IN tsarist Russia Tourism as a public phenomenon did not receive due development, although at this time there were already scientifically based recommendations of famous teachers of E. A. Pokrovsky and P. F. Lesgaft to use hiking as an important means of raising people. On the eve of the October Revolution, there were only few clubs and sections that united by the Russian society of tourists and cultivated mainly water, cycling and mountainous tourism. The membership of the Company was the privilege of the property of the population. With the mediation of society, the guides were published with a description of the most popular routes in Crimea and the North Caucasus, according to some rivers and lakes. The first professional tourism instructors appeared, as well as specially equipped databases for the service of tourists.
Great Oktyabrskaya socialist revolution Put the beginning of the development of new type tourism. It was in the Soviet period that tourism acquired the importance of a mass social phenomenon, began to successfully promote the solution of many educational, educational and wellness problems. The practice of using tourism has increasingly responded to the urgent needs of the development of the socialist state - the preparation of young people to work and the protection of the Motherland.
Already in the first peaceful years of Soviet power, in addition to the time of massive health tourist hiking, quite complex group multi-day campaigns begin to practice, raising the sense of patriotism from the participants, the desire for the knowledge of history and natural wealth native regionCommunication with people, inhabiting it, representatives of various nations and nationalities. During such campaigns, state tasks were solved for that time: clarification of the party's policies, the propaganda of the Soviet lifestyle and the experience of building a socialist society. Under conditions when funds mass media Workers were developed weakly, and the level of literacy of the population is low, it was especially necessary. Live word, a visual example of campaign participants effectively acted on soviet people. In 1923, the Arkhangelsk - Moscow route was performed for the first time on the route Arkhangelsk - Moscow, and in 1924 there were 12 such campaigns.
Search in the 20s more effective means, forms and methods of physical education of the wide masses of the population was accompanied by the struggle between new and old. Arose various interpretations role physical culture. There existed, for example, the so-called hygienic direction, which limited the choice of physical education tools. His supporters unreasonably overestimated the role of simple tourist events organized by nature with minimal financial costs. The preference of uncomplicated tourist hiking and excursions to the detriment of other means has adversely affected the general process of education of the younger generation. Of course, other reasons for such an approach to the development of mass physical culture are the weakness of the material base, a lack of instructing personnel, financial resources, etc.
In subsequent years, there is an ordering of tourist events in the organizational and methodological plan. The dominant in their content becomes agitational and propaganda work with the villages of the village, widely illuminated in periodic printing. As a rule, these events are dedicated to significant events in the life of the Soviet state. From the mid-20s, long runs are cultivated everywhere in the country, hiking, star relay.
In the 20s, mass tourist work acquires important socio-political importance. And first of all, this is due to the well-known decrees of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "on the tasks of the party in the field of physical culture" (dated July 13, 1925) and "On physical culture movement" (from September 23, 1929). In front of physical education organizations, the task of introducing such forms and methods into the practice of physical culture movement, which would contribute to the increase in the social activity of the working people.
And already in the multi-day ski campaign with elements of the relay on the route Tyumen - Moscow, about 300 best physical workers of the Perm and Northern Railways participate in Moscow. Of the many hiking committed in 1930, it should be noted the campaign from Astrakhan to Moscow 250 Metal workers - front of production, organized conversations, lectures, concerts, watching movies in 89 settlements. The All-Union Star Camping-Relay, held in 1933 and dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the Komsomol, covered over 30 thousand physical education students - representatives of all the Union republics. An all-union multi-day stellar water campaign of 1934, in which tens of thousands of people participated in the meaning of the value. Mass tourist hiking of the regional scale is carried out, various in the nature of the movement of participants. For example, in the winter of 1934/35, mass stars were held in all Union republics, dedicated to the VII Congress of Soviets, in which over 11.5 thousand people took part. The total length of the routes of the campaign was 51,000 km.
In the 1930s, many tourist groups are successfully involved in survey work in hard-to-reach areas of the country. For this, a special study was even organized, the program of which provided for the study of the foundations of geology, mineralogy, methods for finding minerals. Tourists also take part in creating reserves and reserves in the country.
Along with the mass agitation and propaganda and nationality campaigns, both complex hikes are organized, for example, bike ride along the route Khabarovsk - Moscow (1934) or high-speed transition from Ashgabat to Moscow of the Group of Turkmen horsemen (1935) and from 1935 to 1939 Soviet physical scientists committed 10 long-range hikes to a distance of 9000 km.
New forms and methods for increasing the activity of workers in the mass of tourism played their positive role. The previously unknown traditions in the development of tourism are gradually approved. Tourists not only advocate the propagandists of the Soviet lifestyle, peculiar enlighteners. Mass enthusiasm, heroic of the construction of a socialist society, who has found their expression in shock labor and successes soviet people At all areas of peaceful creation in the years of the first five years, in turn, they are mobilizing on tourists. Tourism also contributes a certain contribution to the development of Soviet physical culture: the path to physical culture and sports in most cases begins with participation in massive tourist events.
In 1929 on the basis of Russian society Tourists are created by the mass voluntary society of proletarian tourism RSFSR. He headed the new Society Commitor V. I. Lenin N. V. Krylandko, who made a significant contribution to the development of tourism in this post. Since 1930, society becomes all-union. Under the Central Council of the Company of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (CA OPTE), a scientific and methodological council was formed.
The institution of OPTE begins a new phase of tourism development. The scientifically based organizational and managerial and methodological foundations of improving mass tourist work in the country are laid. In 1930, the publishing house "Physical Education and Tourism" begins the release of the mass series "Library of Proletarian Tourism". Among the first books of the series, published in 1931: "Production travel and excursions as a method of social and political education," "on the participation of tourists in the preparation and holding of a harvest campaign." In 1931-1933 The collection "Tourism and defense of the USSR", books "Tourist - Military intelligence officer", "Tourist - Military Topographer", "Tourist Sniper", etc. As you can see, tourism was inextricably contacted publicly useful labor, important social and political events, military-applied physical training.
Gradually improves the methodological advantage of tourism. The book "Travel to Mountains" played a special role, where the sports significance of tourism was emphasized, was given detailed description Methods of choosing a route and preparation of a campaign, mode on the way, fitting equipment, explained ways of orientation in the mountains, as well as the basics of high-altitude tourism techniques. A significant role in the development of tourism was played by the magazines "tourist activist" and "on land and at sea."
Since 1931, regional OPTE departments are created on the ground, as well as primary OPTE cells with physical education teams. Thus, the organizational foundations of tourism development on the country are laid on the scale of the country. In its work, the CA OPTE and its divisions closely cooperate with trade union, Komsomol and physical culture organizations. All this contributed to an increase in the number of tourism engaged. The network of tourist routes has expanded significantly, covering the extensive territory of the country.
At the same time, the problem of the involvement of the wide masses of the population in tourism has remained far from solved. Estimates for the reorganization of tourism were required. Since by the mid-30s in its development, two relative to independent directions were stood in its development (tourist-sightseeing work and amateur tourism), they were subordinated to two different organs in 1936. The first direction was transferred to the WCSPS, where the central tourist and excursion management was created, and the second is to maintain the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports.
Thus, in the 30s there were significant changes in organizational structure The development of tourism, contributing to the increase in its mass.
Given the foregoing, it can be concluded that by the beginning of the 40s, the final formation and approval of tourism as a massive, available means of physical education of people occurred in the Soviet physical culture movement. Its development has fully complied with the state requirements of that time.
The Great Patriotic War was a harsh inspection of spiritual, moral and volitional and physical qualities of Soviet people. The upbringing of these qualities in a large extent contributed to the pre-war years and tourism. Universal military training (Vse Vosca) introduced during the war) used in its asset tourist exercises as an important means of military-applied physical training.
In the first postwar years, when the task of restoring the underwent of the health of the people was restored, tourist events were carried out to a greater extent in health purposes. The role of tourism increased in the conduct of social and political events. Mass star marchs were organized on elections to the Supreme Council of the USSR. Camping participants assisted the local party and Soviet authorities in conducting state loan campaigns. Fasting tourists united in tourist sections and clubs, complex campaigns organized in extreme conditions, demanded the streamlining of the preparation system based on uniform program-regulatory requirements. To this end, in 1949, tourism was first introduced into a unified All-Union Sports Classification (on a modern classification basis, as already mentioned, it was again included in it in 1965).
In the early 60s, in order to strengthen the role of tourism in the education of people, the strengthening of their health take measures aimed at improving mass tourist work. Reorganization of management of tourism development in the country occurs. Central tourist-sightseeing management, with the CPSP, is transformed into the Central Tourism Board with a significant expansion of its powers (since 1969 this body is referred to as the Central Tourism and Excursions Council). The Central Tourism Board becomes a relatively independent body with a more specific circle of functional duties, which makes it more purposefully and in a timely manner to solve many complex issues of tourism development.
Especially significant events In the development of tourism as a massive phenomenon in the 60s, the organization on the initiative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Hall of Komsomol members and youth in the places of revolutionary, combat and labor glory of the Communist Party and the Soviet people, holding the first All-Union flights of the winners of the campaign in places of revolutionary, combat and labor The glory of the Soviet people (since 1965), as well as the organization of the first All-Union competitions for the best tourist travels (since 1967). Subsequently, they all have established themselves as traditional forms of mass tourist work.
At the same years, children's tourism is significantly activated. All-union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren who have important educational significance become regular. Since 1972, the All-Union tourist-local history expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren are organized under the motto "My Motherland - USSR". In their task, in addition to studying the attractions of the Native Territory, a targeted search and research work is included in many ways, contributing to the strengthening of the patriotic education of the young generation of the country.
In 1972, tourism is included in the All-Union Physical Complex "Ready for Work and Defense of the USSR".
The beginning of the 80s for tourist organizations is significant work on the implementation of the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Bank institution "On the further development and improvement of tourist-sightseeing business in the country." The ruling is set to the task so much to improve the mass tourist work in order to fully use the possibility of tourism in order to improve the ideological and political, labor and moral education of workers and students, to strengthen the health and rational use of the free time of the population of our country.
As a result of the measures taken to implement the Resolution, mass tourist work in all labor collectives and educational institutionsNew tourist clubs and sections are being created, groups are deployed at the place of residence of the population and in places of mass recreation. IN short time The release of a better tourist inventory and equipment was established, the network of tourist bases was expanded, their economic efficiency increased, the quality of tourist training was improved. The country has significantly increased the number of routes for weekend hiking and multi-day trips within the requirements of the "Tourist of the USSR" icon.
All this allowed to attract new campaign and travel lovers to organized tourism. By the mid-80s, more than 8 million people are engaged in amateur tourism and more than 20 million annually participates in the campaigns of the weekend and multi-day category campaigns. Tourism acquired a truly massive character. A special role in last years He began to play in the introduction of the wide masses of the population to healthy image Life. In the field of view of tourism on modern stage Its development is a further solution to the tasks of military-patriotic, moral and environmental education of young people.
So, the development of tourism in the USSR as a social and social phenomenon was constantly subordinated to the interests of the country. Tourism contributed to the implementation of important socio-political functions at all stages of the development of the Soviet state. Improving the forms and methods of tourist work was closely related to the development of physical culture. In addition to the formation of the vital for a person, the skills and skills, the increase in its motor activity, tourist events contributed to the increase in the public activity of people, upbringing them in the spirit of Soviet patriotism and socialist internationalism.
3.2. Tourism in the USSR
In the early 20s, interest in tourism began to increase. On excursions, rides and travels were involved thousands of workers. Structural expansion of the tourism network and excursions began. Departments of near and long-distance excursions were created during the drug addict, who oversaw N.K. Krupskaya. The organization of tourism and excursions began to engage in various institutions.
The main measures for the development of tourism were accepted by the state. The material and technical base was created, training professional personnel was carried out.
A significant role in popularizing tourism belonged to the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" newspaper. If the newspaper was edited, the headquarters was created, which was one of the initiators of the development of mass tourism.
In 1924-1928 Heads of tourist-sightseeing work in the country were trade unions, WLKSM and Narkompros.
Combining trade union efforts and Komsomol on tourist work issues made it possible to introduce a preferential rate of railway tracks along the routes, renting premises for tourist camps, accumulate equipment.
In 1927, in Moscow, the pre-revolutionary Russian society of tourists resumed its activities, which during an extraordinary conference was renamed the society of proletarian tourism (OPT). And in July 1928, it began practical tourist-sightseeing work. Since 1929, children's tourist excursion stations have been organized at the Wholesale.
In 1930, a merger of the joint-stock company Soviet tourist with the wholesale and the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created.
The work of the newly created society was put on the state basis.
In the mid-1930s, the material and technical foundation of the tourism so strongly strengthened that its financial deductions to the state budget amounted to significant amounts.
In May 1929, the All-Union JSC "Intourist" is created. In addition to the reception and maintenance of foreign delegations and the tourgroup, it organizes the departure of their own tourists abroad. In 1930-1931 For the first time, mass cruise trips of labor strikes of the first five-year plan on board the boats "Abkhazia" and "Ukraine" around Europe were carried out. Tourists visited Germany, Italy and Turkey (England and France did not allow stopping).
At the turn of the first and second five-year plan of the development of the national economy of the USSR, only OPTE provided truols louds about one and a half million people. To a large extent, this success was ensured by the cheaper service of the population.
In April 1936, the Presidium of the USSR considered inappropriate further development of tourism in the framework of a voluntary society and decided to eliminate OPTE.
All property OPTE was transferred to the WCSPS, where tourist-sightseeing management was created - TEU of the WCSPS, which was entitled to the management of Tour Marshrutes, as well as all activities in the field of tourism and excursions.
By this time, an administrative and command system was already in the country, which were not needed amateur public organizationswho united thousands of people. Many of the most prominent organizers of the tourist movement became victims of repression.
During the years, tourist-sightseeing activities were completely discontinued. The material and technical base of tourism has been plundering and destruction.
Only in the early 50s in the USSR there was an activation of tourism. Travel travel has become one of the most popular forms of rest of Soviet citizens.
The development of planning travel was engaged in the Central Tourism and Tourism Council.
In the 60s, more than 13 thousand routes were developed by tourist-excursion organizations of trade unions. In the 80s, the routes for parents with children received development. Special routes for autotourists were organized.
Among the local tourist routes, a significant amount was a trip with an active way to move: on foot, skiing, rowing courts.
Actively developed unconventional types of travel. So in Ukraine, the first spellomarshrut "on caves and rivers of the Ternopil region" was created in the country, which included a six-day trip with a visit to the caves.
In 1985, 17 equestrian routes in Altai, South Urals, North Caucasus were operating in the USSR, and in other districts. A bicycle tourism has developed. Travels on lakes, rivers and seas were popular.
Since the beginning of the 60s and until the end of the 80s, there was a huge number of tourist routes using railway transport. For this purpose, special tourist-sightseeing trains were formed. In 1986 they were numbered 2600.
The program of railway routes was compiled in such a way that moving between excursion centers was carried out at night.
To address issues of international youth exchange in June 1958. The Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Satellite" was created, which was engaged not only by the reception of groups of foreign youth and the organization of Soviet tourism abroad, but also by intrasoy journey of young people.
In the 80s, the massive nature acquired aviation tours - routes.
The collapse of the USSR led to the collapse of a single tourist-excursion system of the USSR. The process of creating national tourist organizations has begun.
After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS low level The number of tourists in the region from the beginning of the restructuring was recorded in 1992 - about 3 million. human. But gradually the number of tourists began to grow, and in 1995, Russia has already visited 10.3 million foreign guests. Most in 1995, 1276.3 thousand people arrived in Russia in 1995, which is 12.4% of all arrival in the country. The second place was occupied by Poland, which in the Soviet period was awarded Finland, - 666 thousand people, most of whom came to tourism -532 thousand. In 1989, the Poles left 3.9% of all arrived in the USSR, only 3034.7 thousand people, and tourists were only 792.5 thousand people. These statistical data should be critical, since the USSR did not use the category and standards adopted WTO.
Guests from non-socialist countries at the end of the 80s accounted for 1/3 of all arriving. The bureaucratic limitations associated with visa design were played in this not a small role. First, in the USSR, and then in Russia the dynamics of the number of citizens leaving abroad shows that in the rearrangement period, their number began to grow rapidly with a slight break in 1992. In 1995, it was 21.3 million people against 2, 8 million people in 1985. If you see the trend who left for far abroad, then the greatest number It was on the eve of the collapse of the USSR, that is, in 1989-1991. - from 8 to 10.8 million people, but even these indicators were less than 1% of the overall world tourist flow. After 1992, a large proportion of the number of people who left Russia were tourists to near abroad. Thus, in 1995, a total of 5.3 million people left for far abroad, according to experts, each Russian tourist spends more than $ 1.5 dollars during his trip abroad, which is 2 times more average expenses.
If in the late 80s, the leading countries on the reception of the Soviet guests were Poland, GDR, Bulgaria, Finland, then in the mid-1990s, the leadership seized Turkey, where 764 thousand people went out, of which 538 thousand from them The purpose of tourism. Next comes Finland, Poland, Germany and China - respectively 640.9, 478.7, 442.8 and 342.9 thousand.
Russian tourists are popular as Italy, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, which offer our tourists and a cognitive product, and beach tourism.
Especially large streams of Russians to Turkey, Greece, China, the UAE are associated with the so-called shopping tourism, which in the future stabilization of the consumer goods market in Russia naturally changes the changes.
Control questions
1. When tourism in the Russian Empire presumably originated?
2. What tourist organizations pre-revolutionary Russia Are you known?
3. Name the most popular tourist regions and the routes of the second half of the 19th century.
4. Tell us about the first world travel committed by Russians.
5. What are the basic measures to develop tourism accepted by the state after the revolution?
6. When the All-Union Intourist JSC appears, what are its main functions?
7. Describe Soviet tourism in the post-war period.
8. Tell us about non-traditional types of tourism that existed in the USSR in the 80s.
9. How did the collapse of the USSR affect the development of tourism?
10. What countries are the most popular among Russians lately?
The Soviet government paid the coaches to the close attention of tourist excursion activities, realizing that this is one of the possibilities of affecting the masses. Already in 1918, courses for teachers were created, in order to improve the qualifications, using the type of learning as excursions.
The main difference in the "bourgeois" and Soviet tourism was that overseas bourgeois sought not for vivid impressions, and for exotic and adventure, in the context of the richest comfort, travel at various ends of the world. While Soviet tourism was part of cultural work, and was a deeply political phenomenon.
In 1919, excursion sections are created to organize an excursion case in schools. The first six sections were located in the vicinity of Petrograd, special routes were developed. For children who are on excursions, free food was offered (and this in conditions Civil War and foreign military intervention!). Schoolchildren who arrived for multi-day trips were arranged for overnight. For travel on railway Special preferential tickets were issued. Differentiation gradually began in the directions of work with schoolchildren. In addition to the 192020 year central station, another 3 reference sites emerged: in Peterhof, Pavlovsk and Tsarskoye village. Humanitarian stations conducted excursions in museums and manors, this allowed to familiarize schoolchildren with flattering landscape, etc.
In 1920, a tour desk was created at the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR Enlightenment, where the plans of the upcoming campaigns and excursions are being developed.
Since 1921, conferences are being held on the problems of the guide business, and they wore all-Russian character. And now, excursions were supposed to wear not only general education, but also ideological, so the historical and revolutionary topics began to be developed, as well as the lists of the enterprises of the national economy.
From the mid-20s on the pages of the Komsomolsk Pravda, articles began to appear, calling young people to take care of tourism. In December 1926, a first mass excursion was organized, 300 people took part in it, and the goal was to familiarize young people with the construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric station.
Thus, all of the above events led to the creation of a tourism bureau in 1927, whose main task was to develop mass tourism among young people.
In the 1930s, it became obvious that the world was on the threshold of a new war. The USSR threatened war on 2 fronts: against fascist Germany in the West and Japan in the East. A red thread through many publications concerning tourism issues, begins to undergo the idea that "you can successfully fight only when, in addition to other conditions, the fighters are well known for the operation of the operation." Tourist preparation of many powers allowed to successfully fight opponents in the mountains and other localities, as there was good preparation. Both tourism, "Being the advantage of the massive movement of workers' and peasant youth, that is, just the majority of future defenders of the Soviet Union, in the most free and interesting form gives the broadest opportunities for studying borders." Of course, the "mass" tourism in border areas was carried out, based on the rather stringent rules in order to avoid intelligence activities under the guise of tourism.
Along with domestic tourism in the USSR, foreign tourism is very early to develop. As well as in the development of domestic tourism, there were prioritized issues that were trying to disclose the appearance of New Rossi in front of the Western maniputor. It was also believed that acquaintance with Soviet Russia "will inevitably accelerate the collapse of capitalism throughout the world." At the very beginning, the responsibilities for servicing foreign tourists were assigned to Sovtorgflot, but this organization was more involved in foreign currency, there was no due organization.
In 1929, the flow of foreign tourists increased, and the All-Union Joint-Stock Company "Intourist" is created, which over time becomes a monopolist in the field of organizing foreign tourism in the USSR. "Intourist" creates its representative offices, both abroad and in a number of Russian cities, concludes contracts with foreign rail and shipping companies. Tourists were offered excursions not only in Moscow, but also to other major cities of Russia. Natural recession begins in 1938, as a consequence of the global crisis, and felt the spirit of the upcoming war. In foreign tourism in connection with the Second World War, and then a cold war, a long break occurs, and ends only in the years in the years.
But did the abroad traveled the abroad in the pre-war period? The main form of travel abroad was, of course, foreign business trips. Abroad visited such people like, Tsvetaeva, Mayakovsky, Yesenin, bitter, etc.
Organized, or how began to be called, planned foreign tourism, arose in the USSR in 1930, when the first group of 257 frontiers of production from different cities of the Union went to the sea cruise with an occasion of Hamburg, Naples and Istanbul. Tourists read lectures on international positionPolytrics were conducted, but also a civilian magazine for all countries and shores, along which the journey took place.
Domestic tourism began to revive only at the end of the 40th anniversaries, and in the post-war period, such types of tourism were widely distributed as planned, independent, children, family and sports.
Since 1957, the history of Soviet maritime tourism begins. Intourist rented 2 vessels "victory" and "Georgia", on which sea travel around Europe from Odessa to Leningrad was carried out. In 1960, the ship "Admiral Nakhimov" began to rush along the Crimean Caucasian coast. Later, maritime tourism began to develop in the Baltic.
In 1964, the Department of Foreign Tourism and Foreign Tourism Council, which should have coordinated the work of various organizations for the further development of foreign tourism in our country. In the mid-1960s, a special training system is created for hotels and restaurants, guides and translators. The main tourist centers were: Leningrad, Sochi, Yalta, Irkutsk, etc.
Since 1964, Intourist began to take tourists for the purpose of improving rest in places such as Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Sochi, Essentuki.
There was a considerable interest in the "Transsiberian Express" from Moscow to Vladivostok through the entire USSR. Quickly won the universal interest and exotic cruise on the Karakum canal. Also, many tourists were offered a campaign on the Baltic Taiga.
The main tourist regions were central, somewhere except Moscow included Tula, Ryazan, Kaluga, Kalininskaya, Smolenskaya, Yaroslavl and Vladimir region. T Northwest, which includes Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov. More than half of all routes were laid in such resort places as the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia.
Since the 1970s, the stage of regulatory development of tourism is coming. The main tasks were: the massive development of tourism among the working people and young people who contribute to improving the cultural level and health promotion, high-performance work, education from the Soviet people of love for socialist homeland, etc. At the same time, planning in tourism began to acquire a total character, developed and stated on 5 plans, and sometimes 10 years ago. The propaganda of tourism among young people continued actively, in 70s. Georgians a program was developed by the program of all-union campaigns and excursions of schoolchildren and students.
In connection with the deformation of market relations in the USSR, the demand for health services increased, and therefore new maintenance form appear, for example, coursework in sanatoriums. For these trips, vacationers received therapeutic and wellness services in sanatoriums, with food and accommodation in the private sector.
In 1970-1980g. There is an expansion of tourism geography. Along with the sea and river cruises, when traveling along the Northern Sea Route, ranging from Murmansk and ending with Petropavlovsky-Kamchatsky, in the seas of the Northern Ocean and Pacific Oceans, there is a development of independent routes from Hibin to Kamchatka. Tourist travel becomes one of the most popular forms of recreation among Soviet citizens.
Social tourism also began to develop when the workers bought tickets through their trade unions in just 30% of their cost, sometimes more.
From 1960s, the first organized road tourism appears, but it receives real development only in the 80s. In 1985, there were 5 All-Union routes for autotourists: along the military-Georgian road, from Moscow to Alushta, from Rostov-on-Don to Derbent, Novgorod-Pärnu, from Smolensk to Karabugaz.
The USSR took part in the World Conference on Tourism, held in the Philippines in 1980. The leadership of the Soviet Union on behalf of L.I.Besnev noted that tourism should help to meet the increased needs of people in the knowledge of the world, in mutual familiarization with the culture, traditions and lifestyle of peoples. Also, tourism became an important factor in strengthening mutual trust and thus made a significant contribution to maintaining peace around the world.
Railway travel travel character appeared for the first time in the 1960s, gradually routes using rail transport became an integral part of many routes of that time.
The relative cheap air ticket was one of the components of the boom, which was experienced in the 80s airloubt. And the services of aviation used not only to deliver tourists to rest sites and back, but independent air travel was developed.
In 1960-1980, tourism no longer wore a compulsory ideological nature, as it was in pre-war years. Various tourist organizations Thousands of all kinds of routes of different types, duration of time, complexity and comfort were developed. But, due to the fact that tourism wore a pronounced social character, the demand for tourist services exceeded the proposal. And many tourist-sightseeing bureaus could not provide busies to everyone.
The restructuring started in the second half of the 1980s and the subsequent collapse of the USSR led to the breakdown of a single tourist-sightseeing system Soviet Union.
The beginning of tourism can not be dated not only a year, but also a century: its origins are torn in antiquity, when only a person from the world of animals began, in the hardest struggle, the laid the foundations of civilization.
Having considered the history of tourism in Russia on publications, it should be designated that international tourism as history Russia is associated directly with the development of Russia, it bears from ancient years. This is evidenced by the following table compiled.
Table 1
|
The era of the development of tourism |
Tourism goals and objectives |
The result of tourism for Russia |
|
|
Ancient world |
Cognition by the people of the surrounding world |
Man did what he saw from others what is better |
|
|
The first centuries of our era |
Opening of new lands. Cognition of the life and life of the population |
Development of science Knowledge Implementation of the experience of other countries in their own country |
|
|
Middle Ages |
Mastering aquatic paths |
Establishment of Russia trade with other peoples and countries. Development of knowledge |
|
|
Mastering new trade routes, opening new countries |
Finding trade partners. The development of unexplored |
||
|
XVI - XVIII centuries. |
Opening of a new light, sea route to India, paths in Mongolia, China, Asia, Siberia, Far East, etc. Countries |
Development of commodity-money relations, folding the Russian market. Changes in the worldview of people, the population of Russia |
|
|
Time Peter I. |
Interaction with European countries, knowledge of Kamchatka |
Development of science, the development of relations between Russia with the West, geographical research, the expansion of Russia's communications with countries |
|
|
Opening of new land, countries, study of experience |
The establishment of diplomatic, trade relations with China, with the countries of South and Southeast Asia, with India. The process of activization of economic relations |
||
|
XVIII - the beginning of the twentieth century. |
Development of excursion activities, tourism organizations |
Study environmental, historical places. The emergence of the first tourist organizations, the reception of foreign guests. The emergence of tourism circles. Formation of tourist organizational work |
|
|
The first decade of the twentieth century |
Cognition of the world in around the world travel |
Contribution to the development of Russia's trips abroad. Dissemination of technical knowledge. Creating a tourist excursion case, first excursion commissions |
Tourism development in the USSR
Several stages of tourism development in the USSR stand out.
First stage: 1917 - 1936. This stage is characterized by the creation of socio-economic conditions, the emergence of the excursion tourist movement. The first institutions of proletarian tourism are created. In area international Tourism Tasks are set: to provide the friends of the USSR the opportunity to get acquainted with the course of socialist construction in the USSR, expand the volume of trips of Soviet citizens abroad.
Since 1920, excursions and some trips began to hold departments and institutions. Interest in tourism began to increase. So in 1921, more than 400 group excursions were conducted by the Sovip Limit Sproves section. Approximately the same number of the population served the Moscow Mountains. Council. In 1921, a tour conference was held in Petrograd with the participation of trade unions. She recommended expanding tourism networks and excursions. The organization of tourism began to engage in various institutions. Certain measures for the development of tourism were accepted by the state. They were aimed at creating a material and technical base and training professional personnel on tourism. In 1923, 2.5 thousand teachers of group governors of tourist groups were trained. By the beginning of the 20s there is a geography of tourism. If in 1918 -1920 Hiking and trips were conducted within the country, then from 1921, the exit beyond the limits of the country.
By the end of the 20s, as part of the common tasks of cultural work, there was a need to streamline management of tourism and excursions, the creation of a target organization capable of providing the population of meaningful and cheap travel.
Trade unions have become organizers of sightseeing and tourist work. Great work on tourism is conducted by the WLKSM.
In 1927, the Central Bureau of Mass Tourism appears, a temporary reference booking center and organizational commission was created.
The second stage of the development of tourism in the USSR (1936-1969) is characterized by the introduction of new organizational forms tourism management. Tourist and organizational management are created in the center and in the territories. The management of independent tourism was instructed by the All-Union Council of Physical Culture at the CEC. In the mid-30s, almost all massive were eliminated voluntary societies by tourism. An administrative-command system is consigned in the country, which amateur societies were needed, they were replaced by officials. The last step was repressions 1937 - 1939.
However, the subordinate to the administrative command system tourism continues to evolve. Significant development receives sports tourism. In 1937 - 1940 A comprehensive reorganization of the tourism structure was carried out, which was based on a rigid state-party investment planning, personnel and geography of reactionary activities.
The implementation of the planned tourism was entrusted to 25 tourist and excursion departments of the WCSPS, 16 sightseeing bureaus, 165 tourist houses, 50 turbases, 12 tourgowns, 24 station camps, 19 tourist and climbing shelters, hundreds of temporary tent battles and campgrounds.
During the Great Patriotic War, tourist-sightseeing activities were completely discontinued.
Together with the restoration of the destroyed national economy, a system of tourist-sightseeing institutions was restored. However, the process was very slow and controversial. The reason - the residual principle of financing the social sphere was dominated.
In 1962, a system of advice on tourism is created, management is carried out by the Central Tourism Council of the WCSPS. The intensification of tourist activities began. In all the Allied Republics, tourism tips were organized, which developed and mastered the tour routes. All-Union and local routes covered the whole country. More than 50% of all-Union planned tour routes were laid in five regions of the Soviet Union: the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
In 1986, 17 equestrian routes in Altai, South Urals, the North Caucasus, in Transcaucasia and other regions operate in the Soviet Union. In some places, cyclers appeared. Transport travel travels were also transported to the number of local planners: ships, railway, aviation. Maritime excursions were organized in the Black Sea, in the Japanese Sea and Okhotsk, on the White, Barents, Red Seas. Mass character in the 80s acquired aviation tour routes. More than 160 Bureau used aviation services, which made it possible to rest annually 2 million people.
To solve the issues of youth international exchange in June 1958, the Bureau of Youth International Tourism "Satellite" was created.
The restructuring of the second half of the 80s ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of a single tourist-sightseeing system of the Soviet Union. The creation process began independent states, as well as national tourist-sightseeing organizations.
The cradle of international tourism has become Europe. Russia took experience foreign countriesAnd each era is characterized by its development in tourism. In principle, Russia's activities on tourism differ little from the forms of other countries. The growth of promotion demanded from Russia of development: farm, trade, transport, industry, market. Stormy development demanded travel abroad, mastering new types of movement.
table 2
|
The era of the development of tourism |
Tourism goals and objectives |
The result of tourism for Russia |
|
|
1917-1940 |
Creating socio-economic conditions |
Cultural revolution in the country's farm. Interest in tourism. The emergence of tourism institutions, tourism bureau. Development of foreign tourism, reception and maintenance ("Intourist" Hotel) |
|
|
1946 - 1960 |
The introduction of new organizational forms on tourism |
Planned tourism. Creating routes, familiarization with the nature and economy of the country. Creating youth international tourism in order to receive guests to rest, travel abroad for rest |
|
|
1970 - 1980 |
Intensive development of domestic and foreign tourism |
Knowledge, rest, treatment of people, organization of group international tourism |
After liquidation in 1928, the Russian society of tourists based on it in 1929 a society of proletarian tourism is being created, which in 1930 transformed into the All-Russian Society of Proletarian tourism and excursions.
On April 11, 1929, the Council of Labor and Defense Council was adopted "On the organization of the State Joint-Stock Company for Foreign Tourism in the USSR." In fact, from this point on, there was a division of tourism for external and internal. Manual external tourism is transferred to the State Committee.
In 1936, the management of domestic tourism is entrusted to the trade unions in the face of the WCSPS, in which the central tourist and excursion management was formed with offices in the republics and cities of the country. In 1969, this department was transformed into the Central Tourism and Tourism Board.
The organization of youth tourism was instructed by the Central Committee of the W CLSM, which in 1959 creates its tourist structure - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Satellite". In addition, the tourism was engaged in the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and a number of other departments that organize the rest of the employees of their industry. Vorychenko V.V. The development of tourism in the USSR (1917-1983) M., 1985. p.14.
There was no single regulatory act regulating tourist activity. Legal regulation Tourism was carried out on the basis of departmental instructions.
The transition from the command and administrative management of the economy to the market economy also affected the sphere of tourism. Former tourism monopolists "Satellite", "Intourist", the Central Council for Tourism and excursions were transformed into joint-stock companies and holdings.
After the liquidation of the USSR State Committeeist in our country, there were no departments responsible for the development of the sphere of tourism in general and youth tourism in particular.
From 1989 to 1992 There was not practically no regulatory act enshrining and regulating new market relations in the field of tourism. Ilyina E.I. Basics of tourist activity. - M.: Prospekt, 2000. - 452 p.
The main achievements of the Soviet system of youth tourism was to attract young people to cognitive and recreational value, ideological and patriotic orientation of tourist campaigns, meaningfulness and versatility of tourism as an active form of recreation and sports.
Soviet mass tourism - was one of effective tools Communist upbringing. The educational significance of tourism was linked to the principles of the Moral Code of the Civil Code of Communism, on specific examples, it was shown as a hiking life passing in the team and conjugate with overcoming various difficulties helps to form high moral and volitional qualities, including courage, friendly solidarity, high discipline, diligence and etc.
The educational value of Soviet mass tourism and in the fact that tourist campaigns, settling and competition are important means of attracting practical skills useful as in professional activityand in the service in the ranks Soviet army. To the number of such professional and military-applied skills to meet the knowledge of topography, the provision of prefigure medical care, the organization of search and rescue work, the technique of transporting the victim with undergraduates, the technique of movement and overcoming natural obstacles in various location conditions and with different means of movement, organization Bivak, etc.
Solving tasks for the development of tourist-sightseeing business in the country in soviet time Trade union organizations were engaged, as well as tourism departments of the Ministry of Defense and Military Districts.
Youth tourism in Soviet times was considered as one of the means of mass physical culture along with gymnastics, running, skiing, swimming, sports games. Those or other types of tourism (hiking, skiing, water, cycling, and at the level of sports tourist hiking, also mountain, auto, moto, and speleotourism) require the involvement of various elements from the field of physical culture and sports: ski, cycling, rowing techniques, Auto and motor sports, mountaineering and always, for all types of tourism - the ability to orientation on the ground. It inevitably awakened interest in sport, it became involved in cross-commercial jogging, swimming, ski racing, rowing and water slalom, sports games, mountaineering, sports orienteering, etc. Regulatory requirements of the TWT complex on trackstectic species, swimming, shooting, gymnastic exercises, ski racing They became for the tourist standards, and the classes of these types of physical exercises were included in the year-round training cycle.
