Educational portal. Post-war system of international treaties Post-war system of international treaties

The agreement between the Entente and Germany was signed in the compi forest on November 11, 1918. It made it possible to begin the process of returning states and peoples to a peaceful life.

France demanded the maximum weakening of Germany, up to the partition of the country into several states dependent on Paris. The French claimed the return of Alsace and Lorraine. Also advocated the establishment of control over the industrial area in the Rhine basin, as well as targeted the German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The United Kingdom, together with France, sought to the section of the Ottoman Empire and the seizure of the territories dependent on Germany outside Europe.

The United States claimed the role of the "moral leader" of the post-war world. They opposed territorial seizures (annexes) and the recovery of material damage from the defeated countries of the Quad Union (Contribution).

Italy, Japan, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Greece, China- pursued their national Interests, demanding, as a rule, rounding the territory and compensation for losses due to the losers of the war.

Parisian peace conference 1919 -1920. Key issues: solving territorial problems in Europe and colonies, reimbursement of incurred damage, the creation of a peacekeeping organization of nations, the Russian problem, the return of prisoners of war and the punishment of military criminals.

On June 28, 1919, the first international document was signed in a series of contracts between winners and defeated.

Germany returned to France Alsace and Lorraine, Belgian, three small border districts, Daniy - Northern Schleswig, Lithuanian port of MKMEL, and coal rich the Saara region passed under international control for 15 years. The entire German part of the left bank of the Rhine and the strip of the right bank of 50 km wide should be released from troops and fortifications, i.e. demilitarization. Germany recognized the independence of new national states. Poland, Czechoslovakia and Austria. The German land army and the fleet were subject to a significant reduction. Germany was obliged to pay huge reparations to the victims as compensation for damage from the war. Its colonies and dependent territories were divided between the United Kingdom, France (in Africa) and Japan (in Asia).

Washington Peace Conference 1921-1922. It was attended by the delegation of nine countries: the United States, United Kingdom, France, Japan, and others. Soviet Russia, the largest Pacific Power was not invited to the conference.

The main outcome documents of the conference were the contracts of four, five and nine powers. In the contract of four powers in the United Kingdom, France, the United States and Japan guaranteed a friend of the inviolability of island possessions in the Pacific Pool. In the contract of five powers, with the participation of Italy, the construction of large-tonnage military courts was prohibited and a certain relationship of the maritime forces of leading Pacific states was established. In the Nine Power Treaty, they were obliged to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, which, under the pressure of Americans, Japan returned Shandong Peninsula, occupied by her troops during World War II.

After some time, at the end of the I World War, the winning countries established a new system of the world. The main document of the system is the Versailles peace treaty, concluded in Versailles in June 1919 on the one hand Germany, on the other - the winning countries. His main part was the status of the League of Nations.

Versailles conference began on January 18, 1919. Each of the winning countries at the conference pursued her interests, the attitude of nations to each other was incredulous, they needed to go through a difficult path. The entire participants were the delegations from 27 countries. But all the most important issues were submitted to the meeting of the "Council of Ten". Here were representatives of 5 countries: France, Japan, England, the USA and Italy. The most stringent requirements put forward a delegation from France - the weakening and dismemberment of Germany.

After reaching the Versailles peace treaty, some conditions of the world were announced:

• Germany loses a significant part of its territories that are departed by France;
• Germany loses all its colonies;
• The Army of Germany should be reduced to one hundred thousand people, in addition, it is necessary to dissolve its General Staff, Aviation and Military Flotilla;
• Germany must pay reparation to the winning countries.

Based on this peace treaty and built the whole system. But it did not become a guarantee of stabilization of relations. In a number of European countries, civilian internal wars continued to go. Then the United States offered to hold another conference to resolve conflicts in Washington.

In 1921, the United States concluded its agreement without mentioning the League of Nations. The Government of America nominated the "14 points" of the world, the USSR provided "Decree on the World". Despite the fact that the contract, signed by the United States, was to rally the world community, because of him there was a lot of disagreements, and in the consequence of the new war.

Contracts and results of the Versailles system during the Washington Conference

In total, three agreements were signed by the participating countries by the Washington Conference:

• "Treaty of Four". Signed in December 1921. Participants of the contract were: France, England, Japan and the United States. The contract involves the inviolability of the owners of the participating countries in the Pacific Ocean.
• "Contract five." Signed in February 1922. The agreement assumed the use of a limited number of marine weapons of countries.
• "Treaty of nine." In international relations, the principle was introduced open doors" Basically the contract was aimed at the problems of China.

The end of the Washington Conference is considered the beginning of a new model of relations between countries. The result of the Versailles system was the emergence of new centers of force within the states who were able to establish international relationships. The post-war tension in relations between great powers was removed.

Principles of the Versailles World System

• By creating a League of Nations, the safety of European countries was ensured. Until that time, there were already attempts to create such a body, but in the post-war time he received a legal confirmation. Now european countries began to unite to protect the common interests and conservation of the world.
• One of the principles of the Versailles system of the world was strictly compliance with the norms of international law.
• Germany lost all his colonies. France and England can also lose their colonies. Imperialism and colonialism in Europe was completely suppressed.
• Agreement on compliance with the principle of demilitarism was signed: the state needs so many weapons as it is necessary to protect the territory.
• The principle of collegiance comes to replace the principle of solence: all international issues should be decided by European states.

Causes of collapse and crises Versailles-Washington System

Among the main reasons for the collapse of the Versailles system can be called:

• The system covered not all global powers. First of all, it did not enter the guarantors of the United States and the USSR. Without these two countries, it was impossible to ensure stability in Europe. In Europe, such a system was established in which there should be no countries with great opportunities on the continent than those of the rest.
• One of the main weakness of the Versailles system is considered an undeveloped scheme of economic international cooperation. New system Fully rolled economic ties between Eastern and Central Europe. There was no one unified economic market, instead there were dozens of separate markets. An economic split arose in Europe, to overcome which economically developed countries could not.

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Development of lesson for the 11th grade

Post-war system of international treaties

Zaitseva Victoria Anatolyevna,
Master teacher MBOU
"Chernomorskaya high school №2 "

1. Organizing time
2. Survey DZ:

1. About which state and period this is speech? He was elected before the adoption of a new constitution. I wore the position of the "head of the state". Later I installed the dictatorship and began to reform, called the "Sanation Regulation" (Polish State)
2. The kingdom of SKS was part of ... (Yugoslavia)
3. Karl Zeitz was elected president? (Austria)
4. This state has changed 3-coursic device in less than 2 years: from People's Republic Before establishing the Soviet power and return to the monarchy. (Hungary)
5. What state was the Government of the Central Rada? (UNR)
6. The head of which state was Karl Mannerheim? (Finland)
7. From 1919 to 1933 This state was announced by the republic. (Weimar Republic)

State final examination In XI, history classes are performed orally on tickets. Each of the 25 tickets consists of 3 questions.

The first question for checking the knowledge of the course " The newest story 1900 - 1939. " (X class). The second question for checking the knowledge of the course "The newest and modern story (1939 - start XXI in.) "He studied in the XI class. The question of checking the knowledge of the course" The history of the Fatherland in XX - at the beginning of the 21st centuries (1939 - the beginning of the XXI century) "studied in the XI class.

View the contents of the document
"Revision of the system of post-war treaty in the 1920s"

Ticket 11.

11.1 Revision of the system post-war treaties in the 1920s

Financial and economic (29 states);

Restoration of Central I. of Eastern Europe;

The Russian question: the return of loans, the return of the value of nationalized enterprises to the former owners, the abolition of the state monopoly on foreign trade.

The conference was attended by the Soviet delegation (agreed to pay royal debts)

Payment terms:

The West pays Russia for intervention;

Providing long-term loans to the West;

The Russian question remained unresolved.

States refuse payments of military damages and debts;

Germany refuses complaints about the payment of the cost of nationalized USSR of German enterprises;

The establishment of diplomatic ties.

Hague conference, Holland (June - July 1922)

Financial and Economic Issues

Discussion of financial and economic claims of Western states of Soviet Russia;

The Soviet delegation nominated its claims to the West.

Associated agreements failed

The question of signing a new treaty with Turkey the winning countries

Turkey became an independent country;

The decomposition of the Ottoman Empire was legally entrusted, and new borders of Turkey were established;

Liquidation of the regime of the capitulation and the establishment of international financial control over Turkey;

Turkey pledged to pay part of the debts of the Ottoman Empire;

The Convention on the Black Sea Straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles (free passage for ships) has been adopted.

Creating a collective security system

Participants: United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia

Signed:

1) Rhine Warranty Pact:

Germany, France and Belgium committed obligations

the preservation of the Western borders of Germany, which were established by the Versailles peace treaty;

2) the signing of France agreements with Czechoslovakia and Poland on providing them with assistance in cases of attack in Germany;

3) Arbitration Agreement between Germany, France and Belgium to resolve all controversial issues.

Conclusion: Germany recognized new borders of countries and entered the League of Nations (1926). War questions solved the League of Nations. Thus, a collective security system was created in Europe

Bedian-Kelloga pact (August 1928)

This contract of refusal of war policy

April 1927 - Franco-American Treaty "On Eternal Friendship and Refusal of Wars"

August 1928 - signed the agreement of Brian-Kellog 15 (+65) states

The value of the Covenant:

Peaceful resolution of conflicts;