Counterintelligence Events and Tactics of Action NATO Troops on Combating Intelligence Groups
Protection of territories and important objects Includes protection, defense and observation. Protection of objects is organized on distant (10-15km) and neighbor (3-4km) approaches, around the perimeter of the object and near vital centers. There is such a regime that would exclude the penetration of the enemy's intelligence objects. Objects are applied by NATO fence from the mesh wire, barbed wire, vegetation around them is removed at least than 100m. For direct protection of objects, except units can be applied service dogs, technical alarms, television chambers and other means. For the organization of defense of objects, well-disguised fire facilities are arranged, air defense facilities are attracted, in addition, reserves are created on the BTR, cars, helicopters that are capable of arriving at the object shortly. To control the approaches, the system of terrestrial and air observation points, equipped with optical, television, infrared and radar equipment deployed.
Events to identify and destroy The final stage of the counterpartiesan struggle and include exploration and fighting on liquidation. Intelligence is organized and is conducted to ensure combat operations against the WG SPN and partisans in order to destroy them. For the conduct of intelligence, the forces and means of agent, military, air, radio and radio engineering intelligence are involved. They lead to a permanent monitoring of the revealed RG SPN and partisans determine their location. Special attention is paid to the maintenance of radio visor. The fighting effect on the elimination of "irregular forces" (WG SPN and partisans) is conducted using various methods of hostilities taking into account intelligence data. This is an environment; an offensive with the subsequent transition to the persecution; ambushes, taxes, including those conducted by the Hsenthers teams; Installing minefields by remote mining; Blowing strikes by combat helicopters.
The tactics of the units of the forces of special operations are reduced to the following. A group of 5-7 people (sometimes up to 12) is delivered to the APN RG Action Area in compliance with conspiracy measures. The identification of the presence of partisan forces, the databases and the day of intelligence groups is usually carried out by the adequate raids to the intelligence area by 40-50 km and more from the main reference point, secretive supervision using technical means of observation, eavesdropping, awareness, seizure of single intelligence officers and interrogation of local residents. Then the group commander gives the command of its recommendations: either apply to the discovered SPN groups or partisans by aviation, helicopters, artillery or use a mobile landing for the environment and destroy the scouts. For the target designation and adjustment of fire artillery and strikes of combat helicopters for the detected targets of the SPN group of the enemy equip observation points (most often on trees).
The basis of the tactics of regular troops, attracted to fighting partisans, airproof and intelligence groups of the enemy constitute intelligence, search and search and punitive action. Most of the operations are aerobile.
Depending on the conditions of the terrain and the situation, land forces during the detection of the forces of partisans and intelligence bodies special purpose Apply various maneuvers called: "Surroundings" or "Ring", "Hammer and anvil", "Double leap".
Maneuver "Environment"
The specified maneuver is carried out by the usual infantry unit and lies in the combination of a fairly extensive area of \u200b\u200bthe area with several directions in order to force the forces of the partisan or intelligence group SPN to retreat in the so-called "zone of death", where after massive blows of aviation and other fire funds, their full defeat is carried out. To carry out such a maneuver, it is considered necessary to attract at least four infantry battalions.
Maneuver "Ring"
The "Ring" maneuver is carried out by aerobile divisions in cases where the forces of the partisans, the intelligence bodies of SPN and their location and differ from the "Surroundings" maneuver in that it is possible to use less troops here. The divisions are planted from the helicopter near the attack object and therefore they do not need to perform extensive areas.
Maneuver "Hammer and anvil"
This maneuver is actions of two groups of troops, one of which occupies blocking positions, performing an anvil function, the other - the shock grouping is intended for the onset of the partisan forces or the WG SPN in order to force them to move towards the group located on blocking positions, And thereby creating favorable conditions for their complete defeat between blocking positions, which usually have the shape of a "bag". In the course of the implementation of this maneuver, the battle can grow into a "ring" maneuver. For the maneuver of "Hammer and anvil", significant infantry forces, aerobile troops or those and others are involved.
Maneuver "Double racing"
The specified maneuver represents the actions of two groups of units attracted to destroy the partisans and the RG SPN, one of which is planted on helicopters near the location of the partisan or RG SPN in order to attack them and force to depart in a certain direction, the second - in the rear with the task to meet the exhausted Forces partisans. The second group is planted after the first, sometimes in 4-6 hours, at a distance of 20 km. In the event that the forces of the partisan, the RG SPN is not departed, but take battle with the first group, the second group is planted directly in the rear of the partisans and attacks them together with the first group.
For the divisions of the marines acting on helicopters in water lines, the "claws" and "line" maneuvers will be characteristic.
Maneuver "Claws"
The specified maneuver of marine infantry units acting on helicopters was used in cases where the forces of partisans or intelligence agencies acted in the River area, the channel. In this case, the divisions of the marines are divided into two groups, each of which is settled in 100-500m (or more) from the rugging of water on opposite shores, and then simultaneously come towards each other in order to force the forces of the partisan, the RG SPN to move to water Rube. Sea infantry units landed with flanking helicopters occupy blocking positions.
Maneuver "Line"
The "Line" maneuver is applied by the divisions of the marine infantry also under the actions in water bodies, but in cases where there is no sufficient number of forces and helicopters for their transit. With the specified maneuver, the divisions are planted with helicopters on both banks of the river, the channel. Moreover, the landing of units can be produced in two: it is possible closer to the river bed (1 option) or at some distance (2 option). In the first case, the offensive is conducted along the river, in the second - according to the converging directions, and then - as in the first case. If necessary, in the second case, intermediate objects may be assigned to the offensive.
Americans consider the combination of the terrain and search and punitive acts among the main tactical techniques In the fight against the intelligence bodies of SPN, partisan formations. Infantry and other battalions during the sinking of the area in order to detect and destroy the enemy usually have a combat order in one echelon (all companies in line). Rotes depending on the situation and mainly on the nature of the area are building their combat order in one, two, and sometimes three echelon. With two echelon constructions, the interval between the platforms of the first echelon is about 50m, the platoon of the second echelon is moving at a distance of 100m from them. Weapon platoon is located for the platoon of the second echelon and moves "jumps". In the platforms, two compartments are located in the first echelon and one branch - in the second. Such a combat order in the platoon makes it possible to ensure circular hoping and sinking the area on the front of about 500m. Usually, offices are moving alternately under the cover of the fire of other branch offices. Sailing the area is envisaged in the daytime. Before the darkness of the units, which participated in the sinking of the area, break the Bivak and organize a circular defense.
Ground attack forces (Special Operations (CSO) forces are intended to solve specific tasks in order to achieve political, economic and military purposes. Divergent intelligence forces are available in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan , China, Japan, South Korea and others. States.
DRF includes sabotage-intelligence groups (DRG) and special purpose landings (DSN), created on the basis of full-time reconnaissance and divergers (RDO) of the forces of special operations of the enemy.
RDO, intended for search and assault actions in PR RD, has a number:
§ s composition of the group of CF Sun USA - 14 people;
§ From the composition of the shelf of the UK, the UK - 16 people;
§ Of the separate intelligence and sabotage shelf of France, 12 people.
Each RDO consists of the commander, his deputy and two identical departments that are completed by diversans. In combat application as a DRG, each RDO can act as in full, so and share for two groups.
DSN may include up to two or four RDOs. The construction of DSN units of airborne troops is not excluded. The composition of DRG-6-10 people, DSN-20-60 people.
By standard forces and means, the CH group may:
§ perform tasks in the composition of the CSO or independently;
§ carry out management of regular and populated units;
§ to organize an operating database of special purpose troops;
§ deploy up to 3 advanced operating bases;
§ carry out the throwing of operational detachments in the rear of the enemy, as well as organize its way out into the location of their troops on land and air;
§ conduct fighting in the territory engaged in the enemy, for a long time with minimal external rear support;
§ to create, equip, arm the formation from the local population to keep partisan actions, as well as carry out their combat training;
§ Perform combat tasks to a depth of 3000 km.
The main tasks of the special forces units:
§ The conduct of intelligence of important objects in the enemy rear, primarily the starting positions of missile PU, airfields, headquarters and KPs, warehouses and supplies of ammunition;
§ committing diversions on the identified objects of the management and communication system, bridges, tunnels and other important objects;
§ Organization, equipment, training and management of the actions of rebel and partisan detachments.
Armament of the CH group:
§ 5,56 mm rifle - 1439 pcs;
§ grenade launchers M 203-108 pcs;
§ 90 mm grenade launcher- 13 pcs;
§ Pistols - 43 pcs;
§ Kit for subversive works - 383 pcs;
§ Cars - 91 pcs;
§ Light helicopters - 4 pcs;
§ Aircraft - 2 pcs;
§ Parachutes - 2236 pcs;
§ radio stations - 408 pcs;
§ small nuclear mines m 129, m 159 (power 0.02 and 0.05 CT, weight of 27 kg);
§ Chemical, biological ammunition, poisons, drugs, reb portable equipment.
§ In service with one DRG, a number of 6-10 people may be the following MVS:
§ 1-2 cumulative charges for the destruction of stationary objects;
§ 3-4 Multi-purpose mines for selective damage to the aggregates of RK and vehicles in motion;
§ 3-4 Magnetic mines for the destruction of equipment with its hidden installation;
§ 4-6 anti-personnel fragmentation mines for the defeat of the personal composition of the units of protection and defense;
§ 1-2 portable demining charge to do the passage in the minefield of the BSP barring system.
When performing the tasks of the diversifiers, diversants may have PU anti-firing range of up to 1 - 4 km. DRF can act on captured combat vehicles and apply trapped weapons. The specific composition of weapons and equipment will depend on the degree of solid tasks.
Question 25. Basic communication tasks.
Communication in peacetime, in the threatened period and in wartime should ensure managementfor troops in solving them combat (educational and combat), mobilization and military administrative tasks, including:
- the daily activities of troops, headquarters;
- by duty forces and means;
-tomobilization (dustcompletion) of parts (divisions) of the compound (parts);
- preparation and conduct of hostilities;
The integrated use of the means of reconnaissance and firing defeat (suppression) of the enemy, including nuclear, high-precision and special weapons.
Basic communication tasks:
In the course of combat operations, communication should provide:
1. Information exchange with higher headquarters and timely reception of combat control signals;
2. Management of subordinate parts (divisions) and battle;
3. Timely transmission of signals of alert and warnings of troops on the immediate threat of appneurial weapons mass lesion, air opponent, radioactive, chemical and biological infection;
4. Exchange of information between interacting compounds, parts and divisions;
5. Management of combat, technical and rear bodies for hostilities.
In addition, the task of the mail support of the troops is assigned.
Commanders and headquarters of the compounds and parts in all conditions of the situation are required to have a qualitative connection with their headquarters, with higher, subordinate and interacting commanders and headquarters and supporting parts (divisions), be able to personally negotiate with the use of technical means of communication and full-time individual funds Control automation. Movement (departure to troops) commanders and headquarters headquarters are categorically prohibited.
Chiefs of labor of troops, services (offices) Management of subordinate units (divisions) are carried out on channels of special communication subsystems, as well as general use channels of the connection with the use of standard and additionally allocated to them means of communication and automation of management.
The listed tasks are specified, expand and complemented depending on the type of hostilities and conditions of the situation, from the level of the management system hierarchy. Each basic task of communication may include a number of specific private tasks. So, in the control system
motorconvek Brigade The volume of communication tasks will be much greater than in the control system of the motorized rifle battalion.
Execution of each communication task is related to transmission (reception) through the communication channels of a certain amount of messages or messaging.
Message flow - this is a sequence of transmitted or received messages, determined by the needs of management. Performance first and second tasks
communication will ensure sustainable management on the commanders and headquarters, i.e., to communicate with the Communication. Messages related to these communication tasks, during the battle, are characterized by high intensity of admission, high demand quality requirements, but have a relatively small volume. A significant number of messages are circular, i.e. addressed to several subscribers (correspondents) . The volumes of incoming and outgoing information for subscribers of the same type of information directions are approximately the same.
Third task (Alert connection) Provides the transmission of signals for the prevention of troops on the immediate threat of applying the enemy of weapons of mass lesions, as well as on its nuclear strikes, alert on the air opponent, about radioactive, chemical and bacteriological infectiousness. The singularities of the alerts are very high demands on the time to bring messages, the need for simultaneous transmission of them in all information directions. The volume and intensity of such messages are small, and the direction of their transfer is usually one-sided - from the senior authority to subordinate.
Important is fourth task - Ensuring communication of interaction. The meaning of this communication problem is that the victory in modern battle is achieved by the close interaction of all kinds of troops. Management points, between which messaging is exchanged, are not related to mutual subordination relationships, which requires the advanced solution to issues of liability for communication, allocating means of communication and organization of communication management. Message flows on information directions of interaction in volume are close to the flow of communication message messages.
Fifth task Provides the transfer of commands, orders and reports by major types of provision. Flows of messages between organs and control objects combat have a small volume and high flow intensity. Communication flows between organs and objects of control of moral and psychological, rear and technical support have a significant amount with a small intensity of messaging and low demands for communication quality.
Thus, each of the main communication tasks has its own specifics, which is expressed primarily in the requirements for the timeliness of the transmission of messages, the intensity of the information exchange, the volume of the message flow. In the communication directions, several messages can be transmitted simultaneously to solve all five tasks. For example, in the information direction, the Motorized Relief Battalion Commander - Motorized Rota Commander, the situation can be found when it is required to transfer the following messages: Order of the Motorized Battalion Commander (Second Task); warning of the opponent aircraft (third task); instructions on the organization of interaction with the neighbor on the right (left) (fourth task); The procedure for replenishing the company's ammunition (fifth task). Which of these messages should be transmitted first?
To answer this question, the concept has been introduced in military communication priority information.
Priority -classification grouping of subscribers (officials) or messages to define the priority of communication channels or messages to subscribers.
To information of the first priority There are reports, orders and requests for the detection of nuclear attacks and nuclear strikes of the enemy, team management teams for rocket and artillery troops, air defense troops, as well as alert signals.
Information of the second priority Contains the status and nature of the actions of their troops and the enemy, combat orders and orders, signals and teams on the management of troops, including on combat and interaction issues.
To the information of the third priority Information, in more detail, characterizing the state, the nature of the hostilities of subordinate troops after 2-3 instances down, orders for other types of hostilities and other information that do not directly affect solutions made by the Controls directly in battle.
Thus, the tasks of communication are diverse, and their content is constantly changing with the development of military art, means of armed struggle. Officers of communication troops should know the organization of the management of units, parts and compounds in various types of hostilities and tasks solved by their management systems. Based on this, they should be able to identify communication tasks and organize military relations to solve them.
Successful performance of these tasks can be provided only when communication will meet the requirements that make it from the management side.
Requirements for communication quality are established on the basis of the requirements for control systems of troops.
Such requirements are:
1. Timeliness.
2. Accuracy.
3. Safety.
Timeliness It characterizes the ability to communicate to ensure the passage of all types of information on a specified time or real-time time (when ensuring the required reliability and security of communication).
The timeliness of communication is achieved:
· Maintaining permanent readiness forces and means of communication for use;
· High qualifications of personnel;
· A clear organization of operational technical service on nodes and communication lines;
· The right choice of means and methods for organizing communication to transfer messages, taking into account their urgency, form of submission and volume;
· Approaching the terminal communication devices to job areas of management points;
· Application of information exchange tools;
· Organization of control over the passage of reports and the provision of negotiations in established (control) timing;
· Continuous and operational bond management;
· Implementing measures for the protection of nodes and lines of communication from the means of damage and radio electronic enemy suppression.
Reliability Characterizes the ability to communicate to play the transmitted messages in receiving items with a given accuracy.
Communication reliability is achieved:
· Maintaining channel characteristics and communications within the established norms;
· Application of special equipment for increasing reliability;
use to transfer the most important messages of better quality communication channels;
· Transmission of combat orders, orders, commands, signals simultaneously in several channels formed by various means of communication, as well as repeatedly transmitting them;
· Protection of nodes and communication lines from the effects of technical means of suppressing the enemy.
Safety It characterizes the ability of communication to resist unauthorized receipt, destruction and (or) change in information transmitted (accepted, stored, processed, displayed) using technical means of communication and automated control.
Communication security is achieved:
· Timely holding of a complex of organizational and technical measures to counter the technical means of exploration of foreign countries;
· Using technical means of classification, encryption, masking and encoding information;
· Compliance with the regime of secrecy when contacting products and communication documents constituting a state secret;
· Control over compliance with the requirements of instructions and instructions for establishing and ensuring communication, the safety of the use of technical means of communication for various purposes;
· Restriction of the circle of persons allowed for negotiating on allowed to use undecidated communication channels;
· Using tables of call signals and hidden control documents;
· Preparation of communication specialists and officials using communication facilities, on communication security and hidden management of troops.
Kind and types of communication.
To implement the Communication process in difficult conditions of combat situation and the real locality, various kinds and types of communication are applied.
Communication - Communication Communication Grouping, allocated in terms of signal distribution and type of linear means.
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In military communication distinguish the following links (Fig.6)
- radio communication
- radio relay communication
- tropospheric communication,
- satellite connection,
- wired communication,
- fiber optic communication,
- mobile communication,
- Signal communication
Radio - This is a born of communication, which is implemented using radio-media, earth and ionospheric radio waves.
Radio communication is used in all control links. Radiosses are used to organize direct communication lines between control points as a backup or main means of transmission (reception) of all types of messages, as well as radio access lines to public communication networks.
In the tactical link, radio communication is the most important, and in many cases the only connection capable of ensuring the management of parts and units in the most difficult situation and when the commanders in motion or in the rear of the enemy.
Radio relative communication
– this is a born of communication, which is implemented using radio relay communications and radio waves in the ultra-thoroughbred range.
Radio relay communication is used in the brigade control links and above.
Radio relay communications are used for construction (deployment) of communication lines mainly in public communication systems (networks) for deploying direct communication lines and binding communication, to provide communication with higher headquarters, with subordinate and interacting compounds (parts).
Tropospheric communication - This is a born of communication, which is implemented using tropospheric means of communication and the physical phenomenon of the far trapospheric propagation of ultrashort waves (DT, VHF).
Tropospheric communication is used in the control links from the brigade and above.
Tools of tropospheric communications in the connection are used to provide communication with the superior headquarters (commander).
Communication by tropospheric stations is organized directly between control points and is usually provided without the use of relay.
Currently, there is a steady tendency to increase the role of space and satellite communications in military communication systems.
Under the Cosmic Communications is a radio communication in the interests of land, air and seabed correspondents, having common areas of radio wave propagation outside the ionosphere.
Satellite connection
– this is a special case of space bond, when there is a connection between two and more correspondents of the ground, air or maritime base using a repeater located on the artificial satellite of the Earth.
Modern military satellite service stations provide communication at distances from 5,000 kilometers and more. In the system of military communication, satellite communications is used in the rank of battalion and above, as well as for communication with intelligence groups and special detachments (divisions).
The satellite communications in the compound are applied to provide communication with higher headquarters, with mobile organs (headquarters) and management and communication facilities, and if there is a satellite-repeater resource, with subordinate commanders (headquarters) of parts (divisions).
Wired communication - This is a connection carried out by wired (cable) communication lines. In wired communication systems, the electrical signal is transmitted via the cable line.
Wired communication means provide high quality channels, ease of organization of communication, a relatively large secretion compared to radio communications, are almost not affected by deliberate interference. Wired communication is used in all control links (from platoon (company) and higher).
Wired communications can be used independently or in combination with radio relay, tropospheric and satellite tools when the arrangement of troops in the permanent deployment points, in the source area, in defense, as well as to ensure the internal communication at the control points.
In the offensive, wired communication facilities are applied at certain stages of battle: when forceing water obstacles, when reflecting the counterdresters and other cases of slowing down the pace of the offensive.
Fiber optic communication– this is a connection,
performed by fiber optic cable and special equipment for converting electrical signals to optical
Movable tools armored vehicles, cars, motorcycles) are used to ensure a fabric-post-post office with a higher headquarters, between connection control points (parts), with clauses of subordinate parts (divisions) in all types of hostilities, when moving and locating in place.
Signal communication
- This is a link, executed with predetermined visual and sound control signals for transmitting short commands and reports. Currently to manage
the battle uses visual funds (light rockets, colored smokes, etc.) and sound means (sirens, whistles, etc.).
Currently, visual remedies are used to manage the fight (light rockets, colored smokes, etc.) and sound means (sirens, whistles, etc.).
All kinds of communication are implemented by specific means of communication: radio stations, radio relay, tropospheric stations, satellite bond stations, wireless communication facilities, fiber-optic communications. These funds form communication channels: radio, radio relay, tropospheric, etc.
For channel-forming means of each kind of military communication are established legendapplicable to the development of communication documents.
The same information can be provided by messages. of various types. So, for example, the combat task of the unit can be delivered in the form of the corresponding conventional signs on topographic map, represented as a text document on a telegraph blank or on the display screen, or brought to the commander of the division in speech form.
Depending on the method of presenting messages to mind, convenient for perception, distinguish types of communication. The kind of military communication is a combination grouping of military communication, allocated by the appearance of the transmitted message (terminal equipment or communications).
When using the appropriate terminal hardware through the channels of radio relay, tropospheric, satellite, wired (cable) communication lines, the following types of communication are provided:
- telephone communications,
- Telegraph connection,
- data transfer,
- facsimile,
- video telephone communication,
- television communication,
- Feldgerer - Postal Communication.
Telegraph, data transmission and facsimile It is customary to combine the concept of "documentary communication". Conditional graphic designations of communication types are used in communication documents, which are shown in Fig. 10.
Conditional graphic designations of communication types are used in communication documents, which are shown in Fig. 10.
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Telephone communications - This is the type of telecommunication, providing the transfer (reception) of speech information, negotiations by the officials of the management bodies.
Telephone communication creates conditions close to personal communication, therefore, is the most convenient in the tactical link of the control, but retains its value in other control links. In order to hide from the enemy, the content of telephone conversations in communication channels applies the interface or technical masking device of speech.
Depending on the terminal and special equipment used, the telephone communication can be open, masked, classified temporary or guaranteed resistance.
Telegraph communications – this type of telecommunication, providing telegram exchange (short text messaging) and negotiations by officials of governing authorities with the use of telegraph communications.
In addition, it is intended to transfer documentary messages as cipherograms, codeograms.
Telegraph bond can be a letterproof or auditory, classified or open (using secake equipment or without use). Telegrams carrying important information can be pre-encrypted or encoded.
Fax communications – this is a type of telecommunication, providing the exchange of documentary information in a color and black and white image.
It is intended to transfer documents in the form of cards, diagrams, drawings, drawings and alphanumeric texts in a black and white or color image.
The facsimile bond finds use in operational and strategic control links.
Data transfer - This is a type of telecommunication that provides the exchange of formalized and non-formalized messages between electronic computing complexes, automated jobs of officials of management points
It is intended to exchange information in automated control systems for troops and weapons (ASU).
Under the data we will understand the information presented in the form suitable for automatic processing.
Video telephone communication - This is a type of telecommunication, providing negotiations from management officials with simultaneous transmission of rolling images.. This species communication applies only in the highest control links
Television communication - This is the type of telecommunication that provides the transfer of combat environment and other real-time terrain events.. It is used in the highest control links.
It is used in the highest control links.
In addition, there is a type of communication as Feldgerer-Postage.
Feldgerer-Postal Communication - It is organized to deliver all types of secret and mailing (combat and other documents, letters, parcels, transfers, periodic printing).
Taking into account the peculiarities of the organization and solve specific tasks of management and communications in various links of controls of troops and weapons, the following types of communication are applied:
- In the link Battalion - Rota - platoon - separation – telephone communications;
- In the link Brigade - Battalion – telephone communications,
- when managing air defense and intelligence units – data transfer;
- In the link Operational command - Brigade – telephone communication, telegraph lettering and auditory communication, data transmission, fax communication;
Speaking about the prospect of communication development, it is impossible not to say a few words about the role of computer networks. The new role of computer networks as a basis for creating the next generation of secondary networks providing all types of information services and carrying data, as well as audio and video materials, will seem to the loss of such a thing as the types of communication.
Question 26. . Essence of the modern general combat
The battle is the main form of tactical actions of troops, an organized armed clash of compounds, parts and units of warring parties, which is coordinated by goal, place and time strikes, fire and maneuver in order to destroy (defeat) the enemy and perform other tactical tasks in a certain area during A short period of time.
Before the appearance firearms The essence of combat was a hand-to-hand fight of soldiers armed with cold weapons.
With the development of firearms, a growing essential element is becoming a fire, which made it possible to conduct the confrontation of warring parties at a distance, without entering into direct contact (but not excluding it), and thus the spatial scope of combat has increased, which was also essential for the period of development societies and military affairs.
The mass equipment of troops with automatic weapons, artillery, tanks and aviation led to the fact that success on the battlefield began to be achieved by the agreed efforts of units, parts and compounds of all kinds of troops participating in it. The battle became general official, the spatial scope of it even more increased.
The defeat of the enemy, its defeat can be achieved only by powerful blows of all types of weapons, the timely use of the results of their blows, as well as active and decisive actions of units, parts and compounds of all types of troops and special forces.
The modern combustive combat requires the skillful use of all means of lesion, combat and special equipment, high mobility and organization, full voltage of moral and physical forces, inexperienced will to victory, iron discipline and combat cohesion. This is achieved by high combat sweating; conscious fulfillment of his military debt; Resistance, courage, courage and readiness of personnel in any conditions to seek a complete victory over the enemy; Knowledge of his subordinates, personal communication with them, attention to their everyday combat life and needs, highly demanding to them; Education from subordinate faith in the rightness of our business, loyalty to the socialist homeland and the Soviet government.
Modern combustive combat can be conducted as under the application nuclear weapons and other means of lesion and using only ordinary weapons. The presence of nuclear weapons and other means of mass lesion, which are in a high degree of readiness, requires the troops of the continuous detection and destruction of them by all available means and at the same time implementation of measures to protect against weapons of mass lesion and the ability to fight in conditions of its use.
2. Forces and means of modern general combat
The nature of the battle and methods of its conduct depend primarily from the material basis, that is, from weapons, military equipment and people who apply these means of armed struggle.
A large influence on the change in the nature of the battle and the methods of its reference also has another component of the material basis of the fight - people, their moral spirit. Despite the huge power and the possibility of new means of struggle, a person remains that primary, without which any technique, any means of defeat will be useless, and the armed struggle is simply unthinkable.
The current period of military development is characterized by the emergence and rapid development of qualitatively new means of struggle, fundamentally different from those that were used in the past war, full of the army motorization, intensive mechanization, as well as all the increasing introduction of radio electronics tools.
Nuclear weapons are the main, the most powerful means of defeating the enemy. Skillful use allows with high efficiency and in a short time to destroy the means of mass defeat of the enemy, to apply large losses to it, destroy the structures and other objects, create zones of radioactive contamination, areas of destruction, duties, fires and floods of terrain, and provide cash composition of the armed forces and the population is a strong psychological impact. It is used suddenly, massive and combined with conventional weapons.
Nuclear weapons include all types of nuclear ammunition and their means of delivering to goals. Nuclear weapons can be applied massive, group and single blows. The defeat of enemy objects with nuclear weapons can be carried out by air; terrestrial and underground (surface, underwater) nuclear explosions. The main means of delivering nuclear ammunition to goals are rockets of various purposes and aircraft.
As the main means of defeat, the nuclear weapon has a decisive effect on the nature of the battle, gives it an exceptional determination, dynamism and unprecedented spatial scope.
The usual weapons make up all fire and drums that apply artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, rifle, engineering ammunition and firecases. Conventional weapons can be applied independently and in combination with nuclear weapons for the defeat of the live strength and military equipment of the enemy, as well as to destroy and destroy various objects.
The dialectic of military affairs is such that, along with the decisive value of nuclear weapons, the role of tanks, artillery, aircraft and other ordinary means of struggle is still great. It is even more importantly important to keep in mind that under certain conditions, fighting can be carried out using only conventional means of defeat. Thus, the task is to learn how to learn how to skillfully use the increased role of motorized rifle units, parts and compounds, firing and shock power of tanks, the effectiveness of aviation strikes and artillery fire.
Changes in weapons and military equipment have had a significant impact on the content, nature and ways of fighting.
3. Characteristic features of modern combustive combat
Terms are understood as important properties and features that reveal the nature of the battle in one or another war.
The nature of combat is - it is a combination of general traits inherent in this battle and defining its properties and features. The fights are not unchanged, the improvement of the material basis of the fight entails and the change in its characteristic features. A relatively low level of development of the struggle in the First World War predetermined the exceptional slowness of the development of combat, its limited scope and insufficient determination. Conversely, a sharp high-quality improvement in the means of conducting a battle in the Second World War and their quantitative increase was given by combat a new content led its high maneuverability and dynamism.
Facilities for nuclear weapons of various purposes and other newest military equipment and related changes in the preparation of personnel have created other conditions for hostilities and caused profound changes in the nature and methods of their management.
Modern battle is characterizeddefinition, high maneuverability, tensions and tunes, fast and sharp changes in the situation and a variety of used methods of its maintenance, deployment of hostilities on Earth and in the air on a wide front, for greater depth and maintaining them in high rates.
Determinationthe fighting is predetermined by the determination of political goals, the acute class character of the future war, the use of powerful modern means of combat, creating all the necessary prerequisites for conducting such actions, high moral and combat qualities of personnel Soviet army and the advanced character of our military science.
Decisitancy is manifested in order to fight and how to achieve them, in selfless actions of troops, their adamant desire to fully fulfill the combat task in all types of battle and in any environment, acting initiatively, with ultimate perseverance and perseverance. It is important to raise an officer composition in the spirit of decisiveness, courage, perseverance, the skill is irrevocably and without oscillations to bring to the end of the decision to break the enemy, ready to take responsibility for the initiative, to use all the possibilities for performing a combat mission. Indecision and passivity in battle lead to defeat.
Further qualitative development of weapons and military equipment will further increase the determination of combat and the requirements for the preparation of the personnel of units, parts and compounds.
High maneuverability of a modern battle is the result of the use of powerful means of lesion, a sharp increase in the mobility of combustrial units, parts and compounds due to their full motorization and equipping high-alignment combat equipment, as well as the absence of a solid front in defense and offensive.
Modern means of defeat allow the enemy to strike heavy losses, and the high mobility of the troops makes it possible to quickly use the results of nuclear and firing blows, with the go to attack the enemy and rapidly move deep into depth, in a short time to carry out maneuver with various purposes.
In the past, maneuver the troops were usually limited to their movement in order to take a favorable position in relation to the enemy to apply strikes, currently maneuver is applied, in addition, for the troops of the results of nuclear and firing blows, the rapid transfer of effort into depth or to a new direction, Overcoming radioactive contamination areas, dust areas, floodings and fires, the withdrawal of troops from under the nuclear strikes of the enemy, replacing parts and units that have suffered large losses and losing combat capability.
Tensionthe fighting is the consequence of the desire and opportunity probable opponents lead active fighting with decisive goals. Under these conditions, the achievement of victory in battle will require from our troops of high combat sweating and moral and psychological training, skillful actions and the maximum voltage of physical and spiritual forces.
Pantrythe battle is determined by the power of modern means of defeat, their speed, the ability in a short time to apply a decisive defeat by the enemy, with the go to rapidly attack and ending with its defeat after nuclear and fire strikes, in the high rapid pace to develop success in depth.
Under the conditions of a stepship fighting, more than ever, the question of the fight for the time gain in time, the ability of officers to quickly assess the situation and set tasks based on high tactical training and solid management skills.
Fast and sharp changesthe settings are a new characteristic feature of the modern combustive combat. The speed of changes in the situation is determined by a short time, during which significant changes in the position, state and nature of the actions of the troops occur. It depends on the ability modern weapons For the minimum time to suppress or destroy certain enemy objects, as well as from the speed of movement of troops.
The sharpness of the change in the situation is expressed in a fundamental qualitative change in the grouping of their troops and the enemy, the ratio of forces and means, radiation and chemical situation, in the rapid approach of the reserve, the release of the landing, in the application of powerful sudden strikes by combat helicopters and, as a result, in a sharp change of methods actions, in the transition from one type of battle to another.
In the past, in the presence of continuous fronts and the elbow bond between units, the battle developed evenly from one turn to another, especially in the breakthrough of the opponent's defense. To change the relation in forces and tools required considerable time. In modern battle, the use of both sides of powerful means of lesion, high mobility of troops, the large fire and shock _sis lead to a root change in the situation not only by the hour, but also in minutes, and in the context of the use of nuclear weapons - even in seconds.
An increase in the speed of exposure and power of means of lesion, especially neutron and laser weaponsAlso, the mobility of the troops will increase in the future the value of this feature of the fight. This causes the need to prepare troops to perform any combat missions in the conditions of extremely fast and sharp changes in the situation, and commanders to respond quickly and competently to its changes, showing determination, initiative, creativity and independence.
Variety of applicable ways of conducting the fight- a trait due to high dynamic and vehicles, a variety of conditions of the situation, its rapid and sharp changes, the possibility of transition from one means of defeat to other, rapidly changing the types of hostilities, as well as a sharp increase in the combat capacity of troops, a large variety of means of struggle existing in their Composition, and tasks solved during the battle.
The absence or limited impact of said factors in the wars of the past determined the theoretical development of only several ways to conduct a battle. In one or another battle of the division, parts and compounds elected, as a rule, one of the methods that rarely changed during the task is fulfilled.
For victory over the enemy, the commander must have the art of the use of all the diversity of ways to conduct a battle.
Under the way of conducting the battle is understood as an option for the use of forces and means to defeat the enemy and achieving the goals. Methods of conducting battle, as historical experience shows, are continuously changed and improved as its material basis develops. They also depend on the tasks set by the troops, on the conditions of their implementation, the possibilities of troops, the composition and nature of the action of the enemy and the nature of the terrain. A wide variety of tasks solved by units, parts and connections, and means of struggle that they use, the different nature of the enemy's actions and the conditions of the area lead to the fact that the ways of maintaining modern combustive combat will be very diverse.
In defense, the main methods of fighting are: the defeat of the main grouping of the enemy in the process of its extension and deployment for the onset of sudden nuclear strikes, blows of aviation and artillery; Reflection of attacks of its tanks, motorcycles and aerobile troops with fire of all ground and air forces and means in front of the front edge; The durable retention of the most important areas in the depths in combination with the conduct of counterattacks.
The offensive with the use of nuclear weapons is carried out by applying to the enemy of decisive damage to nuclear, firing blows and rapid advancement of units, parts and compounds after these strikes to complete the defeat of the enemy and mastering vital areas (objects).
When applied using conventional weapons, the necessary degree of defeat of the enemy can only be achieved on a narrow section of the front. Therefore, the basis of the methods of the offensive in such conditions should lie: the massive use of fire facilities and aviation on a narrow front; Defense breakthrough on this site by motorized rifle and tank units; development of success in the depth and side of the flanks; Surroundings and destruction of the main forces of the defendant enemy in cooperation with neighbors.
Deploying hostilities on Earth and in the air, on a wide front, for greater depth and maintaining them in high rates are due to a sharp increase in the combat capacity of troops and the range of means of defeat. This led to a significant expansion of the spatial borders of the battle and the growth of its pace. For example, before entering the motorized rifle of new samples of small arms and combat infantry (armored personnel carriers), and for a tank platoon of new samples of tanks, he could attack the front to 200 m and defend the reference point on the front to 300 m and in depth Up to 200 m. With the equipment of the platoon with new weapons and technique, its ability has increased dramatically. According to modern views, the platoon is able to successfully advise on the defendant enemy at the front up to 300 m and defend the reference point to 400 m on the front and up to 300 m deep into the depth.
In the future, with an increase in the range of artillery firing and the development of aviation, the spatial borders of the battle in depth will continue to increase. At the same time, the similar development of means of conducting the battle of our probable opponents and the growth of the fighting capabilities of their troops will not significantly increase the width of the front of the onset and defense of our units, parts and compounds.
Types of Foy
The main types of existence are the offensive and defense.
Defense.
The defense aims to reflect the offensive (attack) of the superior enemy forces, apply maximum losses, keep the support point (position, object) and thereby create favorable conditions for follow-up.
Defense should be stable and active,able to resist the opponents with the use of all types of weapons, reflect the onset of its superior forces, their attack from the front and flanks. It should be prepared for long-term battalion in terms of applying an opponent of high-precision weapons, mass lesions and radio electronic struggle.
Stability and activity of defensereached: excerpt, resistance and perseverance of the defendant units, their high moral spirit; skillfully organized defense and fire system; continuous reconnaissance enemy; thorough masking of occupied positions and frontiers; skillful use of favorable conditions of the terrain, its engineering equipment and the use of unexpected methods for the opponent of combat operations; timely maneuver divisions (fire facilities) and fire; immediate destruction of the enemy, which inserted into defense; constant implementation of measures for radiation, chemical and biological protection, protection against high-precision weapons and information and psychological effects of the enemy; persistent and long-term retention of reference points (positions, frontiers); Comprehensive support and preparation of personnel for long-term combat operations, including in the conditions of a complete environment.
The platoon (separation, tank) must persist in defend the occupied support point (position, line) and not to leave it without the order of the senior chief.
Defense can prepare out of contact with the enemyor in conditions of direct contact with him, a long timeor in short time.
Defense of the platoon (separation, tank) includes a consistent implementation of a number of tactical tasks, the main of which are: occupation and construction of defense; the destruction of the enemy's units when deploying them and the transition to the attack; Reflection of the attack of its divisions and the holding of the occupied reference points (positions); Destruction (defeat) of the enemy units that burst into the front edge and inclined in defense.
Offensive.
The offensive is carried out in order to defeat the opposition opponent, mastering the designated object and create conditions for follow-up. It lies in defeating the enemy by all available means, decisive attack, the rapid advancement of troops in the depths of its combat order, the destruction and captivity of the live strength, the seizure of weapons, techniques and various objects. Under the defeat, it is understood to apply such damage to the enemy at which it loses the ability to resist.
The personal composition of the platoon (separation, tank), using the results of the enemy's firing defeat, should lead an offensive with the full voltage of the forces, continuously and at night, in any weather and in close cooperation with other units to defeat the opponent enemy.
Depending on the situation and the tasks set, the offensive can be carried out on a defending, upcoming or exhaust enemy.
Depending on the readiness of the defense of the enemy and the degree of his fire damage, the offensive of the platoon (separation, tank) on the defendant enemy is carried out with depth extensionor from the position of immediate contact with him.
The offensive of the platoon (separation, tank) includes the consistent implementation of a number of tactical tasks, the main of which are: occupation of the initial position for the offensive; extending to the cross of the transition to the attack, the deployment of elements of combat order and rapprochement with the enemy; overcoming engineering proceedings and natural obstacles; attack and mastering the specified object; Development of the offensive in the depths of defense and the persecution of the enemy.
Offensive with depth extensionusually begins from the original area to the consistent deployment of units for attack from the go.
To ensure an organized nomination of units and simultaneous attack of the enemy, assigned: the route of the extension, the initial item, the frontier of the deployment, the frontier of the transition to the attack, and when attacking in a walking order for motorized rifle divisions - the line of the hurry.
To coordinate the actions of motorized rifle, tank, grenade launchers, as well as artillery units leading fire with closed fighter positions, is appointed rubles safe removal from gaps of their shells and min (grenade).Safe removal for motorized rifle units attacing within walking distance - 400 m attacing infantry combat vehicles (armored personnel carriers) - 300 m; For tank units - 200 m.
In the case of the use of nuclear weapons, it is indicated rubber safe removal,when approaching troops take the necessary protection measures.
For motorized rifle units on cars can be assigned places of landing with a landing on tanks.At the same time, the places of collection are assigned for cars. Challenge them to their divisions is carried out by the command of the company commander.
An offensive on the defendant enemy from the position of direct contact with himit begins in a pre-created combat order from the source positions of the mouth, which are engaged in the necessary rearrangement or with the change of defendant units. The turn of the transition to the attack is usually assigned to the first trench.
On the initial position of the company, motorized rifle platforms (compartments) with amplification means are located in trenches and adjacent moves of the message, and infantry combat vehicles (armored personnel carriers) occupy firing positions next to their offices or behind them. If it is impossible for a secretive occupation of infantry combat machines (armored personnel carriers) of firing positions with its platoon, they can be located on the initial position of the attached (interacting) tank unit or remain on the firing positions occupied before regrouping (shift). The management of them is carried out by the deputy commander of the platoon.
Tank platoon can be located as part of the first echelon division on firing positions, on the initial position of the company on the removal 2-4 km or on the expectant position of the battalion at the removal 5-7 km from the front edge of the opponent defense.
Grenadoette platoon occupies a position for the rotations of the first echelon at a distance from them to 300 m, and anti-tank platoon - up 100 m. Anti-tank branch of the company Position is usually occupied in the trench in the direction of focusing the main efforts of the company.
Fire remedies allocated for refrigerated fire are located on firing positions on the removal, ensuring efficient performance of fire tasks.
At the occurrence of direct contact with the opponent with shift of the defendant troopsthe motorized rifle platoon in the company is highlighted in the meeting area with conductors and, having disappeared, on hidden ways, and in the subsequent passage of messages and trenches, it turns out onto their initial position and takes it, taking off the supporting item (position), the reference paragraph. Fire Card), Mine Field Form and All Assisting Topics. Combat machines Infantry (armored personnel carriers) are located in shelters in the direction of the actions of their divisions and put forward to them, as a rule, during fire training. Cars remain in the appointed place of collection in readiness for moving.
Rearrangements can be carried out on the front or with a decomposition of depth units.
When regrouping on the front, the personal composition of the motorized rifle platoon on trenches and moves of the message is secretive to the initial position of the company and occupies the starting position for the offensive, if necessary, retrieves the occupied portion of the trench with additional cells; Prepares the adaptations for popping out of trenches, it gives the stores (ribbons), prepares manual grenades to action.
Infantry combat vehicles (armored personnel carriers) of the platoon remain on their firing positions and put forward to the suspension during the fire training. Infantry combat vehicles during the fire training period may be attracted to referring fire to the straight entry from occupied positions or with the beginning of fire preparation to be advanced to new to destroy the appointed goals.
Granatometric (anti-tank) platoon, as a rule, occupies the position on which it takes off and equips the trenches.
If the company's change is changed by the newly arriving unit, the motorized rifle platoon in the company is secretive, using trenches and message moves, goes to the collection area, and then moves to the initial position of the company in the second or third trench.
Tank platoon usually remains in its reference point and is used to lead fire with direct vendor. The nomination on the line of the transition to the attack it exercises during the fire preparation of the offensive from the reference point.
When the enemy transitions, all units reflect its attack on the occurrence of a change (regrouping). Manages the fight the commander of the connected division. He is obeyed and arrived for the change of division.
Question 28. Essence management of units.
Departments management lies in targeted activities of commanders to maintain a constant high combat readiness of units, prepare them for battle and managing them when performing their tasks. Success in battle in most cases depends on the quality of management. The experience of wars shows that the skillful leadership of the troops allowed the opponent with the smallest losses and seek victory in a short time.
The main content of the department of divisions is to improve (maintain) their high political and moral state and combat readiness, ensuring (restoration) of their combat capability; continuous mining, collection, learning, mapping, generalization, analysis and evaluation of the situation data; decision making, setting objectives of subordinates, organization and maintenance of interaction, organization and implementation of measures to political work and comprehensive battle; Management organization, control over preparation for combat, the execution of the tasks delivered. In a timely manner, and well-organized uninterrupted management of units contributes to the seizure and retention of the initiative, the highness of the preparation of the fight and suddenness of strikes, but the enemy, the rapid use of the results of nuclear and fire defeat of the enemy and the timely implementation of measures to protect units from weapons of mass lesion. In addition, it allows you to more effectively use the fighting of forces and funds involved in battle. Frequent transitions of units from one type of bon to another cause the need to clarify or organize the management. The changed conditions impose higher requirements for managing divisions.
Department management can only be successful if it is stable, continuous, operational and hidden.
The resistance of the control is to know the actual situation; rapid restoration of violated management and means of communication; timely collection of these situations, decision making, report to his senior commander and bringing to subordinates; maintaining reliable communication with subordinates, interacting units and senior commanders; Reliable protection of the control point from all types of weapons used by an opponent, as well as from the interference of its radio-electronic means. Continuity of the Office lies in the constant influence of the commander on the course of battle by all means of its disposal in the interests of the successful implementation of the delivered tasks. In battle, the platoon commander (separation, tank) is obliged to closely monitor the course of the battle, continuously conduct an opponent's intelligence; To put or specify the tasks of separations (tanks), as well as the accomplished and supporting divisions. An indispensable condition for achieving continuity management is the constant knowledge of the situation on the battlefield in front of the front of its units and neighbors, its analysis and foresight of the most significant changes. This will allow the commander to skillfully apply regular and dusted fires during the battle and effectively use the results of nuclear and firing enemy defeat.
In order to achieve continuity of management, it is necessary to skillfully choose the place of the command and observation point, it is hidden to have it, and to move it in a timely manner, especially when running the battle at night, in fog, PURGU and in hard-to-reach area. The commander must be in the most important direction at the moment and in a timely manner to influence the course of combat by all those who are available at its disposal by the forces and fire facilities. In difficult moments of the battle, he is a personal example, showing courage, initiative and resourcefulness, should lead the units and perform a combat challenge, despite any difficulties and even the threat of life itself, inspiring this determination to all subordinates.
The platoon commander (separation, tank) is still in organizing the battle must appoint substituents besides regular. If the control is broken during the battle, the commander immediately takes measures to restore it.
The efficiency of the Office lies in the timely and rapid implementation of all activities related to the management of subdivisions during preparation and in the course of the fight; in constant knowledge of the situation and the rapid response to its changes; in the timely clarification of the decision and the tasks assigned to the units; In the skill of the commander, apply the most appropriate method of work and fulfill the tasks of the tasks in the deadlines that ensure the control of the enemy in the actions in the ability to work on regular means of communication. Especially high efficiency in the work is necessary when preparing battle in a short time and in the dynamics of its maintenance.
The rapid production of data on the enemy, the timeliness of the reports of subordinate commanders, well-established information from the senior commander and neighbors are crucial to maintain management efficiency.
The management of the Office and in the past was essential. In modern battle, it acquires even greater importance due to the increase in the role of surprise of actions, an increase in the possibilities of an enemy intelligence, as well as the use of nuclear and high-precision weapons. Therefore, the preservation of all events related to the preparation and conduct of the battle is the most important condition Host management. It is achieved by strict compliance with the established regime of negotiations on the technical means of communication, the use of various ciphers and codes; using tables, call signs and signals, negotiation tables and coding of cards, prohibiting open negotiations; Reliable camouflage of command and observation points.
IN modern conditionsWhen the fighting develops exclusively in high rates, differ in the utmost tension and sharp changes in the situation, only the unicreder commander, endowed with great rights, is able to direct the efforts of subordinates to the successful implementation of the task. That is why the commander of the platoon (separation, tank) is assigned complete and personal responsibility for combat readiness, the preparation of the platoon (separation, tank), weapons, military equipment The battle and successful implementation of the combat mission on time, as well as for education, military discipline, psychological training and political and moral condition of personnel.
When preparing for battle and during its maintenance, the platoon commander (separation, tank) must:
- maintain constant combat readiness and high coherence division in battle;
- know the situation on the battlefield and make timely decisions in a timely manner, put the tasks to subordinate and seek the steady fulfillment;
- constantly watch the course of battle;
- keep reconnaissance of the enemy before the plaid front (separation, tank) and flanks;
- skillfully use all the fires, as well as the results of the enemy's firing defeat;
- be for subordinate an example of activity, courage, stamina and managerial, especially and difficult moments of combat;
- to organize technical maintenance of equipment and weapons in a timely manner, and in case of damage to report to the elder commander and organize repairs;
- immediately report to the commander of the company (platoon) on the fulfillment of the combat mission, new information about the enemy, a sharp change in the situation before the front and on the flanks, on losses, security of ammunition and flammable.
Similar information.
Possible weapons and gear of sabotage-intelligence groups, demolitions, snipers, parachutes, deltaplaneers, combat swimmers, analysts
Historical reference
WeaponsDevices or means used in an armed struggle for defeat and destruction of the enemy. Serves both for attack and for defense, protection. Offensive weapons - a hand-to-hand, throwing (beating, stitching, chopping), a rifle (gunshot, in which for throwing up a bullet, shell, mines use the energy of explosives, such as powder). The defensive weapon also includes smallness and personal protective equipment - a special part of clothing and manual barriers to reflect shocks.
STEEL ARMS
Melee weapons, hand-to-hand combat, used at the time of the decisive throw in the attack. It is divided into a chopping and cakes, usually manufactured with such a calculation so that they can be and chopped.
Armament
A combination of weapons and technical means that ensures its use. Includes: ammunition and means of delivering to goals; aiming, guidance, start and control systems; devices, special and technical devices for the preparation of weapons to use; A combination of warrior protection means in battle.
EQUIPMENT
Objects that serve as a fitting and caring for carrying directly by the warriors in any conditions of the hiking and combat situation, put on their weapons, ammunition, special weapons and property (gas masks, skewed blade, etc.), the vital things and food reserves, personal hygiene and economic items considerable; Weapons weemed wearable; Full hiking female warrior - a douse bag with objects of display and assault part of the equipment (weapons, ammunition, protection means).
Special intelligence diversion groups
Specially equipped, prepared and equipped division created by special-purpose services and intended to conduct exploration and committing sabotage in the enemy rear for the period of combat missions for organizing and conducting divergent intelligence and subversive activities; Used both in peaceful and wartime in order to collect intelligence information, the application of economic, political and military damage to special operations.
The main tasks of the sabotage and intelligence groups of special purposes: the extraction of intelligence, the conclusion or destruction of the strategic objects of the enemy, the disorganization of the work of the state and military management bodies, the work of the rear institutions, reducing the combat capability of the enemy's armed forces by outputting weapons and military equipment, capturing prisoners, Documents, weapons and equipment samples.
Special-purpose diversion and intelligence groups prepare the conditions for military-force provision of the external-political course, organization and conduct of special operations.
Depending on the implementation of the task, a group may be from several people to several tens people equipped with the latest necessary weapons and sabotage agents - special explosives, including small-sized nuclear ammunition, mines, thermal mixtures, etc. provided by the necessary means of communication with the sent His command and inside the group, vehicles. The group includes specialists in organizing combat operations, exploration, heavy and easy-to-use, supply, combat swimmers, radio drivers, engineers, doctors, specialists in the use of nuclear ammunition. If necessary, the Group includes specialists needed to perform the task.
The group's warriors have the highest level of common special forces, parachute and sabotage-intelligence training, trained with explosives, including nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, the use of poisoning substances and drugs, are capable of acting in any climatic conditions, in any terrain and in any atmosphere.
The warriors of the group are a special uniform, and when fulfilling the task, we can use the form of clothing of military personnel of foreign armies, act in civilian clothes, having appropriate cover documents.
The transfer or reference of the group in the rear of the enemy is carried out on the strategic (more than 300 kilometers) and tactical (up to 300 kilometers) the depth of the hidden passage of the front line or the state border, the release from the aircraft - airplanes, helicopters, gliders and deltaplanov, disembarking on the coast from the submarine or ship, or other ways.
The activities of sabotage and intelligence groups of special purpose are carried out secretly or open, depending on the goals, local conditions and international situation.
The tactics of the actions of sabotage and intelligence groups include searching, plaque, ambush, exploration, raid, sabotage, sniper work.
The method of military reconnaissance, which consists in the secret approach of the group on the planned object in order to capture prisoners, documents and armament samples. As part of the search group, a subgroup is allocated to attack and capture and subgroup to ensure the actions of the first subgroup.
Sudden attack of sabotage-intelligence groups, as well as divisions ground Forces In the rear of the enemy on his objects for the purpose of their capture or destruction.
There is a secretive approach to the planned object, a rapid attack from directions, from where the enemy does not expect an attack.
The method of action of groups or troops, in which they, located secretly, will wait for the enemy, and then suddenly attack him in order to destroy, capture prisoners, documents, samples of weapons and military equipment.
The military unit, in advance and hiddenly located at the most likely way to move the enemy in order to defeat it with a sudden blow.
The ambushes were used since ancient times. For action from the ambush, suddenness is characterized, rapidness, speed.
Intelligence fight
Extraction of intelligence information about the enemy by combat actions (onset) specially dedicated military formations; Method of military exploration. It is carried out in cases where in other ways to obtain the necessary information about the adversary is not possible.
Demolvers
Experts applying various explosives, explosion tools (fuses, capsuli detonators, electricallytonetters, fuses, etc.).
Snipers (eng. Sniper - shooting from shelter)
Specially trained arrows, perfectly owning the art of the label, disguise and observation; As a rule, the target is affected by the first shot; armed with a rifle with a special sight; For firing tools to equip a hurry position.
The main task is to destroy important appearing, moving, open and disguised goals.
Parachutists
Parachute management specialists (FR. Parachute - against falling), a device for braking an object moving in an air; It is used to slow down the rate of reduction, falling parachute, cargo or other items.
Deltaplaneryrs
Deltalast Management Specialists, Motoda Ltaklane (from Greek. Delta - the name of the letter, and lat. Planum - plane), balancing glider (FR. Planeur - soar, Untar aircraft heavier than air) with a flexible wing having a Greek letter shape "Delta" ( In the form of a triangle), a controlled pilot suspended to Deltaplan, like a pendulum with a special suspension system.
Battle swimmers
Light divers as part of a navy of a number of states that perform sabotage-intelligence or anti-informational tasks; There are troops to combat underwater sabotage forces and means (PDS).
The combat swimmers are used to destroy - undermining ships, destruction - withdrawal of hydrotechnical structures and other important objects on water, under water and on the shore, exploration places of landing landing, to perform other intelligence and sabotage tasks of the search and destruction of mines, ensuring the safety of ships .
Equipment of combat swimmers - masks, flippers, wetsuits, scuba respiors, intelligence devices, navigation (compasses, depths), communications, weapons (subversive charges, special mines, underwater guns, pistols, automata, cold weapons).
Combat swimmers are trained in a diving, parachute, subruptive case, possession of firearms and cold weapons, hand-to-hand combat and other martial arts. Act at a depth of 40-80 meters and deeper for 6-12 hours and longer. The operation of the operation is delivered by submarines, surface ships, by air, special delivery techniques.
The first combat use of combat swimmers occurred in 1918.
Underwater sabotagers
Technical Delivery Tools (Ultra-low submarines, Special submarines of motion - self-deviating single and multi-dimensional apparatus with a diving range of up to 200 kilometers or more, speed up to 30 kilometers per hour or more, depth of immersion up to 100 meters or more), lightweight equipment, special mines and charges of explosives, navigation devices, intelligence and communication equipment, intended for conducting reconnaissance and sabotage actions against marine and coastal objects.
Analysts (Greek. Analyo - Share, I allow)
Specialists in research, analysis (analysis - separation of an object, real or logical, on its component parts.
Vympel officers were taught to shoot all types of ordinary and special domestic and foreign weapons - at any time of the day, on Earth, in water and air, in motion and due to shelter - as a result of the warriors, they fell from a hundred-meter distance in a ten-thermal coin.
The officers of Vympel passed the type preparation of army special forces, intelligence, mining, parachute, deltaplate preparation, studied minno-explosive, work with the local population, collecting information, the country of location, foreign languages.
At first, confess, we did not really understand what we should do. Everything was vague and very secretly. Some failure, non-infractions, analogies, they say, remember the war, reconnaissance-sabotage groups. In general, there were many disputes about our tasks. The literature was practically absent. Some tasks were blindly moved from the forties. And in the yard - the beginning of the 80s.
Equipment, equipment - dough. Here, for example, army uniforms. Normal. Can I survive in the cold during the week? I did not try a week, but I tried three days. Very difficult. Of course, you will not die, but it is already unsuitable for the fulfillment of the most complex task. Then we had fur flight-technical uniforms. Blue Rob, Unputa. Warm, good, if walking around the city or walk along the forest, breathe fresh air. And how to act in it? I remember on me a vest and on top of this flight, fur jacket. While there were twenty-five kilometers, she fastened it five times and dried out. What can be done in this jacket?
Food. I tried the Special Forces Army Dry Pane in 1982 on the exercises. Five days lived on this soldering. You bother, of course, if you "sweep" everything to the crumb, but it is hard to work. So if this bucks for three to five days, you can endure, but if for a long time, it does not fit. Foreign soldering, admit, did not try. But it is known that they do not limit their fighters in mining meat. And we can not.
On the exercises, I never went to army special forces boots. The first sample shoes kept a blow, but these are weights on the legs. So they ourselves bought sneakers, in the winter - ski boots, sewed covers to the knee, wore wool sites. The layer was largely calculated on their own forces.
Vladimir Vasilchenko, Vimpel officer
The optimal program for the preparation of Vimpel's warriors was debugged by 1985 and consisted of a three-year cycle. Once in the quarter, exercises were held three days before the month.
Some employees of Vympel took place (naturally, illegally) "Internship" in units of special purpose NATO.
We knew perfectly well that our combat training in some cases exceeds American on its tension, sharpness and, and, one can say, performance. Although the Americans had much more opportunities.
Yu.I. Drozdov
Military Counselor
A military specialist, an officer of one state, directed in accordance with a bilateral agreement to another state to assist in the creation of armed forces, training military personnel, training for troops, for assistance in organizing and conducting hostilities.
The officers of the Vympel group may have worked in Afghanistan, Mozambique, Angola, Nicaragua, Laos, Cuba, Vietnam, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and other countries - planned and conducted ambushes for caravans with weapons, held meetings with the most valuable agents, participated In the negotiations with the heads of the opposition, the training of local units of the host country of stay were carried out and organized, studied foreign experience in conducting special operations in the rear of the enemy, the ways of survival in subtropics and tropical conditions.
Main goals.
Damage and destruction of railway and highway bridges, damage to railway tracks and the organization of collapse of military echelons, trade trains. The destruction of locomotives and wagons, military trucks and techniques. The destruction of the live strength of the Nazis (the right sector, TRUZUB, Maidan, Patriot of Ukraine, Una-ONSO) and their accomplices in Central and Western Ukraine. Destruction after the prevention of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the SBU. Destruction after a warning or without online leaders and ordinary members of the Nazi Party "Batkovschina", "Blow", "Freedom", etc. Destruction of military facilities: airfields (destruction of take-off stripes, hangars, airplanes and helicopters), warehouses with fuel, ammunition and ammunition , barracks, military towns, etc. Destruction of property of enterprises of the Kolomoisky and their leaders, the defeat of its security enterprises.
Some principles of action.
Partisans should act according to a single operational plan, operations should be carried out systematically, the successes achieved must be fixed and developed.
One of the main tasks of the guerrilla deprivation of the enemy replenishing forces and means, disorganization of the rear and undermining the moral spirit of the enemy.
Well-prepared partisans under favorable conditions should be sudden raids and an attacks from ambushes to destroy live strength, military equipment, military loads and martial communications vehicles The enemy, paralyzing powers of punishers. Special attention to the defeat of artillery farms: Hubitsa, Grad and Hurricane systems. In the general combat with great forces of the enemy not to get involved.
Regular receipt of intelligence information is necessary. Intelligence is the most important type of combat provision, is conducted in any conditions of the situation in order to mining information about the enemy and terrain. Basic reconnaissance requirements: purposefulness, continuity, activity, timeliness and efficiency, secrecy, accuracy of information and accuracy of determining the coordinates of intelligent goals and objects.
Intelligence Methods: Observation, listening, inspection of terrain and local items, search, ambush, intelligence fighting, interrogation of prisoners and dedication, survey of local residents, studying the documents captured at the opponent.
For partisans, "arrogance is more useful than indecision, called prudence cowards. But not rather to somehow attack and somehow escape: the debt of the head to count its enterprise in such a way that the winnings in case of success exceeding the loss in case of failure "Lieutenant-General Denis Davydov, partisans and hero Patriotic War 1812
Requirements for the commander of partisans and ordinary fighters
The commander of the partisan detachment must be enterprising, cold-blooded, able to be found in difficult situations, be able to inspire subordinate love and confidence and maintain the most strict discipline. It should be distinguished by good health and tirelessness. He should know the theory of the partisan war, ways to act the enemy, with the order of the device and the maintenance of the rear. It is impossible to assign a commander against his will, and only at will, if it is not suitable for mental and mental qualities.
An ordinary partisan-volunteer must love the Motherland, crave enterprises conjugate with risk to life, to be smeared, resourceful, believe in success.
Areas of work.
Intelligence, sabotage, counterintelligence. Requires a agent network in the areas of Novorossia.
Options
Partisan groups may be different in numbers.
The detachments must be formed from specially trained saboteurs and locals. The leadership of the detachment must be the chief of the squad and head of the headquarters. The connection must have rigid discipline.
The detachment may have the following structure. Command (commander, note, assistant commander of material and technical support), four rifle plays of 22 people each, platoon of intelligence (also 22 people), separation of miner sappers, separation of communication with a portable radio station. The detachment goes completely. Joint operations with 2-3 detachments are possible.
Larger and smaller units are possible. The main thing here should be imperceptibility for the enemy.
Legalization.
Partisans are a party in an armed conflict - combatants under the following conditions: the chapter has a person responsible for his subordinates; have a distinctive sign; open weapons; Observe in combat actions of the norm international lawused in the period of armed conflicts.
With the non-recognition of Kiev junta and punishers from the oligarchic gangster groups that fight the partisans and the execution of the wounded, it is necessary to record crimes in accordance with the norms of criminal procedure law, helping to investigate, and for terror is rigidly responsible to banders. Now destroyed according to various data from 1,300 to 1,700 terrorist militants obeying Kiev, a big propaganda effect will give photos and video fixation of hundreds of corpses with sounding the names of the killed. The age of the Internet does not hide information. The battle spirit of Bandera will fade.
Parisan supply.
We need constantly spent and replenished weapons, ammunition, food, equipment (including the newest thermal imagers and night vision devices), communication channels, professionals (commanders, scouts, miners, radio players, doctors) and much more.
Partisans should have a stock of civil and warm clothes, it is desirable to have the form of a new generation (in service with the Army of the Russian Federation there is a form that reduces the thermal visibility of military personnel), weapons, food, communications to the center (including using public Internet and mobile communication) .
There are small unmanned aircrafts, You can use them.
To work in settlements, there must be high-quality or present documents: a passport of a citizen of Ukraine, registration, etc. must have legal work.
Preparation.
With ordinary, it is necessary to work out the issues of defense and the offensive (as part of the platoon, company, battalion), the persecution of the exhaust enemy, the organization of its search for trails.
It is studied the tactics of the partisans, the organization of intelligence and counterintelligence
The program must be: fire training (device and fire from sniper rifles, automaton, manual machine gun, automatic grenade launcher, flamethrower); subversive business (manufacture of self-made mines and fuses, methods of undermining bridges, roads, railway canvas); Hand-to-hand combat and defeat of military equipment using grenade launchers, machine guns, PRRK and CRKK. Proper attention is drawn to engineering training (gaps, trenches, trenches). Workouts are needed in long-term hikes with full combat output, learning silent removal of sentries, the order of approach to warehouses, bridges, headquarters, etc. Classes is better at night, the main time of the partisans. It is necessary to work out raids and ambushes in day and night, tactics of sabotage on the communications of the enemy. Partizan should be able to conduct ideological and political work among partisans and the local population.
The task of the partisans must be armed with automata, machine guns, sniper rifles, grenade launchers and flamethroughs, maybe the FMR and CRKK. In addition, each fighter must have a gun, a knife, 2 - 4 grenades, 2 bottles with a combustible mixture, 300 - 600 ammunition. To several units of weapons you need to have silencers.
When planning the operation, the operational and intelligence departments of the DPR or LNR headquarters should be involved, the recovery department, political management. Conductors are selected for imperceptible transition of the front line and output to the action object.
The leadership should prevent the robberies of the local population and looting. The results of combat operations should be fixed on video or photographed if possible.
In the combat zone, it is necessary to loud gangs from criminal elements that have passed to robbery and looting on the roads and in the settlements. Collect the complaints of the population, to give the "hotline" number to combat banditry, if necessary, to hold the seizure or destruction of criminals independently or together with law enforcement agencies, transfer data on the crimes of militia and the DPR or LNR prosecutor's office.
Actions guerrilla depend on the content conditions. If the base is in difficult places (Ukrainian Polesie) can be left in one place of dislocation, if there are no such conditions, the partisans are constantly moving from one level of the basing to another or they make long raids in hundreds of kilometers.
The most successfully attack on the enemy at the moment of its smallest ability to resist. This evening, night or bad weather. Partisans should imperceptibly approach the attacked object, quickly attack and so quickly move away.
In the counter battle with the superior enemy forces it is impossible to join. You need to maneuver, find tricks and tricks, disguise.
Partisan tactics.
Partisans act in two ways. The first way in contact with the opponent: ambushes, raids, breakthroughs, defense. The second is without such a collision: the sabotage must be the main one.
Ambush was carried out by a detachment or several detachments. The combat order of the ambush includes a shock group, a group of cover and reserve. Cover groups must block suitable reserves or detain their appearance. Divues are satisfied for these purposes, mining is made. They can enter into battle to destroy the remnants of the defeated opponent. The shock group began the fight suddenly for the enemy, along the set signal. If you managed to quickly suppress the resistance, the shock group goes into the attack, if not managed, the partisans were out of battle. Options are processed in advance, the area of \u200b\u200bcollection and routes of movement to them of all ambushes groups are planned.
A variety of ambes are "triple" and "lubricating". With a "triple ambush", the guerrillas attacking, force the enemy to cause reinforcement, after his arrival there is a fire of stronger flank ambushes.
With the "lubricating" ambush, the enemy is melted to ambush, for example, smoke from the "partisan campfire", the enemy is destroyed on the approach to the bait.
Small groups of invaders can be destroyed by masking against enemy units.
Flap Inappropriate a quick impact on the object in order to conclusion or destruction. The objectives of the raids can be: enemy garrisons, transport and industrial facilities, headquarters, concentration camps, warehouses. The attack should only be committed on the object being in the mode of protection (guard, patrols, duty), and not defense, when the enemy occupies defensive structures.
The flight premises thorough intelligence, data on the location of the object, the system of its protection, paths of the hidden approach to it, on the nearest reserves of the enemy and the likely routes of their extension are collected.
The battle order for the tax includes a shock (assault) group, a group of support (cover and distraction), reserve. If it was necessary to destroy the object, groups of demolitions are attracted. In the shock group, a subgroup may be distinguished for the destruction of the protection of the object. With weak protection, the cover of the cover does not stand out, combat boots are exhibited on the nearest roads. The resistance group is used when the opponent's resistance is expected. Demonstrative actions such a group distracted the enemy from the main attack object.
The flare is held suddenly, the detachment is not involved in battle with the major enemy. Only well-trained and equipped squads can attack large garrisons of the enemy. It should be borne in mind that when attacking the garrisons of ammunition will be mined less than spent.
The shooters apply ambushes: the defeat of the SS battalion "Dnipro". And the raids: the fight under the Red Liman, the destruction of June 9, the installation of "Grad", the attack of the checkpoint between Slavic and Kramatorsky.
The unsuccessful raid on the Donetsk airport and the marryovka borderpost is due to the three reasons. The first, the few forces of the DNR cannot in the afternoon to lead a general-official battle, not so high level of training, there is not enough armored vehicles and soldiers. The second, there was no anti-aircraft drugs. Third, illiterate command. Who commanded the airport ride and the borderpost should be removed from the leadership and appointed a commission to investigate unsuccessful actions.
While the national militia of Donbass can fight at night, early in the morning, at twilight or in bad weather. It is possible to mask under UKRAMY, legal advocates to post the UKROFlag, remove the ribbons and then the attack. Suddenly applying punishers, not falling under the blow of the superior enemy forces, blows of aviation and artillery. Leaving at the collection point.
For breakthrough The first echelon is distinguished: the assault group and the support group that covers the flanks of the assault group and shoves the enemy in the secondary directions. The reserve is used to develop the success and reflection of enemy counterattacks. In the second echelon, the headquarters that serve the units and the hospital follow them follows the cover of the cover.
During a breakthrough in the rear of the enemy, sabotage detachments and groups are raised, false and demonstrative attacks are applied, other tricks are applied.
The breakthrough is carried out at night, suddenly and rapidly, the fire is maximally concentrated on the main direction of the breakthrough. All this prevents the enemy to use tanks, artillery and aviation.
When conducting defense Outside its bases, partisans are stopped by an enemy who has significant superiority in the forces and while it is regrouped for further onset, the rapid throw go into a gap. In the defense of the partisan bases, the enemy comes out for the prepared defense (mine fields, trees, fugasses on the roads, sniper ambushes, machine-gun nests, observation points).
The combat orders of partisan formations in defense include: the first echelon defense, a group of fire support (in the presence of mortars and artillery), a group of distraction, sabotage groups for action in the rear of the upcoming opponent, a reserve group (they usually should be located at the most dangerous directions).
Next form of partisan actions raid.. It combines ambushes, raids, sabotage and agitation work in the process of movement in the enemy rear. In Ukraine, especially in the forest-steppe central and southern regions of the country, where there are few natural shelters, such a form of partisan struggle is particularly in demand.
purpose diversions Disorganization of the enemy rear, applying the fascists of the damage to the vibrant strength and technique without entry into contact with the enemy. Advantages: Diversions allow small forces and almost without loss to apply effective strikes on the enemy; Systematic diversions spray attention and enemy forces to protect communications and other rear objects; Demoralization of enemy troops.
Methods of sabotage: Digging and expansion of railway tracks, Rail removal to the side, scattering on the roads of "hedgehogs" and barguckers, a breakdown of disguised "wolf holes" on the ground roads, arson, mining railway tracks in order to crash.
To destroy rail communication mines of slow motion with chemical and hour explosions, set the best on protracted slopes, high bulbs and curves of roads. To ensure a long break in the movement of trains, the crash is better to organize in deep excavations, on small bridges, on embankments passing through the swamps, i.e., where it will be difficult to maintain restoration work.
The roads are satisfied with the roads, rules, fires (on forest roads), collaps (on mountain ranges), mining is made, road facilities are destroyed.
Farvaters are mined on water communications, bridges are destroyed using alloys mines, buckets are destroyed and rearranged, slow motion mines in Odessa, port structures of Odessa, etc.
Also attacked with explosive devices, bottles with an incendiary mixture, garnet warehouses, storages, airfields, transport and combat vehicles, Power plants, industrial enterprises.
The main role in the partisan tactics is given to sabotage. In partisan brigades and detachments there must be sabotage platforms or companies. In the occupied territory, separate sabotage and sabotage-intelligence groups should be operated.
Tactics of sabotage groups.
After careful intelligence approaches to the object and mode of its protection, the Group at the most convenient moment goes to the iron or highway, lays Ma (Fugas), departs in an agreed place where you can observe the result of the sabotage, and then hidden.
For diversions on railways, groups are highlighted: shock, assault, shuttering of flanks, rear cover, several auxiliary groups, as well as barriers, exhibited on the road attacks adjacent to the object. The most prepared personnel is included in the percussion groups.
Well-prepared sabotage, performed by a small group of partisans, give a much greater effect than the fight of a whole partisan compound with the troops of the enemy. Mass sabotage can wear operational and tactical and even strategic.
The shooters and the forces of the DNR do not break the bridges and do not allow military echelons and commodity trains to sleep, but I hope only. That's about to learn mining and starts.
Undermines of bridges and starts under the passes of military echelons should be carried out throughout the occupied territory. It should be borne in mind that folk support is the most high in the southeast and most small in the fascist Kiev, Western Ukraine. Accordingly, the minimum of bridges as structures necessary not only by the military, but also civilians undermine the southeast and the maximum of Bandera. The burning of mansions and enterprises of local oligarchs will be perceived with a bang everywhere. Starting the split trails are possible only after exploration and establishing the fact that these are loads of oligarchs or hiddenly movable military loads.
It is possible to outrude the achievement of a large-scale goal: the damage to the damage is first $ 100 million, if the Maidaews are not formed and the economy will not happen, then damage to 1 billion dollars.
You can and need to drag the population of Western and Central Ukraine to its side. Motivation: American Six Poroshenko will fight southeast to the last resident of Western and Central Ukraine. He spit on the people who chose him, besides, people do not have any levers of influence on Parish Paras. Bloody Roshen himself is not a new face in Ukraine, and the same older oligarch from the general samples, which were covered by Kravchuk, Kuchma, Yushchenko and Yanukovych.
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The main method of applying strikes for RDH was sabotage on the communications of the enemy, at military and industrial facilities. In the implementation of these operations, roller charges were used and a wide variety of mine devices - from miniature magnetic mines to large fugasov. For four years of war, the conditions for conducting sabotage operations changed, especially on railway highways and roads. The overall system of railway stations and paths on the distillations became increasingly complex and sophisticated. If in 1941-1942 The case was limited, as a rule, patrolling (usually three pair patrols per kilometer of the road), then from the summer of 1942, police officers (up to 10 people) began to help these patrols. In 1943-1944 The road protection system has reached the limit saturation of combat force and technology, means of detecting and destroying diversants' scouts laid by them mines. Patroling on strategically important roads was supplemented with a device for protection equipped with spotlights and machine guns, firepoints. The Germans created open spaces, for which the forests were cut out 200-300 meters on both sides, they were installed on approaches to paths of min traps, noise devices, wire bodies.
Railway bridges were most carefully guarded. Each of the large bridges was a real defensive line with barbed wire, mine barriers, rigging systems with machine guns, dotami, searchlight plants, rocket alarms. After certain intervals, armored tickets were held on the highways, having fed forest approaches to roads. Well-trained guard dogs were widely used. In an effort to take off the explosions from steam locomotives and cars, the Germans allowed empty platforms ahead. The movement of transport was slowed down on particularly dangerous areas, and on some it was allowed only during the day and only after a thorough inspection of the corresponding road section for the search for min. The most serious danger for the saboteurs were enemy ambushes, waiting for them on the approaches to the highways and on waste paths. They could be expected on any site of the route. But disruptions reconnaissance each time had to do a huge path from the base camp to the sabotage site. Overcoming the crates and burlyas, swamps and open spaces of 30-40 km, and in some cases and up to 100 km (when the target task for conducting a sabotage in a specially remote section of the highway), in spite of any obstacles, the saboteurs still performed their tasks.
The tactics of the action of saboteurs on the railway was usually the following. The group of demolitions almost always acted under the cover of the protection subgroup. Going to the road, the group climbed within the visibility of the railway canvas, studied the situation, led the observation, choose the place of approach to the canvas. Sometimes it lasted a few days. The installation of each miner required genuine skill, limit voltage and attention. A special danger was the installation of the unacted mines that could work from any oscillation of the soil. Great skills required a disguise min. There should not be any traces on the site of their installation. It was impossible to mix dry upper layers with raw bottoms - it would immediately cause suspicion of protection. Excess Earth was carried away with him on a cloak. Having installed Ma, the pebbles were laid on top - as they lay along the canvas before mining. Leaving, cleaned their traces. But all this was done at night, in absolute darkness, with the observance of silence: with the slightest sound, rockets were cooled into the sky and the fire was immediately opened ... Theoretically, to kill railway rail, 2 grams of TNT or 400 grams of ammonite or ammona are required. The explosion should be so strong to grab the blade in the flooring a funnel, through which it does not cross the wheel pairs of the locomotive and a car. And for this you need at least 3-4 kilograms of TNT. Under the big echelon, 3-4 charges were set in different places of the canvas. It was convenient to blow up the canvas on the turn, there charged the charge in the link of the rail - then the effect was more.
Intelligence-diversants for diversions on roads The original tactics under the name "Field of Death" was developed. The essence of this method is reduced to the fact that two or three mines of pressure on the road are installed, and the rear is triggered from the front mine explosion in the course of the movement. Thus, if the front car explodes, it explodes another 1-2 cars following it. Simultaneously with this along the movement of the column, by cuvetam, the German trophy mines "Spring Minten" S-34 were installed. This anti-personnel mine jumps up with an explosion up.
In the explosion of cars, the surviving Germans rushed into a cuvette and fell there for jumping mines.
Winter training special forces
As already noted, interlocks in the rear often fell into the ambush the enemy, left the persecution. Leaving the persecution, scouts usually mined anti-personnel mines your mark. Run away from the pursuers also with the help of grenade F-1. Lononka was fixed in the fork of the bush, next to the trail. Cape grenades almost pulled out, leaving the tip, holding back the battle. The twine from the checks stretched through the path, disguised it. Then every 100 m left extended ropes, but without a grenade. The calculation was such. When having exploded, the pursuers will become more attentive, the twine will stop them when their vigilance is stuck when they are tired of empty searches, then it will work another charge. If the fascists took a group in the ring, surrounded, then a method of breakthrough "Taran" was used. First of all, they were found in the chains of the Germans the most stretched line, where there were bars between the pursuers, so that the band's fire power was stronger than the enemy in the place where the breakthrough was scheduled. The location of the RDH is a wedge, a ledge. In a minute, the breakthrough is solved by the speed, Natisk and surprise. Wedge fighters taranized a chain, shooting out of everything that they had, and disappeared, leaving behind themselves who were shot in the persecutors.
