Designation of a well on a topographic map. Symbols and designations on geographical maps. Assigning plans and legends

Map frames and coordinate lines. Topographic map sheets have three frames: inner, minute and outer. The inner frame is formed by segments of parallels that limit the area of the map from the north and south, and segments of meridians that limit it from the west and east. The latitude and longitude values on the lines of the inner frame are associated with the nomenclature of the map and are written in each of its corners.

A minute frame is placed between the inner and outer frames, on which divisions are plotted corresponding to one minute of latitude (left and right) and longitude (above and below). Dots on the frame mark tens of seconds.

The rectangular coordinate system on the map is represented by a kilometer grid formed by coordinate lines drawn every 1 km. x and y... The values x and y, expressed in kilometers, are inscribed at the outlets of the lines beyond the inner frame of the map.

Scale plans 1: 5000-1: 500 with rectangular layout have only a grid of rectangular coordinates. Its lines are drawn every 10 cm.

Symbols. On plans and maps, terrain objects are depicted with conventional signs.

Symbols distinguish between contour, off-scale, and linear.

Contour conventional symbols represent objects, the shape and size of which can be transferred to the scale of the plan (map). These include land (forests, gardens, arable land, meadows), water bodies, and for a larger scale - buildings and structures. The outlines of objects (outlines) on the plan are shown with dotted lines or lines of a certain thickness and color. Signs are placed inside the outline to indicate the nature of the object.

Out-of-scale conventional signs represent objects that need to be plotted on the plan, but it is impossible to depict on a scale (gas stations, wells, points of a geodetic network, etc.).

Linear conventional signs represent objects, the length of which is expressed on the scale of the plan, and the width is not expressed (power lines and communications, pipelines, fences, paths).

To reflect the characteristics of the depicted objects, many conventional signs are accompanied by explanatory captions. So, when depicting a railway, they indicate the height of the embankment and the depth of the excavation, the track width on a narrow-gauge road. When depicting a highway, indicate its width and pavement material; when displaying communication lines - the number of wires and their purpose; when depicting forests - tree species, average height, trunk thickness and distance between trees.

Relief image. On maps and plans, the relief is depicted using contour lines, elevations and conventional signs.

Horizontal lines- section lines the earth's surface equidistant level surfaces. In other words, horizontals are lines of equal heights. Horizontals, like other terrain points, project onto a level surface Q and put on the plan (Figure 4.3).

Fig. 4.3. Horizontal lines: h- the height of the relief section; d- laying

Difference h heights of adjacent contours, equal to the distance between the secant surfaces, is called relief section height... The value of the section height is signed at the bottom of the plan.

The horizontal distance between adjacent contours is called laying down... The minimum in a given place is the laying perpendicular to the horizontals, - stingray... The smaller the slope is, the steeper the slope.

The direction of the slope is indicated bergstriked- short strokes on some contours, directed towards the descent. On separate horizontals, in their gaps, their height is written so that the top of the numbers points in the direction of the rise.

Horizontal lines with round values of heights are made thicker, and to reflect the details of the relief they use semi-horizontal- dashed lines corresponding to half the height of the relief section, as well as auxiliary contours with short strokes, drawn at an arbitrary height.

The image of the relief by horizontal lines is supplemented by inscribing elevation marks around the characteristic points of the relief and special conventional signs depicting cliffs, rocks, ravines, etc. on the plan.

The main landforms are a mountain, a hollow, a ridge, a hollow and a saddle (Fig. 4.4).

Fig. 4.4. The main landforms: but- mountain; b- basin; in- ridge; r- hollow; d- saddle; 1 - watershed line; 2 - spillway line.

Mountain(elevation, hill, mound, hill) is depicted by closed horizontals with bergstrikas facing outward (Fig.4.4, but). The characteristic points of the mountain are its top and points at the bottom.

Hollow(depression) is also depicted as closed horizontals, but with bergstrikas facing inward (Fig.4.4, b). The characteristic points of the basin are points at its bottom and along the edge.

Ridge- an elongated hill. It is depicted as enveloping the crest of a ridge and elongated horizontals going along its slopes (Fig.4.4, in). The bergstrichs, like those of the mountain, face outward. The characteristic line of the ridge is the line running along its crest dividing line.

Hollow(valley, gorge, ravine, ravine) - a depression extended in one direction. It is depicted as elongated, horizontals with bergshrikhs facing inward (Fig.4.4, r). The characteristic line of the hollow is spillway(thalweg) - the line along which the water runs.

Saddle(pass) - a decrease between two hills (Fig.4.4, d). Hollows adjoin the saddle on both sides. The saddle is the intersection of the watershed and spillway lines.

Different terrain objects are depicted on topographic maps and plans: contours settlements, gardens, vegetable gardens, lakes, rivers, road lines, power transmission lines. The collection of these objects is called situation... The situation is depicted conventional signs.

Standard conventional signs, mandatory for all institutions and organizations that draw up topographic maps and plans, are established Federal Service geodesy and cartography of the Russian Federation and are published either separately for each scale, or for a group of scales.

Symbols are divided into five groups:

1. Areal symbols(Fig. 22) is used to fill the areas of objects (for example, arable land, forests, lakes, meadows); they consist of an object border sign (dotted line or thin solid line) and images filling it or conditional coloring; for example, symbol 1 shows a birch forest; the numbers (20 / 0.18) * 4 characterize the stand, (m): the numerator is the height, the denominator is the thickness of the trunk, 4 is the distance between trees.

Fig. 22. Areal symbols:

1 - forest; 2 - felling; 3 - meadow; 4 - vegetable garden; 5 - arable land; 6 - orchard.

2. Linear symbols(Fig. 23) show objects of a linear nature (roads, rivers, communication lines, power transmission lines), the length of which is expressed in a given scale. The conventional images show various characteristics of objects; for example, on highway 7 (m) the following are shown: the width of the carriageway - 8 and the entire road - 12; on a single-track railway 8: +1,800 - embankment height, - 2,900 - excavation depth.

Fig. 23. Linear symbols

7 - highway; 8 - railway; 9 - communication line; 10 - power line; 11 - main pipeline (gas).

3. Out-of-scale conventional signs(Fig. 24) are used to represent objects whose dimensions are not expressed in a given scale of a map or plan (bridges, kilometer pillars, wells, geodetic points). As a rule, off-scale marks determine the location of objects, but they cannot be used to judge their size. The signs give various characteristics, for example, the length of 17 m and the width of 3 m of the wooden bridge 12, the mark 393,500 points of the geodetic network 16.

Fig. 24. Out-of-scale symbols

12 - wooden bridge; 13 - windmill; 14 - plant, factory;

15 - kilometer pole, 16 - point of the geodetic network

4. Explanatory symbols are digital and letter inscriptions characterizing objects, for example, the depth and speed of the flow of rivers, the carrying capacity and width of bridges, the type of forest, the average height and thickness of trees, and the width of highways. These signs are placed on the main areal, linear, off-scale.

5. Special symbols(Fig. 25) are established by the relevant departments of the branches of the national economy; they are used to draw up specialized maps and plans for this industry, for example, signs for mine surveying plans for oil and gas fields - oil field structures and installations, wells, field pipelines.

Fig. 25. Special symbols

17 - track; 18 - water supply; 19 - sewerage; 20 - water intake column; 21 - fountain

To give a map or plan more clarity, colors are used to depict various elements: for rivers, lakes, canals, wetlands - blue; forests and gardens - green; highways - red; improved dirt roads - orange. The rest of the situation is given in black. On survey plans, underground communications (pipelines, cables) are colored.

Terrain relief and its representation on topographic maps and plans

Terrain relief is called a set of irregularities of the physical surface of the Earth.

Depending on the nature of the relief, the area is divided into mountainous, hilly, flat. All the variety of landforms is usually reduced to the following basic forms (Fig. 26):

Fig. 26. The main forms of relief

1. Mountain - domed or conical elevation of the earth's surface. The main elements of the mountain:

a) peak - the most elevated part, ending in either an almost horizontal platform, called a plateau, or a sharp peak;

b) slopes or slopes diverging from the top in all directions;

c) sole - the base of the hill, where the slopes pass into the surrounding plain.

A small mountain is called hill or knoll; artificial hill called mound.

2. Basin- a bowl-shaped, concave part of the earth's surface, or an unevenness opposite to a mountain.

In the basin, there are:

a) bottom - the lowest part (usually a horizontal platform);

b) cheeks - lateral slopes, diverging from the bottom in all directions;

c) outskirts - the border of the cheeks, where the hollow passes into the surrounding plain. A small basin is called hollow or pit.

3. Ridge- a hill, elongated in one direction and formed by two opposite slopes. The meeting line of the rays is called axis of a ridge or dividing line... The descending parts of the backbone line are called passes.

4. Hollow- a depression extended in one direction; the shape is opposite to the ridge. In the hollow, they distinguish: two slopes and a thalweg, or a water-connecting line, which often serves as a bed of a stream or river.

A large wide ravine, with a little sloping thalweg, is called valley; a narrow ravine with steep slopes, rapidly descending, and a thalweg cutting through the ridge, is called gorge or ravine... If it is located in a plain, then it is called ravine... A small hollow with almost sheer slopes is called beam, gully or gully.

5. Saddle- the meeting place of two or more opposite heights, or opposite hollows.

6. Ledge or terrace- an almost horizontal platform on the slope of a ridge or mountain.

The top of the mountain, the bottom of the basin, the lowest point of the saddle are characteristic points of relief.

Watershed and thalweg represent relief feature lines.

Currently, for large-scale plans, only two ways of depicting the relief are accepted: the signature of the marks and the drawing of contour lines.

Horizontal a closed curved terrain line is called, all points of which have the same height above sea level or above a conventional level surface.

The horizontals are formed as follows (Fig. 27). Let the elevation be washed by the sea surface with an elevation equal to zero. The curve formed by the intersection of the water surface with the hill will be a horizontal line with an elevation equal to zero. If we mentally cut the mountain, for example, with two level surfaces with a distance of h = 10 m between them, then the traces of the section of the hill by these surfaces will give horizontal lines with marks of 10 and 20 m.If we project the traces of the section of these surfaces on a horizontal plane in a reduced form, we get a plan of the hill in the horizontals.

Fig. 27. The image of the relief by horizontals

On the plan in the horizontals, the hills and depressions have the same appearance. To distinguish an elevation from a depression, short strokes are placed in the direction of lowering the slope perpendicular to the horizontal lines - the slope indicators. These strokes are called bergstriked... Lowering and raising the terrain can be set and labels of elevations of contour lines on the plan. The representation of the main landforms is shown in Figure 28.

In cases where the elements of the slope are not reflected by the section of the main contour lines, semi-horizontals and quarter-horizontals are drawn on the plan at the height of half and a quarter of the main section.

For example, the protrusion and base of the slope of a hill are not reflected by the main contours. The drawn semi-horizontal reflects the protrusion, and the quarter-horizontal reflects the bottom of the ramp.

Fig. 28. Representation of the main landforms by horizontal lines

The main contours are drawn with brown ink with thin solid lines, semi-horizontal - broken lines quarter horizontal - short dash-dotted line (Fig. 27). For greater clarity and convenience of counting, some horizontal lines are thickened. At a section height of 0.5 and 1 m, each horizontal is thickened, a multiple of 5 m (5, 10, 115, 120 m, etc.), when the relief is cut through 2.5 m - horizontal lines, multiples of 10 m (10, 20 , 100 m, etc.), with a cross section of 5 m, the horizontal lines are thickened in multiples of 25 m.

To determine the height of the relief in the breaks of thickened and some other contours, their marks are signed. In this case, the bases of the digits of the marks of the contour lines are set in the direction of lowering the slope.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Department of Geodesy

SELECTED SYMBOLS

Methodical instructions

To perform computational and graphic work by students studying in the direction of "Construction".

Kazan-2012

Compiled by: V.S. Borovskikh., M.G. Ishmukhametova

Selected conventional signs. Methodical instructions for the performance of computational and graphic works by students of the 1st course of daytime study in the direction of "Construction". Methodical instructions correspond to the State General Education Standard.

Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.

Compiled by: V. S. Borovskikh, M. G. Ishmukhametova

Kazan, 2012 - 17 p.

Fig. 90 Ref. 1

Reviewer: SNS, Associate Professor, KFMN of the Astronomy Department of Kazan State University M.I.Shpekin

Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

In "Selected conventional signs for topographic plans of scales 1: 500 and 1: 1000" "there are conventional signs of the most common contours and objects of the terrain. They need to be learned and known by students studying at the university. The" Selected Symbols "are used when performing computational graphic works and during the summer geodetic practice for drawing plans for theodolite, tacheometric surveys, leveling by squares.

To draw topographic plans and maps of smaller scales, conventional symbols are used, as a rule, similar in appearance to conventional symbols for scales 1: 500 - 1: 1000.

In the "Selected Symbols" in the first column there are ordinal numbers. Symbols are selected from the official publication "Symbols for topographic plans of scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000, 1: 500" - M .: Nedra, 2002, approved by the GUGK of Russia. The second column contains the names of conventional signs and explanations to them, and the third - the image of various signs and their sizes. When drawing plans, the sizes of the conventional symbols must be observed, but not shown.

When drawing out-of-scale conventional symbols, images of objects should be positioned perpendicular to the southern frame of the plan.

The position of the object on the ground must correspond to the following points of the off-scale mark on the plan:

a) for signs of regular shape (circle, square, etc.) - the center of the sign;

b) for signs with a right angle at the base - the apex of the angle;

c) for signs in the form of a perspective image of an object - the middle of the base of the sign.

To draw conventional signs on plans and maps, ink and watercolors of different colors are used. The colors are shown in the legend for the symbols. If there are no such explanations, conventional signs are depicted in black ink.

SELECTED SYMBOLS

for topographic plans

scales 1: 1000, 1: 500

	Name and characteristics of the topographic object	Topographic object symbol
	Points of the state geodetic network
	Points of the state geodetic network on the mounds
	Points of the state geodetic network on buildings
	Points of geodetic networks of concentration and their numbers
	Leveling benchmarks and their numbers
	Leveling benchmarks and wall marks
	Long-term construction ground leveling marks
	Temporary leveling marks
	Coordinate line intersections (in green)
	Buildings: Residential fire resistant: (brick, stone, concrete) 1) single-storey; 2) above one floor
	Non-residential fire-resistant buildings: (brick, stone, concrete) 1) single-storey; 2) above one floor
	Non-fire-resistant residential buildings: (wooden, adobe, etc.) 1) single-storey; 2) above one floor
	Non-residential non-fire-resistant structures (wooden, adobe, etc.) 1) single-storey; 2) above one floor
	Buildings under construction
	Ruined and dilapidated buildings
	Ground floor height mark (inside the contour); Ground mark at the corner of the house
	1) stone domes with different heights; 2) wooden with one dome
	1) stone; 2) wooden	1) 2)
	Small buildings: 1) individual garages; 2) toilets
	Slopes: Unfortified (figure 2,5 - slope height in meters)
	Unreinforced slopes (figure 102,5 - slope height in meters)
	Reinforced slopes (figure 102,5 - slope height in meters; inscription - a way of strengthening)
	Opencast mining of solid minerals (quarries, etc. (number - depth in meters)
	Gas stations
	Electrical substations, transformer boxes, and their numbers
	Wells and wells, combined with water towers
	Electric lanterns on poles
	Inspection wells (hatches) of underground utilities: 1) without appointment; 2) on water supply networks; 3) on sewer networks; 4) on heating systems; 5) on gas pipelines
	Power lines (PTL) on undeveloped territory (numbers - truss heights in meters, voltage in kV, number of wires or cables): 1) high voltage power lines on reinforced concrete trusses; 2) high voltage power lines on metal trusses; 3) cable overhead high voltage power lines on reinforced concrete and wooden poles; 4) Low voltage power lines on metal and wooden poles	1) 2) 3) 4)
	Power lines (PTL) in the built-up area: 1) High voltage power lines on wooden trusses; 2) high voltage power lines on poles; 3) cable overhead power transmission line of high voltage on poles; 4) Low voltage power lines on wooden poles
	Pipelines: Terrestrial ( D- gas pipeline, IN- water pipes, TO- sewerage, H- oil pipelines; pipe material - bet., st... and etc.; numbers - pipe diameter in millimeters): 1) ground-based on the ground; 2) on supports (numbers - the height of the supports in meters)
	Underground pipelines: 1) pipelines with inspection wells (numbers - numbers and elevations of wells; ch. 1,2- pipe laying depth); 2) pipelines laid side by side in the same trench (numbers - the number of gaskets);
	Waste grates
	Overwater pipelines on supports (washed in green)
	Piping on the bottom surface (washed in green)
	Communication lines and technical means of control air wire (telephone, radio, television, etc.)
	Masts, towers, radio and television repeaters (numbers - their heights in meters)	1:1000 1:500
	Landfill (dashed lines brown)
	Construction sites
	Roads: 1) highways (covering material - concrete); cuvettes in green. 2) highways with improved surface (asphalt); cuvettes in green.
	Carriageways and sidewalks: Washed in pink; 1) carriageways of streets in the presence of a side stone; 2) carriageways of streets without a side stone; 3) paved sidewalks; 4) unpaved sidewalks
	Unpaved roads: 1) improved dirt roads; cuvettes in green. 2) dirt roads (field, forest, country roads);	3)
	Roads in grooves (numbers - depths of grooves in meters); cuvettes in green.
	Railways
	Narrow-gauge railways (purpose and gauge in millimeters)
	Railways on embankments (numbers - embankment height in meters)
	Station tracks	1:1000
	Pedestrian bridges over railways (letters - bridge material)
	Horizontal lines (in brown): 1) thickened (through a given section height interval); 2) basic; 3) semi-horizontal (half the height of the section); 4) quarter-horizontal (in 1/4 of the section height)	1) 2) 3) 4)
	Slope direction indicators (bergstrikh)
	Elevation marks
	Earthen cliffs (in brown): (numbers - depth in meters)
	Pits (numbers - depth in meters)
	Mounds (numbers - height in meters)
	Watercourses, coastlines and marks of the water's edge (height and date of measurement), Land and water border in green, washed in blue.
	Streams (width not expressed in plan scale) in blue.
	Characteristics of watercourses: 2) width in meters (numerator), depth in meters and bottom soil (denominator)
	Bridges: 1) on a common superstructure (metal - metal, stone - stone, reinforced concrete - reinforced concrete, numbers - carrying capacity in tons); 2) small wooden;
	Vegetation: Contours of vegetation, agricultural land, soil, etc.
	Compositional characteristics of forest stands: 1) deciduous; 2) conifers; 3) mixed; according to qualitative data: 4) average tree height in meters (numerator), average trunk thickness in meters (denominator), average distance between trees in meters (figure on the right), tree species
	Natural high forests
	Young forest plantations (figure - average height in meters)
	Forest areas felled
	Shrubs separate groups

Topographic signs and symbols of bushes and shrubs

How are the elements of land cover, gardens, plantations, etc. indicated?

Let's start with the swamps. According to the degree of passability, they are divided into

Passable: swamps, through which in summer in any direction the movement of infantry is possible both in open and in closed formations.

Impenetrable: swamps through which the infantry can move with considerable difficulty and only in open formation.

Impassable: even one person cannot pass

Conditional explanatory signs of age and species of forests

Symbols and cartographic designations of swamps

Symbols and cartographic designations of sands and steppes

Symbols and cartographic designations of lands, plantations, etc.

Sometimes you can come across a combination of symbols. For example, a wet meadow and marshes where haymaking is performed are indicated by the marsh and meadow signs.

A topographic map, on which the tactical or special situation with all its changes in the course of hostilities is graphically displayed using conventional tactical signs with the necessary explanatory inscriptions, is called the commander's working map.

The process of displaying a tactical or special situation on a map or other graphic document is called "setting the situation". The set of conventional tactical signs is called "tactical situation" or abbreviated "situation".

Completeness of setting the setting:

1. About the enemy:

arrangement of weapons mass destruction with details down to a single weapon, rocket launcher;
infantry, motorized infantry, tank, artillery units with details to the platoon, guns;
radiation situation to the extent necessary for work.

2.About your troops:

the position of the subunits in detail two steps below their level (for example, the regiment commander marks battalions and companies).
tasks assigned by the senior chief.

Applied topographic maps:

1: 25000 - commanders of inputs and companies;
1: 50,000 - battalion commanders;
1: 100000 - commanders of regiments, divisions, corps;
1: 200000 - commanders of armies, fronts;
1: 500000 - overview maps of the fronts, the main command.

The following colors are used to apply the decor:

Basic - red, blue, black;
Auxiliary - brown, green, yellow.

The use of other colors, as well as shades of primary or secondary colors, is not allowed.

RED it is used when designating for our troops the position, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment of motorized rifle, airborne, tank, aviation, and naval units. Fire zones are marked with the same color, regardless of who created these zones.
BLUE it is used when designating for enemy troops the position, missions, actions, weapons and equipment of all combat arms. Also, all inscriptions related to the enemy are applied in this color. Flooded zones are marked with the same color, regardless of who created these zones.
THE BLACK used in the designation for our troops provisions, tasks, actions, weapons and equipment missile forces, artillery, anti-aircraft troops, engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, signal troops, railway and other special troops... Also, this color is used for all inscriptions related to all types of our troops.
BROWN It is used to draw roads, routes, and convoy routes of our troops, to fill the zones of application of bacteriological (biological) weapons, and to mark the outer border of the zone of radioactive contamination of V.
GREEN is used to designate the outer border of the zone of radioactive contamination of B.
YELLOW it is used to fill the zone of chemical contamination.

All inscriptions are made in upright or oblique standard drawing font. Direct font is used for the card title and captions officials... In other cases, an italic font is used (angle of inclination 75 degrees). Italic capital letters are used for service headings and signatures, as well as at the beginning of a sentence and for abbreviations. Lowercase letters are used to write legends, explanatory inscriptions and a large number abbreviations. All inscriptions are made horizontally only. Vertical or oblique inscriptions are not allowed.

The size of the inscriptions should be proportional to the scale of the map and commensurate with the significance of the unit. The table shows the sizes of the inscriptions depending on the scale of the map and the unit (the size of the shoift in full size). The font size for designating smaller subdivisions, individual objects, explanatory inscriptions cannot be more sizes platoon font.

Drawings of the tactical signs of our troops are always directed towards the enemy and vice versa. The exception is anti-aircraft weapons, which are always directed towards the top edge of the map.

If the tactical mark is clearly larger in size than the true size of the object on the map scale, then the center of the tactical mark is considered the location of the object on the ground (for flags, the lower part of the flag rod, for arrows, the front end of the arrow).

Control centers and communication facilities

The control room of the shelf is in place. KP inscription means - command post, TPU - rear control post. The inscription inside the flag is the shelf number.

Battalion control point. The inscription 1/10 MSR means 1 battalion of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.

The same in motion.

1- The command and observation post of the company commander is in place. 2- BMP of the company commander (respectively, the armored personnel carrier, tank of the company commander is designated. A tactical sign of this type of equipment and two dashes are put. The platoon commander has one dash.

Observation post of the 10th motorized rifle regiment. If there is a letter inside the sign, then this means that the NP is specialized (A-artillery, I-engineering, X-chemical, B-air surveillance, T-technical). In artillery, special forces, the badge is black.

Traffic control post (P-traffic controller, checkpoint-checkpoint, KTP-checkpoint.

Communication center. 1- field movable. 2- stationary

Radio. 305 - receiver brand.

Radio station. 1-movable, 2-wearable. 3- tank

Mobile radio relay station

Reconnaissance radar station. 1- air targets. 2 ground targets.

Radio network of wearable stations.

Radio direction of mobile stations.

March, reconnaissance and security

1-foot column of troops. Regiment with number designation, battalion with three dashes, company with two dashes, platoon with one dash, squad without dashes.

2. A column of troops on equipment. Here is 2 msr on the BMP. if there is a tank column, then the icon of the tank, if the column is an armored personnel carrier, then the icon of an armored personnel carrier, etc.

1- Column of special troops. The fifth engineer battalion is here.

2-Column of an artillery battalion (battery - two dashes, platoon - one dash, a separate gun on the march - the arrow is shorter and without dashes

The head marching outpost as part of the first motorized rifle company on the BMP, reinforced by the first platoon of the second tank company (BPZ - side marching outpost, TPZ - rear.

A mobile detachment of obstacles of the 10th motorized rifle regiment.

Column of a rear support platoon (wob), if the company is mate. ensuring that the inscription - rmob, battalion obmob

Column of technical closure of the battalion (P-regiment).

Reconnaissance detachment.

Sentinel department on BMP

Combat reconnaissance patrol of the 2nd tank battalion by 9:00 on November 15. (ORD - separate reconnaissance dozor, RD - reconnaissance dozor, OFRD - officer razved.dozor, IRD - engineering razved.watch, HRD - chemical reconnaissance dozor), Color of the sign according to the type of troops.

Foot patrol.

Foot patrol of the 7th tank company and its patrol route

1 platoon of reconnaissance company of 10 motorized rifle regiment in search (raid)

1 platoon of the 9th tank company in ambush.

The location and actions of units

The area (section of terrain) occupied by the unit. Here is the 3rd motorized rifle battalion. An inscription indicating the unit is required, the tactical sign of the unit's equipment is optional. The sign is large-scale, on the map it covers the entire area occupied by the unit. The dashed line indicates that the area is slated for occupation by the unit. The letter "L" indicates that this is a false area.

An area occupied by a unit whose tactical color is black. Here is the area of the 5th engineer battalion.

The direction of the unit's offensive.

The immediate task of the unit. Here 1 - common mark- battalion (as indicated by three dashes on the arrow), 2 - battalion on the BMP. If the battalion or company or platoon is tank, then the badges of tanks, if on the armored personnel carrier, then the badges of the armored personnel carrier, if the battalion is on foot, then badge No. 1 is used. The badge is large-scale!

Follow-up task. Here 1 is the general sign of the battalion, 2 is the sign of the tank battalion. The sign is large-scale!

The position (milestone) reached by the unit by a certain time. The sign is large-scale.

Machine-gun platoon in battle formation. Below is the general sign of the battalion and company on the BMP. The sign is large-scale.

The boundary of a probable meeting with the enemy.

Initial line (regulation line, line of entry into battle of the second echelon, etc.)

Front (line) occupied by subdivisions. The line of contact with the enemy

Deployment line in battalion columns (company - two lines, platoon - one line)

The boundary of the transition to the attack. 1-common sign, 2-motorized rifle units.

The dismounting line of motorized rifle units

The firing line of a tank unit. Here is the third line of fire of the third tank battalion.

Anti-tank unit deployment line

Mining line.

Tactical airborne assault landing area. Here is the second battalion of the third motorized rifle regiment. disembarkation is expected at 9.00 on July 10. If the fact of the landing has come true, then the line is solid.

Helicopter landing site.

Area and points of amphibious assault landing.

The unit is stopped at this line.

Withdrawal of the unit from the occupied line.

Dividing line between shelves

dividing line between battalions.

Line (position) not occupied by subdivisions.

The location of the unit in defense.

1- general sign, 2- motorized rifle unit.

Place of capture of the prisoner. Here a soldier of the 2nd battalion of the 26th infantry regiment of the 19th mechanized division was captured at 5.00 on 12 August.

Place of confiscation of documents of the killed.

Weapons of mass destruction and protection against them

Nuclear strike planned by us. 015 - target number, 1/5 ordn - the first battery of the fifth cancer division. -40 - ammunition power 40 kilotons, B - air explosion. "H + 1.10 is the time of the explosion.

Safe removal line (projections towards the explosion).

The area of destruction from the explosion of the enemy. The inner ring is a zone of continuous destruction, then - a zone of solid blockages, weak destruction; the outer ring is the zone of neutron impact on the openly located personnel.

Fire area and direction of fire spread.

A place nuclear explosion produced by the enemy, indicating the type of explosion, power and time and the zone of radioactive contamination. The direction and size of the zones are scaled

Measurement point of the radiation level with indication of the level. time and date of infection.

Enemy nuclear mine with indication of charge power, depth of laying and time of detection.

Field of chemical landmines.

The area contaminated with toxic substances and the direction of displacement of the OM cloud.

Bioweapon contamination site.

Small arms and artillery

Light machine gun

Machine gun

Hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher

Automatic grenade launcher

Anti-aircraft missile system.

Anti-aircraft machine gun mount

Easel anti-tank grenade launcher

Wearable anti-tank missile systems(ATGM). Here 1- ATGM anti-tank machine gun platoon, 2- ATGM anti-tank platoon.

Flamethrowers. Here 1-jet light, 2-jet heavy.

Anti-tank gun. 1-general designation, 2- up to 85 mm, 3- up to 100mm, 4- more than 100mm.

A gun. 1- general designation, 2- up to 100mm, 3- up to 152mm, 4- more than 152mm.

Howitzer. 1- general designation, 2- up to 122mm., 3- up to 155mm., 4- more than 155mm.

Howitzer with a caliber over 155mm., Firing nuclear weapons.

Self-propelled howitzer. Here the caliber is up to 122 mm.

Fighting machine rocket artillery. 1-general designation. 2- medium caliber.

Mortar. 1 - general designation, 2 - small caliber, 3 - medium caliber, 4 - large caliber.

Anti-aircraft gun. 1-general designation. 2-small caliber, 3-medium caliber.

Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation. 1- without radar, 2- with radar.

Fighting machine anti-aircraft missile system... The design of the sign depends on the type of the base vehicle, the icon inside depends on the type of rocket.

Anti-aircraft missile launcher. 1-short-range. 2 short range, 3 medium range. The sign in the circle is the Zen.PU battery.

The area of the firing positions of the artillery division. Here is the first division of the 12th artillery regiment. The signs of the batteries are off-scale, the area is large-scale.

The firing position of the battery is 100mm. guns.

Firing position of the mortar battery

Separate goal. 28 is the target number. The blue mark inside the circle is the location of the enemy firearm.

Areas of concentration of fire. The numbers are the CO numbers. Large-scale signs.

Single fixed obstruction light with indication of its code name.

Deep fixed barrage on three lines with the indication of the code name Co and the numbers of the lines.

Single movable obstruction light with indication of its code name and line numbers.

Double movable barrage

Sequential concentration of fire, indicating the conventional names of the lines and target numbers (solid lines are the lines along which it is planned to fire simultaneously; with a double PSO, solid lines connect targets on two lines, with a triple line on three lines, large-scale targets and sections of targets.

Massive fire with indication of its code name and section numbers.

The firing rampart with indication of the conventional names of the lines, sections for divisions and their numbers, and the numbers of intermediate lines.

Boundary line of the firing sector

The boundary line of the additional shelling sector.

Concentrated fire from a motorized rifle company (SO-1 - sector number, 1,2,3 - platoon sector numbers.

The line of barrage of fire of a grenade launcher platoon with marking of its number and sections of the lights of the squads.

Armored vehicles, cars and helicopters

Tank. 1- general designation, 2- battalion commander's tank, 3- amphibious tank, 4- flamethrower tank

Tank with a complex of anti-tank weapons.

Tank and BMP with a mine sweep

Tank with BTU

Tank with STU

Combat reconnaissance vehicle and combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle (BRDM)

Car and car with trailer

1-tank tractor, 2-track tractor, 3-car tractor

Motorcycle

Ambulance car

Helicopter. 1- general designation, 2-combat, 3- transport.

Engineering equipment and structures

Tank bridgelayer

Tracked amphibious transporter

Self-propelled tracked ferry (ferry-bridge vehicle).

Engineering vehicles on a wheel base (Here is a heavy mechanized bridge TMM)

Engineering vehicles on a tracked base (Here BAT).

Pontoon-bridge park with a description of its type.

A trench of a motorized rifle unit with a closed gap

Trench with a communication course.

The gun is in the trench. The color of the trench mark by type of troops. (the same sign for all mobile fire weapons)

Open type observation structure (closed type with a black filled triangle.

Vehicle cover (vehicle icon by type)

Shelter indicating the degree of protection and capacity

Open slit

Closed gap

Escarp (counter-escarp) indicating the length.

Unobtrusive wire fence (spiral, net on low posts.

Anti-tank ditch with an indication of the length.

Nadolby indicating the type, number of rows and length.

The mined blockage with an indication of the length.

Wire fence (number of lines - number of rows).

section of hedgehog barriers indicating the number of rows and length

Anti-tank minefield

Anti-personnel minefield (a mixed minefield is indicated by alternating open and filled circles)

Minefields established by means of remote mining.

1-unguided land mine, 2- radio-controlled land mine, 3-land mine, controlled by wires.

Passage through barriers with indication of number and width.

The bridge destroyed by the enemy

A section of the road destroyed by the enemy, indicating the extent of the destruction.

Amphibious crossing with an indication of the number and type of landing craft.

Crossing of tanks under water, indicating 3-depth, 180-width of the river, 40-width of the route, P-character of the bottom, 0.8- current speed.

Ferry crossing with indication of the number of ferries, their carrying capacity and the type of fleet

Ferry crossing of three GSP ferries and 3 ferries of 40 tons each and from PMM cars.

Rigid Supported Bridge. H-low-water 120m long, 4m wide. and with a carrying capacity of 60 tons.

Pontoon bridge 120 m long, with a carrying capacity of 60 tons from the PMP park

The ford is 0.8 m deep, the width of the river is 120 m, the bottom is solid, the current speed is 0.5 m per second.

Ice crossing number five for cargoes of 60 tons.

Subdivisions of technical support and rear services, and their facilities

Collection point for damaged cars. P-regimental, 1- his number, bt- for armored vehicles

Repair and evacuation group on the armored personnel carrier. P-regimental, bt - for armored vehicles.

Regimental warehouse. G - fuel, 10tp - 10th tank regiment.

Regiment medical station.

Battalion medical station.

Medical post of the company

Shooter-orderly.

Ambulance transport post

Refueling point for fuel and lubricants of the battalion

Battalion ammunition point

Company ammunition station

Service point on the route. Г-ГСМ.

Combined arms units and subunits

Motorized rifleman. regiment, battalion, company, platoon, squad - msv, msb, msr, msv, mso
Tank regiment, battalion, company, platoon- tp, tb, tr, tv
Machine gun and artillery battalion, company pulab, pular
Airborne battalion, company, platoon- pdb, pdr, pdv
Air assault battalion, company, platoon- dshb, dshr, dshv
Reconnaissance company, platoon, detachment- pp, rv, ro
Machine gun company, platoon, squad pulr, pulv, pullo
Anti-tank platoon ptv
Grenade platoon, squad gv, go
Anti-tank machine gun platoon ptpool

Artillery units and subunits

Artillery regiment, battalion, battery- ap, adn, batr
Self-propelled artillery battalion, battery sadn, sabatr
Anti-tank guided missile battery Batr ATGM
Mortar battery, platoon minbatr, minv
Platoon control woo

Air defense units and subdivisions

Anti-aircraft missile battery, platoon, squad - zrbatr, zrv, zro
Anti-aircraft artillery battery, platoon, squad - zabatr, head, zo
Anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery zrabotr
Battery, platoon of self-propelled anti-aircraft guns Batr ZSU, vzv. ZSU

Special Forces Units

Engineer-sapper company, platoon, detachment isr, isv, iso
Engineering assault company, platoon, squad ishr, ishv, isho
Airborne company pdesr
Pontoon company, platoon Monday, Monday
Platoon, branch of tracked amphibious transporters ex. GPT, dep. GPT
Platoon, compartment of tracked self-propelled ferries - ex. GSP, dep. SHG
Branch of bridgelayers dep. MTU
Company, chemical protection platoon- rhz, vhz
Platoon, department of radiation and chemical reconnaissance- vrhr, orhr
Platoon, special treatment department vso, eso
Flamethrower platoon, squad ov, oo
Company, platoon, post office- pc, sun, os
Commandant company, platoon cr, sq.

Subdivisions of technical support and logistics

Separate battalion, logistics company - obmo, rmo
Automobile company, platoon, squad avtr, avtv, auto
Repair company remr
Maintenance platoon, department host, host
Supply platoon, supply platoon wob, sun
Maintenance department oto

Control points

Command post- KP
Rear command post TPU
Command and observation post- KNP
Reserve command post - ZKP
Observation post- NP
Air observation post PVN
Artillery observation post ANP
Technical supervision point PTN
Engineering Observation Post INP

General purpose terminology

Vanguard (rearguard) - Av (Ar)
Bacteriological (biological) weapons BO
Bacteriological (biological) infection BZ
Battalion refueling point - BZP
Fighting machine- BM
Infantry fighting vehicle- BMP
Combat reconnaissance vehicle- BRM
Combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle- BRDM
Side marching outpost- BPZ
Armored personnel carrier Armored personnel carrier
Combat kit bq.
Explosives- BB
Height- h.
Head marching outpost- GPP
Head watch- DG
Diesel fuel- DT
Long-term firing structure (long-term fortification) - DOS (DFS)
Incendiary weapons (incendiary means) - ZZhO (ZZhS)
Refueling request
Protection against weapons of mass destruction ZOMP
Zone of radioactive, chemical, bacteriological (biological) contamination - ZRZ, 3X3, ZBZ
Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation ZSU
Starting line (starting point) - ref. p-f, (out.p.)
Kiloton- kt
Command vehicle KShM
Set- set
Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank battalion- kmsb-1, ktb-2
Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank company- kmsr-1, ktr-2
Commander of the 1st motorized rifle, 2nd tank platoon- Kmsv-1, ktv-2
Mine-explosive obstacle- Cost center
Regiment medical station WFP
Battalion medical station BCH
Company medical post MNR
Emergency ration- NZ
Irreducible stock NSZ
Firing position- OP
Outskirts env.
Poisonous substances (persistent toxic substances, unstable toxic substances) - 0V (COV, NOV)
Mark- mark
Separate- dep.
Forward detachment BY
Movable detachment of obstacles POZ
Field refueling point - PPP
Consistent concentration of fire PSO
Enemy- avenue
Air defense(anti-tank defense) - Air defense (PTO)
Anti-personnel minefield PPMP
Anti-tank minefield PTMP
Anti-tank reserve PTrez.
Radioactive contamination RZ
Radioactive substances PB
Radiation and chemical reconnaissance RHR
Reconnaissance detachment- RO
Dividing line clearing lines
Radio network (radio direction) - r / s (r / n)
District- rn
Repair and evacuation group (repair group) - REG (Rem. G)
Regulation line (regulation point) - pg per. (p. per.)
Collection point for damaged machines SPPM
Guard detachment (outpost, outpost) - Art.O (Art.Z, Art.P)
North, South, East, West- north., south., east., west.
Northwest, northeast, west, southeast, southwest- north-west, north-east, south-east, south-west.
Focused Fire- CO
Daily cottage s / d
Tactical airborne assault Tact. VD
Tank bridgelayer MTU
Rear marching outpost - TPZ
Communication node mustache
Fortified area- SD
Chemical observation post KhNP
Chemical contamination HZ
Chemical weapon- XO
Chemical land mine HF
Nuclear weapon- YAO
Nuclear mine
NM Nuclear mine fence- YaMZ

Selected local subjects

	Plants, factories and mills with pipes, expressed (1) or not expressed (2) on the scale of the map

Tower-type capital structures	Light towers	Power plants
Transformer booths	Points of the state geodetic network	Aerodromes and hydro aerodromes
Water mills and sawmills	Windmills	Wind turbines
Plants, factories and mills without pipes: 1) expressed in the scale of the map; 2) not expressed in the scale of the map.	Radio stations and television centers	Radio masts and television masts
Fuel warehouses and gas tanks	Stand-alone trees with landmarks: 1) conifers; 2) deciduous	Separate groves with meaningful landmarks
Narrow forest strips and protective forest stands	Narrow strips of shrubs and hedges	Separate bushes
Communication lines	Mounds, height in meters	Outlier rocks
Power lines on metal or reinforced concrete supports	Pits, depth in meters	Clusters of stones
Power lines on wooden poles	Meteorological stations	Separate stones, height in meters
Onshore oil pipelines and pumping stations	Mineral extraction sites open way	Peat mining
Underground oil pipelines	Churches	Monuments, monuments, mass graves
Stone, brick walls	Dams and shafts	Foresters' houses

Roads

Three-track railways, semaphores and traffic lights, turntables	Highway: 5-width of the covered part, 8-width of the entire road from ditch to ditch in meters, B-coating material
Double track railways and stations	Improved dirt roads (8-carriageway width in meters)
Single track railways, sidings, platforms and stopping points	Dirt roads
Electrified railways: 1) three-track; 2) double-track; 3) single-track	Field and forest roads
Narrow gauge railways and stations on them	Hiking trails
Freeways, embankments	Fascinated sections of roads, gats and rowing
Improved highways, notches	Crossings: 1) under the railway; 2) over the railway; 3) on the same level

Hydrography

Small rivers and streams	The banks are steep: 1) without a beach; 2) with a beach that does not end on the scale of the map
Canals and ditches	Lakes: 1) fresh; 2) salted; 3) bitter-salty
Wooden bridges Metal bridges Stone and reinforced concrete bridges	Characteristics of bridges: K-building material (K-stone, M-metal, RC-reinforced concrete, D-wooden); 8-height above water level (on navigable rivers); 370-length of the bridge, 10-width of the carriageway in meters; 60-tonne lifting capacity
Water edge marks Arrows showing the direction of the flow of rivers (0.2-flow rate in m / sec.)	Characteristics of rivers and canals: 170-width, 1.7-depth in meters, P-character of the bottom soil Pier Brody: 1.2-depth, 180-length in meters, T-nature of the soil, 0.5-current speed in m / s.
Dams: K-material of the structure, 250-length, 8-width of the dam at the top in meters; in the numerator is the mark of the upper water level, in the denominator is the lower	Gateways Ferries: 195-width of the river, 4x3-dimensions of the ferry in meters, 8-carrying capacity in meters
Ground water pipelines	Wells
Underground water pipes	Sources (keys, springs)

The system of basic conventional symbols used in graphic documents of peacetime and wartime tactical level Part 4 "Motorized rifle battalion" -

The procedure for the formation of a combat graphic document. Fire card of a motorized rifle squad when planning offensive actions. Situation conditions: COMBAT ACTIVITIES. Type of combat operations - OFFENSIVE -

SYMBOLS FOR TOPOGRAPHIC PLANS -

In general, when hunting, you also need a certain tactic similar to the one that will be described in this article. And you don't need to buy for hunting firearms, just take but pistol-type ballets and start hunting. In general, it is more convenient and more enjoyable. Also, this kind of crossbow can be used for ordinary sports purposes - target shooting.