Foreign policy activities in the field of national interests of Russia
Today, in many countries of the world, the concepts and doctrines of national interests are used as a basis for exercising foreign policy, which reflect the objective needs of states.
National Interests and Objectives of Russia's Foreign Policy
The concept of "national interest in the country" in Russia appeared in the early 90s of the XX century. As the configuration of world politics changed, the topic of national interests began to occupy an increasingly visible place in the state.
With the adoption of the law "On Security" in 1992, the focus began to be made to the concept of "the vital interests of the person, society, the state."
In 1996, the term "national interests of Russia" received a regulatory consolidation in the message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly, interpreting as "the basis of the formation of the strategic objectives of the country's internal and foreign policy", as well as the "integrated expression of the vital interests of the person, society, the state."
In the concept of national security of the Russian Federation,
accepted in 1997, and then in its version 2000, the deployed system of national interests of Russia in the economy, in domestic political, international, defense and information spheres, in social, spiritual life and culture is given.
Thus, the category "National Interests" is a fundamental, methodologically important concept of public policy, providing an understanding of the most important landmarks for the country's development. Compared to those used in political practice, the concepts of "state interests", "vital interests" it is wider, as it is associated with the scale of the nation-state or country as a whole.
The national interests of any country are a peculiar bridge between the vital needs and values \u200b\u200bof the nation and its strategic goals implemented in state policy and contributing to the good nation-state. They lead to a nation move, set this movement to survival, ensure the optimal functioning of the sovereign state and the holistic social system, as well as their progressive development.
The national interests of Russia are due to the needs of the survival, security and development of the country, as well as the values \u200b\u200bof the historical and cultural heritage, the Russian lifestyle, aspirations and incentives of the activities of subjects of state policy, serving the increase in the national relics (economic, scientific and technical, spiritual, military), as well as Enhance the welfare of citizens.
The national interests of our country is determined by a set of basic interests of the person, society and the state in the most important areas of life. In the international sphere, Russia's national interests require an active foreign policy course aimed at strengthening the authority and positions of the country as a great power, without the participation of which the solution of global and regional problems is impossible to strengthen international security. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on the development of dialogue and comprehensive cooperation not only with the West, but also with countries of Central and Eastern Europe, America, the Middle East, Asia, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Speaking about the international sphere, the national interests of Russia also include the protection of life, dignity, internationally recognized civil rights and freedoms of Russian citizens and our compatriots abroad.
The Russian state, consistently "conducting a balanced foreign policy and implementing broad international cooperation, strictly adheres to generally accepted principles of international law in the field of international policy, which are based on the concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation, approved by the President of the Russian Federation in 2000. The concept is a system of views on maintenance and The main directions of foreign policy of Russia, announces the top priority of the foreign policy course of Russia, the protection of the interests of the individual, society and the state. It is important to note that its legal framework is primarily the provision of the Constitution, federal laws, as well as other regulations governing the activities of federal state authorities in the field of foreign policy, generally accepted principles and norms of international law. The concept says: "The top priority of the foreign policy of Russia is the protection of the interests of the individual, society and the state."
The concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation identifies the main priorities of our state's foreign policy in solving global problems:
Formation of a new world order;
Strengthening international security;
Providing favorable foreign policy conditions for Russia in the field of international economic relations;
Compliance and sewn human rights internationally;
Information support for foreign policy.
It contains a set of new proposals for the improvement of modern international situation and creating favorable external conditions For the formation of a stable, fair and democratic world order under generally accepted norms of international law (including primarily the objectives and principles of the UN Charter), equal and partnership relations between states.
The conceptual foundations of the foreign policy of the Russian state reflect the current stage in the development of international relations. The concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation and its main directions determined by the President of the Russian Federation take into account the qualitatively new balance of forces on the world arena and the need to apply new approaches to solving the problems of Russian foreign policy and the most important international issues.
Thus, the implementation of Russia's foreign policy is impossible to imagine without the regulatory component of this mechanism. The regulatory component of the constitutional and legal mechanism of the implementation of foreign policy of the Russian Federation is a collection of interrelated regulatory and legal acts regulating the relationship and activities of state bodies in the process of implementing foreign policy of Russia. It represents a combination of regulatory acts that enshrine the organizational structure, functions and powers of state bodies, whose competence includes the solution of issues of foreign policy.
Russia - Reliable Foreign Policy Partner
Modern world is experiencing fundamental and dynamic changes. Naturally, they deeply affect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, possessing significant potential and resources in all areas of life, maintaining intensive relations with leading countries in the world, our country has a significant impact on the formation of a new world order.
Guided by the principles proclaimed in the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, Russia makes an important contribution to the search for answers to new challenges of international security. With the direct participation of our state there is a fight against international terrorism, and Russia is at its forefront.
The consolidation of the constructive approaches of the international community to the formation of a new democratic justice world order has become a significant achievement of Russian foreign policy. Its prototype could be the broad international anti-terrorist coalition, which was one of the founders of which Russia became the prototype. Under the auspices of the UN and with the participation of Russia, a system of anti-terrorism measures was developed. Russian President V. Putin, speaking from the Tribune of the General Assembly (GA), called on the UN to make new steps to build a global system of countering new threats of the XXI century. This initiative received the unanimous support of the 58th session of the UN GA.
Among the most important tasks of Russian foreign policy, the UN strengthen remains, an increase in its weight, authority and a real role in global affairs. Russia made a lot to ensure that in international relations they receive not the "fist" right with the dominance of one-sided strength approaches, and the rule of international law and the solution of key world problems based on multilateral cooperation.
One of the central priorities of the Russian foreign policy remains the formation of partnership cooperation and good neighborliness around the perimeter of the borders of the Russian Federation.
The priority direction of Russia's foreign policy is to ensure compliance of multilateral and bilateral cooperation with States ** by the Commonwealth participants Independent states (CIS) The tasks of the national security of the country. At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the development of good neighborly relations and strategic partnerships with all states in Partners of the CIS. In practice, relations with each of them need to be built, taking into account the oncoming posts for cooperation, willingness to properly take into account the interests of the Russian Federation, including in ensuring the rights of Russian compatriots.
In the European direction, our relations with the European Union (EU) are fundamental importance - a strategic partner of Russia. Saturated and effective were held, as a rule, twice a year Russia-EU summits. A fundamentally important agreement has been reached on the establishment of the Permanent Council of Partnership.
Relations with European states are the traditional priority direction of Russia's foreign policy. The main goal of Russian foreign policy in the European direction is to create a stable and democratic system of pan-European security and cooperation. Russia is interested in the further balanced development of the multifunctional nature of the Organization for Safety and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and will make efforts in this direction.
Russia fully facilitated the formation of a new security architecture in the North Atlantic space. IN last years It was possible to achieve a qualitative breakthrough in relations with the North Atlantic Alliance: The Council of Russia - NATO (SRN) was established. This body ensured the equal participation of Russia in solving cardinal security issues in the Euro-Atlantic space. Within the framework of the SRN, there are about 15 workers and expert groups.
At the same time, for a number of parameters, the current political and military installations of NATO do not coincide with the interests of the Russian Federation, and sometimes directly contradict them. First of all, this concerns the provisions of the new NATO strategic concept that do not exclude the conduct of force operations outside the zone of the Washington Treaty without the sanction of the UN Security Council. Russia preserves negative attitude To the expansion of NATO.
Saturated and constructive cooperation between Russia and NATO is possible only if it is to be built on the basis of due account of the interests of the Parties and the unconditional fulfillment of mutual commitments.
Interaction with Western European countries, first of all, with such influential, as the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and France, is an important resource for defending their national interests in European and global affairs, to stabilize and grow its economy.
In relations with states of Central and Eastern Europe, the task of preserving the developed political, economic and cultural ties, overcoming the existing crisis phenomena and to give an additional impetus to cooperation in accordance with new conditions and Russian interests is revealed.
Great value B. russian politics References with USA. Meetings of V. Putin's presidents and J. Bush laid a solid basis of a new dialogue based on coinciding long-term interests. Their prevailing over tactical disagreements made it possible to avoid the crisis caused by the US decision in December 2001 on the exit from the contract on the pro agreement of 1972, it was possible to prevent the undermining strategic stability and conclude a new agreement in 2002, providing for deep reductions in nuclear potentials.
A positive evolution in Russian-American relations was enshrined as a result of close cooperation between both countries in the fight against international terrorism, counteracting the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Relations with the United States become stable and predictable. Their fundamental basis is quite strong to constructively discovered the existing disagreements, including on fundamental issues, and overcome all current problems. At the same time, the positive perspective of mutual relationship is not questioned.
An important and even growing importance in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation has Asia, which is due to the direct affiliation of our country to this dynamically developing region, the need for economic lifting of Siberia and the Far East.
Russia dynamically developed its relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. In this sense, Russia's relations with its largest neighbor - China, with which in 2001, was signed by a treaty on good neighborliness, friendship and cooperation. The development of friendly relations with China, the coincidence of the principal approaches of Russia and the PRC to key matters of world politics is one of the basic supports of regional and global stability. Russia is committed to the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with China in all directions. The main task remains to bring the scale of economic cooperation in line with the level of political relations.
The Russian Federation stands for the sustainable development of relations with Japan, the achievement of genuine good neighborliness that meets the national interests of both countries. Within the framework of existing intercomment mechanisms, our country will continue to search for a mutually acceptable solution to the design of the border between the two states. Recently, it was possible to create good opportunities for the development of these relationships. It is such prospects "is laid in the" Russian-Japanese Action Plan approved at the highest level (January 2003); Particular attention is aimed at large-scale Russian-Japanese trade and economic cooperation, without which it is impossible to move forward in solving our political issues with Japan.
The role of Russia as an influential and authoritative power in the Middle East has been preserved and strengthened. Evidence of this is its participation in the international "four" in the Middle Eastern settlement. It is noticeable to the authority of our country in the Islamic world. For the first time, Russian President took part in the Summit of the Islamic Conference Organization (OIC).
RESULTS international activities Recent years convincingly show: Russia took place as a democratic state with independent and predictable foreign policy, a wide range of strategic partners.
Russia is a reliable partner in international relations. Generally accepted its constructive role in solving sharp international problems.
A distinctive feature of Russian foreign policy is balanced. This is due to the geopolitical position of Russia as the largest Eurasian power, requiring an optimal combination of efforts in all directions. This approach predetermines Russia's responsibility for maintaining security in the world, both globally and at the regional level, involves the development and complement to foreign policy activities on a bilateral and multilateral basis.
Successful foreign policy of the Russian Federation should be based on the observance of a reasonable balance between its goals and opportunities for their achievement. The concentration of political and diplomatic, military, economic, financial and other means on solving foreign policy needs should be proportionately to their real meaning for the national interests of Russia, and the scale of participation in international affairs is adequate to the actual contribution to strengthening the country's positions. The diversity and complexity of international problems, the presence of crisis situations suggest a timely assessment of the priority of each of them in the foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to increase the efficiency of political, legal, foreign economic and other tools for the protection of the state sovereignty of Russia and its national economy in the context of globalization.
Contrary to the expectations of romantics, the world of the XXI century turned out to be very tough, if not to say cruel. The end of the global confrontation of the superpower, the collapse of the bipolar world, the development of globalization processes did not lead, as some idealists believed, to the termination of interstate conflicts and rivalry, to the "dissolution" of national interests in "Universal". On the contrary, a narrow understanding of national interests is traditionally a narrow understanding of national interests, and in some cases, simply National Egoism again entered the fore. There is an increase in the role of the military-power factor in international relations, the growth of the level of regional instability and the uncertainty of the military-political situation.
In addition to the problems of global and regional security, the world's 19th century emerging in the focus on the center of attention nominates global economic problems requiring multilateral decisions and new international institutions.
The entire system of modern international relations is characterized by high mobility and rapid changes. Here, those states that are able to instantly respond to taking place changes are to quickly adapt to new requirements, mastering all new and new "rules of the game", mummering goals and available resources, skillfully using their economic, political, military, technological, information and political, military, technological, information and Intelligent features.
Today, foreign policy in Russia ceases to be the subject of acute internal political struggle, as it was in the first half of the 90s, and vice versa, acts as an area state activities, around which public consent is being formed.
As the official representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation A. Yakovenko noted in an interview, the past few years have passed under the consolidation sign of the international positions of Russia, the intensification of Russian diplomacy at all major areas of world politics. In his opinion, the main outcome is a formalized foreign policy, which enjoys support from the majority of Russian society and receiving widespread recognition in the world.
An important circumstance is that the Russian state is now implementing its activities in the international arena, based on the developed and approved foreign policy doctrine.
Russian President V. Putin in Epistle to the Federal Assembly, in May 2004, this formulated the basic principles of foreign policy "clear definition of national priorities, pragmatism, economic efficiency. Actually, this is the meaning of the concept of foreign policy of Russia adopted in 2000.
Life is not standing in place, and world order daily undergoes certain structural changes, together with which foreign policy priorities and landmarks of national states change. After a series of tragic events of recent years on the agenda, the global problem of international terrorism as a challenge and threat of the beginning of the XXI century has been made, which once again proves that the modern world is experiencing fundamental dynamic changes, deeply affecting the national interests of many countries of the world, including Russia and its citizens . Therefore, it is necessary to actually realize that the opposition to such a phenomenon as terrorism requires consolidation of the efforts of the entire world community.
In the introductory part of the lesson, Lektra need to emphasize the importance of the topic under study, determine the purpose of the classes, its main questions.
When considering the first question, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that Russia's national interests in the international sphere require an active foreign policy course aimed at strengthening the authority and positions of Russia as a Great Power, without the participation of which the consolidation of international security is impossible.
When considering the second question, it is necessary to emphasize the attention of students on the most important tasks of foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation, which today is
a reliable foreign policy partner, while special attention is paid to the fact that successful foreign policy should be based on the observance of a reasonable balance between its goals and the possibilities of achievement.
In conclusion, it is necessary to make brief conclusions, answer questions of listeners, give recommendations on the study of literature.
1. Actual tasks of the development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation // Red Star. - October 11. - 2003.
3. The concept of national security of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2000 // SZ RF, 2000, No. 2, Art. 170.
5. Message from the President of the Russian Federation by the Federal Assembly // Russian newspaper. - May 27. - 2004.
lecturer of the Military University,
doctor of Political Sciences, Lieutenant Colonel
Oleg Mikheilenok
In the context of the discussion of Russia's foreign policy, it is necessary to return to the question of the preparation, adoption and implementation mechanism in this crucial area of \u200b\u200bnational security, which has already been stated in the fourth chapter of this manual.
For professional diplomats and serious foreign policy experts, it is not doubtful that the effective mechanism for the adoption and implementation of foreign policy decisions is one of key conditions Effective foreign policy. Subjective solutions that are praised forward and are based on conjunctural considerations, here are absolutely not allowed, since any step may have a strategic nature and carry long-term consequences, even if the decision makes the subject in this moment Time is not aware of this. Therefore, all successful countries seek to make a maximum effort in order to create and improve the mechanism of adopting foreign policy decisions.
What are similar mechanisms in countries such as United States, France, Germany, United Kingdom and others? You can call five key signs.
The first is the collegial nature of the development and adoption of foreign policy decisions, involvement in this process of all or whenever possible of all subjects of international activities.
The second sign is a support when making and developing foreign policy decisions on a deep analyst, an examination, which is provided not only by government research centers, but also non-governmental organizations. That is, support for a broad expert community.
The third sign - such a mechanism, as a rule, is based on strategic planning, which, in turn, is based on short-term, medium-term and long-term forecasting. For example, American foreign policy idea is based on serious forecasts for the development of the global situation, including a long-term nature. And without forecast, as you know, it is impossible to build any strategy. Thus, strategic planning for successful foreign policy is absolutely necessary.
The fourth sign is the transparency of the mechanism of making foreign policy decisions. In turn, this transparency is associated with painstaking work with the means mass media. We are talking about holding regular briefings by subjects of international activities, including, of course, and foreign policy permits. In the above-mentioned successful countries, it is believed that this kind of transparency of the adoption and implementation of foreign policy decisions ensures the achievement of national consensus on foreign policy issues, since certain procedures and "logic" of the adoption and fulfillment of such decisions by the executive authority become available for understanding by the general public.
And finally, the fifth sign is a strict performing discipline in the fulfillment of foreign policy decisions. Alternatively, only disputes are considered inside the country about certain foreign policy orientations, one or another foreign policy. Completely unacceptable disagreements and public discussion of these disagreements between representatives of various executive bodies and even between representatives of the executive and legislative authorities abroad, at international conferences, are considered completely unacceptable. Once again we mention the US foreign policy practice. There is considered, for example, that the Americans who leave abroad and participate in international conferences, must defend the national interests of the United States in a uniform front, about which there is no national consensus, then broad national consent within the country. Disposal to public discussion abroad is considered unacceptable, even indecent.
If we compare the foreign policy mechanism with the specified signs with the domestic foreign policy mechanism, we can easily see that we have nothing or almost any of these components.
It is known that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is in formally for coordination of foreign policy activities, but, to be honest, in recent years, with V.Putin, there were many signs that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in some cases was simply ejected from the process of preparation, making and implementing decisions In the field of foreign policy, from foreign policy activities in general. First of all, this concerns our relationship with countries post-Soviet space. Everyone knows examples of our extremely unsuccessful, uncombounded actions and in Ukraine, and in Georgia, and in Moldova, and so on.
As a result, no one can understand - neither in our society, nor abroad - who decides on these foreign policy issues? In any case, if we talk about Ukraine, about the "Gas War" with Ukraine, about Georgia, about having failed with the Crack of the Russian-Belarusian Union, then it seems the impression, and this impression is sustainable that the Foreign Ministry in these cases is not at all a subject of foreign policy.
About how the Security Council works, was told in the fourth chapter of the manual. This work is simply not visible. Of course, we have another subject of foreign policy activities - the presidential administration. But it is clear that the administration serves first of all the measures of the president himself and is at least in accordance with our legislation, unconstitutional, i.e. The technical authority that the president's events discusses. No more. This authority is neither for its status, nor in its capabilities simply can not take on conceptual foreign policy work. His tasks are others.
The next moment. The expert community, we practically turned out to be thrown out of the process of developing foreign policy solutions. The fact that our executive power does not rely on the expert community, obviously to everyone. Moreover, the state of affairs here, even compared to the 90s of the last century, worsened. Then, at least, some analytical and expert groups on foreign policy were created under the presidential administration, and even presidential advice on international activities. Now this is not at all. How not and strategic planning.
The state of affairs has deteriorated compared to the 90s and in the sense that the level of transparency of foreign policy decisions has sharply fell. We will not stop at this in detail, but this is a fact known and striking everyone, including our foreign partners. We also do not see regular work with the media.
Now in the sense of state discipline in the execution of foreign policy decisions, the situation is probably better than in the 90s of the last century. But there are blatant examples of non-attornection in foreign policy, which are already referred to as a new presidential cycle, and which will probably include in this quality - as classical examples of non-attorneal foreign policy - in the textbooks of world diplomacy.
Two of them occur at the end of 2003. The first is our maneuvering around O. Tuzla. It is still incomprehensible to which agency made a decision on the construction of the dam in the Kerch Strait. It can be assumed, of course, that this, so to speak, Samostroy began the governor Krasnodar Region. Moreover, we saw him all the time: he then did not get out of the TV. But many people say that he could not act independently, and was some kind of "otmashka" from the Kremlin. But who gave such a "otmashka" from the Kremlin, still not clear. There was a four-day symptomatic background, at least, if not weekly, the silence of our Foreign Ministry, who must say straight, simply did not fulfill his work, did not create a clear legal framework for holding strengthening work, not to mention that simply not I agreed with the Ukrainian side and brought the case to the next crisis in relations with Kiev. At the same time, we all remember how our ambassador in Kiev, Viktor Chernomyrdin, stated the need to urgently stop working in the Kerch Strait. This was announced by our Prime Minister, then - M. Kasyanov. And our well-known deputies, on the contrary, demanded continuation and even intensifying construction and uttered formal declarations-Philippiks to the official government. As a result, according to experts and in general opinion, Russia in front of the whole world completely lost the information war, which Kiev imposed her.
No less perplexity of foreign and domestic experts caused our attempt at the end of the same year to resolve the situation in Transnistria. Recall how it was. At first, the Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration (D.Kozak), who did not have any attitude towards international activities went to Transnistria. He, as reported, allegedly achieved a long-awaited compromise between Cinema and Tiraspole to resolve the problem of Transnistria. He spent negotiations with Kiev. Kiev seems to be also agreed with this. Against this background, the position of the Foreign Ministry was completely incomprehensible. There were no official statements. At the last moment, President of Moldova Voronin - after a strict OSCE instruction - refused to sign this "compromise agreement". As a result, the problem of settlement in Transnistria was postponed indefinitely, and those events that we witnessed today became a consequence of this irrehected in time and frozen situations on three years. After the unequivocal results of the referendum in Transnistria last Sunday, when 97.5% of the population voted for independence (read - for joining the Russian Federation) the Kremlin turned out to be in the most difficult and foreign policy: he does not have any legal and moral grounds for the will of the people. But it's not enough to go for this step in spirit and political poly. The established political impasse is a consequence of non-professional and uncombound foreign policy in this direction.
Another example is our inadvertising policy towards South Ossetia, in which, by the way, the next unpleasant referendum on independence is being prepared for the Kremlin. Only one thing is understandable: neither the strategy, no position in relation to, say, South Ossetian (not to mention Abkhaz), we have no conflict. We cannot even state that essentially here it is not about separatism. The thesis about the separatism of South Ossetia is a myth. We are not talking about separatism, but about the irrident, that is, about the reunification of South Ossetia with its historical homeland. There is even Russia here. Here, the most important thing is that South Ossetia wants to reunite with North Ossetia. No one can say whether we are ready now (and is it now) to denunciation of Dagomyskiy agreements of 1992, which I constantly say M. Saakashvili. What will we do if such agreements are really denounced? After all, Russian peacekeepers will in this case will have the status of invaders. We will have to withdraw from there our troops. In this case, 80% of southeetin, which are citizens of Russia will be in the position of the rogue, with all the consequences arising from here. They will be deprived of salaries, pensions, social guarantees, and so on. Essentially, it will be Chechnya for Georgia, destabilization of the entire region. We are clearly not ready for such a variant of the development of events.
The way out of this extremely unfavorable situation, as mentioned in the fourth chapter, is that a special law on the mechanism of developing, adopting and implementing foreign policy decisions should be adopted, which should ensure clear coordination of the activities of various foreign policy departments under the direction of the president. Naturally, in accordance with our Constitution, in accordance with the constitutional authority of the President and in the coordinating role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In any case, the question of the mechanism of developing, adopting and implementing foreign policy decisions should be part of a nationwide discussion about the new foreign policy doctrine and on foreign policy as a whole. There is no doubt that if such a discussion begins at the level of legislative and executive power and in the expert community, it will only benefit our foreign policy.
To begin with, we will again read the requirements for the K3 criterion.
According to this criterion, it is necessary:
"Properly indicate two causal relationships that characterize the causes of events / phenomena / processes occurring in this period."
So, you must specify two PSS, and not any, namely those that characterize the causes (!) The occurrence of events of this period.
What exactly is understood under the causal relationship?
PSS - communicationbetween historical events (processes, phenomena), at which one event (process, phenomenon), called the cause, with certain historical conditions breaks another event (process, phenomenon), called consequence.
Thus, Experts of the EGE want to see in the composition how a graduate can show a link between two historical events. Connection between event causeand Event-consequence.
At the same time, the event corollarymust be located within the framework of that period For which an essay is written. The event consequence should not be behind the upper boundary or the lower limit of the period, it should relate to this (!) Period.
To the event (phenomenon, process), which occurred within the framework of the specified period, it is necessary to choose those events (phenomena, processes) from the past, which served as .
What are the events for the event?
1) the event may be both within the period and the lower boundary. For the upper limit of the period it is impossible to exit: because the reasons can only be in the past, but not in the future.
An example of "within the period":
The ill-conceived tax policy of the approximate king Alexei Mikhailovich became one of the causes of salt rebellion.
Example "Behind the Lower Border":
Edition of Petra DecreeI. about the throne was one of the reasons for the beginning of the era of palace coups.
2) when specifying the PSS may be called not only the reasons, but also prerequisitesevents, processes, phenomena.
Premise - This condition that affected the beginning of this event.
For example:
Influence of the ideas of the Epoch of Enlightenment there was no direct cause the uprising of the Decembrists in the Senate Square, but was his premise.
Period: 945 - 972.
1) Baptism Olga ( this is the reason) and strengthening ties between Russia and Byzantium ( this is a consequence).
2) the approach of Russia to the Byzantine borders ( this is the reason) and start russian-Byzantine War (this is a consequence).
"Being a wise and far-sighted government, Olga decides to take the religion of the Byzantine Empire - Christianity. In 957, Olga is baptized in Constantinople. Her godfather was the Byzantine emperor. Such a step contributed to strengthening international relations between Russia and Byzantium: both political and economic.
At the same years, a lightning war with Bulgaria, who ended with the victory of the Russian prince occurs. As a result of the war, Russia received new lands, but the presence of militant Svyatoslav near the borders of Byzantium was not satisfied with the Byzantine emperor. In this regard, in 970, the beginning of the Russian-Visantine War began. "
Period: September 1689 - December 1725
The excerpt from the writing there is the following PSS:
1) Northern War ( this is the reason) and the introduction of the recruitment service ( this is a consequence).
2) the working conditions of the builders of St. Petersburg ( this is the reason) and high workers mortality ( this is a consequence).
"To strengthen in the conquered territory, the Russian ruler in 1703 founded the city, which is now called St. Petersburg. Construction began with the embezzlement of the fortress, well, and the city itself was built with a great mortality of workers. This is due to the "slave" attitude towards builders who worked in a complex climatic area with "unbearable" for a simple person with work hours.
During the war, power needed money and servants. The question with servant people was resolved by the Universal Recruit Meal, which provided the war with the army and increased it several times. "
Period: October 1894 - July 1914
The excerpt from the writing there is the following PSS:
1) Penetration of Russia in Manchuria ( this is the reason) and the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war (This is a consequence).
2) Rent a port Arthur ( this is the reason) and the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war ( this is a consequence).
3) the defeat of Russia in the Russian-Japanese war ( this is the reason) and the loss of Russia in the southern part of Sakhalin ( this is a consequence).
"In 1904-1905 was russian-Japanese war. The causes of this war was that the Railway of Russia went through China, and the fact that our country was rented by Port Arthur to create a fleet there. Japan did not like it all. We lost this war. The construction of the railway on our territory began, we lost the southern part of Sakhalin. "
The excerpt from the writing there is the following PSS:
1) Kosygin Reform ( this is the reason.) And an increase in the material interest of workers and others. this is a consequence).
2) Foreign policyconducted by A.A. Gromyko ( this is the reason) and the beginning of the course for peaceful coexistence ( this is a consequence).
"Develop a draft reform and implement it to life A. Kosygin was instructed<...> The consequence of the reform was an increase in the material interest of workers, an increase in economic indicators, the construction of new plants. However, then there was a decrease in the indicators, and the reform was minimized.
As for foreign policy, this period is characterized by the so-called "discharge" in international relations. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Foreign Affairs of Foreign Affairs of Foreign Affairs of Foreign Affairs of the USSR was the most important figure<...> The consequence of its foreign policy can be called the beginning of the course for peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries. "
Period: October 1964 - March 1985
In the excerpt from the essay there is the following PSS:
1) Enter Soviet troops to Afghanistan ( this is the reason) and the boycott of the Olympic Games of 1980. Western countries (This is a consequence)
"In 1980, the Summer Olympic Games were held in the USSR. Many Western countries have not come to the game. They reduced them due to the introduction of Soviet troops in Afghanistan in 1979. "
General conclusion
To get two points on K3, you must specify at least twice in the text that "A certain event (phenomenon, process) of this period occurred because ...".
At the same time, it is not necessary to call any historical figures, listing their specific actions, etc.
You may have several separate ligaments in the composition:
- "Event №1
- "Event №2 + Personality + specific actions »- for k-1 and k-2
- "Event №3
- "Event №4 + its causes / prerequisites "- for k-3
Note that you can write notonly about events, But also about historical phenomena and processes.
For example, in the examples above it is about such processas "strengthening links between Russia and Byzantia" and about such phenomenonas "High mortality of workers in the construction of St. Petersburg."
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B) compliance with the requirements of specific regulatory documents
c) according to goods consumer requirements of buyers
d) according to the goods of environmental performance
15. The symbol "E" on the goods is used as a sign:
a) manipulative
b) Warning
d) Ecological
16. Commercial product information includes:
2) Product information designed to create consumer preferences showing the benefits due to the use of specific goods and aimed ultimately on consumers
3) Product information, first of all identifying goods and intended for all subjects of market relations
17. Climate storage mode is characterized by the following indicators:
c) atmospheric pressure
f) heat capacity
h) radiation saturation
18. Commodity loss due to natural processes causing a change in the number of goods -
a) handling costs;
b) natural decline;
c) the cost of a trading enterprise.
19. The process of placement of goods in the storage room, the content and care of it in order to ensure its quality and quantity:
a) storage of goods;
b) comma;
c) allocation.
20. When ventilation:
2) Air moves inside a warehouse without feeding outdoor air
21. Barcode is applied:
1) necessarily on all goods
3) at the discretion of the manufacturer or intermediary
Knowledge of dates (A1):
1. In which year, the baptism of Russia happened? BUT). 945 g.; B). 972; IN). 988; D). 1036
2. Which of the listed events refers to the XI century? BUT). Congress of princes in Lishche; B). The first chronicle mention of Moscow; IN). Baptism of Russia; D). Conclusion of the first agreement of Russia with Byzantium
3. In which age was drawn up the truth of Yaroslav? BUT). VIII century; B). IX century; IN). X in.; D). XI century
4. In which year, the Congress of Princes in Lishech took place? BUT). 862; B). 988; IN). 1097; D). 1223
5. In which age in Kiev, Vladimir Monomakh printed? BUT). VIII century; B). X in.; IN). XII century; IN). XIV.
Knowledge of Facts (A2):
6. Indicate the Prince, during the reign of which the first written agreement was concluded between Russia and the Byzantine Empire. BUT). Yaroslav Wise; B). Oleg prophetic; IN). Igor Old; D). Vladimir Saint
7. Specify the name kiev Prince X, whose troops defeated Khazar kaganat. BUT). Oleg; B). Igor; IN). Svyatoslav; D). Vladimir
8. Which of the listed refers to the activities of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich? BUT). Combining Kiev and Novgorod; B). The adoption of Russia Christianity; IN). Construction of Moscow; D). Accession to Russia of the Kazan and Astrakhan Hangey
9. Indicate the Prince, whose activities include the preparation of the Code of laws of Russian Pravda a). Igor Old; B). Svyatoslav Igorevich; IN). Vladimir Svyatoslavich; D). Yaroslav Wise
10. What of the following refers to Vladimir Monomakh's activities? BUT). The first mention of Moscow in the chronicle; B). participation in the congress of the princes in the city of Lyubech; IN). defeat Pechenegs; D). Joining Novgorod and Tver to Moscow
11. Which of the listed refers to the activities of Prince Vladimir Monomakh? BUT). The adoption of Russia Christianity; B). Introduction of lessons and efforts; IN). defeat Khazar kaganata; D). Congress of princes in Lishche
12. What about the listed activity of Vladimir Monomakh? BUT). the establishment of "lessons" and "illosses"; B). Legislative relief of the provisions of debtors; IN). Introduction of the indefinite cheek of the runaway peasants; D). Cancel the right to transition of peasants to another owner in Yuriev Day
Knowledge of reasons and consequences (A4):
13. The consequence of the active military activities of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich was a). expanding the boundaries of the ancient Russian state; B). cessation of cookiegie raids; IN). Combining Kiev and Novgorod under the authority of one prince; D). Termination of military trips for Byzantium
14. What was the result was the consequence of the Baptism of Russia? BUT). Rising international authority of Russia; B). Camping Rus on Byzantium; IN). Rusi Wars with Polovtsy; D). defeat Khazar Kaganata
15. What was one of the consequences of the Baptism of Russia? BUT). development of cultural ties with the Byzantine Empire; B). the formation of an ancient Russian state; IN). the beginning of the political fragmentation of the ancient Russian state; D). Victory Prince Vladimir in the struggle for Kiev throne
16. What was one of the consequences of the Baptism of Russia? BUT). Camping Rus to Byzantium; B). strengthening the authorities of the Kiev Prince; IN). Start of military clashes of Russia with Pechenegs; D). defeat Khazar Kaganata
17. The consequence of the foreign policy activity of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich was a). cessation of military hikes on Byzantium; B). Weakening the danger of Polovtsy raids; IN). strengthening the southeastern borders of the ancient Russian state; D). Termination of the crusaders on the northwestern Russian lands
Search for information in the source (A5)
18. Read the excerpt from the chronicle and specify the prince, about whose military campaign is discussed. "And with these things, I went ... on the horses and in the ships, and it was the ships in the number of 2000. And came to the Tsargrad: the Greeks of the city were accounted for. And came out ... ashore, and began to fight, and many murders created in the vicinity of the city of Grekam, and broke a lot of chambers, and the church fought. ... and commanded his warriors to make the wheels and put ships on the wheels. And when there was a passing wind, they raised in the sail field and went to the city. Greeks, seeing it, frightened and said: "Do not rucki cities, let you give you a tribute, which you want". " BUT). Oleg prophetic; B). Svyatoslav Igorevich; IN). Yaroslav Wise; D). Vladimir Svyatoslavich
19. Read the excerpt from the chronicle and specify the Old Russian Prince to which the following words were addressed. "And sent with the words: You, prince, are looking for someone else's land and take care of her, and I left, and we almost took Pechenegs, and your mother, and your children. Is it really not sorry for you to you, the old mother, their children? " BUT). Oleg prophetic; B). Igor Old; IN). Svyatoslav Igorevich; D). Vladimir Saint
20. Read the passage from the composition of the historian and indicate the name of the ancient Russian prince, about which we are talking about. "Next year, the prince went with a troop to Korsun and besieged him. The city stubbornly resisted. The prince gave the vow to be baptized, if he takes Corsun, and really took it. Without a peasant, he sent to Tsargrad to the King of Brothers Vasily and Konstantin, threatening to go to them and demanding their sister Anna for himself. The kings told him that they could not give the princess marriage for the "Pogaty", that is, for the Gentiles. The prince replied that he was ready to be baptized. Then the kings sent her sister to Corsun her and with her the clergy, which was baptized by the Russian prince and walked him with the princess. " BUT). Oleg prophetic; B). Svyatoslav Igorevich; IN). Vladimir Svyatoslavich; D). Ivan Kalita
21. Read the excerpt from the document and specify the prince about which we are talking about. "The church of Saint Sophia laid ... then the church on the golden gate ... and it became a forever of Christian to expand ... his father, Vladimir, land ... enlightened his baptism, [Son] sown with book words loyal peopleAnd we reap, taking the book by taking a book. ... In the life, he gave instruction to his sons: "And if you live in love among themselves, God will be in you and conquer you enemies ..." And so it divided the city between them ... "a). Yury Dolgoruky; B). Yaroslav Wise; IN). Vladimir Monomakh; D). Alexander Nevskiy
22. Read the excerpt from the Historian's work and specify the prince, about whose calling is speech. "The prince died, and immediately in Kiev began a rebellion against the Roshovists who brave huge interest from debtors and who used the patronage of the late Prince. The rebels of the townspeople headed to the city center, where the boyars lived and stood the temple of St. Sophia. The crowd defeated the courtyards of the elected chapter of the city - the thousands of people, as well as the house of Roshovshchikov, and then rushed to the Princely Dvor and Pechersk Monastery. The frightened authorities urgently called for the city<…>: "Go, Prince, on the table of father and grandfathers". " BUT). Yaroslav Wise; B). Vladimir Monomakh; IN). Yury Dolgoruky; D). Andrey Bogolyubsky
23. Read the excerpt from the composition of the historian and indicate the name of the collection of laws, which is discussed. "Among the people, that is, the free disadvantaged simpleness, it is in rural population, two classes are formed. One of them was the bias who lived on the prince, that is, state land that did not constitute a draw of private property; In the collection of laws, they are called scent. Another class was rural workers who settled on the lands of private owners with loan from the owners. This class is called Nimite or Role Purchases. " BUT). "Russian truth"; B). Forensic Ivan Ivar III; IN). Faud JVANI IV; D). "Cathedral Code"
© A.I. Kondratov, 2009.
UDC 327 BBK 66.4 (0)
And its functions
A.I. Kondratov
The article is devoted to the consideration of the system of the main categories of foreign policy of the state and discloses the main functions of this system. The work proposed copyright definitions of the concepts of foreign policy activities of the state, foreign policy impact, ensuring foreign policy activities, its organization and tactics and disclose the relationship between them.
Key words and phrases: theory of international relations; category; foreign policy activities of the state; foreign policy impact, ensuring foreign policy activities; Organization of foreign policy state activities, the tactics of foreign policy activities.
Any phenomenon of the surrounding reality is familiar and studied using specific terms and concepts, some of which can be considered as categories. This fully applies to this phenomenon as the foreign policy activity of the state studied in the framework of the theory of international relations. As part of the development of the theory of international relations, researchers are underway to improve the existing conceptual apparatus. Many of the components of its terms and concepts are included in the few dictionaries, glossaries and thesauruses on political science, foreign policy, international relations and world politics.
As a result of studies conducted by S.A. Svakurin, E.A. Pozdnyakov,
MA Crystale and some other specialists, in theory of international
wearing a certain number of categories. For example: "Foreign Policy of the State", "Foreign Policy Doctrine", "Foreign Policy", "Foreign Policy", "Foreign Policy Strategy", "Foreign Policy Tactic", "Foreign Policy Strategy", "Foreign Policy Activities of the State".
However, so far among the many concepts revealing the foreign policy activities of the state until it is the key of them, which can be attributed to the category category. Famous categories are considered scattered and out of a reasonable theoretical system. Therefore, as part of the theory of international relations, the main elements of the system of the main categories of foreign policy activities of the state, which are a scientific instrument for the knowledge of this phenomenon.
Taking into account the purpose of the publication proposed to the attention, the consideration of the main categories of foreign policy activities of the state forming a single theoretical system, and the disclosure of the functions of this system.
appropriately secured by the state's activities to influence the objects of its foreign policy interests within the framework of the chosen tactics.
Foreign policy is the type of foreign policy of the state aimed at achieving desirable for the state, changes in the state of foreign policy interests, the conditions for their functioning or the nature of the action performed by them.
Ensuring the foreign policy activities of the state is the type of foreign policy of the state aimed at creating the necessary conditions for the implementation of foreign policy impact in order to implement its foreign policy.
The organization of foreign policy states - a set organizational forms Implementation of the content of foreign policy activities reflecting the ordered device of all units of the device (forces) and their agreed interaction within relatively independent parts of the foreign policy process.
The tactics of foreign policy activities are a system of knowledge about the tactical forms of the implementation of the content of foreign policy activities and their application in the course of foreign policy and foreign policy support in order to achieve the strategic foreign policy interests of the state into a specific historical period of the development of international relations.
As follows from the presented definitions: Impact and ensuring reflect the content side of the foreign policy of the state, and the organization and tactics - determine the organizational and tactical forms of expressions of this activity.
Logical operations with categories are conducted within many scientific disciplines. For example, issues of work with categories or their systems considered L.E. Balashov, I. Bukur, A. Delian, VB Kuchvsky, E.V. Lukyanova, A.P. Sheptulin and a number of other authors.
Meanwhile, today there is no uniform approach to the definition of the concept of "Category". The following definitions can be brought to confirm. According to one of them, under the category it is understood - "the most general and fundamental concept, reflecting the essential properties and attitudes of any phenomenon of reality or process."
From the point of view of L.E. Balashov, "Categories - structural elements of thought, which appear in philosophical literature under the name of philosophical categories-concepts. In the real world, they usually correspond to the forms of being, the determination of the world - matter, movement, space, time, quality, quantity, final, infinite, reality, possibility, etc. .
Taking into account the category described, the author as generalizing and fundamental concepts occupying the determining position in the hierarchy of concepts and terms reflecting the most significant links and the relationship of such a phenomenon as the foreign policy activities of the state.
Each categories of foreign policy activities, as an auxiliary or main element of the system, the independent set of knowledge corresponds. The categories are interrelated throughout this system, which allows to investigate their properties expressed in the concepts of significant signs, as well as determine the role and place of each of them in the general category system. The role of the element is determined through the functions assigned to it, and its place - by comparing with other elements.
Since theoretical foundations of foreign policy research
the state as a whole represent the level structure (philosophy and dialectics - the general-network basis; the theory of international relations is the general theoretical basis; some other theories are a special-theoretical basis), then several levels of categories can be distinguished, with which the state's foreign policy activities can be considered.
The first level constitutes the philosophical categories conducive to the system, which are the basis for determining the systems of categories of other scientific disciplines.
The second level is represented by the category system formed within the framework of the theory of international relations.
The third level includes several politician categories (state foreign policy, world politics and geopolitics).
In the fourth level, it is logical to consider the system of categories of a certain set of scientific disciplines that contribute to the knowledge of the studied phenomenon.
As a result, the system of categories of foreign policy activities of the state should be attributed to the fifth level of the general hierarchy of category systems.
The system of basic categories of foreign policy activities of the state consists of two subsystems. The first include such categories as: the needs, interests, goals and objectives of the foreign policy activities of the state, the subject, the object of foreign policy activities, the form, methods, strength and means, the result. These categories, with the inherent sets and subsets of terms and concepts, mainly reflect the overall structure of the foreign policy activities of the state, conventionally referred to as the "vertical". All of them are an integral part of a single set, understood as a supertension of terms and concepts, through which it is possible to consider the foreign policy activities of the state as a whole.
However, the main elements of the absentee concepts of terms and concepts about the foreign policy activities of the state, according to the author, are four main
subsets reflecting the "horizontal" structure of this activity. In this system, the key concepts respectively are foreign policy effects (for brevity impact), ensuring the foreign policy activities of the state (reduced security), the organization of foreign policy activities (organization) and the tactics of foreign policy activities (tactics).
It is through the use of these categories that the integrated consideration of the foreign policy of the state is becoming possible.
Special status in the system of sets of concepts allows you to attribute the impact, organization, provision and tactics to the category of the main categories of foreign policy state. Together they form a single subsystem system of categories of foreign policy activities.
If the classification of categories (subsystems) of the "vertical level" to the general system of categories of foreign policy activities in additional comments does not need, then to prove the functionality of the categories of the "horizontal level", consider the role and place of each element, we define the nature of the relationship between them and give the system assessment For compliance with compliance with general requirements.
Previously, we note that this system consists of a set. structural elements (four main categories) in relationships and interaction performing their cognitive (explanatory) functions in a specific area of \u200b\u200bknowledge.
The main evidence of the functioning of the system under consideration is the following provisions:
First, the fact of the presence and functioning of links on the interaction between these categories, each of which is an independent element of the system, reflecting one of the four sets of terms and concepts.
Secondly, subordination with all the necessary elements of a single goal - to disclose the essence of foreign policy activities of the state, its content and forms of external expression of this content.
Each of the elements in the integral unity carries a certain load, providing an ordered system functioning.
The impact determines what the state does to achieve the implementation of its foreign policy interests, but without relevant provision, this activity cannot be implemented. Organizing and tactics are an external expression of the foreign policy of the state as a whole and its main part - impact in particular. Therefore, in order to influence and obtain an intended result, it must be appropriately provided, organized and selected and only then concrete forms and methods of activity are then determined, which causes the presence of tactics. Therefore, the absence of even one of the named elements does not give the right to speak about the foreign policy activities of the state. On the other hand, in this system categories there is a sufficient number of necessary elements, which does not allow to include any other elements in this system. Otherwise, it will not be a system.
All this indicates the integrity and closetness of the system.
Thirdly, the hierarchical construction of these categories, the presence of three of them (provision, organizations and tactics) and the top of the system - the fourth category (impact) indicates the subordination of the first latter.
Fourth, a different combination of the content of the elements of the system (mentally represented as the faces of the wrong tetrahedron) suggests that this system is able to adequately reflect the impact of a complex of external and internal factors for its operation. This provision necessitates the possibility of responding to the system to external and internal
impact, as well as its ability to resistance to these impacts.
According to the right conclusion V.B. Kuchkovsko, "The role of categories in knowledge is determined by their place in the process of reflection of the outside world, the originality of their objective content and logical form and is disclosed in worldview, methodological and logical functions." The above applies to the categories of foreign policy state activities in the framework of the theory of international relations.
The ideological function, due to the nature of categories, is expressed in the fact that they form the theoretical basis for the knowledge of the foreign policy activities of the state aimed at meeting the needs of its needs, conscious as interests. The states reduced to the system of foreign policy activities allow you to organize existing knowledge about this phenomenon and as a result of logical methods of knowledge to present it as a whole. Therefore, without them, it is impossible to streamline the information (information, data) into a single complex received during the practical activity of the participants in the unified complex.
In addition, the ideological function of the allocated categories is manifested in the fact that they are the basis for understanding the numerous processes occurring in the field of international relations through the prism of the state's foreign policy activities. Therefore, they contribute to the consideration and correct interpretation of phenomena that make up the interaction between states about the implementation of their interests. The consequence of which is obtaining a new knowledge about this part of the objective reality of being.
The methodological function of the categories of foreign policy activities of the state, as each separately and within the framework of their systems, is expressed in the fact that they are methodological tools for determining the truth when considering the events occurring in the field of international relations. They contribute to the definition of new practical and scientific issues related to
provision, organization and tactics of foreign policy activities of the state and other actors of international relations. Similar opportunities for solving such problems with the help of categories of foreign policy activities, the state appear in related scientific disciplines (geopolitics, world politics, externally policies and other). Consideration of categories as a methodological base, starting point or start scientific research Allows you to build a proper logic of its conduct, which contributes to obtaining the use of logical operations and the methodological approach to the theory and practice of scientific research by the use of logical operations and developed in this work.
The disclosed relationships between the categories of foreign policy impact, the provision, organization and tactics of foreign policy activities can be used for consideration of the activities of any other subject of international relations. The foregoing also means that the data system categories can also be used to consider the activities of the subject (state) as a whole. In other words, these categories allow us to consider the activities of the subject, directed not only internally, but also inwards any subject. It is not necessary that the subject is valid within the framework of international relations. Since it is possible to use within other scientific disciplines, so far from a methodological point of view, the named categories considered within the system may apply for universality.
The logical function of the allocated categories of foreign policy activities is expressed in the fact that each of them individually, or the system considered as their quality, can act as a start to carry out logical operations of the knowledge of other phenomena of foreign policy states - in particular, or the activities of any other subject of international relations generally. The basis of the alleged judgments using these categories should be the above causal relationships between this category.
mi. The consistent consideration of this connection determines the logic of scientific thinking and knowledge, by consistently reflected in the consciousness of the researcher through the categories and related concepts of the occurrence of the phenomena of the reality of being.
At the same time, the manifestation of the functions of each of these categories separately or in the system depends on the conditions and objectives of the use of these categories in specific knowledge systems and is determined by the relationship between the allocated system of categories on the one hand, and above or lower in the theoretical hierarchy theoretical system.
In conclusion, we note that the proposed and informed author of the authorized approach to the consideration of foreign policy impact, ensuring, organization and tactics of foreign policy activities of the state as elements of the theoretical system is the first attempt to study this activity at the level of categories of international relations theory. The presence of such a scientific instrument as a system of categories of foreign policy state activities allows to embark on the creation of the theoretical model of this activity necessary not only for the further development of the theory of international relations, but also political science as a whole.
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THE SYSTEM OF STATE MAIN CATEGORIES OF FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY
AND ITS FUNCTIONS.
The article Considers The System of the State Main Categories of Foreign Policy Activity and Reveals Its Main Functions. The Author defines such Categories AS Foreign Policy Activity of the State, Foreign Policy Activity Impact, Foreign Policy Activity Guarantee, Its Organization and Tactics, Reveals Correlation Between Them.
Key Words: Theory of International Relations; Category; Foreign Policy Activity of the State; FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY IMPACT; FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY GUARANTEE; Organization of Foreign Policy Activity of the State; Tactics Offeign Policy Activity.
