is characteristic of a moderate belt of medium Siberia. Throughout the year, the continental air of moderate latitudes dominates here, therefore, it is characterized by extremely low winter temperatures (-25. -4 ° C) and a significant warming in the summer (14-20 ° C). Winter sunny, frosty, minor. Silyaous weather types are dominated. The annual precipitation amount is less than 500 mm. Summer sunny and warm. Moisturizing coefficient is close to unity. Taiga climate is formed here.

Continental climate of moderate latitude
In moderate latitudes for the continental climate, a large annual amplitude of air temperature (hot summer and cold winter) are characterized (hot summer and cold winter), as well as significant temperature changes during the day. The continental marine climate is characterized by a reduced average annual temperature and humidity, in some cases increased air dustiness. For the continental climate, a sufficiently small cloudiness and a small annual rainfall, the maximum of which falls for the summer. The average wind speed is usually small. Weather in the regions with a continental climate more changeable than in the regions with the marine climate.

Continental climate Tropikov
In the continental climate of the tropics, the annual fluctuations in the air temperature are not so high as in moderate latitudes, and precipitation falls much less than in the maritime climate.

Continental climate of polar latitudes
In polar latitudes, the continental climate is characterized by large annual fluctuations in air temperature and very cold summer.

Communication with other types of climate
The continental climate can be distributed in weakened and to the nearest parts of the oceans for the nearest to the continents, when air masses are received from the mainland to the territory over the ocean throughout the year. The continental climate differs from the monsoon climate that is formed due to the prevailing effect of the continental air masses in the winter and sea air masses - in the summer. Between the sea and the continental climate, there are gradual transitions, for example, the climate of Western Europe mainly, the European part of Russia is moderately continental, Eastern Siberia - sharply continental, the Far East - Musson.

Climate continentality The combination of climate properties determined by the influence of large sushi areas on the atmosphere and climate-forming processes. The main differences in the climate of the mainland and oceans are due to the peculiarities of the accumulation of heat them. The surfaces of the continents quickly and strongly heated during the day and summer and cooled at night and winter. Over the oceans, this process is slowed down, since the aquatic masses in the warm time of the day and the year are accumulated in deep layers a large number of Heat, which is gradually returned to the atmosphere in the cold time. Therefore, air temperature and others. The characteristics of the climate change (from day to night and from summer to winter) above the continent more than above the oceans (see Continental Climate, Marine Climate) . The movement of air masses leads to the spread of the effects of oceans on the climate of the adjacent parts of the continents and to the opposite effects of the mainland on the climate of the oceans. T about., The climate may have a greater or less continentality (or oceanicity), a quantitative expression; Most often, K. K. is considered as the function of the annual amplitude of the air temperature.

In the vneipic latitudes, non-periodic changes in the air temperature are so frequent and significant that the daily temperature of the temperature is clearly manifested only in periods of sustainable increasing anticyclonic weather. During the rest of the time it is fluttered with non-periodic changes that can be very intense.
For example, cooling in winter, when the temperature at any time of the day may fall (in continental conditions) by 10-20 ° C for one hour.

In tropical latitudes, non-periodic changes in temperature are less significant and the daily flow of temperature is not so strong.

Indexed temperature changes are mainly associated with advection of air masses from other areas of the Earth. Especially significant cooling (sometimes called cold waves) occur in moderate latitudes in connection with the invasions of cold air masses from the Arctic and
Antarctica. In Europe, the strong winter cooling is also with the penetration of cold air masses from the east, and in Western Europe from the European territory of Russia. Cold aerial masses Sometimes penetrate B.
Mediterranean pool and even achieve North Africa And in front of Asia.
But more often they are delayed in front of the mountain ranges of Europe, located in the latitudinal direction, especially before the Alps and the Caucasus. therefore climatic conditions The Mediterranean basin and the Transcaucasus differ significantly from the conditions of loved ones, but more northern regions.

In Asia, the cold air freely penetrates the mountain ranges that limit the territory of the Central Asian republics from the south and east, so winter on the Turan lowland is cold enough. But such mountain arrays, like a Pamir, Tien Shan, Altai, Tibetan Highlands, not to mention
Himalayas are obstacles to the further penetration of the cold air masses to the south. In rare cases, significant advective cooling are observed, however, in India: in Punjab, on average by 8 - 9 ° C, and in March
1911 The temperature fell at 20 ° C. The cold masses are streamlined mountain ranges from the West. Easier and more often cold air penetrates southeast
Asia, without meeting along the path of significant obstacles.

In North America, there are no mountain ranges passing in the latitudinal direction. Therefore, the cold masses of the arctic air can freely spread to Florida and Mexican Gulf.

Over the oceans of the invasion of cold air masses can deeply penetrate the tropics. Of course, the cold air is gradually warming up over warm water, but still it can cause noticeable decreases of temperature.

Invasion of sea air from the average latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean in
Europe creates warming in winter and cooling in the summer. The further deep
Eurasia, the less the repeatability of the Atlantic air masses becomes and the more their initial properties change over the mainland. But still the influence of invasions from the Atlantic on the climate can be traced until
Mediumness Plateau I. Central Asia.

Tropical air invades Europe and winter, and in summer from North
Africa and low-latitudes of the Atlantic. In summer, air masses close to the temperature to the air masses of the tropics and therefore also called tropical air are formed in the south of Europe or come to Europe from
Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In the Asian territory of Russia, the invasion of tropical air from Mongolia, North China, from the southern regions of Kazakhstan and from the deserts of Central Asia is observed.

In some cases, the strong increase in temperature (up to + 30 ° C) during the summer invasions of tropical air applies to Far North
Russia.

In North America, tropical air invades both quiet and with
The Atlantic Ocean, especially from the Gulf of Mexico. At the most mainland, the mass of tropical air is formed over Mexico and the south of the United States.

Even in the field of the North Pole, the air temperature in the winter is sometimes rising to zero as a result of advection from moderate latitudes, and warming can be traced in the entire troposphere.

Moving air masses, leading to advective changes in temperature, are associated with cyclonic activities.

In less significant spatial scales, sharp non-periodic temperature changes can be associated with hair dryers in mountainous areas, i.e. With adiabatic heating of air during its descending movement.

Since non-periodic changes in temperatures occur every year. differently, then the average annual temperature Air in each individual paragraph in different years is different. Thus, in Moscow in 1862, the average annual temperature was + 1.2 ° C, in 1925 + 6.1 ° C. The average temperature of a month in some years varies in even wider limits, especially for winter months. Thus, in Moscow in 170 years, the average January temperature ranged within 19 ° C (from -21 to -2 ° C), and July - with the limits of 7 ° C (from
+15 to + 22 ° C). But this is the extreme limits of oscillations. On average, the temperature of one or another month of a particular year deviates from the long-term average for this month in the winter of about 3 ° C and in summer by 1.5 ° C in one direction or the other.

The deviation of the average monthly temperature from the climate norm is called an anomaly of the average monthly temperature of this month. The average long-term magnitude of the absolute values \u200b\u200bof the monthly anomalies of temperature can be taken for the measure of variability, which is the more intense the non-periodic changes in temperature in a given area, which give the same month in different years a different character. Therefore, the variability of the average monthly temperatures increases with breadth: in the tropics it is small, in moderate latitudes, in the marine climate is less than in continental.
The variability in transition areas between the marine and continental climate is especially great, where sea air masses may prevail, and continental.

Climate continentality. The climate above the sea, characterized by small annual temperature amplitudes, naturally name the sea in contrast to the continental climate over the land with large annual temperature amplitudes. The marine climate applies to the continuity of the continuity of the continent, the repeatability of the sea air masses. It can be said that the sea air brings the marine climate to land.
The areas of the oceans, where air masses from the nearby mainland prevail, they have rather continental than sea, climate.

The sea climate is well expressed in Western Europe, where round year Air transfer from the Atlantic Ocean. In the extreme west
Europe Annual air temperature amplitudes are only a few degrees. With the removal from the Atlantic Ocean, the annual temperature amplitudes are growing. In other words, the continentality of the climate is growing. IN
Eastern Siberia Annual amplitudes reaches several dozen degrees.
Summer is more roast here than in Western Europe, winter is much more severe.
The proximity of Eastern Siberia to the Pacific Ocean has no significant value, since due to the conditions total circulation The air atmosphere from this ocean does not penetrate away in Siberia, especially in winter. Only in the Far East the influx of air masses from the ocean in summer lowers the temperature and thereby slightly reduces the annual amplitude.

Climate continentality

the combination of climate properties determined by the influence of large sushi areas on the atmosphere and climate-forming processes. The main differences in the climate of the mainland and oceans are due to the peculiarities of the accumulation of heat them. The surfaces of the continents quickly and strongly heated during the day and summer and cooled at night and winter. Outside the oceans, this process is slowed down, since the aquatic masses in the warm time of the day and the year are accumulated in deep layers a large amount of heat, which is gradually returned to the atmosphere in the cold time. Therefore, the air temperature and others. The characteristics of the climate change (from day to night and from the summer to winter) above the mainland is stronger than above the oceans (see Continental Climate, Marine Climate). The movement of air masses leads to the spread of the effects of oceans on the climate of the adjacent parts of the continents and to the opposite effects of the mainland on the climate of the oceans. T about., The climate may have a greater or less continentality (or oceanicity), a quantitative expression; Most often, K. K. is considered as the function of the annual amplitude of the air temperature.

LIT: Chromys S. GG, to the question of climate continentality, "Izv. All Geographical Society ", 1957, vol. 89, c. 3; Rubinstein E.S., about the effect of the distribution of oceans and sushi on globe, ibid, 1953, vol. 85, c. four.

S. P. Chromov.

Big soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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Most of Russia is in the zone of moderate climatic belt. At the same time, seasons have clear boundaries, and solar activity varies significantly by month. The temperature modes of winter and summer are brightly opposed. The most extensive climatic belt country for meteorological amenities is divided into four sections: continental, moderately continental, sharply continental and monsoon.

Climate of the moderate belt of Russia

In our country temperate zone Located between the 40th and 65th parallels. When moving from west to east, the average annual precipitation and temperature modes of moderate latitudes are differentiated.

(Map scheme of climatic belts of Russia)

The main trait uniting this territory is a pronounced division of the year for four alternating season. The entire area of \u200b\u200bthe climatic belt is subject to the action of moderate air masses, the humidity of which is raised, and atmosphere pressure Reduced. The average winter temperature is -7 - -12 o C, in summer the air warms up on average to +15 - +20 o C.

The comparative table presents the average data over the past 10 years of observations temperature regime In various climatic zones of a moderate belt.

Continental

The continental climate of moderate latitudes dominates in Western Siberia. Continental air masses are controlled by the weather in this area. Cold Arctic flows move from north to south, and tropical air masses are moving to the most northern sections of forest belts. Under such actions, the winds in the north drops around 600mm of precipitation, and in the southern regions less than 400mm.

Moderately continental

The most stable type of temperate climate is moderately continental. In our country, it is presented in the European part. Distinctive features Such a climatic zone is a significant remoteness from the seas and oceans, a small cloudiness, high wind speed. The formation of weather conditions has a significant impact of the Atlantic air masses of high humidity. In winter, they are relatively warm, and in the summer - cool.

Heterogeneity natural zones (from taiga to steppe) defines various moisturizes of territories. In the north and northwest of the site, excessive moisture indicators are noted, and the eastern and southeastern borders are characterized by insufficient moisture.

Coppie-continental

Coppie-continental temperate climate It is found in areas of significantly remote from the oceans. In Russia, he is inherent in Eastern Siberia. In the summer months, the air is warmed enough, a large amount of precipitation falls. Winter period protracted, with frequent frosts. With severe frosts, a small amount of snow falls out, so the soil is deeply moderated, and in some northern parts, the zones of permafrost are preserved.

Monsoon continental

The monsonic climate is distributed in the southern regions of the Far East. A feature of this type of climate is the strong dependence of weather conditions from the circulation of monsoon (seasonal winds). In winter, when the mainland is cooled, and the atmospheric pressure rises, the dry cool air moves towards the ocean. In the summer, the opposite, due to the heating of the mainland, the air masses from the ocean are moved to land, carrying a cooling and abundance of precipitation.