RSFSR (1917-1922),
the USSR the USSR
Mikhail Mikhailovich Pokrovsky (1868 /, Tula -, Kazan) - Russian and Soviet philologist-classic, linguist and literary critic. Professor of Moscow University (from 1899), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from 1929, ChL-Corr. From 1917), the Creator (jointly with S. I. Sobolevsky) and the first head of the department of classical philology in mythl.
Biography
According to a copy of the metric recording and certificate of maturity, according to a copy of the metric recording and certificate of maturity, December 21, 1868 (January 2, 1869), but in autobiography (1937) and the questionnaire (1937), Pokrovsky pointed out on December 21, and on December 24, 1868. His father was a priest.
In 1895, Pokrovsky defended his thesis on the topic "Semyasiological studies in the field of ancient languages" and in February 1896 was approved in the rank of Master of Roman Literature. At the end of 1898, his doctoral dissertation "Materials for historical grammar of the Latin language" was printed in Moscow, after which in April 1899, M. M. Pokrovsky was awarded a doctor's degree and appointed an extraordinary professor of Moscow University, and in 1901 - ordinary professor. He taught at Moscow University until 1930.
In 1917 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1929 - a valid member of the Academy of Sciences.
With the abolition of the historical and philological faculty of M. M. Pokrovsky remained a professor of Moscow University at the Ethnic-Linguistic Faculty. For six years (1923-1930), he led the works of the ancient section of Ranion as its chairman.
In 1934, Pokrovsky took part in organizing the classic branch in myths; Until 1939, he was heading in it by the Department of Classical Philology.
Mogila M. Pokrovsky
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War It was evacuated to Kazan, where he died on August 10, 1942. He was buried at the Arsk Cemetery.
Video on the topic
Personal library
Some works
- Linguistic notes in Latin grammar (Philological Bulletin, 1891)
- Svanic form B. latin (Philological Bulletin, 1891)
- Etudes by "
Born on August 17 (August 29 for a new style) 1868 in Moscow in the family of an assistant manager of the Moscow Folding Customs. Although the family was noble, but it denied traditional conservative orders, there were favorable atmosphere and critical attitude towards the royal regime. The first serious successes in the study of the history Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky demonstrated in the second Moscow gymnasium.
After graduating from the Gold Medal of the Moscow Gymnasium, 1887 entered the historical and philological department of the Moscow Imperial University, who graduated from 1891 with the first degree diploma. During the studies of Pokrovsky at the university, the Russian thought magazine published his first work - several reviews for new books in domestic and foreign history. After graduation, I stayed at the university "for cooking for the professorship" at once on two departments - Russian and universal history. In 1891-1905 worked in educational institutions and educational organizations Moscow. In particular, he headed the Seminar Library at Moscow University, he read lectures on women's Moscow pedagogical courses and taught in secondary educational institutions, parallel to preferably for the protection of master's (candidate) dissertation.
Evolution views
The evolution of the views of the historian was complex and controversial. It was originally influenced by the historiographic concepts of Vasily Osipovich Kueviewski and Paul Gavrilovich Vinogradov, who had been his university leaders and providing him with serious scientific training. From 1896 he studied the creativity of the founders and interpreters of Marxism. Marxism first appealed in the form of "legal Marxism" distributed by Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovsky, Peter Bernhardovich Struve, Sergey Nikolayevich Bulgakov and other liberal intellectuals. Such an interpretation of Marxism found a display in the first historical works of the Pokrovsky "Reflection of the economic life in the" Russian truth "" (1898), "The economic life of Western Europe at the end of the Middle Ages" (1899) and "Local self-government in Ancient Russia"(1903), as well as in its first fundamental essay," Russian history from ancient times to troubled time "(1896-1899).
The dissertation of Pokrovsky was never protected for political reasons - his views became more and more dangerous for the authorities (according to security, he "communicated with persons politically unreliable"), in 1902 he was generally prohibited to lecture. Cooking "Legal Marxists", the scientist was involved in the work led by Peter Nikolayevich Milyukov Commission on the organization of home reading, as well as to the left wing of the bourgeois-liberal political organization "Union of Liberation". However, soon he was completely disappointed in liberals and turned to a revolutionary socialist movement and in the future successfully combined scientific and scientific and pedagogical work with revolutionary activities.
On the eve of the first Russian revolution, 1905-1907, Pokrovsky met and became close to the Social Democrats Alexander Alexandrovich Bogdanov, Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky, Ivan Ivanovich Skvortsov-Stepanov, which were confused around the magazine "Pravda". From 1904, Pokrovsky's articles were printed in the journal, which testified to the transition of a historian to solid materialistic positions: "Idealism and the laws of history: Rickert Heinrich. The boundaries of natural scientific education of concepts "(1904); "Zemsky Cathedral and Parliament" (1905). The critical review of the scientist on the first part of the "Course of Russian History" (1904) of his teacher V. O. Klyuchevsky was negatively met by the former fellow students of Pokrovsky, who were separated by the liberal views of their university teacher.
Entry into RSDDP
Pokrovsky Oblitsa russian-Japanese War 1904-1905 And the shooting of a peaceful demonstration on Blood Sunday, warmly welcomed the first Russian revolution. In April 1905, he became a member of the RSDLP. Since the beginning of its membership in the party, he joined her Bolshevik wing. In the summer of 1905, first visited Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Geneva. After returning from Switzerland to Moscow, he was elected a member of the Lecturer Group of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. Being one of the leaders of the Lecturer Group of the Moscow Committee, the revolutionary publishing house "KOLOKOL" and the editorial office of the Bolshevik newspaper "Fighting", led an active propaganda work, performed on numerous rallies and meetings, was printed in the social democratic press. Together with his student comrades, Nikolai Alexandrovich Rozhkov, also an outstanding historian, actively participated in the December armed uprising in Moscow.
After the defeat of the December, the uprising was arrested. In 1906, V. I. Lenin was attracted to cooperation in the Bolshevik newspaper "Proletary". In October 1906, he took part in the campaign for the election of deputies from the RSDDP (b) in the State Duma. The Delegate of the 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP (1907) was elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee and a member of the Bolshevik Center, as well as the editorial board of the Proletarian newspaper.
Emigration
Hiding from the police, Pokrovsky, a member of the MK RSDLP and an employee of the Bolshevik newspaper "Svetok", in 1907 moved to Finland, and then emigrated to France (1909). By joining A. A. Bogdanov, in 1909 entered the group "Forward", united by the Gods, Ulthimists and Ozzovists. At the end of 1910, broke with the group "Forward" and declared himself a "unpractice" Social Democrat. Collaborated in many publications. In 1913, he joined the "Interdistrict", which was grouping around Lion Davidovich Trotsky and trying to reconcile the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
After the start of the First World War, "for the transformation of the war between nations in the war against the bourgeoisie," that is, actually stood up on the Leninist position in the assessment of the war as imperialist. As an internationalist, Pokrovsky again clings to the Bolsheviks and actively cooperates in the Bolshevik publications. In particular, he was the publishing editor of the book V. I. Lenin "Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism" (1916).
Historian-Marxist
From 1907 Articles of Pokrovsky, dedicated to the history of the national economy, the internal and foreign policy of the Russian tsarism, the social movement began to actively publish in the "encyclopedic dictionary of the grenade", and the collective 9-languid "history of Russia in the XIX century", published grenade brothers. However, the most fruitful in the scientific work of the scientist became the years of emigration. In 1910-1913 in the first edition in the Moscow Publishing House, the Main Work of the historian - the 1-5th volume of "Russian history from ancient times" (with the participation of Valerian Konstantinovich Agafonova, Nikolai Mikhailovich Nikolsky, Vasily Nikolaevich Storozhev), which became the first systematic Marxist study of the history of Russia from primitive times to end XIX. century. In 1915-1918 there is also another work of the Pokrovsky - "Essay of the History of Russian Culture" in two parts (1 ed., M., Part 1-2). In these works, Pokrovsky develops important to understand it historical concept The theory of "shopping capitalism" as a special formation in Russian history, the definition of the internal and foreign policy of the Tsarist government by trade capital.
The historical analysis in Pokrovsky is based on the Marxist concept of social and economic formations. He was one of the first historians who considered the history of Russia materialistically, in terms of their alternation. Proving that historical Development Russia, like any other country, are socio-economic processes (and refuting the traditional messianism), Pokrovsky appealed to the theme of the class struggle of the masses. Deploying common statements about the "peaceful" character of Russian history, the historian focused on the internal and external conflicts of Russia. For example, he actively indulge the conquest colonial policy of the royal power. Pokrovsky acutely half alarmed with historians who defended the talked ideas about the non-targeted character of the ancient Russia, the absence of feudalism in Russia, the state of all (including privileged) classes. With the anti-nationalist and antimonarchic positions, the historian criticized the official theories, depicting the formation of a Russian centralized state around the Moscow principality as a result of the "gathering of Russian land", the idealization of the personality and transformations of Peter I.
October Revolution
Being in emigration, Mikhail Pokrovsky led propaganda among Russian soldiers in France. After the February 1917 revolution and the overthrow of the autocracy of Pokrovsky elects a comrade (deputy) chairman of the Executive Committee of the Paris Council of Representatives of 23 Political and Trade Union Organizations of Russia in emigration. I promoted the return to the homeland emigrated to the west of Russian revolutionaries. In order to "protect the interests of the political emigrants remaining out of Russia, seeking to accelerate their sending to Russia," led negotiations with the temporary government, the Petrograd Council and a number of other organizations.
Pokrovsky himself returned to Russia and recovered in the Bolsheviks party in August 1917. The deputy of the Moscow Council of Workers 'Deputies, September 9 and 23, spoke with reports on the situation of Russian revolutionary emigration at the meetings of the Board of Councils of Workers and Soldiers' Deputies, participated in the September Democratic Meeting. Played an important role in the October Revolution: during the October armed uprising in Moscow (October 25 - November 2, 1917), he was a member of the Zamoskvoretsky Revolutionary Staff of the Red Guard, Commissioner of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee on Foreign Affairs and the editor of the newspaper Izvestia Moscow Council of Workers Deputies .
During the October Revolution, Pokrovsky developed drafts of decisions and decrees of the Moscow VRK (about printing policies, regarding the withdrawal of money from the State Bank for the salary of workers and employees, etc.), appeal to the population of the city. He also prepared the "Democratic Peace", "Europe and the second revolution", "in Moscow", "the success of the revolutionary troops", "in Moscow", "the success of the revolutionary troops", in which he analyzed the course of revolutionary events in Moscow and the international assessment of the Russian revolution. On the evening of October 27, having received an ultimatum of the commander of the Moscow Military District of Colonel K. I. Ryabtseva and realizing that the counter-revolutionary garrison of the Moscow Kremlin is ready to oppose the strength of the Red Guard, the first to speak at a meeting of the Moscow VRC for the need for decisive fighting.
From 3 to 10 November, he was the editor of the "News of the Moscow VRK"; On November 5, Moscow VRK delegated Pokrovsky to the Commission to establish the relationship of the consuls foreign states And VRK, which was a prerequisite for appointing it to the Commissioner for Foreign Affairs. The composition of the Moscow VRC itself was introduced on November 11. 14 (27) November, the United Plenum of the Moscow Councils of Workers' Deputies and Soldier Deputies chose him by the Chairman of the Mossoveta. In November 1917 elected to the Constituent Assembly. From November 1917 to March 1918, he continued to be located as Chairman of the Moscow Council.
Brest Mir
On December 3, 1917 L. D. Trotsky, a special telegram called Pokrovsky to Brest-Litovsk to participate in the Delegation of the RSFSR in peace negotiations. Until January 29, 1918 Pokrovsky worked in subcommises on political, economic and legal issues. For some time, it was agreed with the group headed by Nicholas Ivanovich Bucharicin "Left Communists" who opposed the signing of the Brest peace treaty with central powers.
Although Pokrovsky believed that without the All-Effer socialist revolution The Soviet state will not be able to resist the aggression of imperialist states, he still had doubts about the closest success of the revolution in Western Europe, so it was required to strengthen the country's defense capability. Speaking for the continuation of the revolutionary war with Germany and Austria-Hungary and against the signing of the world on the Germanic conditions, Pokrovsky is extremely negatively assessed by the statement of Trotsky on the exit of the Soviet government from the war and the dissolution of the army: "I did not understand what is more, naivety or cowardice (it was Enough and the other), but also stated with frankness that I would no longer sign in any case. " On the night of March 4, March 5, he performed at the Moscow party conference with a defendant platform of the "left communists" by the co-owner, which argued that the revolution would die in the event of the conclusion of the world, but also called for the elimination of the split. Pokrovsky's position was rejected by a majority conference delegates who supported Lenin proposals. The signing of a peace treaty was regarded by Pokrovsky as "morally terrible to incredible limits."
Administrative work
With the formation of March 11, 1918, Pokrovsky's Council of Moscow and the Moscow Region became his chairman and resided in this post until May 1918. Since the competence of the All-Russian government and Moscow executive bodies overlap, to avoid conflicts, Moscow SNK was abolished on May 20, 1918. Pokrovsky was introduced to the government And he was appointed deputy addict of educating RSFSR. In the future, he continued in this position until the end of his life (1932), combining this work with scientific and teaching activities as Professor of Moscow state University And some other educational institutions. In Sovnarkom, Pokrovsky was responsible for the sphere of science and higher education.
Pokrovsky was one of the organizers of the Socialist (1918, since 1924 - Communist) Academy, State Scientific Council (1919), Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Red Professors (1921). IN different years He was the chairman of the Presidium of the Communist Academy, the rector of the Red Professors Institute (from 1921), Chairman of the Society of Historians-Marxistov (from 1925), headed by the Centrah (since 1922) and headed a number of other organizations in the field of science and ideology. In addition, he was the editor of the historical magazines "Red Archive", "Historian-Marxist", "Fighting Classes" and a member of the main edition of the BSE; Actively participated in the activities of the Ist Part, Institute of Lenin and many other scientific institutions.
Reviews to the role of history in society
Pokrovsky was actively developed and introduced the idea of \u200b\u200ba single labor school and universal education, directly guiding the processes of the cultural revolution, the creation of slavery and the elimination of illiteracy among the population over 25 years. In May 1918, Pokrovsky was appointed a member of the government, Deputy People's Commissar of the Education of the RSFSR. With his name, reorganization measures are connected higher School In the communist basis, the organization of new scientific institutions, archival, museum, library affairs. In particular, library, archival and museum funds were nationalized and systematized, archival materials were nationalized and systematized (especially related to revolutionary motion), a new spelling was introduced, and decrees about the protection of art monuments and antiquities were adopted. Pursuing the goal to raise a new, Soviet, intelligentsia, he conducted a hard and straight line on the removal of the old professors from teaching, creating preferred conditions for admission to higher educational institutions of workers' youth and reduce the autonomy of universities than the prerequisites for establishing a monopoly of the Communist ideology in public sciences.
Under the "militarization" paradigm, Pokrovsky understood the overcomiating of the alienation of science and education from direct production, which would allow them to solve them to solve the specific tasks of the Soviet state. Winged phrase Pokrovsky "History There is a policy tilted in the past" also focused on the practical meaning of history, the need to refer to the subject matter of being valuable for current social needs. For this reason, he offered to integrate the school course of history to the course of social studies. On the other hand, such an approach of Pokrovsky, especially considering that his views were equated to official and did not give in criticism, gave grounds for accusations of one-sidedness, tendentiousness and neglect of historical events in favor of modern problems.
Pokrovsky noted the insactivity of statesmen of Russian history: the kings, their approximated, officials and military leaders were objectively tools of influential social forces, which insens the interests of "commercial capital", whose agents they were. So, in relation to the autocracy, he used the extentant expression "trade in the header of Monomakh," rejected the dominant tradition to consider the Russian history in the periods of the rule of a king or the prince. According to Pokrovsky, although the power of "commercial capital" reached apogee in the XIX century, when he became the dominant force in the European expanses. However, at the same time in Russia slow pace Industrial production begins to develop, and the "Industrial Capital" associated with it comes with the "competing capital", which has ended with the victory of the first only at the beginning of the 20th century, is coming to the arena of the interclass confrontation. Hegemon in political and public Life Industrial bourgeoisie becomes only in the period after the February Revolution, from February to October 1917.
For the work of Pokrovsky, the internationalism and the impact of imperial and chauvinistic stereotypes, common in Russian historical science, in particular, the statements about "non-independence" and "cultural retardation" of oppressed Russian Empire Peoples. In an effort to external and internal politics of the ruling classes, Pokrovsky made an emphasis on the negative aspects of Russian history, previously silent. He pointed to class oppression, aggression and conquering war tsarism, the robbery of the enslaved peoples, technological backwardness. His relationships to Tsarism, nobility, merchandise and bourgeoisie was mainly critical. An important place in the work of Pokrovsky occupies the exposition of frankly apologetic ideas about traditional "heroes" of Russian historiography. Monarchs, commander, state and church figures, diplomats appear in the works of the Soviet historian in a completely different light - as egoistic, cruel, limited, ignorant personality. To achieve the maximum effect, representatives of the ruling classes and managers were inferred with satire, irony and grotesque.
The sharpness of the theoretical confrontation with the traditional Russian and Western non-Marxist historiography, which established around the development and defending the Pokrovsky principles of historical materialism and class struggle, demanded a polemical acute of his work, which caused a number of ambiguities and simplifications in scientist theories. One of the shortcomings of the Pokrovsky scheme was his tendency to modernize the events of the past, the description of them with later terms, the use of ambiguous historical analogies (Pestel - right-wing esters; Class struggle in the Novgorod Republic - the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie). Thus, the peasant war of Pugacheva was considered at Pokrovsky by analogy with bourgeois revolutions and acquired the nature of the bourgeois movement.
Given the criticism from other Marxist historians, in the last years of life, Pokrovsky recognized some drawbacks of the historical views set forth in their previous works, and tried to improve them. In the monograph "On Russian feudalism, origin and character of autocracy" (1931), he refused his initial understanding of "economic materialism", which was expressed in the underestimation of the production sector and hyperbolization of the sphere of circulation. He also revised his estimates of nationality, the Russian revolution 1905-1907, limited interpretation of imperialism as only a conquesting policy, and also departed from the trend towards the modernization of history (in particular, recognized as insolvent of his thesis on the bourgeois nature of the Pugachev uprising). The February revolution of 1917 he stopped calling the beginning of the socialist revolution, agreed with the definition of it as a bourgeois-democratic. As a result, continuing to note the importance of commercial capital in the formation of capitalism in Russia, Pokrovsky stopped using the phrase "trade capitalism", recognized that the royal absolutism was an instrument not only commercial capital and urged more attention to the creative role of the masses in the historical process.
last years of life
In 1923-1927 actively participated in the fight against Trotskyism. He was a professor of Moscow University. A specialist in the field of the history of the development of society and the farm of Russia from ancient times, Pokrovsky has repeatedly represented Soviet science at international congresses and conferences of historians. Since 1929 - Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Repeatedly elected to the CCC and the CEC. Present at the XVI Congress of WCP (b), which was elected to the Presidium of the CCC CPS (b).
From 1929 Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky was seriously ill with cancer. Died on April 10, 1932 in Moscow. It was cremated, the dust was placed in the urn in the Kremlin Wall on Red Square in Moscow.
Posthumous critics
Explaining the schematics and inconsistency of some of its concepts, Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky wrote: "The following generation historians ... will probably understand and explain the historical inevitability of these contradictions ... They recognize that someone who, and we who worked in the ultrasonic setting can not be placed anything Lyko in a string ... that, thanks to us, they have to start. " Nevertheless, the hopes of Pokrovsky on the further development of the pretty historical methods were locked by the subjective tendency estimates of his heritage distributed from the mid-30s. Possentially addressed to Pokrovsky, political, near-scientific and scientific accusations in "Vulgar Sociology", "Anti Marxism", "Antipatriotism" and "Decisions of the History of Russia" and theoretical claims (for exaggerating the role of trade capital in development tsarist Russia) Moved to the background by political accusations.
An unprecedented campaign of the criticism of the late scientist destroying the criticism was launched in 1936 according to the direct instructions of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, who considered that the historian "not enough" noted his role in Russian revolutions. In the conditions of destroying the opposition and establishing their own undivided personal power, Stalin was more convenient to rely on the experience of imperial statehood than on the ideals of the Russian revolution. The new ethnic-patriotic concept of history, approved general Secretaria In science, gave an excuse for the established authoritarian and bureaucratic system of power.
Signing by historical heritage Pokrovsky was associated with the rejection of the historic cult of the Personality of Stalin, Stalinist historiographic estimates of the "Great Personality of Domestic History" (first of all, Ivan IV and Peter I, sharply criticized by the Pokrovsky, but exalted Stalinist tradition), as well as trends towards the restoration of Great Russian patriotism and chauvinism. In addition, the denial of the Pokrovsky and his followers played their role national traditions and skeptical attitude to the policies of the Russian tsarism, configuring the needs of the highest leadership. The extensive School of Pokrovsky's extensive school was declared the "base of pests, spies and terrorists, deftly masked with its harmful antillenic historical concepts." Although some of the Pokrovsky students joined the travelers of the teacher, most of the school of Pokrovsky was destroyed during the campaigns of mass repression. Pokrovsky's books were withdrawn from libraries, and history textbooks were rewriting in accordance with a new historical concept. The posthumous defeat of Pokrovsky was completed with a two-volume "against the historical concept of M. N. Pokrovsky" (M.-L., 1939-1940). After removing the accusations against the Pokrovsky and his school by 1962, interest in his work was recovered.
17 (29) August 1868 in Moscow, Mikhail Nikolayevich Pokrovsky, historian, Soviet politician, was born in Moscow in the family of a customs official; academicianBelarusian Academy of Sciences (1928) and Academy of Sciences Soviet Union (1929).
After graduating from the gymnasium with a gold medal, Mikhail Nikolaevich entered the Historical and Philology Faculty of the Imperial Moscow University, where his teachers were outstanding Russian historians V. O. Klyuchevsky and P. G. Vinogradov. During study at the university in the magazine "Russian Thought", he published his first work - several reviews for new books in domestic and foreign history. After graduation, Pokrovsky was left at the university "for cooking for the professorship" at once on two departments - Russian and universal history.
Since 1891, Pokrovsky taught in secondary educational institutions of Moscow, he read lectures on women's Moscow pedagogical courses, worked in educational organizations and preparing a master's thesis. However, his dissertation was never protected for political reasons, and in 1902 he was forbidden to lecture. The first historical works of Pokrovsky - "The reflection of the economic life in the" Russian Pravda "(1898), the" economic life of Western Europe at the end of the Middle Ages "(1899)," local government in ancient Russia "(1903), - were written under the influence of" legal Marxism.
On the eve of the first Russian revolution 1905-1907. Pokrovsky met and Ideanly became close to Social Democrats A. A. Bogdanov, A. V. Lunacharsky, I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov, who were rallied around the magazine "True". Disappointed in the views of the Liberals, in April 1905 the historian became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDLP). In the summer of 1905, his first meeting with the leader of Bolshevikov V. I. Lenin took place in Geneva.
After returning from Switzerland, Pokrovsky was elected a member of the Lecturer Group of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. Becoming soon one of the leaders of the group, as well as the revolutionary publishing house "Bell" and the editorial office of the Bolshevik newspaper "Fight", the historian began to conduct active propaganda work. After participating in the December armed uprising in Moscow, Pokrovsky was arrested, and in 1906 emigrated to France.
During the emigration, Pokrovsky created his main work - "Russian history from ancient times" in 5 volumes (1910-1913), and also wrote an "essay of the history of Russian culture" (1915-1918). The main subject of his research was the history of Russia from the primitive era until the beginning of the XX century. Significant place in scientific activity Pokrovsky took a controversy with historians of non-Marxist views - V. O. Klyuchevsky, B. N. Chicherin, V. M. Solovyovyov, S. F. Platonov.
The cornerstone of the historical views of Pokrovsky became the theory of "commercial capital". According to the historian, "Trade Capital" was the main driving force of the Russian history of the XVI-XIX centuries, its development and functioning has determined all aspects of internal and foreign policy. russian state, war and conquest of new territories and peoples, the formation of an extensive empire.
In August 1917, Pokrovsky returned to Russia. During October revolution Scientist developed drafts of decisions and decrees of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee (VRC) and appeal to the population of the city. He also prepared a "Democratic World", Europe and the second revolution, "in Moscow", "the success of the revolutionary troops", "in Moscow", "the success of the revolutionary troops", in which he analyzed the course of revolutionary events in Moscow and the international assessment of the Russian revolution.
In May 1918, Pokrovsky was appointed Deputy People's Commissioner for Education of the RSFSR; They were drawn up theses, which determined a further policy in the sphere of science and education of the new state. The scientist was one of the organizers of the Socialist Academy, the State Scientist Council, the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Institute of Red Professors, Chairman of the Society of Historians-Marxists, and also headed a number of other organizations. In addition, he was a member of the main editorial board of the Big Soviet Encyclopedia and the editor of the historical magazines "Red Archive", "Historic-Marxist", "Fighting Classes". In 1929, the scientist was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Since 1929, Mikhail Nikolaevich was seriously ill and, after three years, April 10, 1932 died. Buried the historian on Red Square in the Kremlin Wall.
A few years after the death of Pokrovsky in connection with the official large-scale campaign on the revision of the Soviet ideology, the struggle against the ideas of scientist and its followers began. His views were announced by "Anti Marxist"; The historian was accused of antipatriotism, and his work was seized from libraries.
Lit.: Artizov A. N. M. N. Pokrovsky: Final Career - Success or defeat? // National history. 1998. No. 1. P. 77-96, No. 2. P. 124-143; Bibliography of published works of academician M. N. Pokrovsky. Tomsk, 1993; Govakov A. A. M. N. Pokrovsky on the subject of historical science. Tomsk, 1976; Krivoshein E. Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky (to the 60th anniversary of the birthday) // New World. 1928. No. 11,; Memory M. N. Pokrovsky (1868-1932). M., 1932; Pokrovsky M. N. Selected Works. T. 1-4. M., 1965-1967; He is Imperialist war. M., 1928; Sokolov O. D. M. N. Pokrovsky and Soviet historical science. M., 1970; Chernobayev A. A. M. N. Pokrovsky - "President of Moscow" // Gusev's readings. M., 2005. P. 138-158; He is "Professor with a peak", or three lives of the historian M. N. Pokrovsky. M., 1992; Yushkov S. V. M. N. Pokrovsky as a historian of Russian feudalism. L., 1927.
Pokrovsky, Mikhail Nikolaevich(1868-1932), Russian historian, a leader of the revolutionary movement and the Communist Party. Born 17 (29) August 1868 in Moscow, in the family of an assistant manager of the Moscow Folding Customs. Already in the 2nd Moscow gymnasium showed interest in history. In 1887 he entered the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University, at the end of which in 1891 received a diploma of the first degree and was left "to prepare for the professorship" at once at two departments - Russian and universal history. He was engaged in Seminaria P.G. Vinogradova and V.O. Welchevsky.
By the time of stay at the university refers to the beginning of the literary activity of Pokrovsky: the magazine "Russian Thought" published his reviews for new books in domestic and foreign history.
Up to 1895 Pokrovsky, according to his own expression, was a "absolutely academic person": he managed the seminar library at the university, he read lectures on Moscow pedagogical courses, was preparing for the protection of the master's (candidate) thesis, which did not protect.
Protection prevented the fact that Pokrovsky began to be interested in politics more and more actively. Pokrovsky collaborated with "Legal Marxists", headed by P.N. Milukov Commission on the organization of home reading, the organization "Union of Liberation". On the eve of the first Russian revolution, the scientist became close to the Social Democrats A.A. Bogdanov, A.V. Lunacharsky, I.I.Skvortsov-Stepanov, who were grouped around the magazine "Pravda". In this journal, Pokrovsky's work was published, testifying how he later wrote, about his refusal "from democratic illusions and enthusiasm for economic materialism." Among them - an article review Idealism and laws of history: Rickert Heinrich. Borders of natural scientific education concepts(1904); Critical review of the first part Course of Russian history of his university leader V.O. Klychevsky, disapprovingly met former teachers and fellow students; article Zemsky Cathedral and Parliament(1905).
The first Russian revolution Pokrovsky met enthusiavenously, in April 1905 joined the RSDLP. Actively printed in the Bolshevik press, spoke at rallies and meetings. He was elected a member of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, one of the leaders of the Lecturer Group MK, became the actual editor of the Bolshevik newspaper "Fighting". In the days of the December uprising in Moscow, together with his university comrade N.A. Rozhkov, Pokrovsky participated in an armed struggle.
After the defeat of the uprising, Pokrovsky disappeared from the police to Finland, then emigrated to France. Initially, the scientist supported Lenin's political line. At the 5th Congress of the RSDLP in 1907, the editorial office of the "Proletarian" newspaper and to the Bolshevik Center was elected. Then it was close to A.A. Bogdanov and other participants in the group "Forward" who opposed the leader's policy of the Bolsheviks. But with them, Pokrovsky ripped, declaring himself an "unpractice Social Democrat". In 1913, he joked to the group L.Dtretsky. After the start of the First World War, "for the transformation of the war between nations in the war against the bourgeoisie."
Years of emigration are the most fruitful in the scientific work of the scientist. It was then that he created the two largest works - 5-volume Russian history since ancient times(1910-1913) and Essay of the history of Russian culture (Part I, 1914).
After the overthrow of the autocracy in August 1917, Pokrovsky returned to Russia, restored his membership in the Bolshevik party. In the days of the Oktyabrsky armed uprising, the Izvestia of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies was edited, was the Commissioner of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee on Foreign Affairs. On November 14, the Mossoveta plenum elected him by his chairman. In December 1917 - January 1918 Pokrovsky participated in the Russian delegation in peace negotiations with Germany and its allies in Brest-Litovsk. He held the "left-million positions" - played for the "Revolutionary War", against the signing of German peace conditions. When the world was signed, Pokrovsky perceived it as something "morally terrible to incredible limits."
In May 1918, Pokrovsky was appointed a member of the government, Deputy People's Commissar of the Education of the RSFSR. This post was held by the scientist until the end of the life, combining it with the leadership as Chairman of the Presidium of the Socialist (since 1924 - Communist) Academy, the Rector of the Institute of Red Professors, Chairman of the Society of Historicist-Marxist, Head of the Centrah. With his name, the largest events on the reorganization of higher school in the communist basis are connected, to remove from the teaching of the old professors, the creation of preferred conditions for receiving workers' youth, establishing a monopoly hegemony of communist ideology in the public sciences. With its active participation, the nationalization and centralization of archival, library and museum funds were conducted, decrees were prepared and implemented on the introduction of new spellings, the protection of monuments of art and antiquity, the elimination of illiteracy, etc.
Administrative and scientific and organizational work in the last period of life took a lot of time and effort from Pokrovsky. In addition, he seriously ill: in 1928 he had cancer. His works of the last years of life - Russian history in the very compressed essay(1920), Fight classes and Russian historical literature(1923), Essays of the Russian revolutionary movement(1924), Tsarist Russia and War(1924), Russian foreign policy in the twentieth century. (1926), collections of articles Imperialist war(1928), October Revolution(1929) - this is most popular training courses and critical literature reviews. In these works, Pokrovsky expressed a lot of both interesting and deep and contradictory, controversial and incorrect judgments about the past. Among them - an exaggerated high assessment of the role of commercial capital in the history of Russia.
In the intrapartling struggle in the early 1920s, Pokrovsky took a bet on Stalin, performing on his side in the discussion on historical topics with Trotsky. Pokrovsky is always - even if it fell in the soul, he was strictly performed by the social orders of the new leader. It is necessary to smash the non-partisan scientists from the Academy of Sciences, oppose the right opportunists or debunk any bias in science - Pokrovsky was accepted for business.
Pokrovsky's numerous disciples brought up in the spirit of militant Bolshevism, the unquestioning performance of party directives, use historical knowledge In the fight against political opponents, direct subordination of historical research, the tasks of strengthening the dominant regime, a monopoly position in the science of one direction, a negative attitude to the experience of predecessors and opponents. Famous statement Pokrovsky - "History There is a policy, tilted in the past," was the leadership to action for the whole generation of Marxist historians.
A month after his death, the Bolshevik historian S.A.pionkovsky recorded in his diary: "With Pokrovsky, they moved away into the past interesting pages From the history of the Russian intelligentsia. As the Bolshevik from the professorial environment Pokrovsky brought two things to the party: steady contempt and hatred for professors, great knowledge of this scientific environment, the lack of any fetishism in front of it and excellent knowledge of science. It was a man with big abilities, witty and paradoxical. In my personal life, I knew him since 1920: it was Samodor and a slave owner. He did not respect people and terribly appreciated the political situation that had. For him, he kept his teeth and gnawed into the blood for increasing and strengthening his position. "
After the death of Pokrovsky, its separate views, first of all, the denial of any achievements in the pre-revolutionary power and nihilism in assessing national traditions, separated by many of his students, confessed with the tasks of the consistent party regime. In the new internal and international setting, Stalin was useful for the experience of old imperial statehood, was needed by the Soviet state-patriotic concept of history, explaining and justifying his undivided political power. Therefore, at the initiative of the leader in the second half of the 1930s, an unprecedented campaign of criticism of the late scientist and his work, as well as a campaign for writing new historical textbooks, was deployed in the USSR. These campaigns were accompanied by mass repressions and the destruction of historical scientists.
Big soviet Encyclopedia:
Pokrovsky Mikhail Nikolaevich, Soviet historian, party and statesman, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Member of the Communist Party since 1905. Born in the family of an official. In 1891 he graduated from the Historical and Philology Faculty of Moscow University. He led the pedagogical work in secondary educational institutions. The formation of historical views of P. took place under the influence of the concepts of V.O. Klyuchevsky and P.G. Vinogradova, as well as "legal Marxism". In the early 1900s. P. joined the left wing of the bourgeois-liberal "Union of Liberation", but then moved to the camp of the revolutionary Social Democrats. In 1904, collaborated in the Moscow Marxist magazine "Pravda", in 1905 entered the Lecturer group of MK RSDLP. In the summer of 1905 P. traveled to Geneva, where he first met with V.I. Lenin. Upon returning to Moscow, he became one of the leaders of the revolutionary publishing house "Bell", he was a member of the Bolshevik newspaper "Fighting", led propaganda work. He participated in the December armed uprising in Moscow 1905. In 1906 P. - Member of the editorial board of the Bolshevik newspaper "Svetok", a member of the MK of the Party. P. was a delegate of the 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907), who chose him as a candidate of the Central Committee. In 1907, pursued by the police, P. moved to Finland, and in 1909 emigrated to France. In 1909-11, he entered the Fractional group "Forward", later collaborated in some Trotskyist publications. During the 1st World War I, 1914-18 P. took the Leninist position of internationalism, led to the publication of the Bolshevik literature, was the publishing editor of the book V.I. Lenin "Imperialism, as the Higher Stage of Capitalism."
From 1907, Articles P. on the history of the national economy, internal and foreign policy of tsarism, social movement in the collective 9-Tomnoy "History of Russia in the XIX century." and the encyclopedic grenade dictionary. In 1910-13, 5 volumes of "Russian history from ancient times" were published in Moscow (with the participation of V.K. Agafonova, N.M. Nikolsky, V.N. Storozhev). Then in 1915-18 was published an "essay of the history of Russian culture" (part 1-2). In these works, P. argued that at the heart of the historical development of Russia, as any other countries, are economic processes. P. exposed the conquest colonial-oppressive policy of tsarism. Revitalizing the claims of bourgeois scientists about the peaceful nature of Russian history, P. showed the class struggle of the masses. A sharp criticism of P. exposed an opinion on the non-targeted nature of the ancient Russia, the absence of feudalism in Russia, the formation of a Russian centralized state as a result of the "collective" policy of the princes, the theory of reasing all classes by the state, the idealistic idea of \u200b\u200bPeter's reforms. However, when these and other problems are covered . Allowed simplified and sociological vulgarism, as well as national nihilism. Thus, the role of commercial capital in the genesis of capitalism was clearly exaggerated - until the approval of the decisive effect of commercial capital on the inner and foreign Policy Governments, about the domination of trading capitalism as a formation in Russia 17 - early 19th centuries.
In August 1917 P. returned from emigration. He was elected a deputy of the Moscow Council of Workers Deputies. Participated in the struggle for the victory of Soviet power in Moscow. From 14 (27) November 1917 to March 1918 P. - Chairman of the Moscow Council. At the beginning of 1918, as a member of the Soviet delegation participated in peace negotiations with Germany, adjacent to the "left communists". From May 1918 to the end of the life of P. - Deputy People's Commissar of Enlightenment of the RSFSR. He was the head of the Communist Academy, its Institute of History, Institute of Red Professors (from 1921), Marxist Historical Societies (from 1925), Centrahviv (from 1922), editor of historical journals ("Red Archive", "Historian-Marxist", "Class Fight "), Member of the main edition of the BSE; Actively participated in the activities of the Ist Part, Institute of Lenin and many other scientific institutions, periodicals. He taught in various higher educational institutions. Repeatedly represented Soviet science at international congresses and conferences of historians.
In 1920, the popular science work P. "Russian history in the very sketch" (part 1-2) was published, based on the same theoretical positions as work 1910-13. In subsequent years, a number of new monographs and a collection of articles P-: "Diplomacy and War of Tsarist Russia in the XIX century" (1924), "Marxism and the features of the historical development of Russia" (1925), "Decembrists" (1927), "Imperialist War "(1928)," October Revolution "(1929) and others. Much attention P. paid issues of the methodology of history, propaganda of the Leninsky theoretical heritage (articles" Lenin and Marx as historians "," Leninism and Russian history "," Lenin and History " and etc.). He persistently urged to study not only Russian history, but also the history of all the peoples of the USSR. Under the leadership of P., many archival documents were published on the history of the revolutionary movement in Russia.
In recent years, life has worked on improving its historical views, correcting the shortcomings and errors of the former works. Tried to overcome vulgar sociologism and nationalist nihilistic trends contained in a number of his works. P. revised his assessment of trading capital and his role in the history of the country, and then refused to the concept of "trade capitalism" and the thesis on autocracy as the guns of commercial capital. He revised a number of erroneous provisions in the characteristics of nationality, revolution 1905-07, the wrong interpretation of imperialism only as a conquest; Recognized the bourgeois-democratic nature of the February Revolution of 1917 (previously he considered it the beginning of the socialist revolution); Refused to estimate the uprising of Pugachev as a bourgeois movement, etc. However, completely overcome vulgar sociologism and correct all erroneous provisions he failed. Erroneous views of P. adversely affected the development of Soviet historical science. They were criticized in a number of party documents, in the writings of Soviet historians.
P. was the delegate of the 16th CVP (b) Congress (b), which chose it with a member of the CCC; A member of the CEC of the USSR and the WTCIK of a number of convisions. He was awarded the Order of Lenin. Buried on Red Square at the Kremlin Wall.
