The Kuma River is the second largest river of the North Caucasus, and among the Stavropol Rivers -Pr. The length of the river 802 kilometer. In length, it is inferior only to Kuban (870 kilometers). The pool area is 33.5 thousand square kilometers, which exceeds the area of \u200b\u200bsuch European countries as Albania (29 thousand square meters) or Belgium (30.5 thousand square meters). Kuma originates below the glaciation zone on the northern slopes of the rocky ridge, on Mount Kumbashi (Gumbashi) (2100 meters above sea level). From here begins the biggest influx - depressing.
The population has long been settled along the banks of the river. So, in Kuma, the cities of Mineralnye Vody, Zevenevskaya, Suvorovskaya, Alexandrian, Podgornaya, Selaskoye, Great, New Year, Soldier-Alexandrovskoe, Refusal, Dear, Levockum, Vladimirovka, Vozhane, Praskovoye, Vladimirovka, Vozhane, Praskovoye, Vodokumskoye, arose.
Kuma flows from the southwest to the northeast, crossing various high-altitude zones, which determines the variety of natural conditions on its catchment. The upper reaches flowing in canyons, distinguished by high and ripple shores, striking the primeval-harsh wildness of nature. The village of Suvorov Kuma is a foothill river with a movable pebble-sandy lie. During the flood period forms many sleeves. Below the village of Suvorovskaya Kuma acquires the features of the steppe river. Flowing with one sleeve. It has relatively high and steep shores. On the portion of the medium flow has a wide valley. All the lower flow of the river Kuma is located 45 degrees of northern latitude, that is, literally halfway between the equator and the North Pole. Before the village of Praskovoy Kuma flows one channel. After entering the Caspian lowland, it is divided into a number of sleeves, which flow through the swampy terrain, between the forest and reed, narrow and muddy jets. Below, Vladimirovka Kuma, collecting its waters, again flows one channel, but does not reach the very mouth, its water is mostly not reached by the Caspian Sea.
According to many years of observations on the section Stanitsa Beksevskaya - Village Vladimirovka River freezes. Ice phenomena start mainly on December 12-15 and continue until the end of February.
River nutrition is mainly snow and rain. The presence of these two zones of flow formation influenced the characteristics of the water regime of the river. Snowtone in the steppes causes annually spring flood, which is continuing from three to four months.
To protect yourself from spills, the inhabitants of the right bank began to pour earthen shafts in the nineteenth century. Today in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Budennovsk you can see the remnants of these earthworks. To regulate the drain of water in Kum, in the second half of the twentieth century, a refusal reservoir was built between the villages of the soldier-Alexandrovskoye and the refillable reservoir. During the flood, it takes to store 32 million cubic meters. water.
The water of the river is distinguished by high turbidity - mass of illustrated, clay and sandy particles. In turbidity among rivers, not only the plain predfaccise, but the whole European part of Russia, Kuma takes a record place.
Hence, apparently, its name. Some researchers translate the word "Kuma" from Tatar as "sand flowing." The word "kum" is in other famous geographical names: the doodles are black sands, kyzylkum - red sands. And the river Kuma, rather, could be called sand or sandy. Yes, and the mountain, from under which the streams flow, nourishing the river, also have the word "kum" in their title - Kumbashi, which means the sandy head.
The Turkic peoples have another name of the river - "losing in the sands". Only in an exclusively multi-time years (1886, 1898 and 1921), Kuma reached the Caspian Sea and fell into the Kizlyar Bay. Its the usual water receiver are smoothly located east of the villain village and occupy an area of \u200b\u200b420 square kilometers.
On the maps of navigaters of the ancient Romans and the Greeks, Kuma was called an idon, Ossetian - Udon, Circassians called her hums, that is, an old Kuma. It can be assumed that in antiquity the river was more multiple than in subsequent centuries. Some researchers argue that there are still running Don Cossacks-Raskolniki on Kuma, they put them on the wheels and drag them to the Caspian Sea. It suggests that there were huge forests in the Kuma valley. Even in the 70s and 1970s, the XVIII century in Kuma was significantly larger than water, and the valley grew thick forests up to the current Budennovsk. Cum's water is widely used for irrigation. In the past, these were ditch, rods, water from which were used for watering gardens, vineyards and gardens. The most widespread development of irrigation agriculture received after the construction in 1960 by the Terek-Kumsky and in 1964 kumo-manic channels. At the village of Levokumsky Kuma takes on the water channel of a mountain trek. Water mixing has a beneficial effect on the decrease in the mineralization of the Cum, an increase in its flow in the lower flow.
The right tributaries of the river Kuma - Daria, bitter, depressing, Golka. The left tributaries include Talk, Surkul, Dry Karamyk, Wet Karamak, Cheronovka, Buvol.
Kuma, River in Russia, proceeds in Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Territory, on the border of Dagestan and Kalmykia. Takes the beginning on the northern slopes of the Rocky Range of the Grand Caucasus at an altitude of 2100 m. Length 802 km, the pool area is 33.5 thousand km 2. When entering the Caspian lowland, the channel is dismembered on the sleeves whose water usually do not reach the Caspian Sea.
At the top of the course (from the source to the mouth of the river deposit), the shores are high and incisive, flowing in a narrow, almost deprived of the catch of the valley significantly expanding from the village of Suvorovskaya. The slanting beds in the most upper reaches may be gradually moving into large sandy, and in the merger area with a depression - in or-sandy. In the middle and lower current has a wide valley, gradually losing clear outlines. The floodplains expands to 10 km, below the village of the yard appears on it. The channel (width is 15-30 m) is composed of lessoidal and clay, thin, samp and sandy sediments, places were cut out. The main tributaries - Daria, depressing, Gold (right); Tamlk, dry karamyk and wet karamyk, insurd, wet buffalo (left). In total, in the pool of the Kuma 1266 watercourses longer than 10 km long.
Power type mixed. The share of rain rainfall (before the village of Alexandria) accounts for 49% of the annual flow, groundwater - 29%, snow power supply - 22%. Downstream, the proportion of melt water is significantly reduced. Spring floods and high floods in the warm part of the year are characteristic. The lowest levels are observed at the end of the summer - the beginning of autumn or in winter. The range of fluctuations in the levels of water in Kuma during the year on average from 1.0 to 2.5 m. The average miniature consumption of water varies from 2-3 m 3 / s in the upper agent to 13-15 m 3 / s average and 10-12 m 3 / s in the lower current. Most of the annual flow (70-73%) passes during spring and summer, in autumn and in winter - about 15 and 13%, respectively. The water of the Cums differ in high turbidity, the stock of weighted applications is about 200-600 thousand tons / year. It freezes on average at the end of December - in the 2nd half of January, revealed in the 2nd half of February. The total duration of the ice station is 30-60 days.
The water of the Cum is widely used for irrigation. Channels Malka - Gold, Terek-Kumsky, Kumo-Manic, and others are built below the mouth of the Skka River Stock Cuma regulated by the refusal reservoir. On average and lower reaches, dredging works are carried out. The quality of water changes from the category "weakly polluted" in the upper agent to the "very polluted" and "dirty" in the bottom. Main pollutants - nitrite nitrite, copper and iron compounds, sulfates. On Kuma (downstream) there are major cities of mineral waters, Zelenokumsk, Budyennovsk, Neftekumsk.
| Kuma | |
|---|---|
| Characteristic | |
| Length | 802 km |
| Pool area | 33 500 km² |
| Water consumption | 12 m³ / s |
| Vodotok. | |
| Source | northern slope of the rocky ridge |
| Mouth | Caspian Sea |
| Location | |
| Proceeds through the territory | North Caucasus |
Nourish the river mainly precipitation. Middle water consumption 10-12 m³ / s at the village of Suvorovskaya. The water of the Cum has a big turbidity (about 600 thousand tons of weighted material for the year) and is widely used for irrigation (Terek-Kumsky and Kuman Manic Channels). The stock in the middle and lower currents is regulated by the remant reservoir (near the village fails). In the summer internet period, Kuma understands watering in a rich Kum Valley (from the village of Suvorovskaya to the city of Neftekumsk).
The ice station lasts from the end of November - the beginning of December to the beginning of March. In the past, high spring floods were characterized.
The following settlements, which have more than 10 thousand inhabitants are located on Kuma: Stanitsa Suvorovskaya, city Mineralnye Waters, Stanitsa Alexandrian village, village of Krasnokumskoye, Soldato-Alexandrovskoe village, city Zelenokumsk, Village Praskovea, city Budennovsk, village Levokumskoye, Village Irgakly, city Pethekumsk and several Dozens of smaller settlements with a total number of 350 thousand people.
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Watch what is "Kuma (River in the North Caucasus)" in other dictionaries:
Kuma proceeds through the territory of the North Caucasus. North Slope of the Rocky Ridge Usti Caspian Sea Length 802 km ... Wikipedia
Kuma, river on sowing. Caucasus. 802 km, pool area 33.5 thousand km2. Starts on the northern slopes of B. Caucasus, it is lost on the Caspian lowland. The average water consumption in the middle course is 10.9 m3 / s. Used for irrigation (Teresko Kumsky and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Cuma. Kuma Characteristic Length 802 km Square Pool 33 500 km² Water consumption 12 m³ / with watercourses ... Wikipedia
Kuma, River in RSFSR, in the North Caucasus. Length 802 km, pool area 33.5 thousand km2. Takes the beginning on the northern slopes of the Rocky XP. In the upper reaches flowing in high and climbing shores; On the portion of the medium flow has a wide valley. At the exit ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
River, Bass. Of the Caspian Sea (usually does not reach the sea); Karachayevo Circassia, Stavropol Territory, Dagestan. The explanation from the Turk, Kum Sand or from the Turk, ethnonym Kumani (Polovtsy) is common. Etymology is also proposed from Dr. Turk, Kuum Wave ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Kuma: Female from "Kum" type of unrelated connection. River Kuma River in the North Caucasus. Kuma River in Khanty by the Mansi Autonomous District, the influx of the River Conde. Kuma influx of the juro river. Kuma Name of the River Kovka in the upper course ... Wikipedia
Kuma - Kuma, River in the North Caucasus. Length 802 km, pool area 33.5 thousand km2. Originates on the northern slopes of the rocky ridge; Upon exit to the Caspian lowland, it is divided into sleeves, usually does not reach the Caspian Sea. Main ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
1. Kuma, River in the North Caucasus. 802 km, pl. Pool 33.5 thousand km2. The beginning on the northern slopes of the Big Caucasus is lost on the Caspian lowland. The average water consumption in Wed. 10.9 m ^ / s. Used for irrigation (Teresko Kumsky and ... ... Russian history
Kuma: Female from "Kum" type of unrelated connection. Usually, parents are so called the shaft mother of their child, or vice versa: the male parents their mother's mother's mother. Character of a series of Fighting Tekken. River Kuma (flow of confection) river in ... ... Wikipedia
River Kuma - Encyclopedic Help
1. Kuma - River in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District Russian Federation. Refers to the Irtysh Basin District.
The length of the river is 530 km, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment pool is 7750 square meters km.
He is an influx of the Konda River.
It has 12 tributaries.
2. Kuma - River in Russia, proceeds in the Sharang district of the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Yurina district of the Republic of Mari El. The mouth of the river is 14 km away on the left bank of the Jound River.
Refers to the Upper Treasury Basin District.
The length of the river is 41 km, the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment pool is 343 square meters. km.
The source of the river is located in a wetland 40 km north-east of Voskresenskaya village. The river flows to the southwest on the unanished forest. Flips in the Jound in the village of Small Juron near the border with the Republic of Mari El.
It has one influx - argevage.
3. Kuma - River in the North Caucasus. Length - 802 km, swimming pool 33.5 thousand square meters. km ..
Basic tributaries: Right - depressing, Gold, Daria; Left --tomombovka, dry and wet karamyki, wet buffalo.
Takes the beginning on the northern slope of the rocky ridge at the village of Top Mara in Karachay-Cherkessia and flows into the Caspian Sea.
Before the mineral waters, Kuma is a mountain river, and on the plain acquires a quiet character. When entering the Caspian lowland, the city is broken down by the city of Neuktekumsk for several sleeves, which usually do not reach the Caspian Sea.
Cuma is located: Stanitsa Suvorovskaya, city Mineralnye Vody, Stanjan Alexandrian village, village of Krasnokumskoye, village Soldato-Alexandrovskoe, city Zelenokumsk, village Arkhangelskoe, Village Praskovea, city Budyennovsk, village Levokumskoye, city Networkumsk and several dozen smaller settlements with a total of 350,000 human.
The name comes from the Turkic word "Kum" ("Sand"). In its lower course, Kuma really proceeds in the sands. In the XI-XIII centuries, Polovtsy rates were located along its shores, by the name of the river, the Polovtsy themselves called themselves "Kumanami". Now Kumyki living in North Dagestan also carry a name given to them by the river.
4. Kuma - River on the island of Paramushir in Russia. The length of the river is 18 km, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment pool is 114 square meters. km ..
Refers to the Amur basin district.
Blows in the Pacific Ocean.
Literature about the river Kuma
River Kuma - Poems
River Kuma
Lidia Petrenko
Kuma with sleeves-channels,
where quietly where the rapidly flows
in stones or in clay, sandy -
in the steppes you everywhere honorable.
Let your water muddy gray,
almost dried in the heat
but moisture is living like a fan,
caresses people in the wind.
Counting you here a queen
in the night of the rebound
and all cities with styles
merged with shores in silence.
River Kuma
Natalia Minnevich
Roaring falling flurry, -
from the mountain to the foot, in the valley,
water pressure, indomitable
from foam nourous muddy shaft,
thread frozen
help is invalid inspired -
the verb and epitheet ran.
As the shores kept strength
elements of rabies: wash off everything! -
carried from the rocks of Kuma?
I am fun and scary! I asked
in the water living proud spirit -
take the dust! To extension shock
radel and rumbled, happy!
Adrenaline in blood is high -
in the chest, breathing is crowded.
It is reasonable: to submit strength! -
rushes through the temple.
- Kuma, rapid, playing,
do not know what the valley is nearing,
sootling is suitable.
See information about rivers in the Alphabet catalog:
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
And the Manych River) separates the predfabcasses from Europe. Therefore, its strategic role is difficult to overestimate. And several centuries ago, the reservoir value was even higher. He was something like the state border in a number of militant peoples. Yes, and herself Kuma, under it to be. Cusar and does not forgive mistakes ... Today, of course, we are more important than the recreational function of this water flux. After all, now it is completely inside Russia. And even tightly populated.
general description
The Kuma River extended 802 km (2nd in magnitude in the Russian Caucasus). On her way - the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Territory and Dagestan Autonomy. The general direction is northeast. The pool of the mirror is 33,500 square meters. km. The greatest width is the refusal "Sea" (5.5 kilometers). The middle depth is 2 meters. Nutrition - Sonya Rainy. Water consumption - up to 12 cubic meters per second. Protocks - 7 (river). There is a stream. The largest - deposit, crystay, insurd and wet buffalo.
The Kuma River "was born" with the Scythian slab. As part of its northern contour. It belongs to the formations of epigigzinous folds (like all the Northern Black Sea Corrosion, right up to the Caucasian and Crimean). The most ancient scientists of the statements of these Rivières are people of North Caucasian and Maykop cultures. However, those replaced already existed from the Paleolithic Aboriginal. Those can be safely considered the inhabitants of the coast, as the Caucasus was an island! The northern shore of Kumo-Manic depression was higher, not giving the water of the Girkan Sea to break through the north. The first description of the river Kuma is left by Arab travelers. As a rule, they followed with trading caravans, often passing through the possessions of the Avar, and then Khazar kaganates. On Arab maps, the river already has settlements on the shores. In them, the next 200 years there is a contact ethnos Karachay, "Born" from Kobansev and "Black" Bulgar. And in the middle and lower flow, Savirs (Siberia) continue to rule - a mix of savromates with Avara. Their power was established north of Pyatigora and in the Nogai steppe in the 5th century - at the stage of the formation of the Suvorsky (Savirsky) principality.
For a while included in the empire Alanov. Interestingly, the Savromats themselves at the turn of the "old" and Christian era have already found the settlers here. They were Scythian tribes, which are direct descendants of the people of the catacomb culture, mixed with the population of more ancient Maykop generality. From the 17th century, the Kuma River is within the habitat of only 4 peoples - 2 Turkic (Karachay and Nogai), Russians-Cossacks, as well as the sucked Mongol-Oratov (named in the same century by Kalmyks). Only in Catherine times, settlements on the shores are populated by immigrants from the central and even northern provinces of the Russian Empire. Special strategic importance, such colonization acquires in the era of the bloody Caucasian wars, which are "satellites" of Russian-Turkish armed conflicts. If Kalmyks were original allies of Russia, and the Nogai Horde finally finally finished at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, the relationship with Karachay remained sufficiently tense. Not only in the next 200 years (time of these political complications), but even in the 20th century! The Russian-Karachay contradictions tried to use the White Army and Nazis, and Stalin specially divided the kindred Balkarians and Karachay, creating multinational KCR and CBD ...
In the last war, in August 1942, the entire Stavropol fragment of the Kum River was occupied. Occupation (with executions and robbery) lasted almost 5 months. The liberation of the region was possible thanks to the summer advantage of forces on and at the Central Caucasus. The economic use of the Kuma River began in the first postwar years. "Born" Kuro-Manic and Terek-Kuman irrigation canals. However, the irrigation of a small scale conducted another Stavropol Cossacks - in the royal times. But the remant "Sea" was built only in 1965 - in order to redirect water during a flood (by that time, the water had already taken a few villages). In the 1990s, the Budyonnovsky district of the 26th region was one of the zone of the theater of the Military Action. We are talking About Chechen conflict. The militants then even successfully stormed Budennovsk himself. In the Ust-Dzhagutin district, the focus of the new interethnic war (1999) was almost ungrounded. Currently, all territories are absolutely safe, and at 3 points (wide forest, Zelenokumsk and Kumagorsk) there are small equipped resort areas.
The source and mouth of the river Kuma
The source of the river Kuma lies at the turn of the Ust-Jekutin and Karachai district of KCR. In terms of relief, this is the northern slope of the Rock Ridge. Even more precisely - Gumbashi mountain (2,100 meters n. M). It is located on the border of glaciation. The nearest aul is the top marra (a distance of 5 kilometers). The mouth of the river Kuma is its entry into the Caspian, having a form of a narrowing canal reservoir. Geographically belongs to the Tarumov district of the 5th region. Closely bordered by the Kizlyar region of the Dagestan Reserve.
Pool of the river Kuma
In KCR and the adjacent lands, Stavropol River Kuma has the most violent temper, noisily exposed from the northern slope of the rocky ridge to the pre-saying area of \u200b\u200bthe 26th region. Absolutely flat terrain, the aqueous stream reaches only on the space of mineral waters. From this fragment of the mountain bed (lonely remains) are visible only from the south side (for the urban agglomeration of the same name). After a wide forest (the most immentable natural arboretum on the waterway), the pool of the river Kuma dresses in deciduous understanding only on short segments. And within the CMB loses it. As for the distance between the shores, it does not exceed 2 meters to the Red East, and in the above city is a maximum of 17 meters. With this reservation, the pool of the river Kuma gradually changes the northern direction to the eastern one. On average, the reservoir has many meanders. The speed is still relatively high. That's where extended agents appear back there (talk about them below). On the same fragment, the aqueous stream passes through the reservoir (near the settlement of the refusal). The width remains the same. Prior to this piece of the Pre-Boascase, the course of the Kuma River absorbs the main sleeves. Expansion of the main channel occurs only in dense thickets north of Arkhangelsky (up to 25 meters). In the Eastern Stavropol (Western Nogai Steppe), many Erikov appear. The width on the Caspian lowland (for petrokec, in the Eastern Nogai steppe) is divided into several skinny sleeves that do not reach the Caspian Sea. In the Lokumsky district of the region, the course of the Kuma River is descended to KoM-Manic Wpadin (by the way, in the natural border of Europe and the Caucasus, and in some areas of Dagestan and Kalmykia). In Dagestan autonomy, the stream moves already in the form of a variety of channels. Part of the water leaves its pool, irrigating the sections of agrarian land in this area. The river surface is distinguished by turbidity. During the year, the river makes 600 tons of suspended soil.
Attractions of the river Kuma
Tract wide forest
The source of the river Kuma, and even more so the Red East lie relatively not far from this place. It is the lower terrace of the northern slope of the rocky ridge. In the center - "Manor" of the reserve, the village of coal cottage (on Lake Bekeshevka). Along the river, the array extends 5 kilometers, although on the sides of it - much more extensively both in the latitudinal and in the meridian direction. The arboretum consists of thickets of pine, random, acacia, caucasian oak and pear. In Water Willow. Brooks fall in the direction of waterfalls.
Stanitsa Beksevskaya
6 kilometers below (moving through the same idyllic places) The Kuma River leads us to the elongated all, named in the title. Our hydrographic object comes out here from the canyon to the last ride. The channel is clamped only with large emerald hills. For the first time a shore appears with sand (already for the residential sector, at the last lathe). Behind his feature, the river begins to appear the depth and width, the speed drops. Beksevskaya is attached to a poplar and ash. It was founded in 1825 by order of General Yermolov. The Cossacks-Donctions (Khopersky Regiment) were settled. Later, Maloros began to hurt. After 30 years, the settlement was almost completely burned with enemy Circassians. Brand Stitsa - Bright christmas temple Blessed Virgin Mary. Toponym occurred from the Cossack word "beets" - "Picket" (pedentical detachment). Today, this settlement has almost 7 kilometers in length, its bus station and 4 embankments of the park that do not have any architectural or sculptural delights. An impressive building is a huge DC, built of monumental red bout.
Stanitsa Suvorovskaya
And here the alloy along the river Kuma continues to reach the spacious nice steppe. Rural municipality is founded by the same Khopersky regiment and also underwent Circassian ruin. However, over time, there was more than the first - to 8.75 kilometers. In the number of population, it is equal to the small town of Central Russia. And according to the status of the center of the settlement, covering two more administrative units. It is characterized by the presence of Greeks (a third of the population) and a large Armenian diaspora. "Brothers Christians" settled here on the decree of the first Muslims of Nicola's compact residence zone (in which they were often attacked). Like her neighbor, Suvorovskaya in the 60s of the last century has moved the Kuban army. According to legends, once it was the place of the prival during one of the hikes of Suvorov. Hence the name. In 1902, there was a 5-color church of red brick. He is a basic "business card" today. Also as a famous military sports club dealing with historical reconstruction. Sometimes you can see even Roman legionnaires. In the northwestern part, the Churches of the Apostle and Panteleimon Healer appeared. Currently there are tragic household conflicts of representatives of the Greek community with the descendants of the "Kuban-Don" Cossacks. Do not approve T-shirts with the words "I am Russian" and the local Armenians. Be careful in choosing clothes.
Cahnorsk village and Kumagorsk resort
The Nogai once lived not only in the steppe of the same name, but also west. So far, their village Kangla has been preserved. In 1866, the right of Nogai to their small homeland was officially recognized. Before that, they were subjected to persecution from the local Cossacks (although the Cossacks were 3 times less). The Kuma River is here in wider shores, spilling in the spring to 400 meters. The attraction should be considered a cathedral mosque. The resort of Kumagork (forest belt on a single plateau of Cockurs with combined sanatorium and the regional hospital) is 1200 meters away to the north (behind the bridge through Kum). Nearby (if you go in the opposite direction) the same name of the railway platform is arranged. A place is known by a couple of mountains of Laccolith (dagger and kum-mountain). Under them, the yield of mineral sources, on the use of which is based on treatment in institutions. From the top of the dagger, Pyatigorsia, KCR, Lake Kumagorskoe, the steppe of the Novoselitsky and Kochemievsky district of the 26th region were visible. On the eastern slopes mined a natural stone. Another "raisin" is the very building of the Balneological care. It (together with the surrounding well-kept territory) more resembles Versailles. Local water returns elasticity tissues. And after complex operations, people from all over the CIS are rehabilitated here. The hospital was founded in 1773. Then first began to break flower beds and landscape parks on the green plateau of Cockurs.
Mineral city city
At the "Start" of the average course, on which the Kuma River will be decorated for some time, mineral waters are met by the first to be preserved by green arrays. This is the "City Station-Station-Avtostania Airport". "Transport Gate to the Central Caucasus." Along the runway, we already see the nearest elevation of Pyatigora - Snake. This panorama is a "symbol" of the city. They dubbed it in mineral sources (they surround it from the south, east and west). What else will be remembered by the MV traveler? Prikumskaya (opposite) Part of the residential neighborhoods is characterized by the fact that the reservoir separates the launch center from the large levokumki microdistrict. This is the usual private sector connecting 2 bridges. There are no comfortable dots for swimming. The river itself supports a width of 10-12 meters ("Standard") and loops all the courtyards and cottages.
Tract Debrist
After leaving the described anthropogenic landscape in the outskirts of Evdokimovsky, the river Kuma enters a huge forest stretching along railway. To the center of the village of Alexandria. Its diameter in this section is equal to 10 kilometers. Such a nickname was given to the reserve residents of the surrounding residential arrays. Its area is almost 3,895 hectares. It consists of oak thickets, Tatar maple, flavory, ash and wild pear. Such vegetation will be characteristic of the rest of the bonus until the Nogai steppe (transition to semi-desert). The main value of the undergrowth is a gradually disappearing drug and decorative flora. From the bush here there is a dog and a bearing, hawthorn and a turn. Part of the space is occupied by environmental paths. There is a recreation area, fenced by a fence from the chain grid. In the fall, when Kuma Melette, the local love to move it within the jeep contest.
Artist Alexandria
The transport use of the Kuma River is also advised to suspend in this corner. Based on the Cossack town in 1783 or in 1784. Named in honor of Alexander Nevsky. From the west side to the village adjoins the reserve of the Debrist. From the eastern - the field of sunflowers. In the north, agricultural plain (around once there were 7 collective farms, one - Vinogradar, in honor of him even called the station). Well, from the south just session you. Naberezhnye Promenade - Lesopark 200-300-meter width. Through the river basin, 3 bridges are thrown out (2 hanging). Memorable landmarks 3 - Cathedral of Archangel Mikhail, Eternal Flame and Gray DC.
Krasnokumsky Forest
In this reservation, the parking lot on the river Kuma is welcome. At the Occolic of the Krasnokumsky in the described pool poured a depression. On this "crossroads" and the next coastal bowl is located. Forest is a favorite picnic area in the residents of the village of Krasnokumsky, the village of Podgorny and even the town of Georgievsk. Because the local river coast is quite bathing. And in this 7.5 kilometer more often there is a lake. And in addition to the depression flows 3 rivers and full streams. Thickets are very dense.
Morozovsky Forest and refusal reservoir
For the abundant, newly revealed and soldier-Alexander the course of the Kuma River is dressed in an unintentional, but thick understanding. And immediately for the merger with Gold (where artificial ponds are visible from all sides) the guest is waiting for the remant sea, named this village. But the population itself received such a speaking nickname due to the fact that the immigrants first offered another place. And when they insisted on their, a new village of "refusal" registered on the map accordingly. However, from the territory of the village of Soldato-Alexandrovsky "Vodnik" "Pursues" a new thicket. This refers to the Morozovsky forest (the nature of vegetation in it is similar to all the previous one). The landscaped reserve on the outskirts begin to illegally insure the Deltsi from the soldier-Alexandrovsky - chic cottages for sale. The fact is that under strict guard here are only 2 springs. On the outskirts of the whole 3 careers. They are used for bathing and fishing. In the remant reservoir (dimensions of 5.5 by 3.2 kilometers, the depth of up to 3 meters) is the elongated Cape of the bizarre form. Just through it, Cuma and enters this lake. A forest is present on the peninsula. The reservoir includes a width of 18 m, and comes out with a 3-meter. But for the Zelenokumsky, it will expand to 25 m. The rest of the edge goes into a naked steppe. There is a water intake station - decorated with a structure for a last century, which recently recently rented. From the side of the dam, the coast is strengthened by the "concrete" on which the road passes. The reservoir holds 131 cubic kilometers of water. During flood reset skips 120 cubic meters / s. Northeast Beach - the streets of the same name, the streets of the same name, which grows insignificant mid-forest in size. Behind him Zelenokumsk.
Village Zelenokumsk
Rafting on the Kuma River continues to remain difficult here (flow width 2.5 - 3 meters). But kayaks pass any. In the spring in this agglomeration of the River "Tolstayet" to 20-25 meters. Zelenokumsk in size looks like a small city (almost 9 kilometers long). And yet the nature of the building reminds that this village. He formed by the efforts of Count Vorontsov in 1783. He bought these cheap then fruitless land to settle here the heroic manifested themselves retired soldiers. The village was originally magnified by Alexander Vorontsovsky, hinting for the unbearable Russian feat for foreigners (always associated with Alexander Nevsky) and on the most benefactor. Bolsheviks nicknamed his Soviet. Having got rid of the influence of history and politics, the inhabitants themselves dubbed a small homeland in a new way, reminding to visit that they were on the Kuma River and what is green around the city (the Archangel-Orlovsky Forest begins). There are 2 passage bridges, 2 equipped park and as many children's holiday camps. There is a equipped beach patch (the flow rate will not allow to swim by west) and larger forests. That is why Stavropolis recognized Zelenokumsk "Children's Resort." Here and the other reason is aiming the quarters to the high hills chains of the North-West Coast of the Kuma, from which a wonderful panorama opens. From the other side of the latter (weaker), the chest will appear only in the village of Nina (this is further at the rate). Just on the most weakly elevated shore, we see the last forest area. And it will be below.
Arkhangelsk and Orlovsky Forest and the village of Arkhangelsk
Here we have the 25-meter Kuma River. Fishing is possible with a rubber boat. In the spring distance between the shores can be 50 meters. Here the river is started to disassemble the channels. Everywhere fields. Forest tract is relic. Named after living in the village of the village of the same Oryol province. Opposite the cow grazing.
Between the two parts of the green array, another village is clamped. It is based on the peasants of other central provinces. Toponym is taken from the "title" of Archangel Mikhail. The base dates back to 1839. Inside - a solid park from ash, acacia and poplar. Location of length exactly 6 kilometers. Downstream (through the kilometer from the Enemy), the transition to the semi-desert zone begins. The visitor sees rarely standing acacia resembling African savanna. The grass also becomes low and poor. All sorts of communities remain behind. The river valley is still in-depth. But weakly.
Agglomeration Budennovsk-Praskovea - "Capital" of the Nogai steppe
Here the Kuma River is included in the full kingdom on the border of the steppe and semi-desert - the Nogai steppe. For this, Nogai and nicknamed her "sand" ("Kum"). In Kumu Hydron, the Cossacks were redone. Biotop is distinguished exclusively by cereal and hollow grass. Grozno rush through the Nogai steppe ruthless Sukhovy. The landscape is no different from the landscapes of the Volgograd left bank, the Astrakhan region, Kalmykia and the Caspian Dagestan. On clays and loams there are 3 types of poplar (at the water). But more often, only nude soil is visible. On the western side Budennovsk. He was called so in honor of the famous military man holder Civil War. Initially (in 1795), the place was called Karabagla. It was still the Ordan settlement of Armenians, later served by trading mediators between the Nogai Horde and Astrakhan Khanate. Interestingly, to the Mongol-Tatar rule there was a great town of Madzhar (Old Majar). Here it is already enveloped predominantly legends, not a chronicle. One of the stories attributes to him the presence of the inhabitants who could focus a coin. Therefore, Khana arranged here the monotonous courtyard. And in general, in every way fag in this place. Let's return to the end of the 18th century. The emperor Paul made a permissions to the merchants to turn the "Bazaar" to the city, giving him the name of the Holy Cross (this autocratic was strongly fond of crusaders). In 1873, there were already 3 Armenian churches and almost 4,000 inhabitants. In 10 years, there was a flow of Russian and Ukrainian colonists, the number of which in 1910 exceeded the number of autochthons.
Later by the order of Stalin, Dargintsev was filled here. Now the economy is based on production from petroleum products (oil produced northeast - east). It is high-quality polyethylene. Inside dozens of memorials on mournful events at once, 4 wars - Caucasian, Civil, Great Patriotic and Chechen. Now, Budennovsk is not far from the sizes from the Holy Cross. All the same 8 km. However, on the other side of the river, the Armenians smashed vineyards. At the town in 1781, a satellite village of Praskovoye, "The Kingdom of winemakers" appeared. It is separated from the first not only by the river (through which the bridge is followed), but also a wide almost 3-kilometer in the width of the channel system. The winery has evolved in Praskovene CJSC. BRAND OF THE ELECTRIC - VIND SORRT LOKUMSK SUSTAINA. He is not covered for the winter. Excursions are possible to the described enterprise and the purchase of souvenirs.
The city of Nektekumsk
In recreations near the designated settlement of parking on the river, the Kuma River opens to us an arid waste. Closer to the Kizlyar bay, she will go into the sandy "sea", covered by rather modest (salt) vegetation. The name of the city itself says that they found oil here. Geological exploration and the first developers in the absence of houses lived in the yurts of Kyrgyz (they then nomaded) and Kalmykov. The Nogai Yurt had no longer and dwell as Russians - in the huts (engaged in barking and gardening). Their settlement was called Kamysh Burun. From him and the construction of the village of oilmen began. In 1953. It remains that now. It produces 1 million tons of oil per year. And the town is interesting to charly forest stalk along the highway and the stele "Asia", solved in Tatar (Nogai) folk style. Here is the truth of Asia, because P.G.T. Lies on the right bank of the "geographical" kumo-manic depression. We emphasize the presence of a colorful church-Novodel, a pair of memorial complexes of the WFI and the snow-white sculptural group of oilman and geologist (figures of men and women).
Reserved Kizlyar Bay
The mouth of the river Kuma borders with a plot of Dagestan GZ. They are separated in total kilometer. OPT is called "Kizlyar Bay". In shallow breeding of the same name of the sea harbor inhabit the birds of the Red Book - Pink Flamingo, a curly pelican, a small cormorant, caraway, herons, cranes and swans (many varieties). Over them is the same rare Orlan-Belochvost today. On the span, hundreds of species of feathered fauna stop here. In addition, a sword grass, chilim (water walnut), water lily and lotus grow directly on the cutting of the water. In the water dwells the spike (type of sturgeon), Caspian Kumja and Belorebitsa. It remains to add that " big land»It differs here with a variety of cane and the predominance of juicy meadows. While the top ten kilometers (along the R-215 highway) begins the sandy desert. The border between the sea and the land is constantly changing. It is not clear sometimes where the reed is on land or already in the sea. This is another "brand" of the protected area. There are no roads to this place. Only directions. But, going along one of the "threads" -canalov, in which Kuma turns, you will still get here.
Tourism and holidays on the river Kuma
The Kuma River is first in moderately continental, and then in a sharp continental (arid) climate. That is, summer comes early here. In the environment of the landscapes described above, you are available on any transport, designed for summer or winter races. In terms of relief of the river flows through mountain locations, staying in which it may well be conjugate with ascent on famous vertices and visiting mahed and already equipped caves. We are talking about the Ust-Dzhagutinsky district, where the extremals are known to the cavity in the mountain range between Kuban and Kuma (dismembered by the tributaries of these rivers on high plateau). The fact is that they contain 7 caves studied by adventurers: Cadet Dorbun, through, wolf, hanging, warm, deaf, turtle. There are as many less popular. Large segments of the forest in the upper reaches and the beginning of the middle course attract other people. Gatherers of berries and mushrooms, picnic fans and "tent". It remains to add that throughout the river intersects railways and several highways - Ust-Jeguut - Kislovodsk, Essentuki - Suvorovskaya, A-165, Suvorovskaya - Mineralnye Vody, R-217, A-167, Georgievsk - Budennovsk, Neftekumsk - Zelenokumsk , A R-215.
In the most successful recreational areas, the Kuma River has on the shores of the recreation center:
- "White coarse";
- "Ruslan";
- "Issykul;
- "Field Stan";
- "Forest Tale";
- "Biryumyak".
Equestrian holidays on the river Kuma - a good traditional pleasure for these places. Special clubs exist in mineral waters and Budennovsk. Hiking capture popular routes laid by "Propriers" along the river. In Ust-Jugut, become a rider, taking part in an unforgettable adventure, in fact, thanks to Khasan Salpagarov - a coneavka and an instructor in horseback riding. In the Nogai district of Dagestan, you can get a horse from Tarumovsky - from the Kochubey. We emphasize that the toponym of the Kochuby is found in the Stavropol and Dagestan steppe not more than once. The fact is that Ivan Kochubey was for these places someone like Chapaev - boldly chopped with his volatile squad, the White Guard General Chernozemubova General. Now, many resort workers, being in the saddle, associate with themselves with this Lychim Hero.
Beach holidays on the Kuma River is available literally on any site of its middle channel, and in the lower reservoirs - in the reservoir or Lake Kizikoy (rivers in the usual understanding of the word in the Nogai steppe and semi-desert no longer). As for the upper, their waters "will be allowed" only experienced and physically strong swimmers. But even they are already risking.
Event holidays on the river Kuma touches the vigors in Budennovsk and in the village of Stavropol (both "Teres" and "Kuban-Don"). After all, it is here that such annual events as the "Blessed Caucasus" and the Oktyabrsky "Pokrov" are held. And in the Caucasian mineral waters - the September festival of aeronautics. Dagestan Nogaytsy (the bonus and the implasses, which are nominated by Kumykov) are honored for the main event of Sabantuy. It is necessarily arranged even in such spent villages as Kum, fisherman and Andra ethansky (there are no other settlements in Dagestan biting).
In the Malokarachayevsky district of KChR (village Red East), abazines are compactly reside - the peoples of Adygo-Abkhaz origin (according to the appearance of Adygh). She fell here "in the Stalinist distribution." From the mountains of bambics (the border of the KCR, Abkhazia and Caucasian State biosphere Reserve, there is an array 150 kilometers to the West). The main date in the life of Abazin is the holiday of the first furrow. He collects his relatives and kunakov on competitions in shooting and Djigitovka. Usually the holiday organizes the management of the Diaspora "Abaza".
Great interest in the Russian masses causes an alloy along the river Kuma. The pro start it where the water is still in the canyon - in the newly described village of Red East. At all, the desperate go above - in an unbending area, where Kuma merges with the stream of Tamcha-Su. And then feel sensations from all thresholds. Here the flow has at least 6-7 meters width. Above kuma - stream. In this location, "Vodniki" intersect with mountain tractors and climbers who are walking on Bald Gumbashi. From the top of the car, the climbing is convenient - begins quite a balanced road. Gumbashi - Pass, to which ride on jeeps on a smoking. Walking easier by Cum. As for the lovers (both raftters and kayakers), they prefer to start from Stavropol - more often come from the influx under the name of the depression. This is on the sideline of the village of Krasnokumskoye. Of course, the inhabitants of mineral waters rise in their city.
Fishing and hunting on the river Kuma
Your need for a "river hunt" will be completely satisfying the Kuma River. The fishing is associated here with a pike, crucible, hero, perch, pike perch, top, Usache and bream. In the refusal reservoir, som (it has spawning segments that fall under the protection regime from April to June). The river mouth has a deep water protection zone, as it is part of OPT. Many catching points on the river Kuma. Fishing, they say well goes to Stavropol Beksevskaya (on the last ride), Krasnokumsky and Orlovka, then on the reservoir. In Ripple Kizikoy (in Dagestan, in front of the girla itself). "Red-hot" fish here is almost no. Rejoices of the specified fishery and in the foothill area of \u200b\u200bStavropol, stopping usually in a wide forest or Bekzevkaya - the most picturesque places on the presented river. In dangerous tesnins, on dumbfounders of the Ust-Jahutinsky district, the KCR is uncomfortable. But on the border with the 26th region, men are already visible with rods - the aborigines of the village of Red East. This point is truly gorgeous due to the landscape. Here simply forget about the fish. Judge themselves - the emerald and bright (from high meadow grass and colors) of the spring, a deep descent in the understanding (which will hide you from the wind and cold), as well as the water that is noisy in this low canyon just fascinate the travelers. Very nice
Picking on the river Kuma fishing, visitors recall the local hunt. On the water stream, there are only 5-6 hunting costs, as the shores are built up with either residential arrays, or surrounded by recreations intended for recreation of the population.
Those in stock are ready to provide you with the right to shoot a boar, fox, wolf, elk, beaver. Suslik, cunits and hare - Rusak. And TETEREV, quail and muffuhar, duck and wild goose. Herons, swans, lesters (relatives of ducks), cranes, owls and all predatory birds fell into the Red Book. As well as a flying protein and a slopive fur (mink). Bear and deer did not see here for a long time. After all, they do not like an arid climate. The exception is the Karachai District KCR (near the source). There is a deer while there is.
Protection of the river Kuma
Protection of the river Kuma for the most part concerns the fight against garbage. As mentioned at the very beginning of Longrid, its water purple is over-selected. Farm, big villages, stages equal to the size of the middle cities, as well as 4 urban agglomerations - all of them are the reason for the choke of virgin float. The protection of the river Kuma within the second half of the average flow is also associated with water purification stations. Zelenokumsk, Budennovsk and Neftekumsk - developed industrial centers included in the Petrochemical Complex of Russia. They have a capacity of by-course. And in mineral waters just a lot of garbage. This is a transit node. In addition, one of the mineralovel spirits drops in Kuma, waste is far from environmentally friendly. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe forest reservation, the fans are hot in the roast summer. Salvation of trees is part of security events. And in the top, and on the central segment, the water "artery" will not survive without bererecting work. In the spring, a huge flow is simply not held in the river "body." Floods often occur, the worst of which took place before the construction of the Terek-Kumsky and Kuman Manic channels. But in 2002, the aborigues of mineral waters suffered a flood misfortune. In the soldier-Alexandrovsky River herself herself, clinging the elements of the infrastructure "under the arm". In the 5th region, the Protection of the Kuma River is care of its full size. And it depends on the passability of the channels. They constantly have to carry out dredging work. Little, even here, the Kum water is recognized to some extent polluted. But she gets into the Caspian Sea. Saturdays, penalties for the management of enterprises, explanatory work for the population and dredging works - so far the only weapon in the struggle for the river.
We really hope that this description of the river Kuma discovered some new opportunities for you to relax in the North Caucasus, which are not yet mastered by most operators, hotelers and tourist instructors. Arrange the resort yourself. G. Gumbashi, Nogai steppe, semi-desert and desert, too, have charm.
