Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have grammatical categories in Latin roda (Genus), numbers (Numerus) and paid (Casus).
In Latin there is:
1. Three kinds.
masculīnum (m.) - Male genus
feminīnum (f.) -- feminine gender
neutrum (n.) -- neuter gender
2. Two numbers.
singulāris -- singular
plurālis -- plural
3. Latin decline system forms six pelhes.
nominatīvus. - Cognitive
genitīvus. - Pivietary
datīvus. - Date
accusatīvus. - accusative
ablatīvus. - Ablative (squeezing)
vocatīvus. - Quantitative
Latin Ablative combined the values \u200b\u200bof the three once independent Indo-European cases: instrumental or cooling instrumentālisdenoting an instrument or means of action; local locatīvus.denoting a place of action; squeezing, removal ablatīvus.that denoted the subject or face from which something is removed is separated. ABLATīVUS received its name from this last function. The Latin Ablatīvus correlates with the Russian cleaner case, but saves the value of the place and removal.
Five decline in nouns names
Depending on the end of the historical foundation, Latin nouns are divided into five decons (Declinatio):
I declination - the basis for -a.
II decline - the basis for -ŏ/-ĕ
III decline - the basis for the consonant sound or -ī
IV decline - the basis for -ŭ
V decline - the basis for -ē
Since the historical basis is often difficult to allocate due to the merger of its vowel sound with the end, the word belonging to one or another decline is practically determined at the end of the genus. case of units numbers ( genetīvus singulāris)
End of Gen. Sing. I - V decline
In the dictionaries, there is always an ending or full form of a genitive case (Gen. Sing.):
terra, Ae. F Earth, country
lupus, ī. m wolf
avis, ĭs. F Bird
casŭs, ūs m case; Paide
res, Rĕi. F thing; a business
N.B. Memorizing nouns, it should be remembered to memorize them in two Forms - nominative and genitive cases, for example: terra, terrae., femininum earth, country
If from the form Gen. Sing. throw off the ending, then we will get the foundation we will call practical. For example, the noun i decline terra (Gen. Sing. terrae.) Practical basis terr-, historical - terra-. In the future, we will simply call the historical basis.
I declination
Nouns, adjectives, assigning pronounTo the declination include nouns with the basis for -a.. In NOM. Sing. All nouns i decline ends on -ă , eg: aquă. water, terră. land.
The practical feature of I declining is the end of Gen. Sing. -Ae.: nOM. Sing. Aqu. a., gen. Sing. Aqu. aE.
Most of the nouns i decline - female. (Cf. in Russian Declination of nouns water, land, grass; All of them are female). But the words denoting the men of the male, including the names of their own - male genus: agricŏla, AE M. farmer, nauta, Ae. M. sailor, iNCŏLA, AE M. a citizen, Catilīna, ae. M. Catina. (Cf. in Russian words grandpa, voevoda, starost., Thomas. As in Latin, in this case, the grammatic race is subordinate to the natural).
aqua, ae. F. water
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2. ABL. Sing. ends on a long vowel base -ā
3. Dat. and ABL. PL. match up. This foster is a feature of all decline.
As well as nouns with the basis for -a., adjective female clans are inclined, for example: magnă. big -- terra Magna. big land
:
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Similarly, the assignatory pronouns of the female genus are inclined: mEA. my, tUA yours, nostra our, vestra yours and reciprocating pronounty of female sUA. its*:
NOM. Sing. nostra Terra Magna. Our great country
Gen. Sing. nostrae terrae Magnae. Our great country, etc.
* Returning stronger pronoun in Latin (as well as in French, German, English, Italian and other languages, but unlike Russian) is used only in relation to the 3rd person. In Russian, the pronoun "its" is applied regardless of the person to be. Latin strongest pronouns change their shape in acc. With the face and number of verb:
Epistŏlam meam Mitto - I am sending naught letter
Epistŏlam tuam Mittis - You send naught letter
Epistŏlam suam mittit - he (she) sends naught letter
Epistŏlam nostram. mittĭmus - we send naught letter
Epistŏlam vestram Mittĭtis - you send naught letter
Epistŏlam suam Mittunt - she send naught letter
Fusion of nouns i decline
Nouns I decline are formed from both the verbal and nominal foundations.
1. Nominal base.
From the basis of adjectives with the help of suffixes -IA, -ITIA properties, quality or state:
avārus, A, UM stingy; avar-Itia, AE F misfortune2. Glading basics.
justus, A, UM equitable; jUST-ITIA, AE F justice
miser, ĕra, ĕrum unhappy; miser-Ia, AE F poverty; misfortune
a) from the basis of infections with suffixes - (E) NTIA, - (a) NTIA Nouns are formed with the value quality or state:
scire. know; sCI-ENTIA, AE F Knowledgeb) from the base of Supin with suffixes - (t) ura, - (s) ura Nouns are formed with the value result of action:
ignorāre dont know; ingor-Antia, AE f ignorance, ignorance
cOLO, COLUI, CULTUM 3 process cul-Tūra, AE F Processing
pingo, Pinxi, Pictum 3 paint; pic-Tūra, AE F Picture
All these types of word formation in I decline productive.
Prepositions
Prepositions by origin - adverbs, lexically clarifying the basic value of the case. For example, the main value of the ablative - removal, distance - lexically can be clarified by pretexts eX, AB: ex Horto. from Garden, aB Horto. from the garden and etc.As adveria, the prepositions originally did not have a fixed place in the sentence. From this in Latin, some traces are preserved in Latin, for example, the use of the pretext between the definition and defined word: Magna cUM Virtute. with a big valor, qua. dE. Causa. for what reason why and etc.
Some words and in classic Latin are used as adverbs and as prepositions, for example, aNTE, POST, CONTRA And Dr.: Ante Volat flies aheadwhere ante. - Instant, Ante Lucem before dawnwhere ante. - Preposition, Upatr. with wines. case
Prepositions - a developing part of speech, constantly replenished at the expense of other parts of speech, for example, nouns, frozen in any case; For example in ABL.: causa. -- because of, gratia. -- thanks to the radio. Prepositions of Causa, Gratia are used with the genitive case and postpositive: belli Causa. because of war.
In Latin, the prepositions are combined or with a vinitive case or with an ablative. And only two pretexts ( iN. and sub.) Combined and with the other case.
1. The most common prepositions with vinitive padege:
aD k, as
ante. Before
apud. U, near
contra against, contrary to
oB. because of
per. through
pOST. after
praeter. Besides
propter. due to, due to
trans. through
2. The most common prepositions with ablative:
a (AB) from
cUM from ( upgrades)
dE. C, CO ( department); Oh, about; According to A.
e (EX) of
prae. ahead, before; due to
pro. For, in defense; instead
sine without
3. Prepositions of S. two cases:
iN. In, on - "Where?" + ACC.; "Where?" + ABL.
sub. Under - "Where?" + ACC.; "Where?" + ABL.
Notes:
1. Prepositions a. and e. Before words starting with vowel sound, take the forum aB and eX..
2. Remember the prepositions with the ablative and with two cases ( iN., sub.). Most prepositions in Latin are combined with a vinitive case. These prepositions will you meet in subsequent lessons.
Praessens Indicativi Glagol Esse
Verb esse be forms the main verbous forals from different foundations like russian there is - was; it. Sein, War, Gewesen; english To be, WAS and other Indo-European languages. Such a phenomenon is called Suppletivism (from the Latin word Suppletīvus additional). In addition, when leying the verb esse In Praesens Ind. There is an alternation of the basis s./es. (Cf. russian 3rd face. Numbers - "Have", 3rd face MN. numbers - "essence"; it. 3rd face. numbers - IST, 3rd face MN. numbers sind, etc.)
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In Russian verb be In present, loss has lost, i.e. on persons and numbers does not differ. In ancient Russian verb be Hiding:
Units. Number: 1. esm; 2. yes; 3. there is;
MN. Number: 1. esm; 2. estay; 3. essence.
Datīvus Commŏdi (Incommŏdi)
Conductive case can designate a person or subject, in the interests of which (or to the detriment of which) is performed. Such a denational case is called datīvus Commŏdi (Incommŏdi) (Current interest) and translates into Russian to the PEITING case with pretexts for the sake of:Non Scholae, Sed Vitae Discĭmus. - We are learning not for school, but for life.
Ablatīvus modi
Ablative can express an image or method of flowing. In this feature, the ablative name is used usually with the definition without an excuse or with a pretext cUMwhich is often placed between the definition and defined word. Such an ablative is called ablatīvus modi (ablative image image):Syntax of a simple distributed offer
1. The order of words in the Latin language of the classical period is relatively fixed:a) the subject is usually put in the first place;2. Glagol. esse In the meaning of the bundle, it is usually not lowered, with the exception of proverbs, sayings, more than it can go.
b) the faithful is usually placed in the last place. If the faithful is in the first place in the sentence, from the point of view of the Latin language, this is inversion, and, it means, there is a special logical emphasis on the surehead;
c) Direct Supplement is expressed only by wines. with a case without an excuse and puts most often before being led or closer to the leaky;
d) the agreed definition is raised mainly after the word determined.
3. The registered part of the composite faucet is put in the nominative case, consistent with the subject to the proposal.
4. Denial of the verbs does not change the verb control and does not change the design of the sentence.
5. In the Latin negative proposal there may be only one negative (including negative words - pronouns, adverbs). If there are two denials in the proposal, then the entire statement acquires a positive meaning.
Lexical minimum
agricŏla, AE M. farmeragricultūra, ae. F. agriculture
aMICITIA, AE F. friendship
aMO. 1 be in love
bestia, Ae. F. animal, beast
cito quickly, soon
cOLO, COLUI, CULTUM 3 process, care Read
cura, Ae. F. care, effort
epistŏla, AE F. letter
fortūna, Ae. F. fate, fate; happiness
iNCŏLA, AE M. a citizen
natūra, Ae. F. nature
patria, Ae. F. fatherland, Motherland
quia. so, because
scientia, Ae. F. knowledge; the science
silva, Ae. F. forest
studeo, Studui, - 2 (+ dat.) strive to try; (diligently)
sum, Fui, -, Esse be
tabŭla, Ae. F. board; picture
terra, Ae. F. land; country
victoria, Ae. F. victory
vita, Ae. F. a life
Latin nouns vary in numbers and cases, and may also be male (Genus Masculinum), female (Genus Femininum) or medium (genus neutrum). There are essential tedious unlocks (indeclinabilia). In this case, they relate to the middle family. These include the names of letters, nonlaist names (Adam Adam, NOE) and individual words (Pondo - Pound; Gelu - Frost). There are nouns that are used only in one of the indirect cases (Monoptota) (Satias - suggestion; Frustratui - deception; etc.). Other nouns are known only in two cases (Diptota) (Supptiae, Supptias - Help). There are also those used only in three cases (TripTota) (VIM, VIM, VI - force).
Nouns, denoting people and animals, in meaning can take both kinds - every time the one that is meant by this word (citizen, citizen - Civis). Such a double consumption of the genus is called a common genus (Genus Commune). The names of the winds, months and rivers have a male genus. The names of trees, cities, countries and islands usually have a female genus. The only number is called Numerus Singularis, multiple - Numerus Pluralis.
The differential nouns (HeteroClita) in the singular, for example, have a female genus, and in multiple - average (carbasus - sail), respectively, in different numbers (\u003d childbirth) they are inclined by different decisions. The opposite situation is the average genus in the singular and the female in the multiple (Epulum - Epuli - Pior). There are words of male genus in the singular, and in multiple acquirements also the middle race (Locus - place, Loci - seats are separate, for example, excerpts from books; and Loca - places related to each other, area, terrain). There are words of medium kind in the singular and male in many years (Coelum - Coeli - Sky). Some words, depending on the number, changes the value: Aedes - Temple (the only), house (multiple); Copia (the only) - abundance, Copiae (MOST) - army.
Some nouns are used only in a plural, for example: seeds (CANI), weapons (ARMA). This category includes the names of Roman and Greek holidays.
Similar to the Greek, all names of the average kind of accusative case coincides with the name-telny. In the divergent case of a plural number, such names were inherited from the general-index-Ropai language a sign of a collective concept - the end of a.
The Greek influence on Latin manifested itself in the fact that borrowed from the Greek word (especially their own names) when declining can even maintain their Greek pelvic endings. In other cases, they are inclined in both versions - both with Latin and Greek endings. The reproduction of Greek forms is most often noticeable at poets.
As in Greek and in Russian, Latin nouns can have common roots with eye-scrap, arise as complex cellular words or with suffixes, and a little less often - with the help of consoles. This promotably enriches the vocabulary, expressive means of the language, bring it possible to transmit various shades. For example, there are nouns honor - honor; Honestas - respect; Honestudo - respect; Honestamentum - Decoration; honorarium - remuneration; Honorificentia - respect; Honoripeta - ambition; Honorius - Honorius, name your own.
In the Latin nouns are given in the nominative case of the only number, then the end of the genitive case of the only number and abbreviated - the genus of the word (M, F, N is male, female, medium). Thus, you can understand the type of decline. For example: Animal, Alis, N Animal. In Archaic Latin, some cases had a different appearance than in classic. In particular, they resembled Greek more. For example, in a dual case of a single number in Latin, the lost difthong Co sound was later, and in the Greek Iota moved to the position of the subscription letter.
The first declination includes, mostly nouns for women.
Paddle endings
The charting case is both in the only and plural has the same ending with the very famous. In the multiple number, such a coincidence occurs in all SCLOs, in the only number in other declensions there are special endings of a charting case. In the urgent case of the only number in all decons, the last letter - m.
Nouns II declining, mostly male genus.
Paddle endings
Nouns II declining can also have in the nominal case of the only number of graduation -er, -ir for the words of male genus and -um for the words of the middle kind. In the form of exception, there are essential on -us female and medium kind.
The third decline is the most difficult. It belongs to the majority of nouns and many adjectives. In the nominal case, the nouns have different endings and there are every kind - male, female and medium.
Paddle endings
In some cases, part of the words has ending with minor features. They are inclined by type mixed and by type of vowels. The mixed type in the parental case of a set-of-one has ending -ium instead -um. The vowel type in the parental case of a set-of-one has the same ending as mixed, and in the proposed case of the only number has the ending -i instead of -e.
TO mixed type These words in which the number of syllables in the parental case is not changed, i.e. It remains the same as it was in the vocabulary form - the nominative case of the only number. Such words are called the equifiable. There are two consonants of the only number to the same type of the same type.
TO vowel type The words of the medium kind, in which the dictionary shape (nominative case of the only number) ends on -E, -al, -ar. The vowel type also includes the applied.
The genus of the word III can be determined by the dictionary.
However, for this there are some rules, each of which has exceptions. To facilitate the memorization of these exceptions, special mnemonic techniques were used for classical education in the textbooks of the XIX century - the exceptions were listed in the form of poems with rhyme. Below are these rules and techniques.
Words with endings -O, -OR, -er, -os usually male genus. Exceptions of the female kind: Feminina Sunt on -o: carnis, caro, -io, -do and -go, except ordo, pugio.
The genus female on -os is one word DOS. OS The same "bone" and os "mouth" - the genus average is always. Exceptions of the middle kind: the genus average on -or is important only the word COR. Feminini Generis is only Arboris, Arboris. The genus Middle on -er SUNT: Cadaver, Iter, Ver and Pluralis - Verbera.
Words on -es female kind when they are equivalent. In other cases, they are a husband-sort. Female clan on -es: Quies, Merces and Seges.
Words on -EX male genus. The genus female on -ex must be remembered only by Lex. Words on -as, -is, -Aus, -s usually female. Exceptions: Masculina Only AS, and only VAS only.
Masculina Sunt on -is all words on -cis, -quis, -nis; Lapis, Pullis, Collis, Mensis, also ORBIS. Masculina Sunt on -NS: FONS, MONS, PONS, as well as Dens.
Words on -e, -l, -ar usually medium kind. Exceptions for male genus: Masculina - Sal and Sol and animals on-su-lepos, leporis and mus. Feminina is only Tellus.
Words on -C, -E, -N, -T, -UR - usually medium kind.
Words on-su a female kind when in the parental case of the only number they have endings -Utis or -udis. If in the nominative case of the only number they end up on -oris or -eris, then they relate to the average genus.
The fourth declination includes words malewhich in the nominative case have the end of -us and the words medium The genus, which in the nominative case is ending -u.
As exceptions to the female These: Domus - House, Porticus - Portico, Manus - hand.
Paddle endings
The nouns of the middle kind will end in the nominal case of the only number on -u and the same ending they have in the visional case of the singular. In a set of one, the case in the nominative and divergent case, they end on-.
The words of the female genus include the fifth decline. In the form of exclusion and to female, and some writers include words: Dies - day, Meridies - noon.
Paddle endings
Many words of V declines do not have a plural or used in a set-of-one NOT in all cases.
9. Padeges and types of decosals
The word-bypass of the existence on cases and numbers is called declining.
Pade
In Latin, 6 podges.
Nominativus (NOM.) - Named (who, what?).
Genetivus (Gen.) is a genitive (whom, what?).
Dativus (Dat.) - Current (who, what?).
Accusativus (ACC.) - accusative (who, what?).
Ablativus (abl.) - Ablatives, cool (by whom, what?).
Vocativus (Voc.) - Quiet.
For the nomination, i.e., for naming (calling) of objects, phenomena and the like in medical terminology, only two cases are used - nominative (named) and the PAGITIVE (gen. P.).
The nominative case is called direct case, which means the absence of relationships between words. The value of this case is actually called.
Parental case is actually characterized.
In Latin, 5 types of decosals, each of which has its own paradigm (a combination of wordform).
The practical means of distinguishing the decline (definition of the type of declination) serves as a genitory case of a single number in Latin.
Forms p. h. In all declines are different.
Distribution of nouns by inclinations depending on the end of the genus. p. h.
The end of the parent case of all decline
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MORPHOLOGY
Lesson 3.
Noun. (Nomen substantivum) first declination
Latin noun has 3 grammatical genus: Genus Masculinum (M) - Male genus;
genus Femininum (F) - female genus; Genus Neutrum (N) - medium genus;
(Genus Commune (G.c.) - common gender At the names of some animals).
It should be remembered that the noun in different languages \u200b\u200bdoes not match the same: the Russian word "muscle" is a female kind, and Latin "Musculus" is a male race.
The genus Latin noun is determined at the end of the nominal case of the only number, or by meaning, for example, femǐna - female (woman), but Nauta is a male race (sailor).
(Wed: Russian Governor A - Male genus value).
By meaning to the names of a male family, except for individuals and animal males include the names of the winds, months and rivers: Augustus (August), Boreas (Borea - North Wind), Rhodanus (r. Ron).
The names of the female family, except the names of the faces and animals of the female, include the names of cities, countries, islands, trees. Roma (Rome), Betǔla (Birza), Creta (Crete), GRAECIA (Greece).
Latin noun has 2 numbers:
– numĕrus Singularis (Sing.) - Single number;
– nUMĕRUS PLURALIS (PL.) - Multiple number.
Sometimes the value of the Latin word in the plural differs from its value in the singular: Copia (Sing.) - Abundance, reserve, Copiae (PL) - army, (Wed: Hour - Watches, Dirt - Mud).
Some words are used only in the plural: Arma (PL.) - Weapon, Castra (PL.) - Camp, (Wed: Scissors, Sani, Potomka).
§ 14. Padezhi
Cases (Casus) at the Latin noun six:
circulation (cf. report, older) veterinary medical terms are used almost
always in the form of nominative and genitive cases.
§ 15. Declination of nouns
Declination is very important in Latin. Their Latin noun five. Since the nouns of various decons, the end of the nominal case of the only number sometimes coincides, declination is determined at the end of the genitive case of the only number.
IN latin dictionaries nouns are given
in two forms: next to the form of a nominative case
the only number is given by the end of the genital case of the only number or the full form of the PAID case
(Planta, Ae; Ocǔlus, I; OS, OSSIS).
Table 1 of the end of the genius of the only number
The basis of the Latin noun is the unchangeable part of the word, which is determined by the parental pederation of the only number by discarding the end:
Table 2 of the end of the nominative and genitive cases of all declines
Declining | ||||||||
US, -er, -UM, - ON | ||||||||
§ 16. The first declaration of nouns and adjectives
TO I declusion includes nouns and
adjectives of the female kind with the end in the nominative case of the only number -a, and in the parental case of the only number --a, for example Aqua, Aquae; Fractura, Fracturae; Alba, Albae.
Some nouns of I declined relate to male genus: Nauta, Nautae M - Sailor; Collega, Collegaem - colleague; POēTA, POēTAEM - Poet; Agricǒla, AgricǒLaem -
agriculture.
In terms of adjectives, in contrast to the Russian language, stand after nouns. For example: medicinal plant
- Planta (South.) Medicata (adj.). When declining on cases of such
nouns and adjectives change only ending, for example:
lingua Latina - Latin |
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Plur. |
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linguārum Latinārum |
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Exercises
1) Read and define the declination of nouns.
Derma, Dermatis; Fascia, Fasciae; Cutis, Cutis; carpus, carpi; Venter, Ventris; Rabies, Rabiei; Genu, Genus; SEPSIS, SEPSIS; Squama, Squamae; Corpus, Corporis; Ocǔlus, Oculi; Cartilago, Cartilaginis; Cornu, Cornus; Manus, Manus.
2) Determine and write out the basis of the following Latin nouns.
Stoma, Stomatis; Scapula, Scapulae; Dorsum, Dorsi; FRONS, FRONTIS; Ungula, Ungulae; Iris, Iridis; Caput, Capitis; inflammatio, inflammation; vulnus, vulneris; Tetǎnus, Tetani; Ren, Renis; femur, femoris; Processus, Processus; Species, Speciei.
3) Try to guess the meaning of the following Latin words and determine their genus.
Majus, Hispania, Troja, Olīva, Februarius, Sicilia, Nilus, Finnia, Januaris, Syria, Laurus, Eurus, Nympha, Danubius, Polonia, Genua, Imperator, Poēta, Rosa, Deceptor, Romania, Aprīlis, Hungaria, Styx, Lithuania, Petropǒlis, Creta.
4) Determine the number and case of Latin nouns
I decline.
Vertebrārum, Herbas, Fracturam, Costae, Lamǐnis, Scapula, Ungulārum.
5) Find the phrase with a grammatical error. Vita Longa, Fasciae Latae, Fracturis Compositis, Plantārum
amaris, Linguam Latinam, Orbitas Dextras.
6) write down and translate nouns I decline. Gingiva, AE; CRANIUM, I; VACCA, AE; res, ei; Juba, AE; QUERCUS,
uS; Glandula, AE; Ocǔlus, I; Ala, AE; spina, ae; Cornu, US; Scabies, EI;
homo, ĭnis; Fibra, AE; Mucilago, ĭnis; SUTURA, AE; ABOMASUM, I; Incisura, AE.
7) Make the phrase from the noun and adjective, bearing the resulting phrases.
Sample: Fascia LATA (Wide Fascia).
8) Blank.
Scapula Dextra; Fractura Composita; Costa Vera.
9) Pick up the Russian sayings corresponding to Latin; Find in them the words belonging to I decline.
Mala Gallina, Malum Ovum. Bad chicken, bad egg. Aquǐla Non Captat Muscas. Eagle does not catch flies.
Mala Herba Cito Crescit. Bad grass is growing rapidly. Luscinia Parva, Sed Vox Magna. Nightingale small but
§ 17. Greek Doublets
Pay attention to the Greek roots corresponding to the Latin noun I decline. (Suffix - ITIS forms terms with the meaning "Inflammation")
Table 3. |
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Greek Double Latin Terms |
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Latin | Greek | ||
noun I. | root-dubli | Value | suffix |
declining | |||
cornea | keratitis keratitis |
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adenitis adenit |
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glossitis Glossit |
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breast | mastitis mastitis |
||
spinal cord | myelitis Melit. |
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blepharitis Blepharitis |
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phlebitis Flebit |
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cystitis cystitis |
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(uric) | |||
Terminological minimum
Nouns of the 1st decline
ala, ae f wing | cardia, AE F | heart, input |
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ae f entrance, hole | esophagus in stomach |
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aqua, ae f | fibra, ae f fiber |
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sARRA, AE F | fissura, ae F | gap, crack |
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fOVEA, AE F | planta, ae f | plant |
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fractura, ae f | pLICA, AE F Fold |
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gingíva, ae f | rUPTURA, AE F Rip |
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glándula, AE F Iron | spina, Ae F Ast, Range |
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glossa, ae f | (Greek) language | squama, ae F scheat |
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hERBA, AE F | sUTURA, AE F | ||||
incisura, Ae F | úngula, ae f | ||||
jUBA, AE F | vagina, ae f | vagina |
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lámina, AE F | plate | vacca, ae f cow |
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mEDULLA, AE F | bone brain | vesíca, ae f | |||
the dorsal, oblong | vita, ae f Life |
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ORBITA, AE F | opelnaya | ||||
Adjective 1st decline
alba - Whitecompósita - Complicated Magna - Largeparva - MalayaPlana - FlatProfunda - Deep
próxima is the nearest
flava (Lútea) - Yellow Longa- long
pURA - PureRubra - Redspúria - Falsevera - True
Questions for self-control
1. What grammatical categories have a Latin noun?
2. How to determine the declination of the noun?
3. How to find the basis of the Latin noun?
4. What nouns belong to I decline?
5. What exceeds in i decline can you call?
§eighteen. Country studies
Get acquainted with the following text and answer questions:
1. From what parts was the name of the Roman citizen?
2. What are the names of Roman women? What was the name of the daughters of Guy Julia Caesar, Mark Tully Cicero, Mark Anthony?
3. What name did you get the freedman?
4. How can you explain the meaning of Latin names: Gennady, Victor, Konstantin, Valery, Non?
5. Remember the following Latin expressions:
Nomen Est Omen. Name - already a sign.
Magni Nomĭnis Umbra. The shadow of the great name.
Venerabĭle Nomen. Representative name.
Nomĭna Obscura. Dark names.
Roman names
Romans usually had three names like us - a name, patronymic and surname.
The first name is PRAENOMEN - was personal as Peter or Maria. There were few of these names, they are no more than 30. They were reduced by a letter to one, two or three letters. Such abbreviations were very common, and therefore it is necessary
be able to reveal them; Here are the most common: | |||||
The second name is Nomen (Nomen) - was the name of the genus and corresponded, approximately our surname.
The third name is Kohnomen (Cognomen) - it was a nickname, which was assigned to everyone for some signs: Red-Ruf, Delkach - Caton, Nazon - Nonason.
The cognom was distinguished by a family or a separate branch of this kind. For example, to the family of Corneliyev belonged to the families of scapions, ruffins, lantulles and some others.
Sometimes for any special merits, the Romans received the fourth name or second nickname -Agnomen (Agnomen). Publics Cornelius Scipipion in honor of the victory surrounded by Hannibal in Africa in 202 BC, became referred to
solemnly African (Africanus, Wed: Nippers of Russian commander - Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Suvorov Ramniki, Potemkin Tavrichesky).
Women called the family name of the Father in the form of a female family. Daughter Publishing Cornelia Scipion was called Cornelia, the daughter of the Gneja Domination Corbulon was called the domination. When another daughter appeared in the family, the presenter was added to the name of both: the eldest (Major) and the younger (minor), other sisters were called third (Tertia), the fifth (Quintilla), etc. A married woman retained her name, but her husband's cognom was added to him: Cornelia, Daughter Cornelia, (wife) Cornelia (Cornelia, Filia Cornelii, Gracchi).
The slaves were called by their origin: Sira (native of Syria), Gall (Gallina), Friesk (from Frigia); By the names of mythical heroes: Achilles, Hector; By plants or stones: Adamant, Sardonik, etc. Sometimes the slaves who often dangle the "Boy" (PUER) were assigned the name of the owner in the parental case: Marzirov (from Marcipuer), that is, the slave brand.
Freedles (that is, the slaves who have received freedom) acquired the generic and personal name of the former Mr., their own name was put on the third place as a cognom. So, the secretary of Cicero Tyrone, freed from slavery, was called: Mark Tuly Scaped Mark Thiron: Marcus Tullius Marci Libertus Tiro.
Lesson 4 Second declining of nouns and adjectives
§ 19. The second declination of nouns
To declining include nouns for men on-su, -er in NOM. Sing., And the middle kind on -um. In gen. Sing.
all of them end on - I (nervus, nervim; Aper, Aprim; Unguentum, Unguentim).
In addition, the declination of the adjectives of the male and medium kind of adjectives with the same endings:
The II declossance also includes not fully latinized terms of Greek origin with the end of -OS (ophthalmós, im - eyes); And with the end -on
(óRGanon, I N - body).
Exceptions from the rules make up the words II of declining relating to the female family:
alvus, I - belly;
bolus, I - clay, big pill; Popǔlus, I - poplar;
junipĕrus, I - Juniper; periŏdus, i - period;
humus, I - soil and some others
and also one word of the middle kind: Virus, I - poison.
Table 4. |
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End of nouns |
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Table 5.
Sample of the decline of noun
musculus, I M - Muscle, Aer, Im - Caban, Remedium, In - Medicine
The noun II decline in the end of the DAT. and ABL. coincide in the only and plural.
§twenty. Second declination of adjectives
Adjectives II declining are fully consistent when declining with the relevant nouns
