For the first time, the chemical applied the British during the Crimean War. They applied sulfur gas "for smoking" Russian garrisons from engineering structures. Chlorine against the French Army in 1914 was applied as chemical weapons in 1914, and in April 1915, the Germans conducted a gas attack (Iprit) as a result of which about 6,000 people died in the first hours. In total, 125 thousand tons of various poisoning substances were used in the first world war.
In 1925, in Geneva, 37 countries were signed by the "Protocol on the prohibition of the use of suffilish, toxic or other similar gases and bacterial agents". But despite this, chemical weapons were used repeatedly - Italians against Ethiopians in 1935-1936. (phosgene and hprite). It was affected by 250 thousand people and 15 thousand people died of them. Japanese against the Chinese.
A truly test landfill for new types of chemical weapons for the United States was such countries as Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia. Herbicides were used, dioxin defolients were used by CS, adamsite (DM), chlorpicrin, bromotone. More than 30 countries have chemical weapons, it is possible to quickly create it.
Chemical weapon - These are combat agents affecting the action of which is based on the use of poisoning chemicals. Thus, in the concept of "chemical weapons", two components are combined - actually toxic substance and the means of its delivery.
For delivery, rockets are used, aviation bombs, chemical fugasses, artillery shells and tight aviation devices.
When using chemical ammunition, large destruction of buildings and foci of fires are extremely rare.
A variety of chemical weapons are binary chemical ammunition.
Binary chemical smokeipares - a type of chemical ammunition, equipped separately two usually with non-toxic or low-toxic components forming a poisoning substance when mixed them.
The term "binary" means that the equipment of chemical ammunition consists of two components. The basis of binary ammunition is based on the principle of refusing to use the finished poisoning substance, and the receipt of OB in the ammunition itself.
The use of chemical weapons is solved by three tasks:
1) defeat people;
2) the destruction of vegetation;
3) Scroll of work of objects and institutions.
The chemical weapon system includes two components: BTHV (combat toxic chemical substances and their means of use. The combat chemicals include three groups of substances: poisoning substances, toxins and phytotoxicants. OV and toxicants are designed to defeat people and animals, and phytotoxicants - for leaving vegetation.
Poisoning substances - Chemical compounds caused by the defeat of the vibrant strength, air, terrain, technology and uniforms.
Classification of poisoning substances.
The poisonous is called high-tech substances, which, when applied, is able to defeat the population or reduce its performance. By physiological influence on the organism of the NEs are divided into the following groups:
1. FOOD of neuro-paralytic action;
2. Communicative action (Sinyl Acid, Chlorocian);
3. chopping actions (phosgene, dithosgen);
4. Skin-disruptive action (IPRIT, LUISIT);
5. Psychotropic action (BZ, DLK, Psilocide, Psilobitz, etc.);
6. Irritating (CS, CR).
Phosporganological substances (wow) include - Zarin, Zoman, V X-Gaza, Tabun.
According to tactical purposes, divided into death and temporarily disabling and annoying.
In addition to the named, practical importance is classification on the physicochemical properties, which are divided into persistent and not resistant. Such chemicals in which T boiling is more than 140єc are considered persistent.
Toxins – chemicals of protein nature of vegetable, animal or microbial origin, having high toxicity and capable of applying effects on people and animals. Toxins, unlike poisons of non-green nature, we produce immunity in the body. The most famous are: xr - botulinum toxin type "A" and pg - staphylococcal enterotoxin type "b", causes vomiting. Of the toxins of plant origin, ricin is the greatest importance (from the tick-free seeds). Inhalation toxicity approaches zarin and zoman.
Animal toxins are produced by some kinds of snakes, arthropod (scorpions, spiders). Toxins in dried form are preserved for a long time, in liquid form they are rapidly destroyed. They are destroyed with long-term boiling by disinfecting solutions.
Phytotoxicants- toxic chemicals (recipes) intended for the defeat of various types of vegetation. The United States in Vietnam was used by three formulations: "Orange", "White", "Blue". In the "orange" included dioxin, which possesses cumulative and slow motion and signs of poisoning can manifest itself in a few days, months and even through years.
Events on the protection of the population from exposure to OVTV (poisoning high-precance substances).
According to the federal law "On the destruction of chemical weapons" of May 2, 1997 No. 76 - FZ determines the zone of protective measures around objects, within which a special set of protective measures are being carried out, aimed at ensuring the collective and individual protection of citizens, environmental protection against possible impact. Toxic chemicals due to emergency.
In this zone, the following tasks must be solved:
1) providing medical, socio-hygienic monitoring of the health of facilities for the storage and destruction of chemical weapons, the population living near these objects;
2) the use of effective means of antidote therapy, drugs and food additives to increase the stability of citizens;
3) maintaining in readiness to apply the means of individual protection of personnel of objects for the storage and destruction of chemical weapons.
April 7, the United States inflicted rocket strike According to Syrian Air Base Shaurat in Homs Province. The operation was the answer to the chemical attack in Idlib on April 4, the responsibility for which Washington and the countries of the West pinned the President of Syria Bashar Assad. Official Damascus refutes its involvement in the attack.
As a result of the chemical attack, more than 70 people were killed, more than 500 were injured. This is not the first such attack in Syria and not the first in history. The largest cases of chemical weapons are in the RBC Photo Gallery.
One of the first major cases of the use of combat poisoning substances occurred April 22, 1915When the German troops sprayed about 168 tons of chlorine in positions near the Belgian city of IPR. The victims of this attack were 1,100 people. In total, during the first world, about 100 thousand people were killed as a result of the use of chemical weapons, 1.3 million were injured.
In the photo: Chlorine-blinded group of British soldiers
Photo: Daily Herald Archive / NMEM / Global Look Press
During the second Italian-Ethiopian War (1935-1936)Despite the ban on the use of chemical weapons established by the Geneva Protocol (1925), by order of Benito Mussolini gas IPRIT was used in Ethiopia. The Italian military stated that the substance applied during the fighting is not lethal, but for all the time the conflict from the poisoning substances killed about 100 thousand people (military and civilians), which did not even have the simplest chemical protection tools.
In the photo: Employees of the Red Cross are wounded through the Abyssinian Desert
Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library / Global Look Press
During World War II, the chemical weapons were practically not used on the fronts, but was widely used by the Nazis to destroy people in concentration camps. Sinyl Acid Pesticide called "Cyclone-B" was first applied against people september 1941 in Auschwitz. For the first time, these granules that allocate deadly gas used September 3, 1941,the victims of steel 600 Soviet prisoners of war and 250 Poles, the second time - the victims of the 900 Soviet prisoners of war were victims. From the use of "cyclone-b" in Nazi concentration camps, hundreds of thousands of people died.
In November 1943 Japan's imperial army during the battle at Chande applied chemical and bacteriological weapons against Chinese soldiers. According to the testimony of witnesses, in addition to the poisonous gases of Iprit and louisitis in the zone around the city, fleas infected with a bubonic plague were abandoned. The exact number of victims of the use of poisoning substances is unknown.
In the photo: Chinese military go on the destroyed streets of Chande
During the war in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971 American troops for the destruction of vegetation to facilitate the search for opponent's units in the jungle, various chemicals were used, the most common of whom was a chemical known as Agent Orange. The substance was produced under simplified technology and contained large concentrations of dioxin, causing genetic mutations and oncological diseases. According to the estimates of the Vietnamese Red Cross, 3 million people suffered from Agent Orange application, including 150 thousand children born with mutations.
In the photo: 12-year-old boy suffering from the consequences of Agent Orange
March 20, 1995 Members of the "AUM SINICONE" sects sprayed a neuro-paralytic chemical Zarin in the Tokyo metro. As a result of the attack, 13 people died, another 6 thousand were injured. Five participants in the sect went into the wagons, lowered packages with a volatile fluid on the floor and pushed them with the tip of the umbrella, after which they left the train. According to experts, the victims could be much more if the poisoning substance was sprayed in other ways.
In the photo: Doctors assist passengers affected by Zarin
In November 2004 American troops applied ammunition with white phosphorus during the assault of the Iraqi city of El Fallucz. Initially, the Pentagon denied the use of such ammunition, but eventually recognized this fact. The exact amount of died as a result of the use of white phosphorus in El Falluja is unknown. White phosphorus is used as an incendiary agent (people he hurts heavy burns), but he himself and its decay products have high toxicity.
In the photo: American marines lead the captured Iraqis
The largest at the time of confrontation in Syria is an attack using chemical weapons. in April 2013 In Eastern Gute, suburb of Damascus. As a result of the shelling of projectiles with zarin died, according to various sources, from 280 to 1700 people. UN inspectors managed to establish that in this place was used the Land-Earth Rockets with Zarin, and their Syrian military applied.
In the photo: UN Chemical Weapon Experts Collect Samples
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Chemical weapons were invented by chance. In 1885, in the Chemical Laboratory of German Scientist Mayer, the Russian student-trainee N. Zelinsky synthesized a new substance. At the same time, a certain gas was formed, whose swallow would be on the hospital bed.
So unexpectedly, gas was opened for everyone, subsequently called by Iprit. Being a Russian scientist-chemist, Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky, as if correcting the mistake of his youth, after 30 years invented the world's first coal gas mask, which preserved hundreds of thousands of lives.
First test
In the entire history of confrontation, the chemical weapons were used only a few times, but still keeps all humanity in tension. Already from the middle of the XIX century, the poisoning substances were part of a military strategy: during the Crimean war in battles for Sevastopol, the British army used sulfur gas for smoking the Russian troops from the fortress. At the very end of the XIX century, Nikolai II made efforts to ban chemical weapons.
The result was the 4th Hague Convention of October 18, 1907 "On the laws and customs of the war", which prohibits including the use of suffocating gases. Not all countries have connected to this agreement. Nevertheless, most participants poison and military honor were recognized as incompatible. This agreement was not violated until the First World War.
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the use of two new defense means - barbed wire and min. They allowed to restrain even significantly superior enemy forces. The moment came when on the fronts of the first world, neither the Germans nor the troops could not knock each other from well fortified positions. A similar confrontation senselessly devoured time, human and material resources. But to whom the war, and to whom the mother is relatives ...
It was then that the Chemical Commercial and the Future Nobel Laureate Fritu Gabre managed to convince the Kaiser command to use combat gas to change the situation in their favor. Under his personal leadership on the front line, more than 6 thousand cylinders with chlorine were installed. It remained only to wait for the passing wind and open the valves ...
On April 22, 1915, near the River of the IPR from the German troops in the position of the French-Belgian troops, a thick cloud of chlorine was moved by a wide band. In five minutes, 170 tons of deadly gas covered the trench for 6 kilometers. Under its influence, 15 thousand people were poisoned, a third of them died. Against the poisoning substance, any number of soldiers and weapons were powerless. So began the history of the use of chemical weapons and the new era came - the era of weapons mass lesion.
Saving Portiaca
At that time, Russian Chemist Zelensky has already presented his invention to the military invention - a coal gas mask, however, this product has not yet come to the front. In the circulars of the Russian army, the following recommendation has been preserved: in the case of a gas attack, it is necessary to perseve on the port and breathe through it. Despite the simplicity, this method was very effective at that time. Then the troops appeared bandages impregnated with hyposulphite, which neutralized chlorine.
But German chemists did not stand still. They were tested phosgene - gas with a strong suffocating effect. Later, Iprit went, and behind him and Luzit. Against these gases, no bandages acted. The gas masks were first able to check in practice only in the summer of 1915, when the German command applied a poisoning gas against Russian troops in battles for the fortress Osovo. By that time, tens of thousands of gas masks were sent to the Russian command to the forefront.
However, cars with this cargo were often idle on the spare paths. The right of the first stage had technology, weapons, live strength and food. It is because of this gas masks were late for the forefall for only a few hours. Russian soldiers reflected many German attacks that day, but the losses were huge: several thousand people were poisoned. Only sanitary and funeral teams could take advantage of the gas masks.
Mustard gas was first used by Kaiser troops against the Anglo-Belgian troops two years later - July 17, 1917. He hit the mucous membrane, survived the insides. It happened on the same River IPR. It was after that he received the name "Iprit". For the colossal destroying ability, the Germans nicknamed his "king of gases". In the same 1917, the Germans applied the Hyprint against the US troops. Americans lost 70 thousand soldiers. In total, 1 million 300 thousand people were injured from the BOV (combat poisoning substance), 100 thousand of them died.
Bay Your!
In 1921, the Red Army also applied combat poisoning gases. But already against your own people. In those years, the entire Tambovschina was covered by unrest: the peasantry rebuilding against the robber-free distribution. Troops under the command of M. Tukhachevsky used against the rebel mixture of chlorine and phosgene. Here is an excerpt from the order number 0016 dated June 12, 1921: "Forests where bandits are located, to clean poisonous gases. To accurately expect the cloud of suffocable gases to spread to the entire array, destroying everything that was hidden in it. "
Only during the same gas attack killed 20 thousand inhabitants, and in three months two thirds of the male population of Tambovshchina were destroyed. This became the only case of applications in Europe of poisoning substances after the end of the First World War.
Secret Games
The first world ended with the defeat of the German troops and the signing of the Versailles. Germany prohibited the development and production of any types of weapons, training military specialists. However, on April 16, 1922, Moscow and Berlin signed a secret agreement on military cooperation by the Versailles.
On the territory of the USSR, the production of German weapons and preparation of military officers was established. Under Kazan, the Germans prepared future tankers, under Lipetsk - a flight composition. In Volsk, a joint school opened, who was preparing specialists in conducting a chemical war. New types of chemical weapons were created and experienced. Under Saratov, joint research was carried out on the use of combat gases in the conditions of war, ways to protect personnel and subsequent decontamination. All this was extremely beneficial and useful for the Soviet military - they studied from representatives best Army that time.
Naturally, both sides were extremely interested in observing strictest secrecy. The leakage of information could lead to a grand international scandal. In 1923, a joint Russian-German enterprise "Bersol" was built in the Volga region, where the production of Iprit was established in one of the secret workshops. Daily 6 tons of just produced combat poisoning substance went to warehouses. However, the German side did not receive a single kilogram. Before the launch of the plant, the Soviet side forced the Germans to ruin the agreement.
In 1925, the chapters of most states signed the Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of suffocating and poisoning substances. However, again, not all countries signed it, including Italy. In 1935, Italian aircraft spray mustard gas over Ethiopian troops and peaceful settlements. Nevertheless, the League of Nations reacted to this criminal act very condescending and serious measures did not take.
Failed painter
In 1933, the Nazis headed by Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, who declared that the USSR represents the threat to the world in Europe and the revived German army has the main goal of the destruction of the first socialist state. By this time, thanks to cooperation with the USSR, Germany became the leader in the development and production of chemical weapons.
At the same time, Goebbels propaganda called poisoning substances with the most humane weapon. According to military theoretics, they allow you to seize enemy territories without unnecessary victims. It is strange that Hitler supported it.
After all, during the First World War he himself, then another Efreitor of the 1st company of the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, only a miracle stayed alive after the English gas attack. Doplel and chlorine chlorine, helplessly lying on the hospital bed, the future Führer said goodbye to the dream - to become a famous painter.
At that time, he was seriously thinking about suicide. And in just 14 years behind the back of Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler stood the entire most powerful military-chemical industry in Germany.
Country in gas mask
Chemical weapons have a distinctive feature: it is not expensive in production and does not require high technologies. In addition, its presence allows you to keep any country in the world. That is why in those years, chemical protection in the USSR has become a national business. No one doubted that poisoning substances would be used in war. The country began to live in a gas mask in the literal sense of the word.
A group of athletes made a record agit-mileage in gas masks of 1,200 kilometers along the route Donetsk - Kharkov - Moscow. All military and civilian exercises took place with the use of chemical weapons or its imitation.
In 1928, an air gauge attack was modeled over Leningrad using 30 aircraft. The next day, the British newspapers wrote: "Chemical rain literally literally literally literally."
What Hitler was frightened
Hitler never decided to apply chemical weapons, although only in one 1943 Germany produced 30 thousand tons of poisoning substances. Historians argue that Germany was close to their use twice. But german command They made it clear that, the Vibration Wehrmacht was a chemical weapon, all Germany would be filled with a poison substance. Given the huge population density, the German nation would simply cease to exist, and the whole territory would turn into a desert for several decades, completely unsuitable for living. And the Fuhrer understood it.
In 1942, the Quantong Army applied chemical weapons against China's troops. It turned out that Japan has been very advanced in the development of bov. Capturing Manchuria and North China, Japan aimed at the USSR. For this, the newest chemical and biological weapons were developed.
In Harbin, in the center of Pingfan, a special laboratory was built under the guise of the sawmill, where at night in the strictest secrecy mode, victims were overlooked for testing. The operation was so classified that even the locals did not suspect anything. A plan for the development of the latest weapon of mass lesion belonged to microbiologist Shiri Issi. The fact that 20 thousand scientists were involved in the research in this field.
Soon, Pingfan and another 12 cities were turned into a death factory. People were considered only as raw materials for experiments. All this went beyond any humanity and humanity. The result of Japanese specialists in the development of chemical and bacteriological weapons Mass lesions were hundreds of thousands of victims among the Chinese population.
Plague on both your homes! ..
At the end of the war, the Americans sought to get all the chemical secrets of the Japanese and prevent them from entering the USSR. General MacArthur even promised Japanese scientists with prosecution. In exchange for this, Issi handed over all US documents. No Japanese scientist was convicted, and American chemists and biologists received a huge and invaluable material. The first center for improving chemical weapons was the Base of Detrik, Maryland.
It was here that in 1947 there was a sharp jerk in improving the systems of aircraft sprayers, allowing huge areas evenly to the poisoning substances. In the 1950s and 1960s, the military in absolute secrecy mode conducted many experiments, including sputtering substances with more than 250 settlements, including cities such as San Francisco, St. Louis and Minneapolis.
The tightened war in Vietnam caused hard criticism from the US Senate. The American command in violation of all rules and conventions has ordered the use of chemicals in the fight against partisans. 44% of all forests of southern Vietnam were treated with defoliatants and herbicides designed to remove foliage and complete destruction of vegetation. Only single types of trees and several types of spiny herbs that are not suitable for feeding livestock remained from numerous species of wood-shrub breeds of a wet tropical forest.
The total number of chemical means of destroying vegetation, spent by the US Armed Forces from 1961 to 1971, amounted to 90 thousand tons. The US military argued that their herbicides in small doses are not fatal to humans. Nevertheless, the UN adopted a resolution prohibiting the use of herbicides and tear gas, and US President Nixon announced the closure of chemical and bacteriological weapons development programs.
In 1980, war broke out between Iraq and Iran. A combat chemicals that do not require high costs have come to the scene. On the territory of Iraq, the factories were built using Germany, and S. Hussein was able to produce chemical weapons within the country. The West looked through the fingers to the fact that Iraq began to apply chemical weapons in the war. It was also explained by the fact that the Iranians seized 50 American citizens hostage.
Cruel, bloody confrontation between S. Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini counted a kind of revenge Iran. However, S. Hussein used chemical weapons and against his own citizens. By accusing Kurds in a conspiracy and awareness of the enemy, he sentenced the whole Kurdish village to death. To do this, neuro-paralytic gas was used. The Geneva Agreement was grossly broken once again.
A FAREWELL TO ARMS!
On January 13, 1993, in Paris, representatives of 120 states signed the Convention on the Band of Chemical Weapons. It is prohibited to produce, store and apply. For the first time in world history, a whole class of weapons must disappear. The colossal reserves accumulated over 75 years of industrial production were useless.
From this point on, all research centers have fallen under international control. The situation can be explained not only for concern for ecology. States with nuclear weapons do not need competitors with unpredictable policies with weapons of mass lesion, comparable to nuclear effects.
Russia has the largest stocks - it is officially announced on the presence of 40 thousand tons, although some experts believe that they are significantly more. In the USA - 30 thousand tons. At the same time, the American OB is packed in a barrel made of light duralumin alloy, whose shelf life does not exceed 25 years.
Technologies used in the United States are significantly inferior to Russian. But the Americans had to be hurried, and they immediately started burning on the Atoll Johnston. Since the utilization of gases in the furnaces occurs in the ocean water area, the danger of infection of populated areas is practically absent. The problem of Russia is that the stocks of this type of weapons are in densely populated areas that exclude such a way of destruction.
Despite the fact that the Russian OS are in cast-iron containers, the shelf life in which is much greater, it is not infinite. Russia primarily seized the powder charges from shells and bombs styled by a combat poisoning substance. At least there is no longer danger of explosion and spread.
In addition, Russia showed this step that it does not even consider the possibility of applying this class of weapons. Fullies were also completely destroyed, produced in the mid-40s of the 20th century. Destruction took place in the village of the Planned Kurgan region. It is here that the main stocks of Zarina, zomana, as well as extremely toxic VX substances.
Chemical weapons and primitive-barbaric way were destroyed. It happened in the deserted areas of Central Asia: a huge pit was digging, where the fire was divorced, in which the deadly "chemistry" was burned. In almost the same way, in the 1950s and 1960s were recycled in the village of Kambar-ka in Udmurtia. Of course, in modern conditions it is impossible to do this, so a modern enterprise was built here, intended for detoxification of 6 thousand tons of louisite stored here.
The greatest stocks of the Iprit are in the warehouses of the village of Mountain, located on the Volga, in the very place where the Soviet-German school had once been operated. Some containers have been 80 years old, while secure storage of OS requires all high costs, because the shelf life of combat gases does not exist, but metal containers come into disrepair.
In 2002, an enterprise equipped with the latest German equipment and using unique domestic technologies were built here: degasiating solutions are used, disinfecting combat-poisoning gas. All this happens at low temperatures, excluding the possibility of an explosion. It is fundamentally different and most secure way. There are no world analogs to this complex. Even the rainstreams do not leave the territory of the object. Specialists assure that for all the time there was not a single leakage of a poisonous substance.
AT THE BOTTOM
Most recently, a new problem arose: hundreds of thousands of bombs and shells stipped by poisoning substances were found at the bottom of the seas. The rusted barrels are a bomb of the slow motion of a huge destroying force that can explode at any moment. The decision to bury the German poisonous arsenals on the seabed was adopted by the Allied troops immediately after the end of the war. It was hoped that over time, containers will cover sedimentary rocks and the burial will become safe.
However, the time has shown that this decision was erroneous. Now three such cemeteries were found in the Baltic: the Swedish Island Gotland, in the Skagerrac Strait between Norway and Sweden and the coast of the Danish Island Bornholm. For several decades, the containers rusted and no longer capable of ensuring tightness. According to scientists, the full destruction of cast-iron containers can leave 8 to 400 years.
In addition, large stocks of chemical weapons flooded with the east coast of the United States and northern Seasunder the jurisdiction of Russia. The main danger is that the Hypret began to leak out. The first result was the mass death of marine stars in Dvina Gulf. These studies have shown traces of Iprit in a third of the marine inhabitants of this water area.
The threat of chemical terrorism
Chemical terrorism is a real danger threatening humanity. This is confirmed by the gas attack in the subways of Tokyo and Mitsumoto in 1994-1995. From 4 thousand to 5.5 thousand people received the hardest poisoning. 19 of them died. The world shuddered. It became clear that any of us can become a victim of a chemical attack.
As a result of the investigation, it turned out that the production technology of the poisoning substance sectors acquired in Russia and managed to establish its production in the simplest conditions. Experts speak more than several more cases of applications in the countries of the Middle East and Asia. Only in the camps of Ben-Laden were the preparation of dozens, if not hundreds of thousands of militants. They were taught, among other things and methods of conducting a chemical and bacteriological war. According to some data, biochemical terrorism was there leading discipline.
In the summer of 2002, the Hamas group threatened to apply chemical weapons against Israel. The problem of non-proliferation of such weapons of mass lesion has become much more serious than it seemed, since the size of combat shells allows you to carry them even in a small portfolio.
Sandy gas
Today, military chemists develop two types of non-fatal chemical weapons. The first is the creation of substances, the use of which will have a destructive effect on the technical means: from increasing the friction force of rotating parts of machines and mechanisms before disruption of insulation in conductive systems, which will lead to the impossibility of using them. The second direction is the development of gases that do not lead to the death of personnel.
Gas without color and smell acts on the central nervous system of a person and displays it in a matter of seconds. Do not possess a fatal effect, these substances amaze people, for a while, causing dreams from them, euphoria or depression. Gases of the CS and CR groups are already used by the Police of many countries of the world. Experts believe that they are behind them, as they did not enter the Convention.
Alexander Gunkkovsky
Chemical weapons is a type of weapon of mass lesion, the main principle of which is the effect of toxic substances on the environment and human. Types of chemical weapons are divided by types of damage to biological organisms.
Chemical weapons - the history of creation (briefly)
| date | Event |
| BC | First use of the similarity of chemical weapons with Greeks, Romans and Macedonians |
| XV century | Using the Turkish army of chemical weapons based on sulfur and oil |
| XVIII century | Creating artillery shells with an internal chemical component |
| XIX century | Mass production of various types of chemical weapons |
| 1914.-1917 | The use of chemical weapons by the German army and the beginning of the production of chemical protection |
| 1925 | Strengthening the work of scientists on the development of chemical weapons and the creation of "cyclone b" |
| 1950 | Creating scientists from US Agent Orange and the continuation of the development of scientists of the whole world to create weapons of mass lesions |
The first semblance of chemical weapons was used even to our era, the Greeks, Romans and Macedonians. Most often it was used in the sieges of fortresses, which forced the enemy to surrender or die.
In the XV century, the Turkish army applied the semblance of chemical weapons in the combat fields, which consisted of sulfur and oil. The resulting substance was due to the enemy armies and gave a significant advantage. Next, in the XVIII, artillery shells were created in Europe, which, after hitting the goal, was emitted to a poisonous smoke, affecting the human body as a poison.
From the middle of the XIX century, many countries began to produce chemical weapons, whose species have become an integral part of army ammunition, on an industrial scale. After use by the British Admiral Gokhran T. Chemical Weapon in which sulfur dioxide has caused a wave of indignation and the leadership of more than 20 countries has massively condemned such an act. The consequences of the use of such weapons were catastrophic.
In 1899, the Hague Convention was held, on which the ban on the use of any chemical weapons was formulated. But during the First World War, the German army massively applied chemical weapons, which led to a variety of deaths.
After that, the manufacture of gas masks began, which could provide protection against the effects of chemicals. Gas masks were used not only for people, but also for dogs and horses.
German scientists from 1914 to 1917 conducted work on improving chemical delivery to the enemy and methods for protecting the population from their impact. After the completion of the First World War, all projects were minimized, but the means of protection continued to be made and spread.
this year, a pact was signed on the Geneva Convention on the ban on the use of any poisonous substances.
In 1925, the Geneva Convention took place , In which all parties signed a pact for the ban on the use of any poisoning substances. But if briefly, the history of chemical weapons continued with a new force and work on creating a chemical building only intensified. Scientists of the whole world created in laboratories many types of chemical weapons that had many types of impact on living organisms.
During the Second World War, none of the parties dared to use chemicals. Only Germans are distinguished, which are active "cyclone b" in concentration camps.
"Cyclone B" was developed by German scientists in 1922. This substance consisted of sinyl acid and other additional substances, 4 kg of such a substance was enough to destroy up to 1 thousand people.
After the completion of the Second World War and the condemnation of all actions of the German army and command, the countries of the whole world continued to develop various types of haymaking weapons.
A vivid example of the use of chemical weapons is the United States, which used the "Agent Orange" in Vietnam. The effect of chemical weapons is based on dioxin, which caused bombs, it is excessively toxic and mutagenic.
The effect of chemical weapons, the United States has demonstrated in Vietnam.
According to the US government, their goal was not people, but vegetation. The consequences of the use of such a substance were catastrophic in terms of deaths and mutations of the civilian population. These types of chemical weapons caused mutations in people who occur at the genetic level and are transmitted from generation to generation.
Prior to the signing of the Convention on the ban on the use and storage of chemical weapons of the United States and the USSR, the production and storage of these substances actively conducted. But after signing the prohibition agreement, repeated facts of using chemicals in the Middle East were revealed.
Types of chemical weapons and titles
Modern chemical weapons have many types that have differences on purpose, speed and impact on the human body.
By the speed of preserving afflicting abilities, chemical weapons can be divided not several types:
- persistent - Substances that lies Luisit and Iprit. Efficiency after the use of such substances can be up to several days;
- volatile - Substances whose composition includes phosgene and syntic acid. Efficiency after the use of such substances is up to half an hour.
There are also types of poisoning gases that are divided by applying them:
- combat - Used for fast or slow destruction of living force;
- psychotropic (not deadly) - Used for temporary failure of the human body.
There are six types of chemicals whose division is based on the results of the impact on the human body:
Neriva-paralytic weapon
This type of weapon is one of the most expensive as they influence the human body. The type of such weapon is gas that affects the nervous system and leads to death in any concentrations. The composition of neuro-paralytic weapons includes gases:
- zoman;
- V - gas;
- zarin;
- herd.
Gas does not smell and colors, which makes it very dangerous.
Poisoning weapon
This type of weapons poisons the human body for the means of exposure to the skin, after which it gets into the body and destroys the lungs. It is impossible to protect against this type of weapon. The composition of the poison weapons includes gases:
- lewisite;
- mustard gas.
Outlifting common weapons
Are deadly substances that have speed gains on the body. The poisoning substances, after use, instantly affect the erythrocytes and block the supply of oxygen into the body. The composition of emergent substances includes gases:
- hlorcian;
- hydrocyanic acid.
Suffocating weapons
The suffocating weapons are a gas that after use instantly reduces and blocks the supply of oxygen into the body, which contributes to a long and painful death. In suffocating weapons include gases:
- chlorine;
- phosgene;
- diffogen.
Psychochemical weapons
This type of weapons are substances that have a psychotropic and psychochemical effect on the body. After use, gas affects the nervous system, which causes short-term disorders and conclusion. Psychochemical weapons are endowed with an affecting effect, as a result of which a person appears:
- blindness;
- deafness;
- the incapacity of the vestibular apparatus;
- mental annexation;
- disorientation;
- hallucinations.
The composition of psychochemical weapons is mainly included - quinoclidyl-3-benzylate.
Poisoning-irritant weapon
This type of weapon is gas, which after use causes nausea, cough, sneezing and eye irritation. Such gas is volatile and high-speed. Often poison-irritating weapons or tear times applied by law enforcement agencies.
The poison-irritant weapons include gases:
- chlorine;
- sulfurian anhydride;
- hydrogen sulfide;
- nitrogen;
- ammonia.
Military conflicts using chemical weapons
The history of the creation of chemical weapons is briefly marked by the facts of his combat application On the battlefields and against the civilian population.
| date | Description |
| April 22, 1915 | The first major use of the German army near the city of IPR of chemical weapons in which chlorine was included. The number of victims amounted to more than 1000 people |
| 1935 G.-1936 | During the Italian-Ethiopian war, the Italian army applied chemical weapons, which included Iprit. The number of victims amounted to more than 100 thousand people |
| 1941 G.-1945 | The use of the German army in the concentration camps of chemical weapons "Cyclone B", which included a substance of blue acid. The exact number of victims is unknown, but according to official data more than 110 thousand people |
| 1943 | During the Japanese-Chinese War, the Japanese army applied Bacteriological I.himoras . The composition of chemical weapons included Luisit and Iprit gas. Bacterial weapons were fleas infected with bubonic plague. The exact number of victims remains unknown |
| 1962 G.-1971 | During the War in Vietnam, the US Army applied many types of chemical weapons, thereby conducting experiments and research on the population. The main chemical weapon was the gas "Agent Orange", which included substance dioxin. A "Agent Orange" caused genetic mutations, oncological diseases and death. The number of victims is 3 million people, of which 150 thousand children with mutated DNA, deviations and various diseases |
| March 20, 1995 | In the Japanese subway, the members of the "AUM SCINICON" sect was used, the paralytic gas was used, which included Zarin. The number of victims amounted to up to 6 thousand people who died 13 people |
| 2004 | The American army in Iraq was used by chemical weapons - white phosphorus, as a result of the decay of which the deadly toxic substances are formed, which lead to slow and painful death. The number of victims is carefully hiding |
| 2013 | In Syria, the Syrian Army of Air - Earth Rocket was applied with a chemical composition in which Gas Zarin was present. Information about the dead and affected is carefully hidden, but according to the Red Cross |
Types of chemical weapons for self-defense
There is a psychochemical type of weapon that can be used for self-defense. Such gas makes minimal harm to the human body and is able to bring it out of order for a while.
Evgeny Pavlenko, Evgeny Mitkov
The reason for writing this brief review was the emergence of the publication below.:
Scientists have established that the first chemical weapons against their enemies also used the ancient Persians. British archaeologist Simon James from the University of Lester found that the troops of the Persian Empire were used to poisonous gases in the siege of the ancient Roman city of Dura in the east of Syria in the III century AD. His theory is based on the study of the remains of 20 Roman soldiers discovered at the base of the city wall. The British archaeologist presented his find at the annual meeting of the American Archaeological Institute.
According to James's theory, to capture the city of Persians made a subpople under its surrounding the fortress wall. The Romans for the counterattack on the attackers were digging their own tunnels. When they went into the tunnel, the Persians set fire to the bitumen and sulfur crystals, as a result of which a thick poisonous gas was obtained. After a few seconds, the Romans lost consciousness, after a few minutes they died. The bodies of the dead Romans folded one thing to another, thus creating a protective barricade, and then set fire to the tunnel.
"The results of archaeological excavations in the Dura testify that the Persians were no less tempted in the art of siege than the Romans, and used the most cruel techniques," says Dr. James.
Judging by the excavations, the Persians were also calculated as a result of a subpople to divide the fortress wall and guard towers. And although it did not succeed, they were in the end, they still captured. However, how they entered the fool, remains a mystery - the details of the siege and the assault in historical documents are not preserved. Then the Persians left the fool, and its inhabitants were either killed or grieved in Persia. In 1920, the well-preserved ruins of the city were excavated by Indian troops, which were digging by defensive trenches along a dumped urban wall. Excavations were carried out in the 20s and 30s by French and American archaeologists. As the BBC informs, in recent years they have been studied again with the use of modern technologies.
As a matter of fact, the versions of the priority in the developments of the OS great many, probably, as much as the versions of the powder priority. However, the word recognized authority on the history of bov:
De Lazari A.N.
"Chemical weapons at the fronts of World War II 1914-1918."
The first used chemical weapon was "Greek fire", consisting of sulfur compounds, ejected from pipes during marine battles, was first described by Plutarch, as well as hypnotic means described by the Scottish historian Bukanan, causing a continuous diarrhea to describe the Greek authors, and a whole range of drugs, Including arsenic-containing compounds and saliva of frantic dogs, which was described by Leonardo da Vinci. In Indian sources of the IV century BC. e. There were descriptions of alkaloids and toxins, including the Abrin (the compound is close to ricin, the poison component, with which the Bulgarian dissident of Markov was poisoned in 1979). Akonitin, (Alkaloid), contained in the plants of the race of the acronite (ACONITIUM) had an ancient history and was used by Indian Kurctizats for the murders. They covered their lips with a special substance, and beyond it in the form of lipsticks on the lips of aconitin, one or a few kisses or bite, that according to the sources argue led to terrible death, the fatal dose was less than 7 milligram. With the help of one of the poisons of those mentioned in ancient "exercises about poisons", describing the effects of their impact, was killed Brother Nero British. Several clinical experimental works conducted Madame de "Brinville, who pointed all his relatives of claiming inheritance, she also developed a" powder of inheritance ", experiencing it on patients with a clinics in Paris to assess the strength of the drug. In XV and XVII centuries Poisoning of this kind were very popular, you should remember the medihi, they were naturally phenomenon, because it was almost impossible to detect the poison after opening the corpse. If the poisoners were discovered, the punishment was very cruel, they were burned or forced to drink a huge amount of water. The negative attitude towards the families was held back by the use of chemicals for military purposes, until the middle of the XIX century. Until when, assuming that sulfur compounds can be used for military purposes, Admiral Sir Thomas Kochran (the tenth graf Sunderland) in 1855 applied sulfur dioxide as a combat poisoning substance, which was encouraging with the British military establishment. During World War I, the chemicals were used in huge quantities: 12 thousand tons of iprite, which was hit by about 400 thousand people, and all different substances are 113 thousand tons.
In total, over the years, 180 thousand tons of various poisoning substances were produced. Common losses from chemical weapons are estimated at 1.3 million people, of which up to 100 thousand with fatal. The use of poisoning substances during the First World War is the first recorded violations of the Hague Declaration of 1899 and 1907. By the way, the United States refused to support the Hague Conference of 1899. In 1907, the United Kingdom joined the Declaration and adopted her obligations. France agreed with the Hague Declaration of 1899, like Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan. The parties agreed on the non-use of suffocating and nervous-paralytic gases for military purposes. Referring to the exact wording of the declaration, Germany on October 27, 1914 applied ammunition with a shrapnel, mixed with an annoying powder motivating this by the fact that this application was not the only purpose of this shelling. This also applies to the second half of 1914, when Germany and France applied not deadly tear gases,
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The German 155-mm Gabichic Shell (T-projectile) containing xilylbromide (7 pounds is about 3 kg) and the discontinuous charge (trinitroleol) in the nose. Figure F. R. Sidel et al (1997)
but on April 22, 1915, Germany conducted a massive chlorine attack, as a result of which 15 thousand soldiers received defeats, of which 5 thousand were killed. The Germans at the front of 6 km released chlorine from 5730 cylinders. For 5-8 minutes, 168 tons of chlorine were released. This treacherous use of germanium of chemical weapons was met by a powerful propaganda campaign, implancing the use of poisoning substances for military purposes and directed against Germany, the initiator of which was Britain. Julian Parry Robinson explored propaganda materials released after the IPRA events and attracted attention to the description of the loss of allies, due to the gas attack, on the basis of information presented by sources deserving confidence. "Times" on April 30, 1915 published an article: "Full history of events: new german weapon " This is how the eyewitnesses described this event: "Persons, the hands of people were, a glossy gray-black color, the mouths are open, the eyes are covered with lead glaze, everything around rushing, it turned around, struggling for life. The spectacle was frightening, all these terrible blackened persons, worst and praying for help ... The effect of gas is to fill the lungs with a water-mystery of the liquid, which gradually fills all the lungs, because of this, suffocation occurs, due to which people died within 1 or 2 days " German propaganda so answered his opponents: "These shells are not more dangerous than poisonous substances used during English unrest (there were ludding explosions using picric acid explosives)". This first gas attack was a complete surprise for allied troops, but already on September 25, 1915, British troops conducted their test chlorine attack. In further gas-ballon attacks, both chlorine and chlorine mixtures with phosgene were used. For the first time, a mixture of phosgen with chlorine was first applied as Germany on May 31, 1915, against Russian troops. At the front 12 km - under Bolimov (Poland), 264 tons of this mixture were released from 12 thousand cylinders. Despite the lack of protection and surprise, the German attack was repulsed. In 2 Russian divisions, almost 9 thousand people were withdrawn. Since 1917, gas meters (a prototype of mortars) have become warring countries. For the first time they were applied by the British. Mines contained from 9 to 28 kg of poisoning substance, the shooting of gas meters was produced mainly phosgene, liquid dithosgen and chlorpicrine. The German gas meters were the cause of the "miracle of Kaporpetto", when after shelling from 912 gas meters by mines with phosgen of the Italian battalion, in the Valley of the Ineso River, everything was destroyed. Gasometes were able to suddenly create high concentrations of OS in the area of \u200b\u200bthe target, so many Italians died even in gas masks. Gasometes gave impetus to the use of artillery tools, the use of poisoning substances, from mid-1916. Application of artillery increased the effectiveness of gas attacks. So on June 22, 1916, for 7 hours of continuous shelling, the German artillery released 125 thousand shells from 100 thousand liters. suffocating s. The mass of poisoning substances in the cylinders was 50%, in the shells only 10%. On May 15, 1916, the French during the artillery shelling applied a mixture of phosgene with a tetchloride tin and arsenic three chloride, and on July 1 - a mixture of a syntile acid with a arsenic three chloride. On July 10, 1917, the Germans on the Western Front was first used diphenyl chloroarsin, causing a strong cough, even through a gas mask, in those years had a bad mesmer filter. Therefore, in the future, for the defeat of the living force of the enemy, diphenyl chloroarsyn began to apply together with phosgene or dithosgen. A new phase of the use of chemical weapons began with the use of a resistant poisoning substance of the skin-disruptive action (B, in Dichlorodiethylsulfide). The German troops applied for the first time under the Belgian city of IPR.
On July 12, 1917, 50,000 shells containing 125 tons in B-dichlorodiethyl sulfide were issued for 4 hours on the positions of allies. The lesions of varying degrees received 2490 people. The French new OV was called "Iprit", at the place of first use, and the British "mustard gas" due to a strong specific smell. British scientists, quickly deciphered his formula, but to establish the production of new OBS only in 1918, because of which it was possible to use Iprit for military purposes, it was possible only in September 1918 (2 months before the truce). And for the period from April 1915 On November 1918, the German troops produced more than 50 gas-ballon attacks, the British 150, the French 20.
The first antihimical masks of the British Army:
A - the military personnel of the Argailshire Saterland Highlander (Gorn-Scottish) Regiment demonstrate the latest means of gas mask protection, obtained on May 3, 1915, - glasses to protect the eyes and a mask from the fabric;
B - showing soldiers of the Indian troops in special flannel hoods, moistened with sodium hyposulphite solution containing glycerin (to prevent its rapid drying) (West E., 2005)
Understanding the risk of chemical weapons in the war was reflected in the decisions of the 1907 Hague Convention, which prohibited poisoning substances as war management means. But at the very beginning of the First World War, the command of the German troops began to prepare hard for the use of chemical weapons. The official date of the beginning of the large-scale use of chemical weapons (it is both weapons of mass lesion) should be considered on April 22, 1915, when the German army in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Little Belgian town of IPR applied against the Anglo-French Ants Gas attack by Chlorom. A huge, weight of 180 tons (of 6,000 cylinders) a poisonous yellow-green cloud of a highly toxic chlorine, reaching the advanced position of the enemy, for a few minutes struck 15 thousand soldiers and officers; Five thousand died immediately after the attack. The remaining alive either died in hospitals, or became for the whole life with disabilities, having received the silicosis of the lungs, severe lesions of the organs of vision and many internal organs. The "stunning" success of chemical weapons in action stimulated its application. In the same 1915, on May 31, on the Eastern Front, the Germans applied against Russian troops an even more highly toxic poisoning substance called "phosgene" (total coal chloride chloride). 9 thousand people died. On May 12, 1917, another battle for IPRA. And again, the German troops are used against the enemy. Chemical weapons are used - this time the combat poisoning substance of the skin - disruptive and general-toxic action is 2.2 - dichlorodiethylsulfide, which received the name "Iprit" after that. The little town became (as a later Hiroshima) symbol of one of the greatest crimes against humanity. The first world war was "tested" and other poisoning substances: DiffoSgen (1915), chlorpicrin (1916), Sinyl Acid (1915). Before the end of the war, a "triumph of life" of poisoning substances (s) are obtained based on the basis of arsenaganic compounds, which have a generally toxic and sharply irritant effect - diphenyl chloroarsyn, diphenyl cyaninsin. Were tested in combat conditions and some other widespread spectrum of action. During the First World War, 125 thousand tons of poisoning substances were used by all warring states, including 47 thousand tons - Germany. Chemical weapons took 800 thousand human lives in this war
Martial poisoning substances
SHORT REVIEW
History of the use of combat poisoning substances
By August 6, 1945, combat poisoning substances (bov) were the most deadly type of weapons on Earth. The name of the Belgian city of the IPR sounded for people also ominous, as he will later come to sound Hiroshima. Chemical weapons caused fear even in those who were born after Great War. No one has doubted that bov, along with aviation and tanks, will become the main means of conducting wars in the future. In many countries, they were preparing for a chemical war - gas-shelter was built, explanatory work with the population, to behave at the gas attack. The arsenals accumulated the reserves of poisoning substances (s), increased capacity for the production of already known images of chemical weapons and actively conducted work on the creation of new, more deadly "poisons".
But ... The fate of such a "promising" means of mass murder of people has developed paradoxically. Chemical weapons, as follows and atomic, was destined to turn from the battle in psychological. And this was several reasons.
The most significant reason is its absolute dependence on meteo conditions. The effectiveness of the use of OE depends, above all, on the nature of the movement of air masses. If too strong wind leads to a rapid dispersion of the OB, thereby reducing its concentration to safe values, then too weak, on the contrary, leads to the stress clouds on one place. Stressing does not allow to cover the desired area, and in the event that the non-stroke can lead to the loss of their affecting properties.
Lack of opportunity to accurately predict the direction of wind at the right moment, predict his behavior, is a significant threat to the one who decided to apply chemical weapons. It is impossible to absolutely determine in which direction, and at what speed will move the cloud of the Ors and whom it will cover.
Vertical movement of air masses - convection and inversion, also strongly affect the use of OB. When convecting the cloud, along with the air heated by the Earth quickly rises above the ground. When climbing the clouds above two meters from the ground level - i.e. Above human growth, the impact of the USE is significantly reduced. During the First World War, during a gas attack to accelerate convection, defending burners before positions of fires.
Inversion leads to the fact that the cloud of the Earth remains. In this case, if the soldiers of the tivnik in the trenches and dugouts, they are most exposed to action. But the cold air that was mixed with OV, leaves the elevated places with free, and the troops on them are safe.
In addition to moving air masses to chemical weapons, air temperature affects (low temperatures dramatically reduce evaporation of s) and precipitation.
Not only dependence on meteorological conditions creates difficulties when using chemical weapons. Production, transportation and warehousing of uninterrupted emissions creates a lot of problems. Making OS and Equipment to them ammunition is very expensive and harmful production. The chemical shell is deadly, and will remain those before disposal, which is also a very big problem. It is extremely difficult to achieve full tightness of chemical ammunition, make them enough safe in circulation and storage. The influence of meteorological conditions leads to the need to wait for favorable circumstances for the use of OV, which means that the troops will be forced to contain extensive warehouses are extremely dangerous in the treatment of ammunition, to allocate significant units to protect them, create special conditions for safety.
In addition to these reasons, there is another, which, if, and did not reduce the effectiveness of the use of OB to zero, it reduced it to a large extent. The means of protection were born hardly from the moment of the first chemical attacks. Simultaneously with the advent of gas masks and means of protection that exclude body contact with the skin-blast (rubber raincoats and overalls) for people, they received their protective devices of the horse - the main and indispensable majority of those years, and even dogs.
Reducing the combat capability of a soldier due to anti-chemical protection tools in 2 - 4 times could not have a significant impact in battle. The means of protection with the use of OI are forced to use soldiers of both parties, and therefore chances are equal. That time in the duel of the funds of the attack and means of protection, the victory was preceded by the last. One successful attack accounted for dozens of unsuccessful. No chemical attack in the first World War I did not bring operational success, and tactical successes were rather modest. More or less successful attacks were carried out against absolutely unprepared and not having a means of protecting the enemy.
Already in the first world war, the opposing parties were very quickly disappointed in the combat qualities of chemical weapons and continued to apply it only because they had no other ways to bring war from a positional dead end
All subsequent cases of the use of bov were either a test character or punitive - against the non-protective and knowledge of the civilian population. The generals, both with the same and the other hand, were well aware of the inexpediency and the futility of application of the NS, but were forced to reckon with politicians and a military-chemical lobby in their countries. Therefore, for a long time, the chemical weapons remained a popular "horror".
It remains that now. An example of Iraq that confirmation. The accusation of Saddam Hussein in the production of OB served as a reason for the beginning of the war, and turned out to be a good argument for the "public opinion" of the United States and its allies.
First experiments.
In the texts of the IV century BC e. An example of using poisonous gases to combat the enemy under the walls of the fortress is given. The defendants were injected into underground movements with the help of fur and terracotta tubes smoke from burning mustard and wormwood seeds. Poisonous gases caused the attacks of choking and even death.
In antique times, attempts have also been made during the fighting. Toxic smokes were used during the Peloponess War of 431-404. BC e. Spartans were placed resin and sulfur in the logs, which were then lined up under the city walls and set fire.
Later, with the advent of gunpowders, they tried to use bombs stuffed with a mixture from poisons, powder and resin on the battlefield. They released from the catapult, they exploded from burning phytyl (the preponderance of the modern remote explosharge). Flipping, bombs emitted poisonous smoke clubs over enemy troops - poisonous gases caused bleeding from the nasopharynx when using arsenic, irritation on the skin, blisters.
In medieval China, a bomb made of cardboard, stupid gray and lime. During sea battle In 1161, these bombs falling into the water were exploded with a deafening roar, spreading to the poisonous smoke in the air. Smoke formed from the contact of water with lime and sulfur caused the same consequences as modern tear gas.
As components when creating mixtures for equipment, bombs were used: Highlander hooked, Crotone oil, soap-tree pods (for smoke formation), sulfide and arsenic oxide, aconite, tung oil, Skan's fleets.
At the beginning of the XVI century, Brazilians tried to fight conquisites, applying a poisonous smoke against them from the burning of red peppers. This method was subsequently repeatedly applied during the uprisings in Latin America.
In the Middle Ages and later chemicals continued to attract attention to solving military tasks. So, in 1456 the city of Belgrade was protected from the Turks using the impact on the attackers of a poisonous cloud. This cloud arose during the combustion of the toxic powder, which residents of the city were covered in rats, set fire to them and released towards the precipitated.
A whole range of preparations, including containing arsenic compounds and saliva of mad dogs, was described by Leonardo da Vinci.
In 1855, during the Crimean campaign, the English Admiral Lord Dandonald was developed by the idea of \u200b\u200bcombating an opponent by applying a gas attack. In his memorandum of August 7, 1855, Dandonald proposed the English government project to take Sevastopol with sulfur vapor. The Memorandum of Lord Dandonald, together with explanatory notes, was transferred by the British government of that time to the Committee, in which Lord Playfar played the main role. The Committee, having read all the details of the Lord Dandonald project, expressed the opinion that the project is quite feasible, and the results promised them will undoubtedly be achieved - but by themselves these results are so terrible that no honest enemy should take advantage of this way. Therefore, the Committee ruled that the project cannot be accepted, and the note by Lord Dandonald must be destroyed.
The project proposed by Dandonald was not rejected at all because "no honest enemy should take advantage of this way." From the correspondence between Lord Palmerston, the head of the English government at the time of the war with Russia, and Lord Panamy, it follows that the success of the method proposed by Dandonald, initiated the strongest doubts, and Lord Palmerston, together with Lord Panamyur, were afraid to get into a ridiculous position in case of failure of experience authorized by them.
If you take into account the level of the soldier of that time, it is not doubtted that the failure of the experience to smoke Russians from their fortifications with sulfur smoke would not only laugh and raised the spirit of Russian soldiers, but even more discredited the English command in the eyes of the Allied Forces (French , Turk and Sardinsev).
The negative attitude towards the families and the underestimation of this type of weapons by the military (or rather, the lack of need for new, more deadly weapons) wasged the use of chemicals for military purposes, until the middle of the XIX century.
The first tests of chemical weapons in Russia were held at the end of the 50s. XIX century on a wolf field. The shells stranged by cyanida asked, were undermined in open cuts where 12 cats were located. All cats remained alive. The report of the General Adjutant Baranzueva, in which the improper conclusions were made about the low efficiency of the OE, led to a deplorable result. Works on the testing of shells styled by the OV, were discontinued and resumed only in 1915.
Cases of application OB during World War II are the first recorded violations of the Hague Declaration of 1899 and 1907. The declarations were forbidden to "use shells that have the only purpose to distribute suffocating or malicious gases." France agreed with the Hague Declaration of 1899, as well as Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan. The parties agreed to the non-use of suffocating and poisonous gases for military purposes. The United States refused to support the decision of the Hague Conference of 1899. In 1907, the United Kingdom joined the Declaration and adopted her obligations.
The initiative in the use of bov on a wide scale belongs to Germany. Already in the September battles of 1914, on Marne and on the River, both fighting parties felt great difficulties in supplying their armies with projectiles. With the transition in October-November, there was no hope left for the positional war, especially for Germany, to master the enemy's ecopes with the help of ordinary artillery shells. Unlike them, they have the property of the defeat of a living opponent in places that are not affordable to the action of the most powerful shells. And Germany first stood on the way of use of bov, possessing the most developed chemical industry.
Referring to the exact formulation of the declaration, Germany and France in 1914, not deadly "tear" gases, and it should be noted, the French army did it first, applied in August 1914 grenades with xilylbromide.
Immediately after the announcement of the war, Germany began to produce experiments (in the Physico-Chemical Institute and the Kaiser Wilhelma Institute) with Oxide and with phosgen in order to use them in militarily.
In Berlin, a military gas school was opened, in which numerous depots of materials were concentrated. There was also a special inspection. In addition, a special Chemical Inspectorate of A-10 was formed at the Military Ministries, which specially engaged in the chemical war.
The end of 1914 laid the beginning of research activities in Germany for the survey of bov, mainly for artillery ammunition. These were the first attempts to equip bov shells. The first experiments on the use of bov in the form of the so-called "projectile N2" (105-mm shrapnel with the replacement of bullery equipment with chlorosulfate dialinisidine) were produced by the Germans in October 1914.
On October 27, 3,000 such shells were applied on the Western Front in the attack on Neshe Chapel. Although the annoying effect of the shells turned out to be small, but, according to German data, their use facilitated the taking of non-chapels. At the end of January 1915, the Germans in the area of \u200b\u200bBolimov were used in the shelling of Russian positions 15-cm artillery grenades ("T" grenades) with a strong brisk action and an irritant chemical (xilibromide). The result was more than modest - due to low temperatures and not enough massive fire. In March, the French for the first time applied chemical 26-mm rifle grenades equipped with ethyl bromacetone, and human-like handicraft grenades. Both those and others without any noticeable results.
In April of the same year, Newor in Flanders, the Germans first experienced the action of their "t" grenades containing a mixture of benzyl bromide and xylila, as well as brominated ketones. German propaganda stated that such shells are not more dangerous than explosives (explosives) based on picric acid. Picric acid - another of its name Melinitis - was not bov. It was explosive, with a bombing of which suffocating gases were distinguished. Cases of death of the soldiers who were in the shelters were in the shelter after the explosion styled by Melinite of the projectile were noted.
But at this time the crisis has come in the production of such shells and they were removed from weapons, and in addition, the highest command doubted the possibility of obtaining a mass effect in the manufacture of chemical shells. Then Professor Fritz Habers offered to apply the OB in the form of a gas cloud.
Fritz Herber
Fritz Haber (Fritz Haber, 1868-1934). It was awarded in 1918. The title of the Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry for synthesis in 1908 of liquid ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen on an osmium catalyst. During the war, he led the chemical service of German troops. After the arrival of the Nazis to power, it turned out to be forced to go in 1933 from the post of Director of the Berlin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (took it in 1911) and emigrate - first in England, and then to Switzerland. He died in Basel on January 29, 1934.
The first use of bov
The center of production of bov became Leverkusen, where it was produced a large number of Materials, and where in 1915 were transferred to military chemical school from Berlin - she had 1,500 people of technical and team personnel and several thousand workers employed in production. In her laboratory, a non-stop 300 chemists worked in Gyushta. OS orders were distributed between different plants.
The first attempts to use bov were carried out in such a minor scale and with such a minor effect that there were no measures on the anti-chemical protection of the Allies.
On April 22, 1915, Germany held a massive chlorine attack on the Western Front in Belgium at the city of IPR, releasing at 17 hours from its positions between Bikshut and Langmearc chlorine from 5,730 cylinders.
The world's first gas-ballon attack was very carefully preparing. Initially, a section of the front of the building was chosen for her, which occupied the position against the south-western part of the IPRs. Installing gas cylinders in the front sector of the XV case was completed in mid-February. The sector was then somewhat increased in width, so by March 10, the entire front of the XV body was prepared for a gas attack. But the dependence of the new weapons from meteo conditions affected. The attack time was constantly postponed, since they did not blow the necessary southern and south-west winds. Due to the forced delay, cylinders with chlorine, although surpassed, received damage from the random hitting of artillery shells
On March 25, the Commander of the 4th Army decided to transfer preparations for the gas attack on the ledge of the IPR, choosing a new sector in the location of 46 cut. Division and XXVI cut. Cases - Pelkappel-Steenstrate. At the 6-km section of the front of the attacks were installed gas-filled batteries, 20 cylinders each, for filling which it took 180 tons of chlorine. Total prepared 6,000 cylinders, of which half amounted to the requisite cylinders of the commercial sample. In addition to them, 24,000 new half-volume cylinders were prepared. The installation of cylinders finished on April 11, but I had to wait for a favorable wind.
Gas attack lasted 5-8 minutes. 30% were used from the total amount of harvested cylinders with chlorine, which was from 168 to 180 tons of chlorine. The action on the flanks was reinforced by fire with chemical shells.
The result of the battle at IPR, which began a gas-filled attack on April 22 and lasts until mid-May, was a consistent cleansing by the allies of a significant part of the territory of the IPR. Allies suffered significant losses - 15 thousand soldiers received defeats, of which 5 thousand were killed.
The newspapers of that time so wrote about the action of chlorine on the human body: "Filling the lungs by a water-mystery of the liquid, which gradually fills all the lungs, due to this, suffocation occurs, due to which people died within 1 or 2 days." Those who "lucky enough to survive, from the brave soldiers who were waiting for the house with the victory turned into blind crips with the burned lungs.
But only such tactical achievements are the success of the Germans and limited himself. This is explained by the uncertainty of command as a result of the impact of chemical weapons that did not predict the offensive any significant reserves. The first echelon of the German infantry, carefully, at a significant distance, moving behind the Chlorine's cloud, was late for the development of success, thereby allowing the British reserves to close the resulting breach.
In addition to the above reason, his restraining role played both the lack of reliable protective equipment and the chemical training of the army in general and specially trained personnel in particular. Chemical war is impossible without protective funds from their troops. However, at the beginning of 1915, the German army had a primitive protection against gases in the form of pillows from caves impregnated with hyposulphite solution. The prisoners captured by the British for several days after the next day, confirmed that they did not have any masks, nor any other protective devices, and that the gas caused sharp pain their eyes. They also argued that the troops were afraid to move out of fear to suffer from poor action of gas masks.
This gas attack became a complete surprise for allied troops, but already on September 25, 1915, the British troops conducted their trial chlorine attack.
In the future, in gas-filled attacks, both chlorine and chlorine mixtures with phosgene were used. The mixtures usually contained 25% phosgene, but sometimes in the summer, the fraction of phosgene reached 75%.
For the first time, a mixture of phosgene with chlorine was applied on May 31, 1915 at the Will Shidlovskaya near Bolimov (Poland) against Russian troops. There were 4 gas battalions, minted after Ipra in 2 shelf. A part of the 2nd Russian army was chosen to the object for the gas attack, which was blocked in December 1914 by Warsaw of the 9th Army of General Makenzen. In the period on May 17-21, the Germans installed gas batteries in advanced trenches for 12 km, each, out of 10-12 filled with liquefied chlorine cylinders - only 12 thousand cylinders (cylinder height 1 m, diameter 15 cm). On the 240-meter front of the front accounted for up to 10 such batteries. However, after the end of the deployment of gas batteries, the Germans were forced for 10 days to survive favorable meteorological conditions. This time was spent on clarifying the soldiers of the upcoming operation - it was suggested that the fire of Russian would be completely paralyzed by gases and that the gas itself is not fatal, but only causes a temporary loss of consciousness. Propaganda among the soldiers of the new "miracle weapons" did not have success. The reason was that many did not believe it and even negatively belonged to the very fact of gases.
In the Russian army there were information about the preparation of gas attack, but they were left without attention and were not brought to troops. Meanwhile, the command of the VI of the Siberian Corps and the 55 infantry division, which was defended by a gas-plane attack, knew about the results of the attack at Ipra and even ordered gas masks in Moscow. Ironically, the gas masks were delivered on May 31 in the evening, after the attack.
On that day, at 3 o'clock 20 minutes, after the short art preparation, the Germans were released 264 tons of phosgene's mixture with chlorine. Having taking a cloud of gas for masking attack, the Russian troops strengthened the advanced trenches, and pulled the reserves. Complete surprise and unpreparedness from the Russian troops led to the fact that the soldiers showed more surprise and curiosity to the emergence of the gas clouds, rather than anxiety.
Soon the trenches that presented the labyrinth of solid lines here were filled with dead and dying. The losses from the gas-ballon attack amounted to 9.146 people, of which 1,183 dead from gases.
Despite this, the result of the attack was very modest. After conducting a huge preparatory work (the installation of cylinders on the front section of 12 km long), the German command has achieved only tactical success, which was putting into the russian troops of losses - 75% in the 1st defensive strip. As well as under Iprom, the Germans did not provide the development of the attack before the size of the operational scale breakage by the concentration of powerful reserves. The offensive was stopped by the resistance of the Russian troops who had time to close the breakthrough began to form. Apparently, the German army still continued to produce experiences in the field of gas-balloon attacks.
On September 25, a German gas-ballon attack was followed in the Ikskül area on the Dvina River, and on September 24, the same attack south of Baranovichi station. In December, the Russian troops underwent a gas-filled attack on the North Front in the Riga area. From April 1915 to November 1918, the German troops produced more than 50 gas-ballon attacks, the British - 150, the French - 20. Since 1917, gas meters (a variety of mortars) began to be used by the warring countries.
For the first time they were applied by the British in 1917. Gazeta consisted of steel pipe, tightly closed from a state-owned part, and steel plate (pallet) used as a base. Gazeta came into the ground almost the darium, while the axis of the channel was an angle of 45 degrees with a horizon. The gas meters were charged with conventional gas cylinders that had headfleers. The weight of the balloon was about 60 kg. The cylinder contained from 9 to 28 kg of OV, mainly choking action - phosgene, liquid dithosgen and chlorpicrine. The shot was made with the help of electroudshot. The gas meters were combined with electric wires in batteries of 100 pieces. The volley of the entire battery was produced simultaneously. The most effective was considered to use from 1,000 to 2,000 gasomets.
The first English gas meters had firing range 1-2 km. The German army adopted 180-mm gas meters and 160 mm rifle gas routes with a range of shooting to 1.6 and 3 km, respectively.
German gas meters caused the "miracle of kaorpetto." The massive use of the Gasomets of the Kraus group, coming in the Valley of the Isaonea River, led to a rapid breakthrough of the Italian front. The Kraus group consisted of selected Austro-Hungarian divisions prepared for the war in the mountains. Since they had to act on the highlands, the command allocated to support divisions with respect to less artillery than the rest of the Group. But they had 1,000 gasomets with whom the Italians were not familiar.
The surrounding effect was also greatly aggravated by the use of OB, which until then very rarely enjoyed on the Austrian Front.
In the hollow, a chemical attack had a lightning effect: only in one of the ravines, southwest of the town of Plepszo, counted about 600 corpses without gas masks.
In the period from December 1917 to May 1918, the German troops produced 16 attacks on the British with the use of gasomets. However, their result, due to the development of anti-chemical protection tools, was no longer so significant.
The combination of the action of gasomets with artillery fire has increased the effectiveness of gas attacks. Initially, the use of artillery OH was small. Big difficulties represented gear of artillery shells. For a long time, it was not possible to achieve uniform filling of ammunition, which influenced their ballistics and shooting accuracy. The weight of the mass in the cylinders was 50%, and in the projectiles - only 10%. The improvement of guns and chemical ammunition by 1916 has increased the range and accuracy of artillery fire. From mid-1916, the warring parties began to widely use artillery funds. This made it possible to drastically reduce the timing of the preparation of the chemical attack, made it less dependent on meteorological conditions and made it possible to apply the s in any aggregate states: in the form of gases, liquids, solids. In addition, there was an opportunity to strive the rear of the enemy.
Thus, on June 22, 1916, under the verte, the German artillery has released 125 thousand shells from 100 thousand liters of strokes.
On May 15, 1916, the French during the artillery shelling applied a mixture of phosgene with a tetchloride tin and arsenic three chloride, and on July 1 - a mixture of a syntile acid with a arsenic three chloride.
On July 10, 1917, the Germans on the Western Front were first used diphenyl chloroarsin, causing a strong cough, even through a gas mask, in those years had a bad mesmer filter. Submitted to the new OH turned out to be forced to reset the gas mask. Therefore, in the future, for the defeat of the alive force of the enemy, diphenyl chloroarsin began to apply along with chosen-phosgen or dithosgen. In the shells were placed, for example, a solution of diphenyl chloroarsin in a mixture of phosgene with dithosgen (at a ratio of 10:60:30).
The new phase of the use of chemical weapons began with the use of resistant stem-disruptive effects B, B "-Dichlordethylsulfide (here" B "- the Greek letter beta), first tested by German troops near the Belgian city of IPR. July 12, 1917 for 4 hours The positions of the Allies were issued 60 thousand shells containing 125 tons in, in "Dichlorodiethyl sulfide. The lesions of varying degrees received 2,490 people. The offensive of the Anglo-French troops on this front site was broken and could resume only three weeks later.
Impact on human skin-blast.
The French new OV was called "Iprit", at the place of first use, and the British - "mustard gas" due to a strong specific smell. British scientists quickly deciphered his formula, but to establish the production of new o'clock only in 1918, because of which the use of IPRITs for military purposes was only possible in September 1918 (2 months before the truce). In total, for 1917-1918. 12 thousand tons of Iprit were applied to the opposing parties, which were defeated about 400 thousand people.
Chemical weapons in Russia.
In the Russian army, the Supreme Command referred to the use of OB is negative. However, under the impression of a gas attack produced by the Germans in the area of \u200b\u200bIpra, as well as in May on the Eastern Front, it was forced to change their views.
On August 3, 1915, an order for education appeared at the main artillery management (GAU) of the Special Commission "on the preparation of strokes". As a result of the work of the GAU commission in Russia, the production of liquid chlorine was established primarily, which before the war was brought from abroad.
In August 1915, chlorine was performed for the first time. In October of the same year, the production of phosgene began. From October 1915, special chemical commands began to be formed in Russia to perform gas-ballon attacks.
In April 1916, the Chemical Committee was formed at the GAU, which included the Commission on the "Procurement of chopping funds". Thanks to the vigorous actions of the Chemical Committee in Russia, an extensive network of chemical plants was created (about 200). Including a number of plants for the manufacture of s.
The new plants of the oh were put into the course of the spring of 1916. The number of manufactured ov reached 3,180 tons (in October, about 345 tons were produced), and the program of 1917 was planned to bring the monthly performance to 600 tons in January and to 1,300 tons in May.
The first gas-ballon attack Russian troops produced on September 6, 1916 at 3 hours 30 minutes. In the area of \u200b\u200bSmorgon. At the front site with a length of 1.100 m, 1,700 small and 500 large cylinders were installed. The amount of oh was calculated on a 40-minute attack. Total released 13 tons of chlorine out of 977 small and 65 large cylinders. Particular effects of chlorine vapor due to changes in the direction of the wind and Russian positions were also underwent. In addition, several cylinders turned out to be broken down by response artillery fire.
October 25 north of Baranovichi in the area of \u200b\u200bSkbobov was made another gas-ballon attack by Russian troops. Damage to cylinders and hoses, allowed when preparing an attack, led to significant losses - only 115 people had to die. All poisoned were without masks. By the end of 1916, the trend was revealed to transfer the center of gravity of the chemical struggle against gas-ballon attacks on chemical shells.
Russia has become on the way of use in artillery chemical shells since 1916, producing 76-mm chemical grenades of two types: chloropic chloropic chlorine with sulfuril chloride, and general-oxinity - phosgene with chlorine tin (or vesinite consisting of sytic acid, chloroform , chlorine arsenic and tin). The latter caused the defeat of the body and in severe cases led to death.
By the fall of 1916, the demands of the army on the chemical 76-mm projectiles were fully satisfied: the army received 15,000 shells every month, (the ratio of poisonous and suffocating shells was 1: 4). The supply of the Russian army by chemical shells of large caliber was hampered by the lack of shell buildings, which were fully intended for equipment equipment. Russian artillery has become chemical mines for mortars in spring 1917.
As for the gasomets, with the success of the chemical attack in French and Italian fronts from the beginning of 1917, Russia, who came out in the same year, did not have gas meters. In a mortar artillery school, formed in September 1917, it was only assumed to begin experiences on the use of gasomets.
Russian artillery was not so rich in chemical shells to apply a mass shooting, as was the allies and opponents of Russia. It used 76 mm chemical grenades almost exclusively in the situation of the positional war, as an auxiliary means along with the shooting of ordinary shells. In addition to the shelling of enemy trenches immediately before attack, the shooting of chemical shells was used with a special success for the temporary cease-fire of enemy batteries, trench guns and machine guns, to facilitate its gas-ballon attack - by shelling those goals that did not capture the gas wave. Shells, stuffed with ends applied against the enemy's troops accumulated in the forest or in another shelter, its observation and command points, covered messages.
At the end of 1916, GAU was sent to the active army of 9,500 hand-held glass grenades with stroke fluids for combat test, and in the spring of 1917 - 100,000 hand-held chemical grenades. Those and other hand grenades rushed at 20 - 30 m and were useful in defense and especially during the retreat to prevent the persecution of the enemy.
During the Brusilovian breakthrough of May-June 1916, some front stocks of German OR - shells and tanks with yprit and phosgene got as trophies of the Russian army. Although Russian troops were subjected to German gas attacks several times, but these weapons themselves were rarely used - whether the chemical ammunition from the allies was too late, or due to the lack of specialists. Yes, and any concept of applying the Russian military at that time was not.
During World War I, chemicals were used in huge quantities. In total, 180 thousand tons of chemical ammunition of various types were produced, of which 125 thousand tons were applied on the battlefield, including 47 thousand tons - Germany. A combat check has passed over 40 types of s. Among them are 4 skin-disruptive, suffering and at least 27 irritants. Common losses from chemical weapons are estimated at 1.3 million people. Of these, up to 100 thousand - with fatal. At the end of the war, a chloroacetophenone is included in the list of potentially promising and already approved OS, and A-Luzit (2-chlorvinyldihylorarsin). Luzit immediately attracted close attention as one of the most promising bov. Its industrial production began in the USA even before the end of World War. Our country has begun production and accumulation of leisitation reserves in the first years after the USSR education.
All arsenals with the chemical weapons of the old Russian army at the beginning of 1918 were in the hands of a new government. During the Civil War, chemical weapons were used in small volumes of the White Army and British Occupation Forces in 1919. The Red Army used OB when suppressing peasant uprisings. Probably, for the first time, the Soviet government tried to apply OS when suppressing an uprising in Yaroslavl in 1918
In March 1919, the next uprising was hampered on the top don. On March 18, the artillery of the Caumur Regiment fired the rebels by chemical shells (most likely with phosgen).
The massive application of the chemical weapon of the Red Army dates back to 1921, then under the command of Tukhachevsky in the Tambov province, a large-scale punitive operation was launched against the rebel army of Antonov. In addition to punitive shares - shot hostages, creating concentration camps, burning whole villages, chemical weapons (artillery shells and gas cylinders) used in large numbers). You can definitely talk about the use of chlorine and phosgene, but perhaps the Iprit.
June 12, 1921 Tukhachevsky signed an order for the number 0116, which reads:
For immediate cleaning of forests I order:
1. Forests where bandits are hidden, clear to poisonous gases, to accurately expect the cloud of suffocable gases to spread completely throughout the forest, destroying everything was hiding in it.
2. Inspector of artillery immediately submit a need for places the number of cylinders with poisonous gases and the necessary specialists.
3. Heads of combat sites persistently and vigorously implement this order.
4. On the accepted measures to convey.
Technical training was carried out for the implementation of the gas attack. On June 24, the head of the Operational Department of the headquarters of Tukhachevsky's troops handed over the head of the 6th battle area (the village of Inzhavino in the Voron River Valley) A. V. Pavlov order the order of the commander "Check the skill of a chemical company to act crushed gases." At the same time, the artillery inspector of the Tambov army S. Kasinov reported Tukhachevsky: "Regarding the use of gases in Moscow, I found out the following: Dan in charge of 2,000 chemical shells, and on these days they must arrive in Tambov. Distribution by plots: 1-MU, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th to 200, 6-MU - 100. "
On July 1, the gas engineer Puskov reported on the inspection of gas cylinders delivered to the Tambov artillery warehouse and gas property: "... Cylinders with chlorine brand E 56 are in good condition, there are no gas leaks, there are spare caps to the cylinders. Technical supplies, somehow: keys, hoses, lead tubes, washers and other inventories - in good condition, in a supercontrary number ... "
The troops were instructed, how to apply chemical ammunition, but there was a serious problem - the personnel of the batteries was not provided with gas masks. Due to the delays caused by this, the first gas attack was produced only on July 13. On this day, the Artillery Division of the Brigade of the Savolzhsky Military District spent 47 chemical shells.
On August 2, the Battery of Belgorod Artillery courses released on the island on the lake near the village of Cipele 59 chemical shells.
By the time of the operation using the USE in Tambov forests, the uprising was actually suppressed and there was no need for such a cruel punitive action. It seems that it was conducted in order to study the troops of the chemical war. Tukhachevsky considered a very promising means in the future war.
In his military-theoretical work, "new issues of war" he noted:
The rapid development of chemical means of struggle allows you to suddenly apply all new and new funds against which old gas masks and other anti-chemical funds are invalid. And at the same time, these new chemicals at all or almost do not require alteration or recalculation of the material part.
The new inventions in the field of equipment may be immediately applied to the battlefield and as a means of struggle can be the most sudden and demoralizing opponent in the innovation. Aviation is the highest spraying agent. Wide will be used with tanks and artillery.
The own production of chemical weapons in Soviet Russia was tried to establish since 1922 with the help of the Germans. Bypassing Versailles Agreements on May 14, 1923, the Soviet and German side sign an agreement on the construction of a plant for the production of OB. Technological assistance in the construction of this plant provided Concern Stolzerberg in the framework of the joint joint-stock company Bersol. Production decided to deploy to Ivashchenko (later Chapaevsk). But for three years I didn't really make anything - the Germans were clearly not burned by the desire to share technology and pulled the time.
Industrial production of OS (IPRIT) was first established in Moscow at the Aniltress Experimental Plant. From August 30 to September 3, 1924, the Moscow Experimental Plant of AnilTesta, and August 30, issued the first industrial batch of Iprit - 18 pounds (288 kg). And in October of the same year, the first thousand chemical shells have already been equipped with domestic yprit. Later, on the basis of this production, a research institute was created for the development of OV with an experienced factory.
One of the main centers for the production of chemical weapons from the mid-1920-g. The chemical plant becomes in the city of Chapaevsk, which produced BOV until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Studies in the field of improving the chemical attack and protection funds in our country were held in open on July 18, 1928. "Institute of Chemical Defense. Osoaviahima. The head of the Institute of Chemical Defense was appointed head of the military-chemical department of the RKKKA Y.M. Fishman, and his deputy on science - N.P. Queen. In the Role consultants at the laboratories of the Institute, academician N.D. Zelinsky, T.V. Flap, Professor N.A. Shilov, A.N. Ginzburg
Jacob Moiseevich Fishman. (1887-1961). Since August 1925, the head of the Military Chemical Council of the Red Army, part-time Head of the Institute of Chemical Defense (from March 1928). In 1935, the title of corpus engineer was awarded. Doctor of Chemical Sciences since 1936. Arrested on June 5, 1937. Convicted on May 29, 1940 at 10 years old. He died on July 16, 1961 in Moscow
The result of the work of the departments engaged in the development of individual and collective protection against OV, was the adoption of the Red Army for the period from 1928 to 1941. 18 new samples of protective equipment.
In 1930, for the first time in the USSR, the head of the 2nd department of collective anti-chemical protection funds S.V. Korotkov was drawn up a process of tank sealing and hardware equipment (filter installation). In 1934-1935 Successfully implemented two projects on the anti-chemical equipment of mobile facilities - the FMU was equipped with a sanitary machine based on the Ford-Aa car and the salon car. In the "Institute of Chemical Defense", there was an intensive work on finding the regimes of the degassing of uniforms, machine methods of treatment of weapons were developed and military equipment. In 1928, the Synthesis and Analysis Department was formed, on the basis of which the departments of radiation, chemical and biological intelligence were created.
Thanks to the activities of the Institute of Chemical Defense. Osoaviahima, ", renamed the Nihi of the Red Army, to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, troops were equipped with anti-chemical protection by means of antihimical protection and had clear instructions for their combat use.
By the mid-1930s. The concept of the use of chemical weapons during the war has been formed in the RKKU. The theory of the Chemical War was worked out on the numerous teachings of the mid-30-g.
The basis of the Soviet chemical doctrine lay the concept of "response chemical strike". The exceptional orientation of the USSR on a response chemical shot was fixed as in international treaties (The 1925 Geneva Agreement of the USSR ratified in 1928) and in the "System of Chemical Arms of the Red Army". In peacetime, the production of ES was carried out only for testing and combat training of troops. Military reserves were not created in peacetime, because of which almost all capacities for the production of bov were conserved and demanded a long period of deployment of production.
We had enough to start the Great Patriotic War Events were enough for 1-2 days of active hostilities of aviation and chemical troops (for example, during the duration of mobilization and strategic deployment), then should be expected to deploy the production of OB and their delivery to the troops.
During the 1930s. The production of bov and gear of ammunition was deployed in Perm, Berezniki (Perm region), Bobrik (later Stalinogorsk), Dzerzhinsk, Kineshme, Stalingrad, Kemerovo, Schelkov, Voskresensk, Chelyabinsk.
For 1940-1945 More than 120 thousand tons were made, including 77.4 thousand tons of Iprit, 20.6 thousand tons of lisitis, 11.1 thousand tons of sinyl acid, 8.3 thousand tons of phosgene and 6.1 thousand tons of adamsita.
With the end of the Second World War, the threat to the use of BOV did not disappear and the USSR studies continued to continue until the final prohibition of the production of OB and their means of delivery in 1987
On the eve of the conclusion of the Convention on Chemical Weapons, in 1990-1992, 40 thousand tons were presented to control and destroy our country.
Between two wars.
After the first world and until the Second World War, public opinion in Europe was configured against the use of chemical weapons, but among the industrialists of Europe, which ensured the defense capability of their countries, prevained the view that chemical weapons should be an indispensable attribute of warfare.
At the same time, the efforts of the League of Nations at the same time were held a number of conferences and rallies, promoting the prohibition of the use of OS for military purposes and telling about the consequences of this. The International Committee of the Red Cross supported those held in the 1920s. Conferences who condemned the use of chemical means of warfare.
In 1921, the Washington Conference was convened to limit arms, at which chemical weapons became the subject of discussion of a specially created subcommittee. The Subcommittee has information on the use of chemical weapons during the First World War and intended to offer a prohibition of the use of chemical weapons.
He ruled: "The use of chemical weapons against the enemy on Earth and water can not be allowed.
The contract was ratified by the majority of countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom. In Geneva, on June 17, 1925, the Protocol on the prohibition of applications in the war of suffilly, toxic and other similar gases and bacteriological means was signed. This document has further ratified more than 100 states.
However, at the same time, the United States began to expand the Edgewood Arsenal. In the UK, many perceived the possibility of using chemical weapons as a faithful fact, fearing to be in a disadvantageous situation, similar to the one that has developed in 1915.
The consequence of this was further work on chemical weapons using the propaganda of the application of OB. To the old, tested in the first world war, the uses of applications were added new - tight aviation devices (WAP), chemical aviation bombs (AB) and combat chemical machines (BCM) based on trucks and tanks.
Vap was intended to defeat the live strength, infection of the terrain and objects on it with aerosols or drip-liquid s. With their help, there was a quick creation of aerosols, droplets and vapors on a large area, which made it possible to achieve massive and sudden use of OB. For Equipment, VAP used various Iprit-based formulations, such as a mixture of iprite with louction, viscous IPRIT, as well as diphosgen and sinyl acid.
The advantage of the VAP was the low cost of their use, as it was used only eq without additional sheath and equipment. The WAP refill was made immediately before the flight of the aircraft. The disadvantage of the use of VAP was fastening only on the outer suspension of the aircraft, and the need to return with them after the task is to fulfill, which reduced the maneuverability and the speed of the aircraft, increasing the likelihood of its defeat
There were several types of chemicals. The first type includes ammunition, equipped with annoying s (irritatants). The fragantic chemical AB has been equipped with ordinary centuries with the addition of adamsita. Smoking AB, similar in its action with flue checkers, was equipped with a mixture of powder with adamsite or chloroacetophenone.
The use of irritants forced the living force of the enemy to use the means of protection, and under favorable conditions allowed to temporarily bring it out of order.
To another type, there was AB caliber from 25 to 500 kg, equipped with persistent and unstable oral formulations - Iprit (Winter Iprit, a mixture of iprite with louction), phosgene, dithosgen, blue acid. For the undermined, both a conventional contact fuse and a remote tube, which ensures an ammunition at a given height is used.
Under the equipment of AB Iprit, the undermining at a given height ensured the dispersion of the bones on the area of \u200b\u200b2-3 hectares. The discrete of the AB with dithosgen and blue acid created a cloud of vapors, spread over the wind and creating a deadly concentration zone with a depth of 100-200 m. Especially effective was the use of such ABS against the enemy, which is in the trenches, dugouts and armored vehicles with hatch cards, as it strengthened action s.
Bhm was intended to infect the terrain of terrible s, degassing the area with a liquid degasser and setting the smoke curtain. Tanks with a capacity from 300 to 800 liters were installed on tanks or trucks, which allowed when using bhm based on a tank to create a bandwidth to 25 m wide
German medium car for chemical contamination. The drawing is made on materials of the training manual "Tools of chemical weapons of fascist Germany" the fortieth year of publication. Fragment from the album of the chief of the Chemical Service of the Division (forties) - the means of chemical weapons of fascist Germany.
Combat chemical a car BCM-1 on gas aaa for infection locality OV
Chemical weapons in large quantities was used in "local conflicts" of 1920-1930-г.: Spain in Morocco in 1925, Italy in Ethiopia (Abyssini) in 1935-1936, Japanese troops against Chinese soldiers and civilians from 1937 to 1943
The study of OB in Japan began with the help of Germany, from 1923, and by the beginning of the 30s The production of the most effective OS in the Arsenals Tadonuimi and Sagani was organized. Approximately 25% of the artillery and 30% aviation ammunition of the Japanese army were in chemical gear.
Type 94 "Canda" - a car for Spraying of poisoning substances.
In the Kwantung Army "Manchurian Detachment 100", in addition to the creation of bacteriological weapons, it was necessary to work on the study and production of chemicals (6th separation "detachment"). The infamous "detachment of 731" conducted joint experiments with a chemical "detachment 531", using the degree of people's contamination as a living indicators.
In 1937 - 12 August in battles for the city of Nankou and August 22 in battles for railway Beijing-Suiuan Japanese army applied shells styled by b. The Japanese and later were widely used on the territory of China and Manchuria. The losses of the Chinese troops from oh were 10% of the total.
Italy used chemical weapons in Ethiopia, where almost all the fighting of Italian parts was supported by a chemical attack with aviation and artillery. Hyprint was used with great efficacy, despite the fact that they joined the Geneva Protocol in 1925, 415 tons of skin-disruptive effects were directed to Ethiopia and 263 tons of chopping substances. In addition to chemicals used VAP.
In the period from December 1935 to April 1936, Italian aircraft made 19 large-scale chemical raids on the cities and settlements of Abyssinia, having consumed 15 thousand chemicals. OEs were used for the design of Ethiopian troops - aviation created chemical barriers in essential mountain passes and on crossings. The widespread use of OZ was found under air strikes both in the upcoming troops of the Negus (during the suicide offensive at May-Chio and Oz. Ashhangi) and when pursuing retreating Abyssins. E. Tatarchenko in his book "Air Force in Italian Abyssinian War" states: "It is unlikely that the progress of aviation would be so great, limit it only by machine-gun shelling and bombardment. In this persecution from the air, undoubtedly, a crucial role was played by merciless use by Italians. " Of the total losses of the Ethiopian army, 750 thousand people approximately the third part fell on the loss of chemical weapons. The large number of civilians also suffered.
In addition to large material losses, the consequence of the use of OB has become a "strong, decomposing moral impression." Tatarchenko writes: "The mass was unknown, as there are praises, why so mysteriously, nor with this, suddenly terrible torments begin and death occurs. In addition, during the Abyssinian armies there were many mules, donkeys, camels, horses, which died in a large number, sowing infected herbs, thereby even more enhanced depressed, hopeless mood of the mass of soldiers and officers. Many people had their own fabric animals. "
After conquering Abyssinia, the Italian occupation forces were repeatedly forced to carry out punitive shares against partisan detachments and their supporting population. With these repression, they were grounded.
Specialists of the concern "IG" helped Farbenindusty. To the concern "I.G. Farben ", created for full domination in the markets of dyes and organic chemistry, combined the six largest chemical companies in Germany. The British and American industrialists saw in the concern an empire, such a croup empire, considering it a serious threat and made efforts to dismember it after World War II.
The indisputable fact is the superiority of Germany in the production of OV - the established production of neuro-paralytic gases in Germany was a complete surprise for allied troops in 1945
In Germany, immediately after the arrival of the fascists by order of Hitler, work was resumed in the field of military chemistry. Since 1934, in accordance with the plan of the Supreme Command of the Ground Forces, these works have acquired a targeted offensive nature that meets the aggressive policy of the Hitler's leadership.
First of all, the newly created or modernized enterprises began the production of well-known OS, which showed the greatest combat efficiency during the First World War, based on the creation of their reserve for 5 months of the chemical war.
The Supreme Command of the Fascist Army was considered sufficient to have about 27 thousand tons of type of Iprit and tactical recipes based on it: phosgen, adamcite, diphenyl chloroarsin and chloroacetophenone.
At the same time, there were intensive work on the search for new OS among various classes of chemical compounds. These works in the field of skin-disruptive action were marked by obtaining in 1935 - 1936. "Azotist Ypritov" (N-LOST) and "Oxygen Iprit" (O-Lost).
In the main research laboratory of the concern "I.G. Farbenindusty "In Leverkusen, high toxicity of some fluorine and phosphorus-containing compounds was revealed, a number of which were subsequently adopted by the German army.
In 1936, herd was synthesized, which since May 1943 began to be made on an industrial scale. In 1939, a more toxic Zarhar was obtained compared to the Tabuna, and at the end of 1944 - Zoman. These substances marked the appearance of a new class of non-state-paralytic action from the Army of the Fascist Germany - the second generation chemical weapons, many times of the First World War in their toxicity.
The first generation of OS, developed during the First World War, includes the substances of the skin-disruptive (sulfur and nitrous ryprites, Luisite - resistant s), generally toxic (blue acid - unstable s), suffocating (phosgene, dithosgen - non-suspension s) and irritant action (Adamcite, diphenyl chloroarsin, chlorpicrin, diphenyl cyanarsin). Zaror, Zoman and Tabun belong to the second generation of s. In the 50s They were added to the group obtained in the United States and Sweden phosphorods called "V-gases" (sometimes "VX"). V-gases are tens of times toxic than their phosphorodorganic "fellow".
In 1940, a large plant belonged to IG was launched in the city of Oberbayerne (Bavaria) Farben, "for the production of iprite and hypers, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons.
In total, about 20 new technological plants for the production of OV, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons was built in Germany, which exceeded 100 thousand tons. They were placed in Ludwigshafen, Hyuls, Wolfene, Urdingen, Ammendorf, Padkenhagen, Zeelce and other places. In the city of Duhernfurt, on Oder (now Silesia, Poland) existed one of the largest industries.
By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd, the production of which was no longer anywhere. The reasons why Germany during the Second World War did not apply chemical weapons, they still have not clear.
Wehrmacht to the beginning of the war with the Soviet Union had 4 shelf of chemical mortars, 7 separate battalions of chemical mortars, 5 degassing detachments and 3 road-degassing detachments (armed with reactive SHWERES WURFGERAET 40 (HOLZ)) and 4 headquarters of special purpose chemical regiments. Battalion Six-life mortars 15cm Nebelwerfer 41 of 18 installations could produce 108 min containing 10 kg.
Head of the General Staff of the Ground Forces of the German Fascist Army General-Colonel Galder wrote: "By June 1, 1941, we will have 2 million chemical shells for lightweight field warmts and 500 thousand shells for heavy field warmts ... from chemical ammunition warehouses can Be shipped: until June 1, six echelons of chemical ammunition, after June 1, ten echelons per day. To accelerate the court in the rear of each group of armies, it will be put on the spare paths of three echelon with chemical ammunition. "
According to one of the versions, Hitler did not give the team to apply OI during the war because he believed that the USSR had a greater number of chemical weapons. Another reason could be not enough effective impact on the enemy soldier equipped with chemical protection with chemical protection, as well as its dependence on weather conditions.
Intended for infection locality poisoning substances version of the wheel-caterpillar tank BT
If the NS was not applied against the troops of the antihytler coalition, the practice of its use against civilians in the occupied territories was widespread. The main place of use of the Cameras of the death camps began. Before the Nazis, when developing means of destroying political prisoners and all assigned to "defective races", there was a task of optimizing the ratio of the "cost-efficiency" parameters.
And here, it is impossible for the way invented by Lieutenant SS Kurt Gershtin Gas "Cyclone B". Initially, the gas was intended for disinfection of barracks. But people, although it is more correct to call them nonhumans, saw a cheap and effective way to murder in the facility to exterminate the linen.
"Cyclone B" was crystals of blue-violet color, containing sinyl acid (so-called "Crystalline Sinyl Acid"). These crystals begin to boil and turn into gas (sinyl acid, it is "cyanic acid") at room temperature. Inhalation of having smell of bitter almond vapors in the amount of 60 milligrams caused painful death. The production of gas was engaged in two German firms that received a patent for gas production from "IG. Farbenindusty, "Tesh and Stackers" in Hamburg and "Deghest" in Dessau. The first supplied 2 tons of "cyclone b" per month, the second is about 0.75 tons. The income amounted to about 590,000 Reichsmarocks. As they say - "Money does not smell." The expense of life worn by this gas is over millions.
Separate work on the receipt of herd, Zarina, Zoman was carried out in the United States and Great Britain, but a breakthrough could occur in their production not earlier than 1945. Over the years in the second world in the United States, 135 thousand tons were produced in the USA; half of all the volume was half . Iprit was cut about 5 million shells and 1 million AB. Initially, Iprit was supposed to be used against enemy landing on the sea coast. In the period of the outlined fracture during the war in favor of the Allies, serious concerns were created that Germany would decide to apply chemical weapons. This was the basis for the decision of the American military command about the supply of hyperships at the disposal of troops on the European continent. The plan envisaged the creation of chemical weapons for the ground forces for 4 months. The fighting and for the Air Force - for 8 months.
Sea transportation was not without incident. So, on December 2, 1943, German aviation subjected to the bombardment of the court, which were in the Italian port of Bari in the Adriatic Sea. Among them was the American transport "John Harway" with a cargo of chemical bombs, equipped with Iprit. After damage to the transport, the part of the b was mixed with the spilled oil, and the IPRIT spread over the surface of the harbor.
During World War II, the United States also carried out broad military-biological research. For these studies, the Biological Center of Kemp-Detrik was opened in 1943 in 1943 in the state of Maryland (later he received the name of Fort Derrik). There, in particular, the study of bacterial toxins began, including botulinical.
IN recent months Wars in Edgewood and the Army Laboratory Fort Rukchera (Alabama) launched searches and testing of natural and synthetic substances that affect the central nervous system and causing psychic or physical disorders in insignificant doses
Chemical weapons in local conflicts of the second half of the twentieth century
After the Second World War, OS used in a number of local conflicts. The facts of the use of chemical weapons of the US Army against the DPRK and Vietnam are known. From 1945 to 1980 G.G. Only 2 types of s are used in the West: polycimators (CS: 2-chlorobenzylidenemalodinitril - tear gas) and defoliacs - chemicals from a group of herbicides. 6,800 tons were applied only CS. Defoliants belong to the class of phytotoxicants - chemicals causing foliage foliage from plants and are applied to democating enemy objects.
During the fighting in Korea, the US Army was used both against the troops of the CNA and COND and against the civilian population and prisoners of war. According to incomplete data, from February 27, 1952. Before the end of June 1953, over a hundred cases of the use of chemical shells and bombs by American and South Korean troops were noted only in the troops of the KND. As a result, 1.095 people received poisoning, of which 145 died. More than 40 cases of chemical weapons were noted on prisoners of war. The largest number of chemical shells was released on the troops of KNA on May 1, 1952. The symptoms of the lesion with high probability indicate that diphenyl cyaninsin or diphenyl chloroarsin, as well as blue acid, were used as equipment for chemical ammunition.
Against the prisoners of war, the Americans used tear and skin-disruptive OV, and tear substances were used repeatedly. June 10, 1952 in Camp No. 76 on about. Kochzedo American warders three times sprayed the prisoners of war sticking a poisonous liquid, which was skin-blast.
May 18, 1952 on about. Kochbed in the three sectors of the camp against prisoners of war were applied tear. The result of this "quite legitimate" in the opinion of Americans shares, was the death of 24 people. Another 46 lost sight. Repeatedly in camps on about. Kochored by American and South Korean soldiers against prisoners of war, chemical grenades were used. Even after the conclusion of the truce within 33 days of work, the Commission of the Red Cross marked 32 cases of applications by Americans of chemical grenades.
Focused work on the means of destroying vegetation was launched in the United States in the years in World War II. Reached by the end of the war, the level of development of herbicides, according to American specialists, could allow their practical application. However, research for military purposes continued, and only in 1961 a "suitable" polygon was selected. The use of chemicals for the destruction of vegetation in the South Vietnam was launched by the US Armed Forces in August 1961 with the sanction of President Kennedy.
Herbicides were treated with all the areas of South Vietnam - from the demilitarized zone to the Mekong River delta, as well as many areas of Laos and Kampuchea - everywhere and everywhere, where, by the assumption of Americans, the detachments of the people's armed forces of the Liberation (NVSO) of the Southern Vietnam could be found or walking on their communications.
The effects of herbicides along with wood vegetation were also subject to fields, gardens and rubber plantations. Since 1965, the chemicals were sprayed over Laos's fields (especially in its southern and eastern parts), two years later - already in the northern part of the demilitarized zone, as well as in the areas of DRV adjacent to it. Forest arrays and fields were processed at the requests of the commanders of the American units deployed in South Vietnam. Spraying of herbicides was performed using not only aviation, but also special ground devices that were in American troops and Saigon parts. Especially intense herbicides were used in 1964 - 1966. To destroy mangrove forests on the southern coast of South Vietnam and on the shores of shipping channels, leading to Saigon, as well as forests of a demilitarized zone. Two aviation squadrons of the US Air Force were fully occupied in operations. The maximum size of the use of chemical agents reached in 1967. In the future, the intensity of operations fluctuated depending on the tensions of hostilities.
The use of aviation for spraying s.
In South Vietnam, during the operation RENCH Hand, the Americans experienced 15 different chemicals and recipes for the destruction of crops, plantations of cultivated plants and wood-shrub vegetation.
The total number of chemical means of destroying vegetation, consumed by the US Armed Forces from 1961 to 1971, amounted to 90 thousand tons, or 72.4 million liters. Four herbicidal recipes were used primarily: purple, orange, white and blue. The greatest application In South Vietnam, they found recipes: orange - against forests and blue - against rice crops and other crops.
For 10 years, from 1961 to 1971, almost a tenth of the territory of the South Vietnam, including 44% of all its forest arrays, was processed by defoliants and herbicides intended for removal of foliage and complete destruction of vegetation. As a result of all these actions, mangrove forests were almost completely destroyed (500 thousand hectares), about 1 million hectares (60%) jungle and more than 100 thousand hectares (30%) of plain forests were affected. The yield of rubber plantations fell from 1960 by 75%. It was destroyed from 40 to 100% of sowing bananas, rice, sweet potatoes, papaya, tomatoes, 70% of coconut plantations, 60% of Gevei, 110 thousand hectares of Kazuarian plantations. Of the numerous species of wood-shrub breeds of a wet tropical forest in the areas of defeats, only single types of trees and several types of prickly herbs, not suitable in the feed of a cattle, remained with herbicides.
The destruction of vegetation was seriously affected by the Ecological Balance of Vietnam. In areas of lesion from 150 species of birds left 18, and even completely disappeared by amphibians and even insects. The number has decreased, and the composition of fish in rivers has changed. Yadochymikats violated the microbiological composition of soils, poisoned plants. The species composition of the ticks has also changed, in particular, mites-pedigreers of dangerous diseases appeared. The types of mosquitoes changed, in distant from the sea, the districts appeared, instead of harmless mosquito endemics, mosquitius characteristic of seaside forests such as Mangroves. They are the main pavements of malaria in Vietnam and in neighboring countries.
Chemical funds used by the United States in Indochite were sent not only against nature, but also against people. Americans in Vietnam used herbicides and with such high costs of consumption, which represented an undoubted danger to a person. So, for example, piclora possesses the same resistance and also poisoned as DDT, forbidden everywhere.
By that time, it was already known that poisoning of 2,4,5-T poisoning leads to embryonic deformations in some pets. It should be noted that these keriformides were used in huge concentrations, sometimes 13 times longer than permissible and recommended to use in the United States. Spraying by these chemicals was not only vegetation, but also people. Especially disguised was the use of dioxin, which, according to the Americans, "by mistake" was part of the orange formulation. In total, several hundred kilograms of dioxin were sprayed over the southern Vietnam, which is a poisonous for a person in the fractions of a milligram.
American experts could not not know about his deadly properties - at least in cases of lesions at enterprises of a number of chemical firms, including the results of an accident at a chemical plant in Amsterdam in 1963. Being a resistant substance, dioxin still detected in Vietnam in areas Applications of orange formulation, both in superficial and deep (up to 2 m) soil samples.
This poison, falling into the body with water and food, causes cancer, especially liver and blood, mass congenital remedies of children and numerous violations of the normal course of pregnancy. Medical and statistical data obtained by Vietnamese doctors indicate that these pathologies are manifested many years after the end of the use of orange formulations, and there is reason to fear their growth in the future.
To the "non-mercy", according to the statements of the Americans, who used in Vietnam include: CS - Orthlorobenzilide Malononitrile and its prescription forms, CN - chloroacetophenone, DM - Adamcite or Chlordigidrofenarsain, CNS - Chlorpikrin's prescription form, Wae - Bromocetone, VZ - Hinuklidyl-3 -Benzite. The substance Cs at a concentration of 0.05-0.1 mg / m3 has an irritant action, 1-5 mg / m3-becomes unbearable, above 40-75 mg / m3 - can cause death for a minute.
At the meeting of the International Center for the Study of War Crimes, held in Paris in July 1968, it was found that under certain conditions the substance Cs is a fatal weapon. These conditions (the use of CS in large quantities in a closed space) existed in Vietnam.
The substance CS - this conclusion was made by the Russell Tribunal in Roskilda in 1967 - is a toxic gas prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. The amount of CS substance ordered by the Pentagon in 1964 - 1969 For use in Indochier, it was made public in the "Congreshnl Rykord" magazine on June 12, 1969 (CS - 1,009 tons, CS-1 - 1.625 tons, CS-2 - 1,950 tons).
It is known that in 1970 it was spent even more than in 1969. With the help of gas CS, the peaceful population survived from the villages, the partisans were expelled from the caves and refuge, where fatal concentrations of the CS substance were easily created, turning these asylums in "Gas cameras "
The use of gases was likely to be effective, judging by a significant increase in the amount of C5 substance used by the American army in Vietnam. This also serves another proof: since 1969, there have been a lot of new means for spraying this toxic substance.
Not only the population of Indochina, but also thousands of participants of the American campaign in Vietnam suffered from the chemical war. So, contrary to the statements of the US Department of Defense, thousands of American soldiers were victims of the chemical attack of their own troops.
Many veterans of the Vietnamese war demanded that the treatment of various diseases from ulcers to cancer. Only in Chicago there are 2,000 veterans who have discovered symptoms of dioxin exposure.
Wide use of bov received during a protracted Iranian-Iraq conflict. Both Iran and Iraq (November 5, 1929 and September 8, 1931, respectively) signed the Geneva Convention on the non-proliferation of chemical and bacteriological weapons. However, Iraq, seeking to break the situation in the positional war, was actively used by chemical weapons. Iraq used M main to achieve tactical purposes, in order to break the resistance of a particular enemy defense. This tactic in terms of positioning war brought some fruits. During the battle for Majun Islands, they played an important role in the breakdown of Iranian offensive.
Iraq was the first to apply OB during the Iran-Iraq war and in the future widespread it both against Iran and in operations against Kurds. Some sources argue that against the latter in 1973-1975. Used, purchased in Egypt or even in the USSR, although the press had reports that scientists from Switzerland and Germany, in the 1960s. Made bugdada specifically for the fight against the Kurds. Work on the production of own oh began in Iraq in the mid-70s. According to the statement of the Head of the Iranian Foundation for the Storage of Documents of the Holy Defense of Mirphisal Buckrzade, the most direct participation in the creation and transfer of Hussein of Chemical weapons was accepted by the company, United Kingdom and Germany. According to him, "mediated (indirect) participation in the creation of chemical weapons for the Saddamov regime" took firms of such states as France, Italy, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Holland, Belgium, Scotland and several others. During the Iranian Iraq war, the United States was interested in supporting Iraq, since in case of his defeat, Iran could greatly expand the influence of fundamentalism on the entire region of the Persian Gulf. Reagan, and later Bush-senior, saw an important ally in Saddam Hussein and protection against the threat, which was submitted to power as a result of the Iranian revolution of 1979. Followers of Homeney. The successes of the Iranian army forced the US Guidelines to provide Iraq intensive assistance (in the form of supplying millions of anti-personnel mines, a large number of different types of heavy weapons and information on the deployment of Iranian troops). Chemical weapons were chosen as one of the funds designed to break the spirit of Iranian soldiers.
Until 1991, Iraq possessed the largest stocks of chemical weapons in the Middle East and conducted extensive work on the further improvement of his arsenal. At its disposal, there were specialized (sinyl acid), skin-disruptive (IPR) and neuro-paralytic (ZARIN (GB), Zoman (GD), Tabun (GA), VX) actions. Iraq's chemical ammunition included more than 25 warheads for Sped rockets, about 2,000 airbabes and 15,000 shells (including mortar mills and Rassets RSZO), as well as ground mines.
Since 1982, the use of tear gas (CS) by Iraq, and from July 1983 - Iprit (in particular, 250-kg AB with Iprit from SU-20 aircraft). During the conflict, Iprit was actively used by Iraq. By the beginning of the Iranian Iraq war, the Iraqi army had 120 mm mortar mines and 130-mm artillery shells, equipped with an iprite. In 1984, Iraq began the production of herd (at the same time the first case of its use was noted), and in 1986 - Zarin.
With the exact dating of the origin of the Iraq of this or that type of ies there are difficulties. The first case of applying Tobun was noted in 1984, however, Iran declared 10 cases of applying Tobun in 1980-1983. In particular, the cases of applying Tobuna were celebrated on the North Front in October 1983
The same problem arises when dating cases of applications. So back in November 1980, Tehran Radio reported the chemical attack of the city of Sushengerd, but no reaction in the world did not follow. Only after Iran's statement in 1984, in which he stated 53 cases of the use of chemical weapons in 40 border areas, the UN undertook some steps. The number of victims by this time exceeded 2,300 people. The audit of the UN inspectors group revealed traces of the OS in the Hur-al-Al-Huzwasem area, where March 13, 1984 was the chemical attack of Iraq. Since then, evidence of the use of Iraq, they began to appear in a mass order.
The embargo on the supply of a number of chemicals and components that could be used by the UN Security Council and components that could be used for the production of NS could not seriously affect the situation. The factory capacities allowed Iraq at the end of 1985 to produce 10 tons of all types per month, and at the end of 1986 more than 50 tons per month. At the beginning of 1988, the capacity was reduced to 70 tons of Iprit, 6 tons of herp and 6 tons of Zarina (i.e. almost 1,000 tons per year). Intensive work on the establishment of the production of VX.
In 1988, during the storming of the city of Fao, the Iraqi army made a bombardment of Iranian positions with the use of OE, most likely unstable recipes of neuro-paralytic action.
In the course of the tax on the Kurdish city of Halabaja on March 16, 1988, Iraqi aviation struck the chemical ab. As a result, 5 to 7 thousand people died, and over 20 thousand were injured and poisoning.
From April 1984 to August 1988, the chemical weapons were applied by Iraq over 40 times (more than 60). 282 suffered from the impact of this weapon settlements. The exact number of victims of the Chemical War from Iran is unknown, but their minimum amount is estimated by experts in 10 thousand people.
Iran pulled to the creation of chemical weapons in response to the use of Iraq bov during the war. The backlog in this area even forced Iran to purchase a large amount of gas CS, but soon it became clear that for military purposes it is ineffective. Since 1985 (and possibly since 1984), there were some cases of use by Iran chemical shells and mortar mines, but, apparently, it was then to go about the trophy Iraqi ammunition.
In 1987-1988 Separate cases of the use of chemical ammunition fed by phosgene or chlorine and blue acid were noted. Until the completion of the war, the production of Iprit was established and, possibly, neuro-paralytic OB, but did not have time to apply them.
According to Western sources, the Soviet troops in Afghanistan also used chemical weapons. Foreign journalists deliberately "thickened paint" to once again emphasize the "cruelty of Soviet soldiers." It was much easier to use dubanov from the caves and underground shelters of the exhaust gases of a tank or BMP. It is impossible to exclude the possibility of using an irritant - chlorpicrin or CS. One of the main sources of financing of Dushmanov was the cultivation of a opium poppy. To destroy the poppy plantations, the pesticides were used, which could also be perceived as the use of bov.
Libya made a chemical weapon on one of its enterprises, which was recorded by Western journalists in 1988 during the 1980s. Libya produced more than 100 tons of neuro-paralytic and skin-disruptive gas gases. During the fighting in 1987, the Libyan army was used in Chad.
On April 29, 1997 (180 days after ratification of the 65th country, which Hungary became the convention on the prohibition of the development, production, accumulation and application of chemical weapons and its destruction. This also means an approximate life of the organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons, which will ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Convention (headquarters is located in the Hague).
The document was declared signing in January 1993. In 2004, Libya joined the contract.
Unfortunately, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Accumulation and Applications of Chemical Weapons and its Destruction "may be waiting for the fate of the Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Pull Mines." And in the same case, the most modern types of weapons can be derived from under the actions of the conventions. This can be traced on the example of the problem of binary chemical weapons.
The technical idea of \u200b\u200bbinary chemical ammunition is that they are equipped with two or more source components, each of which can be non-toxic or low toxic substance. These substances are separated from each other and are concluded in special containers. In the flight of the projectile, rocket, bombs or other ammunition to the goal there is a mixing of the initial components to form as the final product of the chemical reaction of bov. Mixing substances are carried out due to the rotation of the projectile or special mixers. At the same time, the role of the chemical reactor performs ammunition.
Despite the fact that at the end of the thirties US Air Force began developing the world's first binary ab, in the post-war time the problem of binary chemical weapons had a secondary meaning for the United States. Americans forced during this period the equipment of the army with new oh of neuropsychiatric action - Zarin, Tabun, "V-Gaza", but from the beginning of the 60s. American experts returned to the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating binary chemical ammunition. To this, they were forced a number of circumstances, the most important of which is the lack of significant progress in the search for ultra-high toxicity, that is, the third generation. In 1962, the Pentagon approved a special program for creating binary chemical weapons (inlar LentHhal Weurn Systems), which for many years has become a priority.
In the first period of the implementation of the Binary Program, the main efforts of American specialists were aimed at developing binary compositions of neuro-paralytic response, Vx and Zarin.
By the end of the 60s Work was completed on the creation of a binary zarin - GB-2.
Increased interest in the work in the field of binary chemical weapons, government and military circles explained the need to solve the safety problems of chemical weapons in the production, transportation, storage and operation. The first binary ammunition adopted by the American Army in 1977 was the 155-millimeter M687 Gabichnaya Shell, equipped with binary zarin (GB-2). Then a 203.2-mm binary shell of HM736 was created, as well as various samples of ammunition to artillery and mortar systems, missile combat parts, AB.
Studies continued after signing on April 10, 1972. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Empowerment of Toxin Weapons and their destruction. It would be naive to believe that the United States will refuse such a "promising" type of weapons. The decision to organize the production of binary weapons in the United States not only can not provide an effective chemical weapon agreement, but will even fully derive from the control of the development, production and accumulation of binary weapons in stocks, since the components of binary OBs may be the most ordinary chemicals. For example, the isopropyl alcohol serves as a component of the binary zarin, and the pinacoline alcohol is a zomana.
In addition, the basis of the binary weapon is the idea for obtaining new types and compositions of the OV, which makes it senseless to prepare any lists to be prohibited.
The cutters in international legislation is not the only threat to chemical security in the world. The terrorists did not put their signatures under the Convention, and in their ability to apply OS in terrorist acts do not have to doubt the tragedy in the Tokyo metro.
On the morning of March 20, 1995, the members of the AUs Sinnick sects opened plastic containers with zarin in the subway, the result of which was the death of 12 subway passengers. Another 5,500-6,000 people received poisoning of varying severity. It was no longer the first, but the most "efficient" gas attack of the sectants. In 1994, in the city of Matsumoto, Nagano Prefectures, seven people died from poisoning.
From the point of view of terrorists, the use of OS allows to achieve the greatest public resonance. Ei have the greatest potential compared to other types of OMP due to the fact that:
- separate bovs have high toxicity, and their number required to achieve fatal outcome is very small (the use of O 40 times more efficiently than ordinary explosives);
- determination of the specific US used on the attack, and the source of infection, difficult;
- a small group of chemists (sometimes even one qualified specialist), it is quite possible to synthesize simple in the manufacture of BOV, in the quantities necessary for the terrorist attack;
- Os are extremely effective for injection panic and fear. Losses in the crowd in a closed room can be measured by thousands.
All of the above indicates that the likelihood of the use of s in a terrorist act is extremely high. And, unfortunately, we can only wait for this new stage in the terrorist war.
Literature:
1. Military encyclopedic dictionary / in 2 volumes. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia, Ripol Classic, 2001.
2. World artillery history. M.: Veva, 2002.
3. James P., Torp N. "Ancient Inventions" / Per. from English; - MN: LLC "Popurri", 1997.
4. Articles from the site "Weapons of the First World War" - "The 1914 campaign - the first experiments", "from the history of chemical weapons.", M. Pavlovich. "Chemical warfare."
5. Trends in the development of chemical weapons in the United States and their allies. A. D. Kuntsevich, Yu. K. Nazarkin, 1987.
6. Sokolov B.V. "Mikhail Tukhachevsky: the life and death of the Red Marshal." - Smolensk: Rusich, 1999.
7. War in Korea, 1950-1953. - SPb.: Polygon Publishing LLC, 2003. (Military Historical Library).
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9 Development of CVCP in the pre-war period. Creation of a chemical defense institution., Publishing house "Chronicle", 1998.
