After the end of the civil war, the Bolsheviks managed to completely subordinate to total state control all the lives of the life of the Soviet society, including its spiritual development.
With the beginning of the formation of an administrative command system, individual branches of science and art were regulated by specially created committees.
The main task of the Bolsheviks was to complete eradication from the spiritual life of the society of the bourgeois ideology and the introduction of socialist and proletarian motives, which were to approve Marxism in the minds of the people.
Art, in fact, became a tool that used the Bolsheviks in the process of the structure of the proletarian dictatorship and the embodiment of the world socialist revolution. In cultural life, social realism firmly strengthened the direction in art, actively promoting the superiority of the socialist regime
In complete subordination of the party leadership, the media entered the concept of freedom of speech was fully exterminated. Antireligious struggle. In the mid-20s, the Bolsheviks launched a large-scale program to combat religion in the USSR.
Atheistic ideas in the dogmatics of the Communists were made by Lenin, who considered religious beliefs the basis of the bourgeois society and the main means of manipulation by the proletariat.
If until 1919 in the state was carried out only atheistic propaganda, then from 1921. The Bolsheviks began to conduct the first repressions of the clergy and believers of various denominations, which in most of the monarchy adherents.
From this period, the communist activists begin to massively destroy the religious cult facilities, which carried the centuries-old cultural heritage Russian people. The surviving churches were often used as warehouses, workshops and even libraries.
Interesting is the fact that at the official level an anti-religious policy was recommendations, and not forced religious preachers, monasticism and clergy condemned for anti-state actions.
By introducing an atheistic worldview into the consciousness of the masses, the Bolsheviks created the new God of Stalin and a new religious communism, which greatly facilitated the formation of totalitarianism in the state.
Russian abroad
During the civil war, the population that has left Russia has reached 2.5 million people. Most of the emigrants constituted cultural, scientific figures and nobility, which turned out to be under the persecution of the new government.
Despite the fact that these people were forced to leave their homeland, they continued to actively lead their activities outside the state. In Europe, many Russian publications were opened with a huge circulation, I. Bunin, Ivanova, V. Khodasevich.
Among the emigrants were the outstanding Russian philosophers L. Karsavin and N. Trubetskoy, together with foreign economists, they tried to analyze the reasons for the socio-economic crisis, which led to the fall of the Russian dynasty, which was the basis of the genius work "Exodus to the East", which has gained great popularity in Europe and the USA.
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Text Content Slides Presentation: The spiritual life of the USSR in the 20s. 1. Baby with illiteracy.2. Power and intelligentsia.3. Particular control. 4. »Intercession." .5.Golsheviki and church. The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was put to overcome cultural inequality, to make the cultural treasures available for workers. Illiteracy. In 1919, SNK accepted the decree "On the liquidation of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years has been obliged to learn native or Russian. In 1923 it was established voluntary Society "Down with illiteracy" chaired by M.I. Kalinin. "Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established chaired by M.I. Kalinin. Thousands of items were discovered to eliminate the illiteracy of the lives. Popular education. On September 30, 1918, the Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulation on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". The principle of free training is based. Decree of the SNK of August 2, 1918, the preemptive right of admission to universities was obtained by workers and peasants Next important milestone - adoption in 1930 decrees of the Central Committee of the CSP / B "On Universal Mandatory primary learning"By the end of the 30s, the mass illiteracy in our country was mainly overcome power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude towards the revolution. S.V. Rashmaninov, K.A. Korovin, A.N. Tolstoy, M.I.TSvetaeva , E.I. Zamyatin, F.I.Shalyapin, A.P. Pavlova, I.A. Bunin, A.I.Kuprin and others. 500 major scientists, headed by departments and whole scientific areas: P.A.Sorokin, K.N. Davodov, V.K.Agafonov, S.N. Vinogradsky and, abroad turned out to be: lowering the spiritual and intellectual level "The intelligentsia was always revolutionary. The decrees of the Bolsheviks are symbols of intelligentsia. Abandoned slogans requiring development. Earth of God. .. Isn't that a symbol of an advanced intelligentsia? True, the Bolsheviks do not utter the words "God", they don't throw out the words more, but from the song the words will not throw out. The crime of the intelligentsia against the Bolsheviks on the surface. It seems to be already running. A person thinks otherwise than Presses. Priniency comes, musical reconciliation ... "Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe obliged. (A.A. Block) remained in the homeland of V.I. Vernadsky K.E.Siolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I.Vavilov V.M. Bekhterev K.A.Timiryazev N.D. Zelinsky Lost in M. Voloshin's homeland. Ahmatovanov. Gumilev. Mayakovsky. Bulgakov. Meyerldi et al. "Interchange" ideological and political and social movement, which emerged in the early 1920s. In an environment of Russian foreign liberally configured intelligentsia. Received its name from the collection "Channel of Vekh", published in Prague in July 1921. The manifolds set themselves the task - to revise the position of the intelligentsia in relation to the post-revolutionary Russia. This revision was refused to armed with the new power, recognizing the need to cooperate with She in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland. "Schedule" (results) A.Ntolsts.S.Prokofyevm. Gorkyum. Tsvetayeva. And.Kuprin The movement arranged leaders of the Bolsheviks, since it allowed to split emigration and achieve recognition of a new government. Returned to their homeland: the attitude of the Bolsheviks: the class approach to the culture of the party and the state established full control over the spiritual life of the Company. 1921 - the process over the Petrograd combat organization (famous scientists and cultural scientists) .1922 - Expanding from the country of 160 major scientists and philosophers. 1922. - Institution of chief, and then chief execution (censorship). From the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On Policy Party in the region fiction"On June 18, 1925, in this way, the class struggle does not stop at all, so exactly it does not stop on the literary front. There is no neutral art in the class society and there can be neutral art. Parade should emphasize the need to create fiction designed for truly Mass reader, worker and peasant; you need bolder and more decisively break with prejudices of Bolsheviks in the literature of the Bolsheviks and the Church. 11 (24) December 1917, decree appears on the transfer of all church schools to the Education Commissioner.18 (31) December, the effectiveness is annulled in the eyes of the state Church marriage and introduced Civil June 21, 1918 - a decree on the complete branch of the Church from the state and the confiscation of all church estates ". Decree provided concrete measures to ensure religious organizations to carry out their functions. The free execution of rites that do not violate public order have been guaranteed Not accompanied by encroachment AMI to the rights of citizens, religious societies were granted the right to free use of buildings and subjects for worship. All new and new prohibitions were embraced by the universal closure of temples; confiscation of the property of the church for revolutionary needs; arrests of clergymen; deprivation of their election rights; children from the clergy families lost opportunities to get a special or higher education. http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/yabb.pl?num\u003d1220371796 http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main\u003dlibrary&id\u003d100007 http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html http://literra.ru/2006/10/ http: // MP3Slovo.com/List2_13_5.html http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?section_id\u003d326&element_id\u003d23253 http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html Sources: A.A. . Danylov, History of Russia XX - start XXI century M., "Enlightenment", 2008. Internet resources.
Question 01. What is the significance of the Soviet elimination of illiteracy?
Answer. Elimination of illiteracy Soviet power attached great importance. Firstly, it was originally focused on the increase in the number of proletariat, and the development of technology at that time had long reached such a stage, when at least the minimum level of education was required to work at the enterprise. Secondly, education was organized completely different from the pre-revolutionary standards, and through it the Communist Party rooted its ideals in the masses.
Question 02. What are negative and positive sides Has a new Soviet school?
Answer. Positive sides:
1) Public groups received access to education, which earlier on property and national signs of access to it almost did not have;
2) learning has become completely free;
3) elements of self-government were introduced into education;
4) new pedagogical techniques were introduced, including more time for independent work students in groups;
5) arose large-scale and pretty effective system work with sleepwear;
6) there was an effective system of eliminating the illiteracy of adults.
Negative sides:
1) Many received places in universities not by knowledge, but by class affiliation and loyalty of the party;
2) Many teachers died or immigrated, newly gained on the principle of loyalty to the new regime, which is why the level of education fell.
Question 03. Why did the Bolshevik regime adopted a significant part of the Russian intelligentsia? What are the motives for those who recognized the Soviet power?
Answer. First, before the revolution, a significant part of the intelligentsia occupied active political positionShe was not monarchical, but most of the intellectuals had no communist glances. The main thing, during the civil war, the power of the Communists showed her face. Intelligents did not apply to the proletariat, whose dictatorship proclaimed power, many passed prisons and concentration camps, where they fell only for class affiliation. Many shocked the rejection of the new power of any alternative opinion. It is surprising not that such an amount of intellectuals did not accept the Soviet power, it is amazing that part of its pre-revolutionary intelligentsia accepted. The latter really believed that the new government would be able to create a new person and build a real paradise not land.
Question 04. What role did the collection of the "change of Vekh" play?
Answer. "Change of Vekh" convinced many intellectuals and within the country, and in immigration that serving the Soviet power, they serve the cause of the restoration and revival of Russia, and the Soviet government is not such a "red", which it seems. This collection of articles influenced many well-known cultural figures, which later returned from immigration to the USSR.
Question 05. What are the causes of persecution against orthodox church And her servants?
Answer. The socialist revolutionary movement was initially atheistic (it concerned representatives of all parties, not only the Bolsheviks). But the case was not only in this. After the capture of power, the Bolsheviks wanted to remain the only one who determines the spiritual life of the country.
Question 06. What are the main features of the "new Soviet art"?
Answer. Main features:
1) the new art "threw out" the achievements of the old one;
2) evaluating the works required from the point of view of not their artistic advantages, but class affiliation and political addictions of the author;
3) Art appeared not only new ideas, but also new expressive forms;
4) Art had to serve the construction of a new society, because the example, serious artists and poets began to create posters.
Construction of the Soviet school
On September 30, 1918, the Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulation on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". Despite the explicit costs - the abolition of lessons, homework, textbooks, marks and exams, the situation was significant because it claimed the principle of free education.
Decree of SNK dated August 2, 1918, the preemptive right of admission to universities received workers and peasant poor. Under universities, work faculties (Rabafaki) were created.
Ideology and culture
The creative intelligentsia at first enthusiastically took the revolution, but soon the awareness came to how tough state control over any manifestations of creative search.
Many of the representatives of the creative intelligentsia went abroad. (I.A. Bunin, A.I.Kuprin, A.K. Lelzunov, S.S.Prokofiev, F.I.Shalyapin, I.E.Repin, etc.)
A.A.ahmatova, M.A.Voloshin, M.M. Pries, M.A. Bulgakov remaining in their homeland went into a deep spiritual opposition.
A number of creative intelligentsia collaborated with a new government, considering that the revolution will wake the creative forces in the country. V.V. Mamakovsky challenged the revolution in his verses. ("Ode Revolution", "Left March"). A.A. Block (Poem "Twelve"). Artists K.S.Petrov-Vodkin who wrote the painting "1918 in Petrograd" and V.M. Kustodiev - the picture "Bolshevik". V.E. Meyerhold set the first Soviet play "Mystery-Buff" on the play Mayakovsky. The performance was designed by the artist K.S. Malevich.
Many well-known scientists considered their duty to work for the benefit of the Motherland, although not everyone shared the ideological views of the Bolsheviks. The founder of the aircraft industry N.E. Zhukovsky, the creator of biochemistry and geochemistry V.I. Vernadsky, Chemist N.D. Zelinsky, Father of Cosmonautics K.E. Tsiolkovsky, Physiologist I.P. Pavlov, Agronom I.V. Michurin, Roddovodovod K. A.Timiryazev.
With graduation civil War The Bolsheviks sharply strengthened control over the spiritual life of the country. In August 1921, repression began. Chemist M.I.Tikhvinsky and Poet N.S. Gumilev were shot.
At the end of August 1922, about 160 major scientists and philosophers were sent from the country. Among them, Philosophers N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, E.N. Trubetskaya. The greatest scientist is a sociologist P.A.Sorokin and others.
Until 1925, culture developed in relative spiritual freedom. In 1925, the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On the Policy of the Party in the Fiction" was adopted. The party dictate began to be approved in the spiritual life of the creative intelligentsia.
Interchange
After October revolution The country was forced to leave about a million of its citizens. Most of them were extremely hostile to Soviet power. However, a number of emigrants in the "meaningless and merciless riot" saw deep roots. The Bolsheviks managed to drive anarchy to the state channel. In Nep, they saw confirmation of their rightness. In July 1921, a collection of articles "Wen shift" reflected these views was released in Paris. A number of emigrants began to return home. In 1923, A.Nolstoy returned. In the 1930s, S.S. Paroccofiev, M.I.TSvetaeva, M. Gorky, A.I.Kuprin.
"Schemoving" arranged the Bolsheviks, since it made it possible to split emigration.
Ideology of "new art"
As part of atheistic education, the Bolsheviks tried to eliminate their main competitor in the spiritual life of the country. Adoption on January 23, 1918, a decree on the separation of the state from the church opened the policy of arbitrariness in relation to the church. Temples and monasteries began to close, and their property was confiscated by the authorities. Patriarch Tikhon elected in 1918, betrayed the Bolshevik Anathema. In 1922, Patriarch Tikhon was arrested. After his death in 1925, the election of the new patriarch was banned. The responsibilities of the Patriarch Metropolitan Peter was exiled at Solovki. Until 1943, the Church was supervised by the Patriarchard Sergius Patriarch. (Patriarch in 1943-1944).
The creation of a literary - artistic and cultural and educational organization - "Prel Tole", the Bolsheviks tried to introduce the creative intelligentsia in an organized bed, preaching the "pure proletarian culture" and demanding to throw the cultural traditions of the past on the landfill.
In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (PAPP) was formed. Writers of a new generation came to the literature. I.E. Babel - "Konarmy", A.S.Serafimovich with Roman "Iron Flow", K.A.Trenev "Love Yarovaya", M.A.Sholokhov - "Don Stories", D.A. Furmanov - " Chapaev. "
Satira bloomed during Napa. "Twelve chairs" I. Ilf and E. Petrov, satirical plays of Mayakovsky "Klop" and "Banya". Amazing stories M.Zeshoshchenko.
Flowed art poster. The creativity of the sculptor I.D. Shadra - "Cobblestone is sheed by revolutionary romance -" Cobblestone - the weapon of the proletariat. 1905 ". Giant construction plans in the spirit of constructivism are represented by architects. "Internationary Tower III", designed in 1919 by V.E. Tatlin.
The history of the world cinema included films S. Seesenstein - "Potemkin's armadapole", "October".
The spiritual life of the Soviet society in the first years of Soviet power was also distinguished by relative freedom, but gradually more and more spiritual life began to be squeezed by an ideological party attack on culture.
The spiritual life of the USSR in the 30s of the XX century
30s are years "Cultural Revolution", proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. The main tasks of the "cultural revolution" were considered to eliminate illiteracy and significant increased educational level People. The most important, fundamental side of the "cultural revolution" was approval and undivided domination in the spiritual life of the society of Marxist - Leninsky teaching.
Education
In the 1930s The transition to universal 4 class training. IN 1937. Mandatory became 7 Summer learning. School programs were reworked, new textbooks have been created. Lessons, items, schedules, assessments, strict discipline and punishment measures are returned to school, right up to exception. In 1934, teaching geography and history on the basis of Marxist-Leninist principles was restored. In 1933-1937, more than 20,000 new schools were opened. According to the 1939 census, literacy in the USSR was more than 80%. Soviet Union came out in the first place in the world by the number of students and students
The science
Stalin's statement that all sciences, including natural and mathematicals are political in nature, led to the injury of scientists who disagree with this statement.
A group of biologists and philosophers headed by T.DSenko opposed genetics, declaring it "bourgeois science". The correct "class" approach was appreciated. Leading genetics of the country led by N.I.Vavilov, N.K. Koltsov were repressed. As a result, the Soviet genetics hopelessly lagging behind in its development from advanced world science.
Special attention to Stalin paid history that became the most important ideological discipline. In 1938 it would be published "A brief course of the history of the WCP (b)" She personally edited by Stalin and became the new concept of the history of the country. Ideological dogmas and party control extremely negatively affected the state of humanitarian sciences.
Despite anything, Soviet science continued to develop. Leading Soviet scientists have made a significant contribution to world science.
Physics: S.I.Vavilov (problems of optics). A.F.Ioffe (physics of crystals and semiconductors). B.V. and I.V. Kurchantov (study of the atomic nucleus. I. Kurchantov became the creator of the Soviet atomic bomb.)
Chemistry: N.D. Zelinsky, S.V. Lebedev. Production of synthetic rubber, plastic masses, and so on.
Socialist realism
Soviet art developed in the tisces of party censorship, and was obliged to follow within the only artistic direction - socialist realism. Marxist - Leninist ideology went to society by any means. Decisions of party bodies on the state and further development of culture were the truth of the last instance and were not subject to discussion. Displaying the life of Soviet society is not through the realities of the present day, but only through the myths are placed in society about the beautiful tomorrow - the political basis of the method of socialist realism. All creative workers were supposed to follow this tough party installation. Disagreeable there was no place in the life of society.
At first, most soviet people Perceived the exhaust myths in the atmosphere of faith in the beautiful tomorrow. These moods of people skillfully used the power, generating employment enthusiasm and anger to the "enemies of the people", the absolute dedication of the leader and willingness to the empires.
The developed Soviet culture in the 1930s was controversial. Despite the strictest control and ideological pressure, Soviet culture has achieved significant success.
Soviet cinema
Documentary film
Cinema became the most massive type of art. Documentary chronicle watched the whole country. Through the screen it was possible to show surrounding people Life in the framework of party installations. " Great Illusion»Communist tomorrow, shown through the heroic of myths, affected the consciousness of people who built new life As part of the Grand Communist Experiment ..
D. D.Verov, E.K. Tisse, E.Shub, who left the wonderful personnel of the past of the past.
Art cinema
Artistic cinema worked in the frames of socialist realism.
In 1931, the first Soviet sound film "Pourevka to Life" (director N.V. EXK) was released on the screens. The problems of the new Soviet generation are devoted to the films of S.A. Gerasimov "Seven Brave", "Komsomolsk", "Teacher".
In 1936, the first color film kinocartine "Petrik Kornakov" was released by the director N.V. Ekka.
In the 1930s, a significant number of Soviet movies were removed in various topics.
The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was put to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture affordable for workers. Liquidation of illiteracy: In 1919, SNK adopted the decree "On the liquidation of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years was obliged to learn a diploma in his native or Russian. In 1923, the Voluntary Society "Down with Illiteracy" was established chaired by M. I. Kalinin.
"Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, the Voluntary Society "Down with Illiteracy" was established chaired by M. I. Kalinin. Thousands of items were discovered to eliminate the illiteracy of the lives.
Popular education. On September 30, 1918, the Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulation on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR". The principle of free training is based. Decree of SNK dated August 2, 1918. The preemptive right of admission to universities received workers and peasants Next important milestone - adoption in 1930 decree of the Central Committee of the CPP / B "On Universal Mandatory Initial Learning". By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country was mainly overcome
Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude towards the revolution. S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvevaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Shalyapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kookin and others. 500 major scientists who headed the departments and whole scientific directions: P. A. Sorokin, K. N. Davydov, V. K. Agafonov, S. N. Vinogradsky and others abroad were: a decrease in spiritual - intellectual level
"The intelligentsia has always been revolutionary. The decrees of the Bolsheviks are the symbols of the intelligentsia. Abandoned slogans requiring development. Land of God ... Is this not a symbol of an advanced intelligentsia? True, the Bolsheviks do not utter the words "God", they are more drawn, but they will not throw the words from the song. The critting of the intelligentsia against the Bolsheviks on the surface. It seems already passes. A person thinks differently than speaks. There is a reconciliation, reconciliation of musical ... "Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe obliged. (A. A. Blok)
"Interchange" ideologue is a political and social movement, which emerged at the beginning of X. In an environment of Russian foreign liberally configured intelligentsia. It turned its name from the collection "Change of Vekh", published in Prague in July 1921. Shangeshevtsy set themselves the task - to revise the position of the intelligentsia relative to the post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was to refuse to armed with a new government, recognizing the need for cooperation with her in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.
"Schedule" (results) A. N. Tolstoy S. S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvevaeva A. I. Kurin Movement arranged the leaders of the Bolsheviks, since it allowed to split emigration and achieve recognition of a new government. Returns to their homeland: the attitude of the Bolsheviks:
Class approach to the culture of the party and the state established full control over the spiritual life of society GG - the process over the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural scientists) G. - Expanding from the country 160 large scientists and philosophers G. - the establishment of chief chores, and then chief executive censorship).
From the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the Party Policy in the Fiction" on June 18, 1925, in this way, the class struggle does not stop at all, as definitely she does not stop on the literary front. There is no neutral art in the class society. The party must emphasize the need to create fiction, designed for a truly mass reader, working and peasant; You need a bolder and more decisively break with prejudices of Baria in the literature
Bolsheviks and church. 11 (24) DECEMBER 1917 Decree appears on the transfer of all church schools to the Enlightenment Commissioner. 18 (31) December is annulled in the eyes of the state the effectiveness of church marriage and the civilian is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree on the complete branch of the church from the state and the confiscation of all church estates was published.
Decree provided concrete measures to ensure religious organizations to carry out their functions. The free execution of rites that do not violate the public order and not accompanied by encroachment on the rights of citizens, religious societies were provided with the right to free use of buildings and subjects for worship services.
All new and new prohibitions of the universal closure of temples were encouraged to the church; Confiscation of the property of the Church for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their election rights; Children from the clergy families lost opportunities to get a special or higher education.
Books / index.php? Section_id \u003d 326 & element_id \u003d sources: A. A. Danilov, History of Russia XX - early XXI century M., "Education", 2008 Internet - Resources:
