"Everything for business is nothing for yourself"
Ryabushinsky brothersWho are Ryabushinsky?
What do we know about them? How many were there, one or more?
Well, put, mansion on the small Nikitskaya building of Shechor,
in which she lived bitter, everyone is heard and in sight.
So what is next?
So - the brothers Ryabushinsky.
And there were eight of them, incredible talented, who left an indelible mark in the history of Russian patronage, truly state people.
Grandfather, Mikhail Yakovlev, a native of the Rurbish Slobody of the Kaluga province, was the way from Bobills (who did not have the peasants) before the merchant of the Second Guild, it will be said about him: "It seems that those who have 1,000 rubles had many thousands that created from They for forty years of work 2'000'000 rubles, very little, and they hardly fill one dozen. " Mikhail Yakovlev had an Iron Will, connected to the worldview of the economic man: "Everything for business is nothing for yourself", "He says, and it will become the motto of the genus Ryabushinsky.
In 1820, he will give a petition about changing the surname Yakovlev on the name Rabushinsky, later became Ryabushinsky. Surovo was treated for children, he did not recognize the book education, believing that the best teacher was life. Once, having heard the sounds of violin in the house, found the second son in the attic - Paul - with a tool in his hands.
The poor violin was immediately broken about the rafter: "I'll show you this demonic lesson! You are a merchant! You are - Ryabushinsky. "
Son after that and thinking did not bother to continue its secret lessons from some Frenchman. After breaking 1812, as always after strong public shocks, russian Society I am experiencing a period of religious quest. In the Moscow merchandise, these quest broke out in the enhanced transition from the dominant church in Old Believers.
"It is not tough that it is not taken. You will not hold, and you do not keep your souls. " So the foundations of the genus Ryabushinsky were laid.
Son His, Pavel Mikhailovich, was in many ways a father, surpassing his mind and talent. Brought up at home, without any system, from fifteen years he worked at the Father's shop, comprehending the secrets of accounting books. He independently studied a manuff case and could replace his father when equipped with the factory in the Kaluga province. We already know the story with a violin in childhood. But this passion has not passed without a trace. Pavel Mikhailovich very loved the theater and often accepted the actors of the Small Theater. He was happy in marriage, and all the eight of his sons make up the pride of Russia, for they were creators in their spirit.
After the death of the Father, Pavel Mikhailovich, the head of the clan became the eldest son, Pavel Pavlovich, before the authority of which all the younger brothers and sisters were always unquestioned. Stunning intramey discipline! Paul became famous for a million-term politician, whom the queen and Bolsheviks hated. The ideologist of the young Russian bourgeoisie, Pavel Pavlovich fought with the government.
On one of the speeches, he suddenly shouted: "One hope that our great country will be able to survive his small government!" At dinner, the Prime Minister Paul's Prime Minister raises toast to Moscow, as required by the protocol, and for the Russian people. The city chapter in rabies: "Moscow merchants have little burned in the fifth year, they have not yet been formed. Here are nobles - they drove it decently, they were sorted. " "A strange and peculiar figure is a Moscow Millionaire," the "stockmarks" (June 15, 1915) write about it, is something average between the Old Believers and British Del. Being in the most thick of political struggle and perfectly understanding the inevitability of the troubled, he not only continues to develop the case, but also calls for this and others. "
"We know that the natural development of life will go to their guy.
And unfortunately, it cruelly shakes those who violate economic laws.
Therefore, gentlemen, we interspersed forced to wait. This is a catastrophe, this financial and economic failure will be inevitable for Russia, if we are no longer before the catastrophe. And then, when it becomes obvious to everyone, only then will feel that they went through the wrong path.
We feel that what I am talking about is inevitable, but, unfortunately, you need a bony hand of hunger and folk poverty, so that she grabbed the throat of the friends of the people, members of various committees and advice, so that they come to come. At this difficult moment when it comes time of TroublesAll living cultural forces must form one friendly family. Trade people, you need to save Russian land! " There is a thunder of applause. It happened on August 3, 1917 in the theological audience of Moscow State University, at the opening of the All-Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
According to the project of the architect Shechor in Moscow, a typography of Ryabushinsky in the style of Modern is being built on Putanka. Pavel Pavlovich publishes the "Morning" newspaper. In April 1907, he was administratively sent from Moscow for the fact that the "Morning" newspaper, despite the warning made repeatedly, continued to keep the oppositional direction. Telegram Brother Dmitry: "They learned today about the administrative gravity of a kare, which has suffered.
We express deep respect for your solid and noble image action. " And in September, Paul is already embarking on the publication of his new and gained widespread fame of the newspaper "Morning Russia". On the eve of World War I was on the money of Pavel Pavlovich, an expedition to search for radium was equipped. The question of the search for radium raised in 1909 V.I. Vernadsky. In the autumn of 1913, in the mansion of Paul on Prechistenka, in the presence of business people, Vernadsky read a report on the radia and its possible fields in Russia. In Emigration, Pavel Pavlovich arrived already in patients. I lived quite a bit and died in France from tuberculosis in 1924 at the 51st year of life.
Following Paul for seniority was Sergey. In addition to active participation in the industrial and banking life of the family, Sergey Pavlovich had a sole affair. This is, firstly, the Institute of Pedagogy on the Rogs. It was equipped with the latest techniques and technical means. There are few people know about it because the Bolsheviks covered this undertaking immediately after the arrival of them to power. And secondly, this is the main thing, on the outskirts of the then Moscow of Moscow, together with Brother Stepan in six months (!) Based on the joint-stock Moscow society (AMO), a small automotive plant is created - the first in Russia. Moreover, production is arranged in such a way that with minimal reorganization, the automotive plant can produce aircraft. Now this plant is called the plant. I.A. Likhacheva. But on this talents of Sergey Pavlovich do not end. He was also a very good animal artist. Repin himself recommended his mobile phone. Ryabushinsky and exhibited with them, and organized the exhibitions, and, of course, it sacred. And he also headed the Moscow Club of Motorists and the Moscow Society of Aids. It is amazing that these people, being pillars of driving, caught quite weak trends of tomorrow: airplane, car, sports, tourism. By the way, the next brother, Vladimir, headed Russian Society for Tourism.
"I studied in Heidelberg. 2-3 semesters remained, but I was eaten melancholy in my homeland. Despite the fact that every holiday I went home, I could not stand and waving my hand to the doctor, I asked my father to allow me to return.
However, by entering a family case, Vladimir will soon restore its reputation. Member of the Board of the Moscow Bank, Moscow City Duma, as well as one of the main workers "Association of Manuff P.M. Ryabushinsky with sons, "Vladimir was a talented and organic alloy of the banker and the industrialist, and suddenly ... with the beginning of the First World War, leaving everything, he leaves a volunteer on the German front. It was wounded in the chest. Awarded George 4th degree. Writes work on the device of strengthening structures. The revolution found him in the army. Next - he is the commander formed by the car detachment in the Army of Wrangel.
Metropolitan Veniamina told how in the 20th year an officer rushed to him with a large dark blond beard. "Vladyka, I do not belong to the dominant church. I am an old shipholder. But I read the Orthodox hierarchy. Bless! My surname is Ryabushinsky. - And immediately, without any preface, somehow a broken voice said: - Vladyka! We die, we are the same Bolsheviks as they ".
And then the Paris emigration has come. Attempts to return to family affairs to no effect. In 1925, Vladimir organized the Society "Icon", whose chairman and consisted before the death. He publishes dozens of articles about the Russian icon and the history of religion in Russia. Vladimir Pavlovich has wonderful work under the name "Comparison of Languages", where he explores six languages, which owned perfectly: Latin, Greek, Italian, French, Russian and English.
Add to place to add that Herodota he read in the script, on ancient Greek. Here is such a checklist! When Germany attacked Soviet UnionIn the emigrant circles there were rumors about the compilation of lists of property left in Russia, with the calculation of the success of the German army. This should not like this. His letter was preserved by Brother Stepan: "We, Ryabushinsky, continuing the tradition of unforgettable Pasha, should now think about themselves, but about Russia. If it ever comes to be needed, we will be perfectly remembering what belonged to us and, of course, how honest peoplethat we must. Now, all of our energy should be aimed at enslaving to take part in work for the benefit of the Russian people, and at what place will have to work - on the will of God. "
Since the beginning of World War II, especially after the occupation of the Nazis of France, the life of Russian emigrants was even harder. But by cooperation with the fascist regime, none of Ryabushinsky stained himself. Vladimir Pavlovich died in Paris in 1955 aged 83 years.
Now let's talk about the owner of the very mansion in the small Nikitskaya Stepan Pavlovic. Unfortunately, the inner decoration of the mansion has undergone changes. In the steaming, air intricateness of modernity, Gorky, the last owner of the mansion, in the literal sense drove with the Bolshevik directness.
But remained intact facades and the garden, planted during life.
Stepan Pavlovich remained in Russian history not only and not as much as an entrepreneur actively working in the family business, but above all as a collector. Only according to the catalogs of the Tretyakov Gallery, where, after the revolution, part of the meeting was transferred, there are fifty-seven icons of the XIII-XVII centuries belonging to Stepan. The most valuable was in the temples of the Rogozhsky cemetery, with which the life of the collector was tightly related. Here he handed over the icon of the Mother Lady of Odigitria Smolensk, which, after the restoration of 1812, it was forbidden, as the most valuable monument of antiquities, to transfer from one temple to another. Already one collection would be pretty, but Ryabushinsky is Ryabushinsky, and the scale of their activities is truly impressive. In March 1905, the elder brother, Pavel Pavlovich, being the chairman of the old-supplied community of the Rogozhsky cemetery, buys a plot in the 3rd Ushakovsky Lane and donates these land for the construction of the cover of the Intercession Blessed Virgin Mary. Next, Stepan is entering into business. He not only donates the colossal amounts to the construction of the temple: the entire iconostasis representing a huge artistic and archaeological value consists of genuine ancient icons from Stepan Pavlovich's assembly. He becomes the chairman of the Ostozhensky Old Believer community. In 1998, the temple was restored. Still striking, these Old Believers Ryabushinsky, who lived in modern style and overtook time. In Emigration, Stepan collaborated with Vladimir in Society "Icon," wrote the work on the restoration of icons and died in 1942 in Italy aged 68 years.
Nikolai Pavlovich House called Nikolasha. He was considered a disturbed and worthless person. If you wanted to see each other's brothers for infertility, then they said: "Well, I understand, if this nikolas did, but you are!" Nikolai really lived bohemian life with merchant scope. The family affair did not interest him: he immediately came out of him, having risen his share of capital. According to the spiritual testament of the father, it was due 400 thousand rubles. Having received them, for three months I had rushed almost half. The main cost of expenses was the singer Cafe-Shantana Fažget. He bought one jewelry to her 45 thousand rubles, not counting the luxurious lunches and riding on Likhach. The young man was urgently taken under the control of relatives. On the money received from the brothers, he visited the most exotic countries - Japan, Hong Kong, hunted Phezov in China. Contemporaries treated him in different ways. Some believed that he was extraordinary, others saw in him the ordinary checklist. But it was laid undoubted talentedness. He writes stories and tale in a fashion decadent style. But excerpt from the letter Lancer-Benua: "Ryabushinsky visited us all, everyone as a person did not like, they are walking, terribly sacred, until the evening smelled in the rooms, a mixture of naivety and boasting." Benua at first saw in the young Nikolay Ryabushinsky personification of the Golden Taurus, on the bow for which the high art is forced to go. In a letter, Somov he writes: "Forced to expect our new patronage. Yesterday he visited here on a huge car. Good is yours Ryabushinsky! We now have such a berture that even this swollen mollusk can go beyond the fish. Why we never got our Tretyakov, our Mamontov! " And in the meantime, Nikolasha in the Petrovsky Park is building an elegant villa called "Black Swan" (the architect is all the same Shechor) and enjoys the society of bohemian guests.
But Nikolai would not be Ryabushinsky if his life was limited only to Blazhly and Pirushkami. In January 1905, the magazine "Golden Fleece" is published. "In the terrible time we enter the path, the swirl of the renewable life is frowning. We do not deny any of the tasks of our time, but we firmly believe that it is impossible to live without beauty. Together with free institutions, it is necessary to conquer for our descendants a genuine, brightly illuminated by the Sun creativity. In the name of the same coming life, we, the "Golden Rune" seekers, deploy our banner! " Editor and Publisher - Nikolai Pavlovich Ryabushinsky. Bunin, Balmont, Andrei White, Block, Voloshin printed in the magazine.
Nikolai Ryabushinsky magazine for several years was a recognized center of Russian symbolism. From the memories of the contemporary: "Nikolay, as he called him in Moscow, did not take seriously, but he turned out to be a hecta of his brothers, as he lived everything in his homeland." And despite this, he managed to live without sides in Paris, he was sitting down in Monte Carlo in the war and died in 1951 aged 74 years.
Mikhail Pavlovich was two years old when parents led him to the opening of an industrialized art exhibition.
The orchestra was conducted by Anton Rubinstein himself. From infancy, Mikhail Ryabushinsky very sensiblely perceived beauty. In twenty years, he begins to collect a collection of painting, which made it the most famous of the brothers. Unlike Paul, Nikolai, Dmitry, formerly in sight and hearing peace of mind, he was constantly in the shadows. Serious bankers do not like fame. Wealth obliged to treat everything carefully and solid.
Accounts from bookstores show that only in 1910-1911 he acquired editions of art for several thousand rubles. The descendant of the Kaluga men managed to become an expert in art, but also retained the grip. Through Valentina Serov, whose patron of which he was, made a proposal to the wife of the artist Vrubel to send an unfinished picture "Demon" to Moscow. The relatives of Vrubel appointed two thousand rubles for this work. Ryabushinsky proposes to give up a thousand. From the letter of Mrs. Zabella-Vrubel: "By meaning the helplessness of the artist who lost sight, and the deep shockest of his wife with severe lifeless adversities, maybe you would get a lot of moral satisfaction, dividing the concession in half, that is, paying for the picture a thousand five hundred rubles." Mikhail Ryabushinsky sent a check on ... a thousand rubles. At the age of thirty, he is the director of the Kharkov land and Moscow commercial banks. The case and art so intertwined in the life of Mikhail, that inventions of the paintings of his collection was discovered among the securities of the Moscow Commercial Bank.
In 1909, he buys a luxury mansion at Savva Morozov (Architect Shechtel) and transported its collection there. In the same year, inspired by an example of the disinterested ministry of Pavli Mikhailovich Tretyakov's domestic culture, it publicly states that in time will transmit its meeting to Moscow. In the archive of the Tretyakov Gallery, a curious document under the name "Pictures and drawings from the meeting of M.P. Ryabushsky, adopted for temporary storage was preserved. Compiled on November 13, 1917. " 35 picturesque works gave under the custody of the National Museum, saving them from troubled time.
Faithfully, Ryabushinsky do not focus on hand. During the period of their Kharkov life, a powerful south-central bank is based with branches in Odessa, Ekaterinoslavl, Kiev. They were confident that the Bolsheviks are not for long. And when Paul dies in emigration in 1924, the leadership of Western capital falls on Mikhail's shoulders. He is 44 years old. He founded in London "Western Bank". From the letter of Sergey to Mikhail: "For five years of our stay abroad, we lost 400 thousand pounds sterling. There are 100 thousand left. The emergence of our affairs was random. What is worth a very detrimental fantastic solution to open a branch in all parts of the light to capture world cloth.
Taking on leadership, you took a heavy moral responsibility: we will not destroy and do not dislaunt in the business sense. " Mikhail - Sergey: "Collect the brothers and let them decide, drive me out of the case or not." At the request of the Brothers, Mikhail closed all American affairs, reorganized the French bank, asked only not to touch the "Western Bank", the subject of his pride. However, economic depression reduced all the titanic efforts and completely ruined the powerful dynasty. And at that time in Russia, the newspapers were hooked: "Sensation! Found the treasures of Ryabushinsky. " In the house of Mikhail in Spiridonevsky, the Bukhara House of Enlightenment is located. When permuting the cabinets, a cache was discovered, and in it forty picturesque works of Russian artists - Bullelov, Tropinin, Serov, Vrubel, Bakst, Repin, Marble Bust Hogen's work, East Porcelain.
In 1937, Mikhail writes Brother Nikolai from London: "You know, Nikolak, that I miss ... Food in a good restaurant, life and travel in a good hotel, spend how much I want, not counting how much I have in my pocket ... live at certain frames - It kills all the joy. "
But the letter of 1945 - again Nicholas: "My business was very bad. Gradually went down in this respect. And once, with God's help, I looked out in the Antiquary window.
I decided to enter. I asked, I can take a sample of an old tea service (Rokyham). Antiquarian agreed. I went to Bass in West end, Bond Street, entered the famous antique store and offered a sample service and my certification ... Bond Antiquarian bought.
I earned my first commission - two and a half English pounds. It was over three years ago. Since those times, I went and began to develop, I continue as an agent in antiquity and art. In the soul of my satisfaction that I love my work. And she got on his feet again, without any help from the side. "
Another later, Mikhail will say: "No need to think that God's blessing is only in wealth. Many of us once the Lord blessed with wealth, and now poverty and even poverty. This blessing is thought even higher. " Mikhail Pavlovich lived to 80 years and died in London in the hospital for the poor.
December 1903. Sensational message that Americans brothers Wright raised the air heavier air into the air. In one of the autumn days of 1904 to the teacher of the Practical Academy of Commercial Sciences, Nikolay Egorovich Zhukovsky, the largest scientist in the field of aerodynamics, approached the 22-year-old listener Dmitry Ryabushinsky and offered his family manor Kuchino (now the city of Zhukovsky) to create an aerodynamic laboratory. So the first aerodynamics laboratory appeared in Europe.
Soon cooperation with Zhukovsky broke out, and all studies were held under the leadership of Dmitry. In 1916 in Kuchino, the unfortunate instrument of the "Rocket in the cannon" system was tested, which put the beginning of modern jet artillery. Dmitry did not carry his share of capital Dmitry from the case, but also did not participate in the family business, devoting himself entirely to science. When "Red Terror" was announced, almost all Ryabushinsky moved to Kharkov, engaged in the Germans, where they had a family bank. All their trade and industrial property has been nationalized. In Kharkov, they are trying to restore the company.
Remembers Dmitry Alexander's daughter. She was seven years old when in their house in Kuchino, where the institute was, the red broke. "With the caps lowered to the eyes, they trampled the piano keys, fired into crystal chandeliers and tear the porters on the portites." Dmitry Pavlovich himself at that moment was not at home - he heaved himself in Moscow.
After this incident, Ryabushinsky sends a family to Kharkov, and himself remains trying to save his brainchild. "I stayed to protect the institute. I went to the institution headed by Lunacharsky, and spoke with a professor at Moscow University astronomer Sternberg, a member of the Communist Party. We talked to him quite frankly.
And it remembers that at my comment that my brothers, organizing and developing the national industry exempt it from foreign addiction and, therefore, promote the rise in the standard of living of the entire population, he replied: "We will do it much better." My proposal to nationalize the Aerodynamic Institute was made.
I was appointed temporarily acting heads. " The institute was saved.
In the midst of the "red terror", Dmitry Pavlovich asked a business trip to Denmark. "Arriving in Denmark, I was warmly adopted by the director of the Meteorological Institute with Lakur and the famous physicist Nils Bow."
Ryabushinsky has not returned to Russia. Abroad, he continued to engage in science, was elected a corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences, taught in Sorbonne, founded the scientific and philosophical society and a society for the protection of Russian cultural values \u200b\u200babroad. He died 80-year-old old man with an emigrant passport, and not wishing to change citizenship.
The youngest of the brothers, Fyodor Pavlovich, also did not completely give himself a trade and industrial business. He left about himself memory as the initiator and organizer of the scientific expedition to Kamchatka. For the purpose of better familiarization with Siberia, he invited A.A. Ivanovsky read him a full course of geography, anthropology and ethnography of Siberia. Fyodor Pavlovich treated this course with an extraordinary interest, immediately acquired books recommended by him, maps and atlases. And in the end, he had an extensive library in Siberia.
Forward half of the course, he was very interested in Altai. Cashing in the eastern outskirts, he was absolutely amazed, as far as Kamchatka was not studied, peninsula with Prussia. He became active to prepare the Kamchatka expedition. The case turned out to be difficult, because neither literature, no credit items.
Nevertheless, the first Russian research expedition to Kamchatka took place and was very successful. Fyodor Pavlovich spent 200 thousand rubles for her.
He dreamed of covering the network of expeditions throughout Siberia, highlighting 100 thousand rubles per year for these purposes. He did not have time to implement this plan, as well as the plan regarding Altai.
But he managed to establish a network of meteorological stations on the peninsula. Fyodor Pavlovich Ryabushinsky died from tuberculosis in 1910. It was only 25 years old.
A cent and a quarter stood truly a brilliant tree of Ryabushinsky. Just three generations, and how much is done for Russia! But Russia was all for them. In the emigration, Ryabushinsky brothers, the youngest and most talented generation, did not become more stupid or less busily. They never learned to live for themselves. Just lost soil, and everything lost its meaning. The turnout with which the current events were perceived by them amazing. Mikhail Ryabushinsky wrote: "We are experiencing a tragic time. December of the 16th year in the history of Russia will leave the opposite of the interests of the Motherland and Government. Dark future. The Americans took our money, launched us with colossal debts, unmeptibly enriched. The settlement center will go from London to New York. They do not have science, art, culture in the European sense, they will buy their national museums from the defeated countries, the artists, scholars, business people will be saved for huge salaries and create themselves what they lacked themselves. In Russia, when anarchy, our nearest goal will be preserved, if possible, all that wages, and start work again. "
Tree cut down the root. But the factory, plants, temples, banks, architectural creations, created in their ideas and their means, remained a collection of icons, which is the founding of the Tretyakov Gallery Foundation, the picturesque canvas given by Museums of Russia. And at the heart of everything that is absorbed with Mother's milk: "Everything for business is nothing for yourself."
Violetta Sedova, Magazine "Tretyakov Gallery", № 1 - 2003
The surname Ryabushinsky Mikhail received only in 1820 by the name of Sloboda of the Ryabushinsky Borovsky district, where the merchant was born. By the way, in the documents until the 50s of the XIX century, the surname was written through "E" - Rebushinsky.
Fire and ruin in Moscow in 1812 undermined the financial welfare of Mikhail, and 10 years he even had to be listed by the tradesman. But in 1824, Ryabushinsky reiterates the Moscow Mercury of the 3rd Guild with a capital of 8 thousand rubles.
Mikhail Yakovlevich died in 1858, leaving for three sons of capital of 2 million rubles. The eldest son Ivan and Junior Vasily were incapable of merchant, and the middle son of Paul (1820-1899) had to take his father's father.
Having inherited a trading business and several small textile manufactories, Paul, together with Brother Vasily "To strengthen factory production" in 1867, it is based on the trading house "P. and V. Brothers Ryabushinsky. " Soon brothers buy a large textile factory in Tver province, which later became the basis of their economic power. In 1887, the factory was reorganized to a joint-stock company with an authorized capital of 2 million rubles. In early 1890s, about 2,300 workers worked there. By the end of the century, production in the factory has almost doubled, and in 1899 the volume of commercial products was 3.7 million rubles compared with 2 million rubles in 1894
In the first marriage Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky did not have sons, which was the official reason for his divorce in 1859. In 1870, Paul marries the daughter of a large Petersburg boss trader Alexandra Stepanovna Ovsyannikova. From 1871 to 1892, 16 children were born in the family, three of whom were died in infancy. Before the age of majority, eight sons and five daughters lived.
Among the daughters from this marriage are the most famous of Elizabeth (r. 1878), issued married to the cotton manufacturer A. G. Karpova, and Evfimia (r. 1881), who became the wife of the "Sukonny King" V. V. Nosova, Dama-Patroness, Metsnutka Close to the circle of the artistic intelligentsia of the beginning of the XX century.
Diya, Pavel Mikhailovich left its eight sons of more than 20 million rubles.
Pavlovich showed the greatest business activity from the brothers Ryabushinsky. Pavel and Vladimir Ryabushinsky in 1901 were able to seize control over one of the largest mortgage banks of Russia - Kharkov Land. In 1912, they also organized a joint-stock Moscow commercial bank. By 1917, Ryabushinsky's fixed capital was 25 million rubles, and in terms of the amount of resources he held the 13th place in the list of the largest banks of Russia.
In addition to the textile factory existing during Pavel, a new factory is being built. Throughout Russia, Ryabushinsky was spreading a network of own trading offices, where the fabrics from their factory came true. The management of the company was in the hands of the three brothers - Paul, Stepan and Sergey, and the PAIs totaling 5 million rubles in order to prevent their competitors to the hands of competitors, were divided between family members.
During the First World War, Ryabushinsky, using the increased power of its Moscow bank, took the present attack on the industrial market. As M. P. Ryabushinsky recalled, they inspired the example of Petrograd banks, which "quickly and vigorously began to cover the whole network of offices, through the formed channels began to concentrate the colossal amounts and create and develop and develop industry on their plans."
Immediately after the February Revolution, Pavel Ryabushinsky was actively involved in political struggle. On March 19, 1917, the first All-Russian trade and industrial congress Paul was elected head of the Union of Industrialists.
At the second All-Russian Trade and Industry Congress of P. P. Ryabushin, who opened on August 3, 1917, pointed out the weakness of the temporary government and, exploring its economic policy, drew attention to the inconsistency of the bread monopoly. "She is not able to give those results that are expected from her. She destroyed only a shopping apparatus, "Pavel Pavlovich stated. Next, he said: "We feel what I am talking about is inevitable. But, unfortunately, you need a boned hand of hunger and folk poverty, so that she grabbed the throat of the false arms of the people, members of various committees and advice, so that they come to come. "
As an experienced propagandist, V. I. Lenin snatched the phrase Ryabushinsky from context and announced that de Ryabushinsky wanted to crush the Russian people with "bony hand of hunger". Under Soviet power full text P. P. Ryabushinsky's speech could be obtained only in special chrana, and even then with a special relationship. But the quotation of Lenin, obviously the "redepar card", nomaded from the book in the book and got even in school textbooks. As a result, until 1991, Ryabushinsky seemed to us with greedy villains who dreamed of worrying the people hunger.
Pavlu Ryabushinsky remained only to flee into the Crimea, and in November 1920, together with the Wedgelian army, sail from Sevastopol to Constantinople. He died in 1924 on the Cote d'Azur.
It is curious that in the mansion of Pavel Ryabushinsky in Moscow at the Malaya Nikitskaya Stalin ordered to settle the "great proletarian writer Maxim Gorky" who returned from Capri (Italy).
The most opposite of Paul became his younger brother Nikolai, born in 1877. Immediately after the death of Father, Nikolai separated from the brothers and received his share of inheritance. To begin with, he went to the world journey. Nikolai even visited the tribe of Cannibals in New Guinea and drank wine from the Cup made from the skull of the enemy's tribe. Returning to Moscow, Nikolai began to twitch the money to the right and left. Thus, he spent 200 thousand rubles from the French restaurant "Omon" in the chamber metering restaurant. Therefore, the brothers have achieved in 1901 to establish a guardianship over Nicholas, which lasted until 1905
In 1905, Nikolai seemed to be corrected, he became the editor of the publisher published in 1906-1909. Literary and art magazine "Golden Fleece". This magazine, along with the published V. Ya. Bryusov magazine "Scales" became the second organ of the symbolist direction in art in Moscow. It was published by Bruce, Andrei White, Vyacheslav Ivanov; Then they replaced the "Petersburg company" - A. Block, Khulkov, L. Andreev, etc.
In Moscow, in Moscow Petrovsky Park Nicholas in 1907 builds a luxury villa "Black Swan", in the finishing of which the best artists of Russia take part. Moscow Bohemia is constantly going to the villa, the ladies of the sewer and the young macuchs dissatisfied with the personal life.
In Moscow, rumors about orgies and scandals in the "Black Swan" circulate. Moreover, in the press, gossip is interspersed with police protocols and reports from courtrooms. Here, for example, in 1910, the merchant of Passoli traveled his young wife in the restaurant "Strelana" in the company with Nikolai Ryabushinsky. A jealous merchant, not thinking, snatched "Bulldog" and discharged a drum into beauty. The Ryabushinsky who was nearby picked up a checkpoint in his arms and took his chic car, but she died on the road to the hospital. A court took place, at which Nikolai witnessed. The judge did not fail to inquire, in what respect the victim consisted with him. Nikolai replied:
In friendly. She just had in my house, there was fun, beautiful and interesting ...
What is so interesting there? - The judge did not lose.
Everything is interesting in my house, "answered Ryabushinsky. - My paintings, my porcelain, and finally, I myself. My habits are interesting.
In the end, "Black Swan", and most importantly, the huge card debts ruined Nicholas. He cooked and in the summer of 1913 married the daughter of Professor of Perugtryzh University of Fernande Rocci, having left for her to Paris. There, Nikolai opened a luxurious antique store on the reversed from the sale of property in Russia, which are sold Russian artistic antiquities. Ryabushinsky quickly mastered the company's new for himself, and it soon went uphill.
Nikolai Ryabushinsky. In France, did not become a millionaire, but his state was enough for a peaceful life. Every few years he changed wives, and the last time married for 70 years. He died in Nice in 1951
And here we come to the most interesting brother Dmitry for us (1882-1962). From the young age, Dmitry has spread commerce, and climb politicians or playboys, like brothers, he did not want. Because of this, he entered Moscow University and graduated from the brilliance of his physico-mathematics.
Ryabushinsky periodically bought the ancient near Moscow estates. So, for example, a two-story building and two flibels have been preserved in the estate of Ryabushinsky in Nikolsky-prozorovsky 8 km from Catoy Savelovskaya Station railway. The estate began to be built back in the XVIII century, Field Marshal General A. A. Prozorovsky. Dmitry Pavlovich went to the less rich manor Kuchino, next to modern city Railway. The three-storey Barsky mansion was built at the beginning of the XIX century by the landlord of N. G. Rumyn.
In Kuchino in 1904, Dmitry Pavlovich founded a private aerodynamic institute. There is a large two-storey building, where there was a normally functioning aerodynamic tube. In the same year, Ryabushinsky is building a small power plant in the estate, and then in 1911-1912. - more powerful, preserved to this day.
Along with purely academic studies, Dmitry Pavlovich creates in Kuchino and prototypes of weapons. In the summer of 1916, the aerodynamic institute was manufactured and tested first in Russia a unfortunate gun. Some of our authors argue that it was the first in the world, a unfortunate instrument. The last statement is rather controversial, and to assess the role of D. P. Ryabushinsky, we will have to find out what a trouble-free tool, especially since, unfortunately, there is no clear classification of such guns in the domestic literature, both open and closed.
With the advent of firearms, the problem of rolling back the trunk appeared. The centuries engineers unsuccessfully created various anti-digit devices, but the law of preserving the amount of movement is inexorable - the more dulp energy, the stronger there was a rollback.
A fully relief problem was solved only at the beginning of the XX century with the advent of unrelated (dynamoreactive) guns - DRP.
The principle of operation of such guns is simple - the body pulse (the mass multiplied by the speed) after the shot should be equal to the body pulse formed during the combustion of the powder charge, flying back through the hole in the venaceous part of the trunk.
To date, the following systems of the DRP were adopted in service army of the world:
1. With an open pipe.
2. With ruined kamor.
3. With a perforated sleeve.
4. With an inert mass.
5. Camera high pressure.
The trunks mostly were smooth, although there were also cutting, including shells with ready-made protrusions.
Briefly characterize the main systems of the DRP. System channel with an open pipe is sleek, cylindrical, permanent diameter. Gas pressure in the channel is not enough - 10-20 kg / cm2. Therefore, the system trunk is called unloaded. The thickness of the stem is small. The barrel is technological and very suited. But the open pipe has a lot of flaws - the low initial speed of the projectile (30-115 m / s), a large release of unburned particles of gunpowder and so on.
Examples of the "Open Pipe" system - anti-tank grenadas "Offenrore" and "Panzershrene" (Germany), "Bazooka" (USA), RPG-2 (USSR), etc.
In systems with an exhalar kamor, the initial speed of the shells is quite high, but the pressure in the channel is low - 450-600 kg / cm2, the release of unburned particles is small. Soviet systems of 107 mm B-11 and 82-mm b-10 can serve as classical examples of such trouble-free tools. The shooting of these smooth-borne guns is carried out by the shells. Nozzle in these systems is absent at all.
DRP with a perforated sleeve have a charging canor of a bottle form, providing a solid gap between the walls of the kamors and the sleeve. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe holes in the sleeve is 2-3 times the area of \u200b\u200bthe critical opening of the nozzle.
Classic examples of such systems are American guns 57-mm M-18 and 75-mm M-20. The initial speed of the shells of 305-365 m / s, the leading riings of shells have ready-made cuts.
An DRP with an inert mass is characterized by the fact that inert mass is discarded along with the powder gases. Initially, the so-called "fictitious" projectile was originally used as an inert mass, that is, a dweller equal to martial projectile. Often, heavy sleeves served in the inert mass. After 1945, plastics and other materials that disintegrate on small particles were served in the inert mass after departure. An example of such post-war guns may be P-27 grenade launchers (Czechoslovakia) and "Parcelfaust-3" (Germany).
In the DRP with high pressure kamor, the powder charge burns in the inner camery at a pressure of 2000-3000 kg / cm2, and the shell is in the outer kamor, where the pressure does not exceed 300 kg / cm2.
DRP with high-pressure kamor was known in the 1920s. Modern example - Swedish grenade launcher "Minima".
I note that the main goal of all listed tricks is a wide camrara, perforated sleeve and high-pressure kamor - reduce the load on the barrel.
I am afraid that these basic theory inspired boredom on many readers, but without them it is impossible to understand the instrument of the guns of Ryabushinsky and his self-pricing heir to Kurcevsky.
So who was the first in the world created a custom-effective gun? American historians call their compatriot Engineer K. Davis, constructed in 1911. The unfortunate gun, which presented a long tube. The powder charge was placed in the middle, on one side of the charge in the channel there was a combat projectile, and on the other - fictitious, which was sometimes used to the canal. That is, Davis used the principle of "inert mass." The US Navy ordered several 2-, 6- and 12-pound deavis guns. It is curious that the shooting of a 2-pound Davis gun with a length of the barrel in 3 m and the weight of 30 kg could be held from the shoulder (another question, as far as it was convenient arrow).
The design of Davis was extremely unsuccessful, and after the manufacture of several experienced guns in the USA, work stopped in this direction.
With the beginning of the First World War in parallel and independently of each other in Russia and in France, experienced samples of primitive aviation guns appear, also created according to the "inert mass" principle. So, at the end of 1914 - early 1915, the Colonel of the Russian Army Gelvich created and experienced the shooting of two samples of tucked cannons with an inert mass. 76 mm The tucked cannon had a short smooth trunk, deafly closed with a government unit. The weight of the trunk was 33 kg. The gun was charged with a blow on the ground and could only make one shot in the air. The shooting was carried out by a boat, more precisely, ready-to-face elements - cylinders with a thickness of 12 mm and a length of 12 mm. An inert body served the trunk, which after the shot flew back, and then descended on the automatically dropped parachute.
47-mm Gelvich gun was a cut-off double. For its creation, the maritime department transferred two bodies of 47-mm giek guns to Helvich. When shooting a combat shell flew forward, and the fake shell flew back. The shooting was carried out by regular marine 47-mm fragmentary shells with an 8-second remote tube.
So Ryabushinsky can be fairly called the creator of a fairly widespread type of custom-effective guns with a free tube scheme.
70-mm Ryabushinsky gun had a smooth unloaded trunk with a wall thickness of only 2.5 mm and weighed only 7 kg, the barrel was placed on a light folding tripog.
Shell calibrate weighing 3 kg, charging was produced from the execution unit. The cartridge is unitary, the charge was placed in a sleeve from the combing tissue with a wooden or zinc pallet. The shooting range was small, only 300 meters, but for the positional war it was enough. The shooting range of many bombmers of that time did not exceed 300 m.
On October 26, 1916, the documentation of Ryabushinsky was considered at the meeting of the GAU, and in June 1917 on the main artillery polygon (near Petrograd), polygon tests of the guns of Ryabushinsky began. But the revolution did not allow the gun to bring the gun to the military tests.
In addition, Dmitry Pavlovich conducted research and testing of an inert gun with an inert mass (by the way, this is his term from the report on December 20, 1916 at a meeting of the Moscow Mathematical Society) and a reactive projectile with a footage of Laval. The nozzle profile was calculated in such a way that the stream of gases from the powder chamber flowed into it with a subsonic speed, and led from supersonic. This allowed to significantly increase the engine thrust.
During the civil war, D. P. Ryabushin had to emigrate. Dmitry Pavlovich since 1922 - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the University of Paris, from 1935 - Corresponding Member of the French Academy of Sciences. There are no data on the works of Ryabushinsky over the unfortunate instruments in France. Let me assume that it was associated with the reluctance to create similar guns in the country - the potential opponent of Russia. Dmitry Pavlovich lived a long life and died in Paris in 1962
Notes:
Ilovai D. I. Gatherers of Russia. P. 61.
Trinity chronicle. - M. - L.: 1950. P. 468 (6916).
I hope the reader will understand that I do not see Mikhail Yakovlevich at all. Soviet power, undoubtedly, made a lot of good, but in many respects she tried to destroy thousand-year traditions of Russia. A man seeking to get the rich dowry is not a tradesman and tunes, but a real owner, caring for his children and grandchildren. Rhetorical question: What is more strengthens the authority of his wife's family - a big dowry or 10-class education or a diploma of engineerelectric? Moreover, it will not have to fix the wiring anyway, an "electrician engineer", but a husband - economist, a lawyer, historian, etc. Fathers of the family in the XIX century, who pushed daughters by the door without dowry, was considered to be rejected by the villains, and in the Soviet power - Almost heroes: I, they say, starting from scratch, and let her start from scratch.
Materials on the history of the USSR. T. VI. Documents on the history of monopolistic capitalism in Russia. - M., 1959. P. 629.
Economic situation of Russia on the eve of the Great October socialist revolution. Documents and materials. Part 1. - M.-L., 1957. S. 201.
In the literature there are various definitions of the term DRP. In the official edition of the "Dictionary of Rocket and Artillery Terms" (M., 1989), it is not at all. We will consider the DRP and the "trouble-free instrument" synonyms, as they were considered in the 1930s.
Ryabushinsky for a long time, especially in soviet historyRelated to the class of oppressors, to the merchants-bloods. What, in fact, not surprisingly, taking into account the general attitude in Soviet times to the capitalist elements that existed in Tsarist Russia.
Almost a hundred years later, based on the essential evolution of historical science and worldview, we otherwise we look at the activities of one of the most outstanding industrial dynasties - philanthropic dynasties, patrons and engine development engines Russian Empire.
Part one. Entrepreneurs
The beginning of the history of the Dynasty Ryabushinsky attributes us by the end of XVIII - beginning of XIX. century. The first representative of the family - Mikhail Yakovlevich - was the peasant Kaluga province. Arriving to Moscow, at the age of 16, after four years of study, he signed up in the Moscow 3rd Guild of the merchant. The young merchant married the daughter of the owner of one of the leather industries of Moscow - Evfimia Skvortsova. Do not think that good marriage And lay on the basis of the future economic state of Ryabushinsky. The story broke down in its place.
Patriotic War 1812 and a fire in Moscow led to the fact that Mikhail Yakovlevich was forced to submit a report on the exit of a merchant estate on the disappointing state of his affairs. But after 12 years, Moscow Mikhail Mikhail Yakovlevich Rabushinsky (no, it is not a typo, but the original version of the surname) announces capital of 8,000 rubles and is again recorded in the 3rd coupe guild.
Question # 1. Why - Rebushinsky?
The etymology of the surname is satisfied simple. Rebushinsky - so called the native submissor of the first entrepreneurs. Writing through the "I", and not through "E" established much later - by the end of the life of Mikhail Yakovlevich.
In the late 20s of the XIX century, the family had a state of about 27 thousand rubles, and by the middle of century, woolen fabrics 40 species were sold in five shops - from Armenia to the Unknown "Lanzi Vulzi". The annual production of his own Rebushinsky factory is about 50 thousand rubles with silver, but what is important, this factory provided 185 jobs. Here it is simple, but the ambitious start of the future industrial empire.
Question number 2. What is the secret of the dynasty?
One of the lessons that can be learned from the activities of the first Ryabushinsky is the connection of production with a historical homeland and orientation for the needs of the local population. Two manufactories, based in the Kaluga province, had developed ties with rural weaver, there was also a transfer office that delivered to local yarn peasants.
Two heirs, Paul and Vasily, got a huge capital of 2 million rubles, and they managed to dispose of them with the mind. In 1867, a trading house "P. and V. Brothers Ryabushinsky. "
The 1870s - the peak of the heyday of the entrepreneurial and, which is important for understanding the image of the chief representative of the name, Pavlo Pavlo Ryabushinsky's public activity. After the death of Vasily in 1885, he remained the sole owner of the capital and decides to establish a joint stock company.
Question 3. Joint-Stock Enterprise.
The form of the capital of Ryabushinsky brothers - partnership on the pays. The main capital of the enterprise in 2 million rubles with shares was divided into 2 thousand feud over a thousand rubles, respectively. PAIs were registered, and to sell them not a member of the partnership could be only if there were no rights to acquire rights among the number of co-owners. This pretty simple principle allowed preventing attempts to acquire a controlling stake in competitors, and also did the enterprise sustainable.
Soon the textile partnership has become the same one of the leading banking institutions of the merchant capital. Vyshnevolotsk factories have become not just a noticeable, but sign value in the cotton industry.
Pavel Ryabushinsky, undoubtedly, one of the leading figures of the Russian economy of the imperial period, but his name remains in the annals of history for another significant reason.
Part two. Philanthropist
"Our main goal was not on, and the very case"
MP Ryabushinsky
All members of the Ryabushinsky family were Old Believers, and therefore the general sympathetic sympathy for classes, financially not secured, could not be in the value worldview of the surname. In addition, a rational merchant added to religious philosophy, concluded in the awareness of the responsibility of the entrepreneur for the development of the country, culture and the people. Ryabushinsky were not mentors in the direct value of this word, but their lifestyle and activity became an example for entire generations of entrepreneurs, both large and small.
"Wealth obliges"
P.P. Ryabushinsky
Senior of sons, Paul, was not alien art, although he had a mathematical warehouse of the mind. In his Moscow region estate preserved a meeting of cloths of Russian artists. Mikhail Pavlovich Ryabushinsky also left behind a meeting of paintings by Western European, Japanese, Chinese and Russian artists, including the famous "demon" M.A. Vrubel, Etudes and work I.E. Repina, I.I. Levitan, N.K. Roerich, V.A. Serov. Many family representatives gathered libraries, helped young artists to open their own exhibitions and had a strong influence on the cultural life of Russia at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. The mentoring approach of the patron Something similar to the work of modern business mentors: they introduce the necessary people, support financially, but more often by connections.
In the fall of 1891, hunger has begun in Russia, which swept the chernozem and the average Volga region. Pavel Ryabushinsky did not stay aside and opened a popular dining room in the Golutvinsky Lane, and later and shelter for widows and orphans of the merchant and mesh schools, ruined and not hoped for the rescue of the state. I provided full support to Ryabushinsky also another dining room, in the Savior-Glinishevsky lane, in the house of a human-loving society. The spiritual testament Pavel Mikhailovich provided free feeding in the national dining room three hundred people daily.
Looking back into the past of our country and watching the development of his present, what advice can be given to modern entrepreneurs? Why are the same Ryabushinsky worthy to become teachers of those who move the composition on the economic rails of Russia?
Answered this question Yuri Aleksandrovich Petrov - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Director of the Institute of Russian History, RAS, Author of more than 170 scientific papers. The sphere of its scientific interests is an economic history, Russian bourgeoisie, banking and private entrepreneurship. His monograph on the family of Ryabushinsky can rightly be considered the best work on the study of the dynasty of outstanding industrialists who played such a prominent role in the history of the Fatherland.
"Often use the names of the Tretyakov, Ryabushinsky, Morozovye, as a set of well-known signs, and everything should be, it is clear that the patronage, charity, philanthropy costs them. But what is underestimated in their activities, this is its economic aspect, i.e. What they did for Russia. The creative factor remains in the shade, and he is the main covenant of these entrepreneurs. They equipped Russia to industrial fields. If you drive through the central regions, then you can suddenly notice the "islands" of factory buildings and pipes among rural landscapes, unfortunately, now rarely continuing. Entrepreneurs of the past created industrial oasis in the agrarian country, produced products - tissues in which all the peasant Russia dined. They thus created a huge number of jobs for former peasants, took Russia to the new industrial level of development. They built, they built - which now in our country there is nothing enough. Does not get a creative start in modern entrepreneurs. I mean not the construction of shopping and entertainment complexes, where they sell Chinese products. This is only a means of enrichment, but the country's economy and, it means that your people do not give anything. He always said and now I repeat that investment in our own economy is the first priority of Russian entrepreneurs, our modern Ryabushinsky. "
Investment in our own economy is the first priority of Russian entrepreneurs, our modern Ryabushinsky
"Not just trade, and then export of earned money to the West and a comfortable accommodation there. In their activities, as in the activities of hundreds of others, was not fully conscious, but deep patriotic thought. They felt part of this Men's world, and they themselves were "of the men", from the peasants, and therefore, giving the work of hundreds of thousands of the same people as they were in the past generation, helped the people to rise and gain a new form of welfare. The best of them consistently took care of the people: they were built not only factories, but also hostels, nursery, children's institutions, baths, houses of culture, created all social infrastructure. They were distinguished by a conscious life position: think not only about her mosne, but also about the people from which you came out and thanks to which you thrive. "
They were distinguished by a conscious life position: to think not only about her mosne, but also about the people from which you came out and thanks to which they thrive.
We are accustomed to think that mentoring and philanthropy are borrowed Western trends, but is it? Turning to the Great Russian History and Her "Golden Age" - the XIX century, it can be seen that the tradition of industrialists and major figures - the best people of their era - to help and support areas of education and arts existed as one of the main values \u200b\u200bof the Russian Empire. The National Resource Center of Mentoring Menuoria, together with the Russian historical society, prepared a series of materials dedicated to famous Russian patrons and philanthrops, thanks to the efforts of which there were many new names, enriched world culture and history.
Text: Olga Davydova
In the Russian Empire, family dynasty of merchants and industrialists who accumulated millions of states from generation to generation were not rare. But if the majority closed in one industry, Ryabushinsky boldly were taken for any new business, thrown out prospects. And they themselves, and Russia. And if not world War and the revolution, today they would talk about Ryabushin as the founders of the domestic auto industry. And the fact that later, already in other Russia, will receive a bureaucratic abbreviation of the military-industrial complex, in the surrounding - "Defense".
(published with abbreviations)
Origin: Monastery-Peasant
The genus of Russian textile magnates and financial barons, "plants owners, newspapers, steamboats" took place from the "economic" peasants, that is, former monasteries who have become "state" after the secularization of church lands. The ancestor of the dynasty, the "nationalized" peasant Mikhail, the son of Denis Yakovlev, was born in 1787 in the Rurbushian Sloboda of the Paftyevo-Borovsky Monastery of the Kaluga province. Twelve, he was given "to the teaching", and already at 16 years old, the teenager appeared in Moscow, where he immediately signed up for the merchants of the Third Guild.
It was in 1802, to write to the merchant guilds it was necessary to present a certain capital, and most likely, the elder brother helped with Mi-Khaila's money Artemy Yakovlevwho traded in the stylish yard. Soon the young man acquired the "Moscow Regional", and its own starting Capital - He married the daughter of the host of the leather factory. After that, Mikhail Yakov-Lev opened his own shop in the same living room, leased among the former owner, and then bought.
However, the circumstances of the force majeure prevented the circumstances of the force majeure - the Patriotic War of 1812 began to turn around the newly minted "resident". All his plans burned in the Moscow Fire. And after the expulsion from Moscow, the Napoleonic troops, the ruined pre-accompliser filed a perpetration of the transfer of it from a merchant class to the Meshchansky. Translated to the current language - from ICP to employees. But after a few years later, the owner of the owner Inu - the merchant Sorokovanov was so liked, that he, without direct heirs, had handed over his business to the "top manager" at old age.
And in 1820, Yakovlev made another responsible step - joined the community of the Old Believers, to which the entire elite of Moscow merchants belonged then. Of course, it did not contribute to the improvement of relations with the Russian law and glorious church, but but the young entrepreneur immediately about the bonds in the business world of the first-hearth - yes what could only dream about.
Having received a new surname - by the name of the native settlement, the traded Mikhail Yakovlevich Rabushinsky(The first vowel in the surname changed only from the middle of the post-last century) at the very end of 1823 the second time was signed up for the merchants of the Third Guild. This time, without any problems, submitting a clergy about the presence of a person who believed in such a case - 8 thousand rubles.
Now he had a chance to show himself - and the rebushshin-Sky took advantage of them for all time. Before his death in 1858, he managed to establish one loom manufactory in Moscow and two more - at home, in the Kaluga province. And in the 1856th expanded the Moscow production, while building one of the first in the Russian Empire in the Golutvinsky Lane in the Russian Empire.
Covered the heirs - two daughters and three sons, Ivan, Pav-Lu and Vasily, - the former "economic peasant" left the capital already inheritance. Or rather, more than 2 million ru-blas - the amount for those times is huge. Although the eldest son Ivan from the family business was "settled" (since the father was heard and married his own choice) and, having received his share of the inheritance, his own trade was carried out.
The middle son, Paul, during the lifetime of the father, to twist his will did not and married "on whom it should be" - on a rich merchant daughter.
They had six daughters and one son who died in infant, but a strong, truly old-supplied family did not work.
Paul and Vasily Ryabushinsky Lived and led a family case in peace and harmony. They sold their shop in the living room and turned from merchants in commodity producers, although their company was formally called "Trading House P. and V. Ryabushinsky." Paul, more accommodated in the economy and "Managemen-Things" (asses of that and the other he studied in the Walker of Uncle Artemy and on Father Manufactory), was responsible for production. And Vasily, more inclined to finance, for the implementation of the goods.
However, soon the older brother decided to eliminate the father's manufactory, and to buy a large acting paper product in the Tver province for the revengeted money in the Tver Province, near you, the church. In the future, the eldest Ryabushinsky intended to turn the factory into an advanced enterprise. The younger brother had the idea of \u200b\u200bthe eldest in the bayonets, and in 1869 Paul was forced to buy a manufactory for his own money.
The time has shown that the right was the senior. Already the next year after the purchase of the Namenevotskaya manufactory, her products were racing a gold medal at the next All-Russian exhibition. Five years later, two more manufactories were built there - dye-bleaching and weaving. By the beginning of the 1880s, the products of the Braztov Ryabushinsky was known to all Russia, and the company received the right to portray the state coat of arms.
After the death of his brother in 1885, Paul Ryabushinsky incorrepano-shaft company - Now she was called "Association Manuff-Tour P. M. Ryabushinsky with sons", had 2 million rubles of tired capital and the second largest textile enterprise in the center of Russia (after Tverskaya Morozovaya manufactory). Products and financial operations were engaged in both the leading financial institutions of Moscow.
The human qualities of Pavel Ryabushinsky says the following fact. When a decree was released in 1855, he forbidden to be recorded in the merchant, the head of the company remained faithful to his religious beliefs and drank from the merchant guild, becoming, like his father, Moscow Mechanin. And returned to the guild, only finding the appropriate legal loophole (in a number of birth, in particular in the port of Yelets, some of the villages were kept - there were also recorded in merchants).
Financial and Industrial Empire
Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky died in December 1899, without surviving up to the 80-year anniversary of just a few months. At the plant, his wife was departed to the house in the Small Kharitiyevsky Lane. 8 thousand rubles received a confessor and a lacquer, causing a major owner. And the fixed capital of 20 million rubles was divided between the eight sons - Paul, Sergey, Vladimir, Stepan, Nikolai, Mikhail, Dmitry and Fyodor.
Nikolai, Dmitry and Fedor did not engage in family business, and about their destinies - just below. And two senior brothers, Paul and Ser-Gay, headed textile production - by that time one of the largest in the Russian Empire.
By the beginning of the First World War at the plant under the Vyshi Volochka (there, the company belonged to forest areas of 40 thousand tents, newly built sawmill and glass plants, as well as the proclaim-captive former owners Okulovskaya stationery factory) 4.5 thousand workers worked, and the annual turnover amounted to 8 million rubles.
Even a fire, which happens one year after the death of his father, did not prevent the development of production after the death of his father and destroyed. Thanks to insurance, domestic reserves and, most importantly, the Kitchen Energy of Pavel Ryabushinsky Jr., Fa-Brik managed to return to the system in record time.
Vladimir and Mikhail Ryabushinsky seriously engaged in the financial component of the "fraternal" empire growing in front of the "fraternal" empire, now it would be more accurately called the name "Chamber of Commerce and Financial." Founded in 1902, the Banker's House of Ryabushinsky Brothers (famous for the fact that he was the first and only private bank in Russia, who published their monthly and annual reports) of the decade later was transformed into a joint-stock commercial Moscow bank with a fixed capital of 25 million rubles.
The bank held the 13th place among the financial institutions of the Russian Empire, and its famous building in the style of Mo-Dern on the exchange area in Moscow, built on the project of Fe-Dorma Shechor, became a symbol of prosperity and power of the financial empire of Ryabushinsky.
At the beginning of the last century, she also took the Kharkov Ze-Mel. In 1901, after the tragic suicide of the former owner, the "financial genius" Alexey Alchevsky, the Bank - the third largest joint-stock mortgage institution in the country - headed 21-year-old Mikhail Ryabushinsky.
Then the family clan of Ryabushinsky, having accumulated huge capital, begins to actively invest them in the most diverse spheres of the economy. On the eve of World War I, the partnership bought Gavrilov-Yam's linen manufactory and founded the largest export company - the Russian joint-stock flap-industrial society (with a fixed capital of 1 million rubles), which accounted for the fifth of the entire Russian linen business.
And Sergey and Stepan Ryabushinsky, speaking pioneers of the Russian car industry, after the beginning of the war - in 1916 - founded the partnership of the Moscow Automobile Plant (AMO), suggesting the production of trucks for the army under the Italian company's license on it. And only on the reasons independent of the brothers - the Railway paralysis caused by the Empire - ordered in Sweden and the United States did not enrolle in Russia. Founded by Ryabushi Moscow Automobile Plant Zara-Botal only after 1917, having received the name of his first Council Director-Likhachev.
Continued to produce products in Soviet times and two other enterprises created by the Ryabushinsky brothers to the revolution and safely lived to the present day. This is a Rybinsky Ma-Shino-Building Plant (now JSC "Rybinsky Motors") and the Me-Hanical Factory in the suburban filients (now GPNC them. Khrunichev - Forge of Patriotic space Technology). And Moscow thanks to Stepan Ryabushinsky decorated the next architect-touring masterpiece - the famous mansion in the style of Modern in the Ni-Kit gate (on the project of the same Shechor), in which Maxim Gorky lived.
The war did not give to realize another ambitious fellow of Ryabushinsky - the creation of the "Forest Empire" under the auspices of the general "Russian North". In the same 1916, the brothers bought one of the largest Russian sawmill enterprises - Whiteor-Sky Plants in the Arkhangelsk province, but did not go further.
And in the sphere of interests of the famous Moscow family clan, at the beginning of the last century, the Baku oilfields were included in the early past century (Ryabushinsky owned a pays in another "fraternal" company - nobels) and the development of northern oil fields in the Ukhta (and radium in the East), mining and machine-building Enterprises in the Urals and in the Volga region, Zoo-lottoer, shipbuilding ...
Capital Battle
Tone in family business asked Pavel Pavlovich Ryabushinskywhose condition in 1916 was estimated at 4.3 million rubles, and the revenue revenue was more than 300 thousand rubles. (For comparison: the annual salary of the most high-ranking royal sanovins then did not exceed 25-30 thousand rubles.) By the beginning of World War I, it was not only one of the richest people of the Russian Empire, but also a well-known politician - an expressant of inters in a major Russian The bourgeoisie, which stood in the opposition of Sao-Moderzhavia and who wanted the "revolution from above" (as a stripping-in-free "revolution from the bottom").
The head of the financial and industrial empire on its own funds was due to opposition newspapers (from the Old Beliest "People's Gazeta" to the liberal "morning of Russia") and created public organs and entire political parties. After supporting the "Union Union" of October 17, the Stolypinsky Program "Sootling" of Russia - with the power of repressive military field courts - Ryabushinsky died with "Octobrists".
Condequently "every bloody terror, both government and revolutionary," he became a radical "pro-gressystem" - along with other prominent Moscow undertaken, such as Alexander Konovalov and Sergey Tretyakov.
Contemporaries noted the ability of Ryabushinsky conflicts with everyone: with the government, socialists, representatives of its class. A non-promotable "progressist" sought to synth-ug of national traditions with Western democratic instins, he advocated the non-interference of the state in economic activities. He repeatedly stated that "the bourgeoisie is not a mit-smiling with an all-pervisory police guardianship and strives for the emancipation of the people," and the population itself is never an enemy of merchants, but the landowner and official - yes. "
The scandalous toast is not constrained in the expressions of Ryabushin-Skogo - "Not for the government, and for the Russian people!" - Ended in April 1912, a meeting with the Moscow entrepreneurs of the new head of the Government of Vladimir Kokoktsev, who has changed the celestial Stolypin. And before the war herself, in April 1914, no one else like Pavel Ryabushinsky, along with another "millionger",
Alexander Konovalov led negotiations with representatives of opposition parties (including the Bolsheviks) on the creation of the united front against the government reaction. And even promised to help money for the preparation of the VI Congress of the RSDLP! Alas, those negotiations ended with nothing.
With the beginning of World War II, Pavel Ryabushinsky became one of him from the heads of the military-industrial committee. The banker and the entrepreneur adopted the February Revolution, however, he was talus that socialism was "premature" for today.
October 1917 Ryabushinsky met in the Crimea, and after the defeat-Ma Cornilovsky rebellion, the Simferopol Council was arrested as a "conspiracy partner." They freed him only on personal disposition of Kerensky.
After that, a successful industrialist and a failed politician emigrated with brothers to France. There, he actively participated in the creation of the Emigrant Organization Torgprom (Ros-Siya Trade and Industrial and Financial Union). Pavel Ryabushinsky died in 1924 from the incurable then illness - Tubeku-lyza and was buried in Paris at the famous "Russian" cemetery of Saint-Genevieve de Boua.
Gone With the Wind
Having created the largest financial and industrial impeed in Russia and entering the first ten richest people of the country, the Old Believers' brothers and before the emigration, and after successfully combined terrestrial cases (monetary) with spiritual affairs.
Stepan Ryabushinsky, The man is deeply religious, collecting the icons and planned to create a museum, which is also a presence of war. His brother Mikhail, director of the Moscow bank, gathered painting, as well as Japanese and Chinese engraving, porcelain, armor, antique furniture. Vladimir and Sergey Ryabushinsky Together with Ivan Bilibin and Alexander Benua, the artistic and educational society "Icon" was founded in emigration.
Three other brothers did not engage in business at all. Deadly deceased (in 1910, from the same family disease - tuberculosis) FE-DOR. I managed to finance the largest scientific expedition to Kamchatka under the auspices of a geographical society, spending 200 thousand rubles from personal funds. Nikolai (known in the Mo-Skovsk artistic and artistic environment as Nicholas) was a literary activity, published the magazine "Golden Rou-Bohn", but in general he led the bohemian life, the passage of his father's money in constant thugs at her Ville "Black Swan" in Petrovsky Park. The brothers had to even establish temporary custody.
BUT Dmitriy He became a prominent scientist - a specialist in the field of aerodynamics. He founded in the under-Moscow family estate of Kuchino Aerodine-MIC Institute - the first scientific institution in the world like-th type, after the revolution achieved his nationalization, but then, after a short arrest, the Emigriro-To be good. By the end of the life, Dmitry Ryabushinsky remained a scientific expert at the French Ministry of Aviation, he taught in Sorbonne and was engaged in collecting.
From Sisters Ryabushinsky most famous Evfimia, married to the "Sukonnoy King" of Nosov and dedicated to life to Metz-Nat. Her house on the introduction of the square was turned into a leaning salon, and the collection of painting and the library, after the revolution, was transferred to the Tretyakov Gallery as a gift.
In Moscow, two pre-Cheri Paul Pavlovich Ryabushinsky - Nadezhda and Alexander remained in Moscow from all numerous relatives . Until the mid-1920s, they lived in the family nest, and they ended their days at Solovki ...
After Ryabushinsky in another Russia, which they did not know, there were only beautiful buildings, factories, plants, scientific institutions. And memory of their achievements.
Text Vladimir Gakov. According to the materials of the newspaper "Family Stories"
Publication or update date 06/17/2017
Entrepreneurs Ryabushinsky.
It is worth mentioning another person outstanding russian entrepreneur, Pavel Pavlovich Ryabushinsky, whose estate was located next to the village of Troitsky-Sheremetev. Ryabushinsky is one of the most famous Russians on the beginning of the 20th century - originated from economic (that is, those who remained personal freedom) of the peasants of the Borhovko-Polandi monastery.
Once one of the first spiritual centers of Russia, Borovsk turned to the beginning of the XIX century to the usual provincial town of halfway between Kaluga and Moscow. The grandfather of the famous brothers Ryabushinsky grew up there, Mikhail Yakovlevich. However, already at the age of 12, he was given to Moscow, to the training of the trading part. Apparently, trade was successful, because sixteen years old, in 1802, Mikhail Ryabushinsky signed up in the third merchant guild, showing capital to a thousand rubles. With that, everything began.
After the war of 1812, the young merchant was ruined, for ten years he switched to the frontier for ten years, but then returned to merchants again. The case was developed, and by the 1850s M. Ya. Ryabushinsky owned by several manufactories in Moscow and in the province. He was talked about as one of the prominent Moscow breedes.
Mikhail Yakovlevich died in 1858. Mikhail Yakovley's case inherited His sons, Vasily and Pavel Ryabushinsky. Thanks to the active mind and enterprise, Pavel Mikhailovich continuing his father's father led the partnership "Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky and Sons" and did not achieve small success: on the manufactory of 1870, Ryabushinsky brothers were granted "a gold medal for wearing on her neck, with an Annin ribbon and the inscription" Useful ", and in 1882 - the right to label its fabrics by the state coat of arms - a double-headed eagle. That was the highest honor that the industrialist could be given to the Russian Empire.
On the personal life of Pavel Mikhailovich, the information was preserved that when he was twenty-three years old, his father married him on the granddaughter of the famous Yastrebov, the founder of the Old Believer Rogozhsky Sloboda. The bride was older than the groom for several years, and their marriage immediately did not hold down. In the late 1850s, almost immediately after the death of his father, Pavel Mikhailovich started the case, in an old-supplied medium almost unprecedented, divorce. He apparently accused Anna in treason and achieved the dissolution of marriage. Old men from Rogozhsky Slobodi saw in this unfortunate omen, but their predictions were not destined to come true.
In 1870, he married her daughter of a large bakery of Ovsyannikov. Despite the difference at the age of thirty years old, the Union with Alexandra Stepanovna Ovsyannikova was for Pavel Mikhailovich to rarity happy. They made sixteen children on the light, of which eight sons, lived in the soul and died if not one day, then almost one year old.
Pavel Mikhailovich Ryabushinsky died at the very end of the XIX century - in December 1899. Several tens of thousands of rubles, he bequeathed his spiritual father, left his wife in Mall Kharitiyevsky Lane, and he passed his sons, and his sons passed a well-developed business and energeticly developed business, as well as 20 million banking - the state of the time is the most huge ...
Being the eldest son in the family, Pavel Pavlovich accepted the head of the father's partnership, in addition, it is known about him that he was the "master of the Moscow bank, published one of the most popular daily newspapers -" Morning Russia ", was aimed in creating a program of progressors, he was an inspirer Numerous meetings and committees of representatives of industry and trade, participated in the movement for the rights of the Old Believers. In 1915, he was the initiator of the creation and chairman of the Moscow Military Industrial Committee. In him a striking way A peculiar business ethic of the old-supplied medium, a wide nature of the Russian merchant and a benefactor with an iron chain of the educated entrepreneur of the twentieth century.
The patriotic rise who captured Russia from the beginning of the First World War was extremely consonant with Pavel Pavlovich. All 1915 he spent in the current army, where several moving lazarets arranged, was awarded orders.
The years of the civil war Ryabushinsky spent in Crimea, and then found himself in emigration, in France. But there he did not lose faith in Russia, and in 1921, speaking at the congress of the Russian financial and industrial and commercial union, pre-prominct: "A bad dream will end.
Awakening of the Fatherland will come. I do not know when it happens, in a year or through a century. But then, in the previous or newly born, the trade and industrial class will be a tremendous duty - to revive Russia ... We need to teach the people to respect the property, both private and state, and then it will be carefully guarded every church of the country's wealth. " He died in France on July 19, 1924. July 24, 1924 Paris newspaper " Latest news"Reported:" The body of the Cambo-Les-Bains P. P. P. Ryabushsky arrives at the Batignoles cemetery on Saturday, on Saturday, on Saturday, July 26th at three o'clock.
IN last way One of the richest and most influential people of pre-revolutionary Russia, only the nearest relatives and several ancient friends were accomplished. It seemed that Pavel Pavlovich himself and the matter of his life would be forgotten forever.
About the history of the estate of Ryabushinsky on the Klyazma River is not much known. At the end of the XIX century, Ryabushinsky was bought by the village of Novo-Alexandrovo, the village of Sheremetyev's estate (she was in a kilometer from the Church of the Holy Trinity). The estate of Ryabushinsky decorated a beautiful two-storey house, around which the park was broken, preserved to the present day. After the revolution in this house, there was a shelter for street children who studied in it with various crafts, in the summer traditionally there was a pioneer camp in this house.
According to the granddaughter of Father Peter Holmogorov, Tatiana Sergeyevna, it is known that between the priest of the Trinity Church about. Peter and P. P. Ryabushin were the warst and friendly relations. Several times about. Peter visited Ryabushinsky's house with his family, despite the fact that the owners were anneamians.
