Scientific and technical revolution, which began in the middle of the XIX century, radically changed the appearance of human civilization. Scientific achievements and new technologies touched on almost all areas of human life, significantly improving the quality of life. In a short period of time, man managed to tamper electricity. Physics, chemistry and medicine came out on a completely different, qualitatively new level of applied science, ensuring new opportunities for humanity to obtain civilizational goods. However, it would be awesome if scientific and technological progress did not touch the military sphere.
In the 20th century, new, more sophisticated types of weapons of mass lesion, who set human civilization on the edge of the catastrophe were released in the arena.
Characteristics of weapons of mass lesion
The main criterion of any new type of weapons has always been a larger strike effect. In modern conditions, it becomes important not only the rapid appreciation of the enemy of the defeat by means of fire confrontation. The first place comes the striking factor, the size and scope of which allow for a short period of time to deal with a large cluster of the vibrant power of the likely enemy.
It is possible to achieve this result only using a completely new weapon, which would differ not only by the way of delivery and application on the battlefield, but also answered the following characteristics:
- big striking ability;
- a large lesion area;
- speed action;
- the presence of anyone negative impact on people, animals and habitat;
- availability negative consequences.
Each new weapon of mass lesion becomes more powerful and fatal for humans. Together with the increase in the striking ability of such means of weapons, the area of \u200b\u200bthe lesion has increased significantly, long-term striking factors increased. These factors are the main signs of weapons of mass lesion with which we are dealing with today.
The first classic weapons of mass lesion, with which humanity faced, was chemical or biological weapons. Even in ancient times in the siege of fortresses or with protection against the invasion of the enemy, the excrement of animals and products of the decomposition of living organisms were used to deteriorate the sanitary situation in the enemy camp. A sharp decrease in the combat spirit was followed by the use of such struggle tools. Often the combat capability of the troops fell to the extreme low level, facilitating the achievement of the military success of the campaign. Heavy smashed smell infected with decomposing flesh sources of drinking water became precisely those affecting factors that massively acted on a large cluster of people. The history of wars knows a lot of such examples, when instead of armed struggle, the outcome of battles decided through the use of other means.
Many years later, in a new time, science gave a more effective way of armed struggle on the battlefield. Through the use of chemically active poisoning substances, the military has the opportunity to achieve the desired success on the battlefield.
The point of reference was the chemical attack of German troops in the area of \u200b\u200bthe IPR River, which took place on April 22, 1915. Chlorine was used as a poison substance, which the Germans were released from cylinders. From the suffocating action of gas for an hour up to 5 thousand soldiers and officers of the French army died. Up to 10 thousand people were disabled, receiving poisoning of varying severity. In a short time, the enemy lost a whole division, and the front portion of a length of 15 km. It turned out to be practically groceshed. From this point on, the chemical weapons began to apply all the opposing parties, radically changing the tactics of fighting. Instead of chlorine, phosgene and syntic acid went into the course, highly poisonous substances that increase the affecting ability of the new weapon. Despite the means of individual protection (PPE), over the years of the First World War from application chemical weapons At least one million people died. The actions of the weapon of mass lesion showed the whole world as close to the person approached the draw, which begins the total destruction of himself like.
History of the use of WMD
After a chemical weapon was shown on the battlefields with success, the combat poisoning substances were admitted to weapons almost all armies, becoming one of the weighty arguments of their combat capability.
The consequences that caused the use of chemical weapons during military conflict, led to the fact that in 1925 at the international level an attempt was made to take control of such hazardous weapons.
During World War II, there were certain cases of the use of poisoning substances, in the Japanese imperial army and in laboratories nazi Germany Work was carried out to create bacteriological weapons and its subsequent use. However, the apogee of the use of chemical weapons was the war in Vietnam, which agreed into an ecological war. The United States for 3 years three years fought with Vietnamese partisans, spraying chemical weapons in the form of defolients over the jungle.
Only in 1993, under the auspices of the UN, the Convention on the prohibition of chemical weapons was signed, to which 65 states joined today.
Following the chemical weapon, which many in the world tried to prohibit and put out the law, the arsenal of mass destruction was replenished with other, more powerful and dangerous types of weapons. For the military, the destruction of the living force of the enemy, damage to the civilian population was not the main criterion. The question was about the possibility of fast, one blow, to apply irreparable damage to the industrial potential and the civil infrastructure of the enemy. Such an opportunity provided nuclear weapons that became one of the most powerful types of weapons to date. However, at the same time, today many states own other types of weapons of mass lesion, cheaper in terms of manufacture and in the methods of application.
Main types of weapons of mass lesion
Today Arsenal OMP is represented by three main types:
- chemical weapon;
- bacteriological weapons of mass lesion.
In addition to them, other, specific weapons, which have a number of other affecting factors appeared. In accordance with the variety of striking factors, the classification of the OMP was also manifested, which determines the level of protection against weapons of mass lesion, methods and the effectiveness of defense and personal protective equipment.
We are classified types of weapons of mass lesion according to the following principle:
- technological availability of manufacturing;
- cheap I. available way delivery, applications;
- selective action, both in time and in appearance and the type of purpose;
- the presence of aggressive consequences of the application of the OMP for the enemy, including a high psychological and moral effect;
- localization of the use of OMP depending on time, place and circumstances.
In this aspect, nuclear weapons no longer looks in the dominant type of weapons, despite its colossal power. Today, the big striking effect is achieved not only by the large-scale physical destruction of objects and the destruction of the living force. An important aspect The effectiveness of the new weapons of mass application is the decrease of a certain group of people in a certain territory, making significant damage environmental atmosphere. In addition, it is important to achieve a complete or temporary failure of objects of manufacturing, financial and socio-household infrastructure, which is based on any economy today.
Of the well-known three main types of OMP, only the first - nuclear weapons - is the most powerful and destructive. Damage from the use of such weapons of colossal, as in terms of physical destruction military force The enemy and in terms of the destruction of civil and military facilities. Two others - chemical and bacteriological weapons - are quiet killers destroying mostly all living things.
Today, a completely new mass exposure to the enemy has been added to the three famous types of OMP, among which geophysical and tectonic, climatic and environmental weapons are particularly distinguished. A hypothetically of the weapon of mass lesion can be attributed to infrasound guns and radiological radiation sources.
Here already this is speech On the selectivity of the action of the OMP. In this case, the multifactability of the striking action is triggered. The main factors of modern types of weapons for mass exposure are the period of action, the rate of propagation of negative consequences and a large psychological effect. In addition to the entire multifactivity of the striking ability of modern types of weapons of mass lesion, complicated the search for funds for effective protection troops, population, infrastructure facilities from the use of OMP. The possibilities of the speedy liquidation of the consequences as a result of the use of weapons of mass lesion were complicated.
The value of the means of protection against weapons of mass lesion
With the development of means and methods of mass destruction of live strength and technology, protection against weapons of mass lesion was improved. The military quickly managed to adapt to the current situation. In the presence of appropriate shelters and protective technical means, it was possible to significantly reduce the scale of damage, level the striking factors of the OMP. In the presence of dangers, the threats of applying the enemy, the OMP began to improve the system of protection against weapons of mass lesion (ZOMP), which is an integral attribute of any civil society in modern conditions.
Each of the types of weapons always entails the appearance of adequate means of protection. The appearance on the battlefield of the poisoning substances in the first world War He led to the improvement of a gas mask, which became a mandatory part of military equipment for many years. Challenge for technical means of protection appeared sanitary and medical measures, which significantly reduced the impact of negative consequences on the human body.
Atomic bombing In August 1945, the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki not only showed huge power atomic bombsbut also demonstrated to all humanity a number of new affecting factors. With a shock wave of huge strength penetrating radiation and strong radioactive infection of a huge territory, a person faced for the first time. It was urgent to look for new, effective means of protection against weapons of mass lesion.
With the beginning of the military-political confrontation between East and West in parallel with improving and increasing nuclear potential The leading states actively conducted work on creating qualitatively new tools and a way to protect. On both shores of the Atlantic, in the United States, in Europe and in the countries of the socialist camp, the intensive construction of bomb shelter was conducted. In places of deployment of army parts, protective structures were built for military equipment, Personal composition will be on the equipment of new means of individual protection, new samples of military equipment capable of reduce the affecting effect of the use of OMP. Protection against weapons of mass lesion became an important component of the life of civil society, which overseas, that in the USSR.
Nowadays, people are much better understood in what radiation is, and what consequences can be, in the event of a nuclear conflict. What is electromagnetic radiation or what can turn into a person the use of tectonic and climatic weapons - they know not all. Although the consequences in this case may be much more serious. The striking factor from the use of tectonic or climatic weapons on its scale significantly exceeds the possibility of nuclear weapons. Only alone hurricanes annually cause economic damage to states, estimated by specialists in hundreds of billions of dollars. The psychological effect of artificially created drought or flooding is no less than in the threat of the use of nuclear weapons.
Today, despite the declining international tensions in the relations of the world's leading powers, the creation of effective protection against the effects of the use of weapons of mass lesion is not removed from the agenda. Due to the introduction of serious control over the proliferation of nuclear weapons, the weak point remains control over the use of other types of weapons of mass lesion. Some states try to use chemical weapons as an international blackmail tool. Potakating with individual political modes radical groups of different sense only enhances the threat of the use of poisoning substances as a terrorist attack. Not removed from the accounts and danger of the use of certain types of bacteriological weapons. And in that, in another case, the consequences of such an attack may be fatal for the vast mass of people. Moreover, the main threat in this case hangs over civilian objects and the civilian population.
Nuclear Club and Modern Situation
Weapons of mass defeat by their appearance made significant changes and adjustments to the modern military doctrine. Despite significant restrictions on the spread of OMP, today many states seek to acquire similar means of weapons. The number of countries participating in the nuclear club over the past twenty years has grown from five to nine members. Today, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea are owned together with the United States, Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom.
It is quite difficult to calculate the third world of the army, which are in service with chemical and bacteriological weapons. Today, together with the United States, Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom, a number of states in the Asia-Pacific region, in Asia, in Africa and Latin America, have similar weapons or technological opportunities for the production of OMP.
Informational weapons, as well as information confrontation, as society developed and information technologies undergoing changes. The scope of the use of information weapons is so wide that only it can be won and play wars. The information space actually became the theater of hostilities, where every opposing party seeks to gain an advantage.
Information weapons (hereinafter) - these are means of destroying, distorting or theft of information arrays, mining from them the necessary information after overcoming the protection systems, restrictions or prohibits access to them of legitimate users, disorganizing the work of technical means, withdrawal of telecommunication networks, computer systems, all high-tech funds to ensure society and the functioning of the state.
Information weapons combines a low level of costs and high use efficiency. It does not destroy the enemy, it does not require the creation of complex structures and there is no need to cross the borders.
Information weapons are essentially two-way, electronic and human aspects are well traced in it. On the one hand, society increasingly falls into dependence on information technologies, so the normal operation of many computers and computer networks without exaggeration is vital. On the other hand, the main, strategic object of influencing the informational weapons remain still people.
From a purely military point of view, information weapons can be divided into offensive and defensive.
Offensive informational weapons One of the most secret regions. To offensive weapons, for example, you can count the ability to penetrate the opponent's computer systems. Defensive informational weapon Theme is much more prosaic. The defensive weapon should ensure the availability, integrity and confidentiality of information and supporting infrastructure, despite the aggressive actions of the enemy.
Information weapons from ordinary means of lesion distinguishes:
Secrecy - the ability to achieve goals without visible preparation and declaration of war;
Scale - the ability to inflict irreplaceable damage, without recognizing national borders and sovereignty, without limiting the space in all spheres of human life;
Universality is the possibility of multivariate use, both military and civilian structures of the country of attack against military and civilian objects of the country of defeat.
The scope of application of IO includes both military and economic, banking, social and other areas of a potential enemy in order to:
Disorganization of management structures, transport streams and communications;
Blocking the activities of individual enterprises and banks, as well as basic industries by violating multiple technological relations and system of mutual settlements, by implementing monetary and financial fraud, etc.;
Initiating large man-made disasters in the enemy as a result of a violation of the staff management of technological processes and objects dealing with large quantities of hazardous substances and high concentrations of energy;
Mass distribution and implementation of certain ideas, habits and behavioral stereotypes into consciousness;
Call discontent or panic among the population, as well as provoking destructive actions of various social groups.
At the same time, as the main objects of the use of IO, both in peaceful and in wartime are:
Computer and communication systems used by government organizations when performing their management functions;
Military information infrastructure, the decisive tasks of management of troops and battle, collecting and processing information in the interests of the armed forces;
Information and managerial structures of banks, transport and industrial enterprises;
The media, primarily electronic (radio, television, etc.).
In terms of application, informational weapons are divided into military and non-military IO.
IO, the application of which is possible in the conditions of an open war (radio-electronic suppression), includes funds providing:
The defeat of the enemy objects by ordinary ammunition on the purpose of owning the own funds of radio and radio engineering and partial homing in the final portion of the trajectory;
Defeat by high-precision ammunition of a new generation, intelligent ammunition with independent search for purposes and homing to its vulnerable elements;
Radar suppression of communications with disguising interference;
Creation of imitating interference difficulty in communicating, synchronization in data transmission channels, initiating aspecting functions and duplication of messages;
Disabling radio-electronic components due to the impact of large levels of electromagnetic or ionizing radiation;
Power impact pulse. High voltage through a power supply;
Violation of the properties of radio waveform (for example, a breakdown of sv-radio communication due to the modification of the parameters of the ionosphere);
Impact with the help of special methods of communication systems on computer;
Generation of the natural speech of a particular person.
The special danger of IO is for information computers of state authorities, management of troops and weapons, finances and banks, the economy of the country, as well as for people with information and psychological (psychophysical) impact on them to change and manage their individual and collective behavior.
To information weapons, the use of which is possible both in military and peacetime, the means of lesion of information computer systems and means of defeating people (their psyche) can be attributed.
The feature of the information weapon is that it affects the human brain, destroys the methods and forms of identification identification in relation to fixed communities, transforms the Individual memory matrix, creating a personality with predetermined parameters (type of consciousness, artificial needs, forms of self-determination, etc.) satisfying the requirements of the aggressor, displays the control system of the enemy state and its armed forces.
The organization of protection against such weapons involves the implementation of a number of conditions.
Firstly, the presence of the developed basic concept of "information weapons", which allows determining those psycho-physiological and socio-cultural means and mechanisms that are necessary to protect the Russian society, state and personality based on "the consideration of society as an organized, autonomous and self-governing system with a mentality and a set of sociocultural Traditions.
Secondly, Creating a classification of the main methods and forms of damage and destruction of the management of the state and the consciousness of the individual in the information war, taking into account the peculiarities of the civilization-cultural context. This classification will make it possible on the basis of the features of the Russian civilization to develop psychological, cultural and conceptual installations, forming a system of protective filters from disorganization by the enemy of public and individual consciousness by blurring the "meanings" of Russian culture, substitution of values \u200b\u200bin the system of adopted values, erasing the differences between good and evil, truth and delusion, beautiful and ugly, etc.
Thirdly, determining the mechanisms of the impact of the so-called "software bookmarks" (speech in speech, images in the image) using computers and other audiovisual means on the neurophysiological substrate of the mental world of a person, neurolynguistic programming, acting on the left and right hemisphere of the human brain, and the development of events aimed at On the protection of the individual from the affect of these "software bookmarks" on the memory matrix and the psyche of the individual.
Emergency situations of wartime can be created by the use of weapons of mass lesion (OMP), i.e. Great striking weapons. TO existing species OMP belongs: nuclear, chemical and bacteriological. In addition, it is possible to use new types of weapons of mass lesion: geophysical; radiant; radiological; radio frequency; infrasound and others. To develop new types of OMP, previously not known or unused technical principles and phenomena are involved. At the same time, often the goal is set not so much to increase the scale of the defeat, how much to get new opportunities for a sudden defeat of the enemy.
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapons are based on the use of internal energy released in chain reactions of dividing heavy nuclei or with thermonuclear synthesis reactions. As a result, the following varieties of nuclear weapons distinguish:
1) Atomic bomb. Based on the chain reaction of the division of uranium or plutonium isotopes. The critical mass is formed after the connection of the insulated parts of the isotopes by a conventional explosive device. The critical mass for uranium is 24 kg, while the minimum size of the bomb may be less than 50 kg. The critical mass for plutonium is 8 kg, which at a density of 18.7 g / cm3 is approximately the volume of the tennis ball;
2) Hydrogen bomb. Energy release due to the conversion of light nuclei into heavier during the synthesis reaction. To begin the reaction, a temperature of 10 million degrees is necessary, which is achieved by an explosion of a conventional atomic bomb;
3) Neutron weapons. As a variety of nuclear ammunition with thermonuclear low power charge. Increased neutron radiation due to more energy flow (approximately 5-10 times) to create penetrating radiation.
Chemical weapon
Throughout the history of the wars, there were separate attempts to apply poisonous substances for military purposes. The massive application of chemical weapons was carried out during the First World War (1914-18). The total number of poisoning substances amounted to about 1.3 million people.
In the future, despite the protocol signed on June 17, 1925, the Protocol on the prohibition of applications in the war of suffocating, poisonous and other such gases and bacteriological agents, there was a repeated use of chemical weapons (the Italian army in the war with Ethiopia in 1935, Japan during the war against China in 1937-43, USA during hostilities in Korea in 1951-52. And in the war against Vietnam).
The basis of chemical weapons is the poisoning substances, affecting people and animals, infecting air, soil, water sources, buildings and structures, means of transport, food and animal feed. Poisoning substances in the form of steam, aerosols or droplets are affected by the human body when entering the skin and eyes, through the respiratory organs and gastrointestinal.
According to tactical purposes, poisoning substances are divided into fatal, annoying and temporarily withdrawing the lively power of the enemy.
By the nature of the toxic effect, poisoning substances are divided into 6 groups:
1) neuro-paralytic action (Zaror, Zoman, etc.);
2) a shaded action (sinyl acid, chlorocian);
3) choking action (phosgene, dithosgen);
4) skin-disruptive action (IPRIT, LUISIT);
5) irritant (chloroacetophenone, adamsit, etc.);
6) psychochemical action (bi-zet).
The combat toxic chemicals also include toxins (botulinum toxin-x, staphylococcal enterotoxin-p, ricin, etc.) and phytotoxicants - to defeat various types of vegetation ("orange", "white", "blue" formulation, etc.).
Many facilities of the economy are carried out production, use, storage, as well as transportation of potent poisonous substances (sowing). In case of chemical disasters or production accidents, emissions are possible, accompanied by a massive lesion of people. According to the toxic properties, they are mainly solved by the substances of a shader and choking action. Most often there are such signs of poisoning as headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, increasing weakness, etc. The most common sinking - chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur gas, nitrogen oxide. The main protection against sinking is special or insulating gas masks.
Bacteriological weapons
The idea of \u200b\u200busing pathogenic microorganisms as a means of defeat is suggested by life itself. Infectious diseases were constantly carried away by many human lives, and the epidemics, accompanying wars, caused large losses Among the troops, the predetermines sometimes the outcome of the whole military campaigns. So, out of 27 thousand English soldiers participating in 1741 in the gripping campaigns in Mexico and Peru, 20 thousand were killed from the yellow fever. Or, for example, in the period from 1733 to 1865, 8 million people died in wars in Europe, of which 6.5 million people died from infectious diseases, and not on the battlefield. In Europe in 1918-19. The flu epidemic was affected by 500 million people, 20 million people died, i.e. 2 times the number of those killed in the first world war.
Bacteriological (biological) weapons are called weapon, the affecting effect of which is based on the use of microbes - pathogens infectious diseases People, animal or plants.
Depending on the size of microbial cells and their biological features, they are divided into:
· Bacteria (single-celled microorganisms vegetable nature);
· Viruses (microorganisms living in living cells);
· Ricketcies (microorganisms occupying an intermediate position between bacteria and viruses);
· Fungi (single or multicellular microorganisms of plant origin).
By virtue of their bacteriological features, some types of microbes cause diseases only in humans (cholera, abdominal typhoids, natural pieces), others - only in animals (plague cattle, cholera pigs), third in humans and animals (brucellosis, Siberian ulcer), fourth - Only in plants (rust stem stem, wheat). Heavy poisoning in humans may occur as a result of microbial toxins, that is, the products of the vital activity of some types of bacteria.
In addition to bacterial agents and toxins, insects can also be used (Colorado Beetle, Sarancha, Hessen Fly), applying a large material damage, destroying the harvest in a large area.
The effectiveness of bacteriological weapons depends on the choice of methods of its application. There are the following ways:
1) aerosol - infection of the surface layer of air by spraying biological recipes using sprayers or explosion;
2) transmission - dispersion of artificially infected blood-core carriers, which are transmitted through damasses of diseases of diseases;
3) sabotage - infection with biological means of air and water in closed spaces with sabotage equipment.
The most likely species of bacterial agents for the defeat of people are the pathogens of plague, Tularemia, Siberian ulcers, cholera, rapid typhoid, natural pieces, yellow fever, etc.
Geophysical weapons
Geophysical weapons - a broadly common term, denoting a set of various means, allowing to use the destructive forces of nature for military purposes by artificially called changes physical properties and processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of land.
The possibility of using many natural processes in devastating purposes is based on their huge energy management. Methods for active impact on them are quite diverse. For example:
· Initiation of artificial earthquakes in seismic hazardous areas, powerful tidal waves like tsunami, hurricanes, mountain colors, snowdowed Lavin, landslides, selevant streams, etc.;
· Formation of drought, shower, hail, fog, congestion on rivers, destruction of hydraulic structures, etc.
In some countries, the possibilities of impact on the ionosphere are being studied in order to create artificial magnetic storms and polar radiances to violate radio communications and complicating radar observations on large spaces.
To influence natural processes, such means can be used as chemical substances, powerful generators of electromagnetic emissions, thermal generators, etc. However, the most effective tool The impact on geophysical processes is considered to use nuclear weapons. The striking factors of geophysical weapons are the catastrophic consequences of provoked dangerous natural phenomena.
Radiological weapons
Radiological weapons - one of the possible types of weapons of mass lesion. Its effect is based on the use of combat radioactive substances (BRV) used in the form of specially prepared powders or solutions of substances containing radioactive elements that cause the ionization effect. Ionizing radiation destroys the body tissues, causing local lesions or radiation disease. BRV action is comparable with the action of radioactive substances that are formed when nuclear explosion And infect the surrounding area.
The main source of BRv is the waste generated during the operation of nuclear reactors or special substances specially obtained in nuclear reactors with a different half-life. The use of BRV can be carried out with the help of air bombs, unmanned aircraft, winged rockets and etc.
Raewit weapons
The radial weapon is a combination of devices (generators), the affecting effect of which is based on the use of stroked rays of electromagnetic energy (lasers, radiation accelerators).
Weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear explosion
| Weapons of mass destruction | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| By country. | |
| Australia | Mexico |
| Albania | Myanmar |
| Algeria | Netherlands |
| Argentina | Pakistan |
| Bulgaria | Belorussia |
| Brazil | Russia |
| Great Britain | Romania |
| Germany | Saudi Arabia |
| Egypt | Syria |
| Israel | USA |
| India | Norway |
| Iraq | Ukraine |
| Iran | France |
| Canada | |
| Kazakhstan | |
| Sweden | |
| China | South Africa |
| DPRK | Japan |
| Poland | |
Weapons of mass destruction (weapons of mass destruction) - the weapon of a large striking ability, designed to apply mass losses or destruction. .
Such capabilities have, and, therefore, can be considered weapons of mass lesion (OMP) in particular the following types of weapons:
Many species of OMP have environmentally dangerous side effects. (For example, radioactive pollution of the area of \u200b\u200bnuclear explosion products.)
Consequences comparable to environmentally friendly applications dangerous species OMP, may also be used in the case of the use of conventional weapons or performing terrorist acts on environmentally hazardous facilities, (for example: nuclear power plants or chemical plants, dams and hydraulic circulation, etc.).
Also, the impact of the OMP demoralizes both troops and the civilian population.
In service with modern states are such types of OMP:
Characteristics
Characterized by a large afflicting ability and a large territory of action. Objects of exposure can be both themselves, designs and natural habitats: fertile soils, terrain (for the occasion of the enemy), plants, animals.
The striking factors of the OMP always have both instantaneous effects and more or less extended in time. Characteristic examples of instant acting factors:
- shock wave
- strong light flash (strong light radiation),
- threads of high-energy particles,
- electromagnetic impulse,
- artificial tsunami
- artificial underground shocks.
Characteristic examples of long-term amazing factors:
- pollution of the area with nuclear explosion products and caused by a sharp increase in local radiation background,
- chemical pollution.
For example, affecting the factors of the following known views of the OMP.
- Agrowing the factors of a nuclear explosion:
- air shock wave,
- light radiation of the nuclear explosion,
- intensive stream of high-energy particles, x-ray and - emission - penetrating radiation,
- electromagnetic impulse,
- pollution with products of Jav.
- The striking factors of chemical weapons is:
- actually, the poisoning substance in different types (gaseous, aerosol, on the surface of objects),
- chemical pollution of air, water, soil;
The duration of action varies depending on the type of poisoning substance and meteorological conditions.
- Agrowing factors of biological weapons - the following pathogen of the disease (aerosol, on the surface of objects).
(Duration may vary depending on the pathogen and external conditions From several hours or days to decades (natural foci of Siberian ulcers exist at least decades)).
Hypothetical and promising types of weapons of mass lesion
Possible promising views of the OMP:
- Geophysical weapons
- Annihilation weapons (antimatter bomb, relativistic electrons accelerator, gamma laser)
- Orbital gun
It is not known to be a single weapon adopted by the sample.
Hypothetical species OMP:
- Superradia Frequency weapons
Danger of war
The development of research in the development of weapons of mass lesions led to a significant increase in the danger of war both for the participating countries and for the whole world. In some cases, OMP, on the contrary, acts as a guarantor of the world. For example, a country with a small military potential is able to keep a stronger country from aggression by the threat of appreciation of unacceptable damage in the event of the use of OMP. During the Cold War, the world between NATO and the ATS was maintained by the threat of mutual guaranteed destruction.
see also
Notes
Links
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Watch what is "weapon of mass lesion" in other dictionaries:
- (OMP), the means of armed struggle with a huge striking ability and low essential action intended for application short time Mass losses and destruction in large areas and in all spheres of struggle. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The weapon is a big striking ability, designed to apply mass losses or destruction. The striking factors of weapons of mass lesion can, as a rule, apply damage to the enemy for a certain time after its use and ... Sea dictionary
Weapons of mass destruction - nuclear, chemical, bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons; ... Source: Federal Law of 18.07.1999 N 183 FZ (ed. from 12/06/2011) on export control ... Weapons of mass lesion nuclear, chemical, biological or ... ... Official terminology
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Weapons of mass destruction - (English Mass Affection / Damage Weapons) under the legislation of the Russian Federation on export control nuclear, chemical, bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons (Art. 1 FZ "On Export Control" **). See also Chemical weapons ... Encyclopedia Rights
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Topic: "Weapons of mass lesion"
"Nothing matters,
only life is important. "
Prepared
pupil 10-A CL.
136 Schools - Gymnasium
Kovtun Yaroslav
Introduction
1. Nuclear weapon
1.1 Characteristics of nuclear weapons. Types of explosions
1.2 Agrowing factors
a) shock wave
b) light cure
c) penetrating radiation
d) radioactive infection
e) electromagnetic impulse
1.3 Features of the striking neutron ammunition
1.4 Forest of nuclear lesion
1.5 Radioactive contamination zones on the nuclear explosion trail
2. Chemical weapons
2.1 Characteristics of OV, means of struggle and protection against them
a) oh nerve-paralytic action
b) stem-disruptive
c) rewinding
d) sides
d) oral psychochemical action
2.2 Binary Chemical Ammunition
2.3 Chemical lesions
3. Bacteriological (biological) weapon
3.1 Characteristics of bacterial agents
3.2 Flag of bacteriological lesion
3.3 Observation and quarantine
4. Modern types of weapons of mass lesion
5. Literature
Introduction
Weapons of mass lesion (OMP) -this is nuclear, chemical, biological and other types of its views. When determining, the OMP should proceed from the interpretation of this concept formulated by the UN in 1948
This weapon "must be determined in such a way as to include weapons acting atomic explosion, weapons acting with radioactive materials, deadly chemical and biological weapons and any future developed weapons with characteristics comparable to destructive action with atomic and other above-mentioned weapons "(Resolution and Decision of the UN General Assembly adopted at the XXII session, New -York, 1968. S. 47). Chemical weapons as a means of warfare is illegal since 1925 (Protocol on the prohibition of applications in the war of suffocable, toxic or other similar gases and bacteriological resources of June 17, 1925).
In 1993, the Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, accumulation and application of chemical weapons and its destruction was signed. In accordance with the Convention on the Prohibition of the development, production and accumulation of reserves of bacteriological (biological) weapons, toxins and their destruction of April 10, 1972, bacteriological (biological) weapons cannot be used, nor develop, nor produce and accumulate or transfer it, and its reserves are subject to destruction or switching only for peaceful purposes.
Nuclear weapon
Characteristics of nuclear weapons. Types of explosions.
Nuclear weapon - This is one of the main types of weapons of mass lesion. It is capable of incident in a short time a large number of People, destroy buildings and facilities in extensive territories. Mass application Nuclear weapons are fraught with disastrous consequences for all mankind, so it is prohibited.
The affecting effect of nuclear weapons is based on the energy released under the nuclear reactions of explosive type. The power of the nuclear ammunition explosion is taken to express a TNT equivalent, that is, the number of ordinary explosive (TNT), when the explosion of which is distinguished as much energy as it is released during the explosion of this nuclear ammunition. Trotyl equivalent is measured in tons (kilotons, megatones).
Means for the delivery of nuclear ammunition to the objectives are rockets (the main means of applying nuclear strikes), aviation and artillery. In addition, nuclear fugas can be used.
Nuclear explosions are carried out in the air at different heights, at the surface of the earth (water) and underground (water). In accordance with this, they are accepted to divide into high-altitude, air, ground (surface) and underground (underwater). The point in which the explosion occurred is called the center, and its projection on the surface of the earth (water) is the epicenter of the nuclear explosion.
Agrowing factors of a nuclear explosion.
The striking factors of the nuclear explosion are shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive infection and electromagnetic pulse.
Shock wave.
The main striking factor in the nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures, buildings, as well as lesions of people are due, as a rule, its impact. It is an area of \u200b\u200bsharp compression of the medium propagating in all directions from the explosion site with supersonic speed. Front border of air compression is called front of the shock wave.
The striking effect of the shock wave is characterized by the magnitude of overpressure. Overpressure - This is the difference between the maximum pressure at the front of the shock wave and normal atmospheric pressure in front of him. It is measured in Newton per square meter (N / m 2). This pressure unit is called Pascal (PA). 1 N / m 2 \u003d 1 Pa (1 kPa "0.01 kgf / cm 2).
At an overpressure of 20-40 kPa, unprotected people can get light lesions (light bruises and contusion). The effect of 40-60 kPa shock wave of an overplicit wave leads to the amplification of medium gravity: loss of consciousness, damage to hearing organs, strong dislocation of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears. Heavy injuries occur at an overpressure of over 60 kPa and are characterized by strong contusions of the whole organism, limb fractures by damage internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often due to fatal, are observed at overpressure over 100 kPa.
The speed of movement and the distance to which the shock wave is distributed, depend on the power of the nuclear explosion; With an increase in the distance from the explosion site, the speed drops quickly. So, when an ammunition exploded with a capacity of 20 kt, the shock wave passes 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s. During this time, a person after the outbreak can hide and avoid defeat.
Light radiation.
This is a flow of radiant energy, which includes visible ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a glowing area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation applies almost instantly and lasts depending on the power of the nuclear explosion to 20 s. However, his strength is such that, despite the short-term, it can cause skin burns (skin cover), the defeat (constant or temporary) organs of the people and the fire of combustible materials and objects.
Light radiation does not penetrate through opaque materials, so any barrier capable of creating a shadow protects against direct action of light radiation and excludes burns. The light radiation is significantly weakened in the dusty (blurred) air, in fog, rain, snowfall.
Penetrating radiation.
This is a flow of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through the living fabric, gamma radiation and neutrons ionize molecules included in the cells. Under the influence of ionization in the body, biological processes arise, leading to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation disease. As a result of the passage of radiation through environmental materials, their intensity decreases. The weakening action is made to characterize a layer of half attenuation, that is, such a thickness of the material, passing through which the radiation intensity decreases by two times. For example, the intensity of gamma rays, 2.8 cm thick, was weakened by a thickness of 2.8 cm, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm.
Open and especially overlapping gaps reduce the effect of penetrating radiation, and shelters and anti-radiation shelters are almost completely protected from it.
Radioactive infection.
Its main sources are nuclear charge division products and radioactive isotopes resulting from the effects of neutrons on materials from which a nuclear ammunition is made, and some elements included in the soil in the explosion area.
With a terrestrial nuclear explosion, the shining area concerns the Earth. Inside it is tightened by the masses of evaporated soil, which rose up. Cooling, pairs of soil division products are condensed on solid particles. A radioactive cloud is formed. It rises to multi-kilometer height, and then at a speed of 25-100 km / h moving around the wind. Radioactive particles, falling out of the cloud on the ground, form a zone of radioactive infection (next), the length of which can reach several hundred kilometers.
The greatest danger of radioactive substances are presented in the first hours after falling out, as their activity during this period is the highest.
Electromagnetic impulse.
This is a short-term electromagnetic field arising from the explosion of a nuclear ammunition as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted by the nuclear explosion, with environmental atoms. The consequence of its impact burning or samples of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment.
The defeat of people is possible only in cases where they are in the moment of explosion come into contact with extended wired lines.
