October Revolution 1917 in Russia - the armed overthrow of the temporary government and the coming to power of the Bolsheviks party, proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power, the beginning of the elimination of capitalism and the transition to socialism. The slowness and inconsistency of the Provisional Government actions after the February Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1917 in solving workers, agrarian, national issues, the last participation of Russia in the First World War led to the deepening of the nationwide crisis and created prerequisites for strengthening the extreme left parties in the center and nationalist parties on the outskirts countries. The most vigorously accepted the Bolsheviks who proclaimed the course for the socialist revolution in Russia, which they considered the beginning of the world revolution. They put forward popular slogans: "Peace - nations", "land - peasants", "factory - workers".
In the USSR, the official version of the October Revolution was the "two revolutions" version. According to this version, in February 1917, a bourgeois-democratic revolution was fully completed in the coming months, and the October Revolution was the second, socialist revolution.
The second version put forward Leo Trotsky. Already being abroad, he wrote a book about the unified revolution of 1917, in which he defended the concept that the October coup and the decrees adopted by the Bolsheviks in the first months after joining the authorities were only the completion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, the exercise of the ongoing in February.
The Bolsheviks showed a version of the spontaneous increase in the "revolutionary situation". The very concept of the "revolutionary situation" and its main signs was first scientifically identified and introduced into Russian historiography Vladimir Lenin. Its main signs he called the following three objective factor: the crisis of "tops", the crisis of "lower lines", the extraordinary activity of the masses.
The situation that pretended after the formation of the Provisional Government, Lenin characterized as "droiki", and Trotsky as "two-way": Socialists could rule the Socialists, but did not want to rule the "progressive block" in the government, but could not be forced to rely on Petrograd The Council with whom he disengaged in views on all issues of internal and foreign Policy.
Some domestic and foreign researchers adhere to the "German financing" version of the October Revolution. It is that the Government of Germany, interested in the exit of Russia from the war, purposefully organized moving from Switzerland to Russia representatives of the RSDRP radical faction led by Lenin in the so-called "filling car" and financed the activities of the Bolsheviks aimed at undermining the combat capability of the Russian army and Disorganization of defense industry and transport.
For the leadership, the armed uprising was created by the Politburo, in which Vladimir Lenin, Lev Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Andrei Bubnov, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev (two latter denied the need for an uprising). Direct leadership of the rebellion was carried out by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Council, which also included the left esters.
Chronicle of events of the October coup
On October 24 (November 6), Junker tried to breed bridges through the Neva to cut off the work areas from the center. The Military Revolutionary Committee (VRK) sent to the bridges of the Red Guard squads and soldiers who took almost all bridges under protection. By evening, the soldiers of the Kexgolm Regiment occupied the central telegraph, the squad of sailors mastered the Petrograd telegraph agency, the soldiers of the Izmailovsky regiment - the Baltic station. The revolutionary parts were blocked by Pavlovskoye, Nikolaev, Vladimir, Konstantinovsky Junkers.
On the evening of October 24, Lenin arrived in Smolny and directly headed the leadership of the armed struggle.
In 1 h. 25 min. At night from 24 to 25 October (from 6 to 7 November), the Red Guards of the Vyborg District, the soldiers of the Kexgolm Regiment and the revolutionary sailors occupied the main post office.
In 2 hours. Night The first company of the 6th Spare Space Battalion took possession of Nikolaevsky (now Moscow) station. At the same time, the detachment of the Red Guard took a central power plant.
October 25 (November 7) at about 6 am Sailors of the Guards Fleet crew seized the state bank.
At 7 h. The soldiers of the Kexgolm Regiment took the central telephone station. At 8 o'clock. The Red Guards of the Moscow and Narva districts mastered the Warsaw railway station.
At 14 o'clock 35 min. Emergency meeting of the Petrograd Council opened. The Council heard a message that the Provisional Government was lowrated and government Moved to the organs of the Petrograd Council of Workers and Soldiers Deputies.
On the afternoon of October 25 (November 7), the revolutionary forces were taken by the Mariinsky Palace, where he was predivid and dissolved him; Military ports were occupied by the military port and the main admiralty, where the maritime headquarters was arrested.
By 18 h Revolutionary detachments began to move towards the Winter Palace.
On October 25 (November 7) at 21:45, an instrument shot from the Petropavlovsk fortress was thundered from the Petropavlovsk fortress from the Aurora cruiser, the assault on the Winter Palace began.
In 2 hours. On October 26 (November 8), armed workers, soldiers of the Petrograd garrison and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet, headed by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, was busy with the Winter Palace and the temporary government arrested.
October 25 (November 7) Following the victory of the uprising in Petrograd, which was almost bloodless, the armed struggle began in Moscow. In Moscow, the revolutionary forces met extremely fierce resistance, in the streets of the city there were stubborn battles. At the price of large victims (about 1000 people were killed during the uprising) 2 (15) November in Moscow, the Soviet power was established.
On the evening of October 25 (November 7), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldier deputies was opened. The congress heard and accepted the appeal written by Lenin "workers, soldiers and peasants", in which she was announced about the transition of power to the second congress of the Councils, and in the fields to the advice of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies.
On October 26 (November 8), 1917, decree on the world and decree on Earth were adopted. The congress has formed the first Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars in the composition: Lenin Chairman; Commissar: on foreign affairs Lion Trotsky, on the Affairs of Nationalities, Joseph Stalin, and others, Lion Kamenev was elected chairman, and after his resignation of Yakov Sverdlov.
The Bolsheviks have established control over the main industrial centers of Russia. The leaders of the Cadet Party were arrested, opposition printing is prohibited. In January 1918, the Constituent Assembly was dispersed, by March of the same year the Soviet government was established at the considerable territory of Russia. All banks, enterprises were nationalized, the separable truce with Germany was concluded. In July 1918, the first Soviet Constitution was adopted.
Great October Socialist Revolution |
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See the prehistory of the October Revolution |
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The main goal: |
Problem of temporary government |
Victory Bolsheviks Creation of the Russian Soviet Republic |
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Organizers: |
RSDRP (b) Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets |
Driving forces: |
Workers Krasnogvardeysy |
Number of participants: |
10,000 sailors 20,000 - 30,000 Krasnogvardeys |
Opponents: |
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The dead: |
Unknown |
Invorated: |
5 Krasnogvardeyssev |
Arrested: |
Temporary government of Russia |
October Revolution (Full official name in the USSR -, alternative names: October coup, bolshevik revolution, third Russian revolution) - Stage of the Russian Revolution, which occurred in Russia in October 1917. As a result of the October Revolution, a temporary government was overthrown and the government formed by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets came to power, the absolute majority of the delegates of which were the Bolsheviks - the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Bolsheviks) and their allies left esters, supported by some national organizations, a small part Internationalist Menshevikov, and some anarchists. In November, the new government was also supported by the majority of the emergency congress of the peasant deputies.
The temporary government was overthrown during an armed uprising of October 25-26 (November 7 - November 8 for a new style), the main organizers of which were V.I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov, and others. Direct leadership by the uprising carried out The Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Council, which also served as left esters.
There is a wide range of estimates of the October Revolution: for some of the national catastrophe, which led to the civil war and establish a totalitarian system of government (either, on the contrary, to the death of the Great Russia as an empire); For others, the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which had a huge impact on the whole world, and Russia allowed to choose a non-capitalist path of development, eliminate feudal remnants and directly in 1917 he rather saved it from the catastrophe. There is a wide range of intermediates between these extreme points of view. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.
Name
The revolution occurred on October 25, 1917 for the Julian calendar, adopted at the time in Russia, and although in February 1918 the Gregorian calendar (new style) was introduced (new style) and the first anniversary (as all subsequent) was celebrated on November 7 - 8, the revolution on -That was associated with October, which was reflected in its name.
From the very beginning, the Bolsheviks and their allies called the events of October "Revolution." So, at the meeting of the Petrogradsky Council of Workers and Soldiers' deputies on October 25 (November 7), 1917, Lenin said his famous: "Comrades! The working and peasant revolution, the need for which the Bolsheviks spoke all the time, was accomplished. "
The definition of the "Great October Revolution" first appeared in the Declaration announced by F. Raskolnikov on behalf of the Bolshevik faction in the Constituent Assembly. By the end of the 30s of the XX century, the title of Soviet official historiography approved Great October Socialist Revolution. In the first decade after the revolution, she was often called October coup, and this name did not carry a negative meaning (at least in the lips of the Bolsheviks themselves) and seemed more scientific in the concept of the Unified Revolution of 1917. V. I. Lenin, speaking at a meeting of the Moscow Century February 24, 1918, said: "Of course, it's nice and easy to say workers, peasants and soldiers, pleasantly and easily happened, as after the October coup, the revolution went ahead ..."; Such a name can be found in L. D. Trotsky, A. V. Lunacharsky, D. A. Furmanova, N. I. Bukharina, M. A. Sholokhov; and in the Article Stalin dedicated to the first anniversary of October (1918), one of the sections was called About October coup. Subsequently, the word "coup" began to be associated with a plot and an unlawful change of power (by analogy with palace coups), the concept of two revolutions was established, and the term was seized from official historiography. But the expression "October coup" began to be actively used, already with a negative meaning, in the literature, critical in relation to Soviet power: in the emigrant and dissident circles, and starting with restructuring - and in legal press.
Prehistory.
There are various versions of the october coup. As the mains can be considered:
- version of "two revolutions"
- version of the Unified Revolution of 1917
In their framework, you can, in turn, allocate:
- version of the spontaneous increase in the "revolutionary situation"
- the version of the focused shares of the German government (see a sealing car)
Version of "two revolutions"
In the USSR, the formation of this version is likely to be attributed to 1924 - discussions on the "lessons of October" L. D. Trotsky. But finally, it has developed in Stalin's times and remained official until the end of the Soviet era. The fact that in the first years of Soviet power had a propaganda sense rather (for example, the naming of the October Revolution of "Socialist"), over time, turned into a scientific doctrine.
According to this version, in February 1917, the bourgeois-democratic revolution was fully completed in the coming months, and what happened in October was originally a socialist revolution. In the BSE, it was also said: "The February bourgeois-democratic revolution 1917, the second Russian revolution, as a result of which the autocracy was overthrown and the conditions for the transition to socialist stage revolutions. "
This concept is connected with the idea that the February Revolution gave the people everything, for which he fought (first of all - freedom), but the Bolsheviks decided to establish socialism in Russia, the prerequisites for which there was not yet; As a result, the October Revolution turned around the Bolshevik counter-revolution.
The version of the "targeted action of the German Government" ("German financing", "German Gold", "Promotional Wagon", etc.), because it also suggests that in October 1917 it happened Having a direct relationship to the February Revolution.
Version of the Unified Revolution
While in the USSR, the version of the "Two Revolutions", L. D. Trotsky, already being abroad, wrote a book about the Unified Revolution of 1917, in which he defended the concept, once common for party theorists: October coup and decrees adopted by Bolsheviks In the first months after coming to power, were only the conclusion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, the implementation of the fact that that the people risen fought in February.
For what fought
The only unconditional accomplishment of the February revolution was the renunciation of Nicholas II from the throne; About the overthrow of the monarchy as such was early, since this question is to be Russia by the monarchy or the republic - the constituent assembly should have been solved. However, neither for the workers who committed a revolution, nor for the soldiers who passed on their side, nor for the peasants, writing and verbally thanked by Petrograd workers, the overthrow of Nicholas II was not an end in itself. The revolution itself began with the anti-war demonstration of Petrograd workers on February 23 (March 8 on the European calendar): the city, and the village, and the most - the army are already tired of the war. But there were still unrealized requirements of the revolution 1905-1907: the peasants fought for the land, workers - for humane labor legislation and the democratic form of government.
What have found
War continued. In April 1917, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the leader of Cadets P. N. Milyukov, in a special note, notified the Allies that Russia remains true to its obligations. June 18, the army passed into the offensive ended with the disaster; However, after that, the government refused to start negotiations about the world.
All attempts by the Minister of Agriculture of the Leader of Social University V. M. Chernov to start agricultural reform were blocked by most temporary government.
Attempt to Minister of Labor Social Democrat M. I. Skobelev introduce civilized labor legislation also ended with nothing. The eight-hour working day had to be installed with a fiscal order that the industrialists were often answered by Locarats.
Political freedoms (words, seals, assemblies, etc.) have been conquered, but they have not yet been fixed in any constitution, and the July reversal of the temporary government showed how easily they can be taken away. Newspapers of the left direction (not only Bolshevik) were closed by the government; Scroll the printing house and dispersed the rally could "enthusiasts" and without the sanction of the government.
The people who won in February created its democratic authorities - the advice of workers and soldiers, and later the peasant deputies; Only tips that appeared directly to enterprises, barracks and rural communities possessed real power in the country. But they, too, were not legalized by any constitution, and therefore any Kalin could demand the overclocking of the Soviets, and any Kornilov could deal with this campaign to Petrograd. After the July days, doubtful, otherwise, many deputies of the Petrograd Council and members of the CEC - Bolsheviks, "Interdistrict", Left Esers and Anarchists were arrested, "and their deputy inviolability did not interest anyone.
The decision of all urgent issues was postponed either until the end of the war, but the war did not end, or before the Constituent Assembly, the convening of which was also constantly postponed.
Version "Revolutionary Situation"
The situation that pretended after the formation of the government ("is too right for such a country", according to A. V. Krivoshein), Lenin characterized as "droiki", and Trotsky as "two-way": the socialists could rule the Socialists, but did not want, "progressive The block "I wanted to rule in the government, but I could not, being forced to rely on the Petrogradsky Council, with whom it disengaged in views on all issues of internal and foreign policy. The revolution developed from the crisis to the crisis, and the first broke out in April.
April crisis
2 (15) March 1917 Petrogradskaya Council allowed the Self-proclaimed temporary committee of the State Duma to form the office, in which a single supporter of Russia's withdrawal from the war was not; Even the Socialist's only in the government, A. F. Kerensky, was needed for victory in the war. On March 6, the temporary government published a appeal, which, according to Milyukov, "the first task was" bringing the war to a victorious end "and declared that it would be holy to keep us with other powers of the Union and steadily fulfill the agreements concluded with allies" "
In response, Petrogradsky Council on March 10 received a manifesto "to the peoples of the whole world": "In the consciousness of its revolutionary force, Russian democracy declares that it will be with all measures to oppose the imperialist politics of its dominant classes, and she calls on the peoples of Europe to joint decisive speeches in favor of the world" . On the same day, a contact commission was created - partly to enhance control over the actions of the government, partly for searching for mutual understanding. As a result, a declaration of March 27 was developed, satisfied the majority of the Council.
Public controversy on the issue of war and the world has stopped for some time. However, on April 18 (May 1), milyukov under the pressure of the allies, who demanded clear statements about the position of the government, was as a comment to the declaration of March 27, a note (published two days later), which said about the "National desire to bring the world war to a decisive victory" and that the Provisional Government "will fully comply with the obligations adopted in respect of our allies." Left Menshevik N. N. Sukhanov, author of the Martov Agreement between the Petrograd Council and the Team Committee of the State Duma, believed that this document "finally and officially" described "in the full deception of the declaration of March 27, in the disgusting deception of the people" revolutionary "government."
Such a statement on behalf of the people did not slow down to cause an explosion. On the day of its publication, April 20 (May 3), the non-partisan ensign of the spoard battalion of the Guard of the Finnish regiment member of the executive committee of the Petrograd Council F. F. Linda without the knowledge of the Council brought the Finnish Regiment to the street ", which immediately followed other military units of Petrograd and the surroundings.
Armed manifestation in front of the Mariinsky Palace (government residence) under the slogan "Down Milyukova!", And then "Down with the Temporary Government!" lasted two days. On April 21 (May 4), the Petrograd workers took an active part in it and the posters "All Power Soviets!" Appeared. Supporters of the "Progressive Block" answered this by demonstrations in support of Milyukov. "The note is April 18," N. Sukhanov reports, "stood not one capital. At the same very same, the same was collapsed in Moscow. Workers throwing machines, soldiers - barracks. The same rallies, the same slogans - for both Milukov. The same two camps and the same Democratic Speeding ... ".
The executive committee of the Petrograd Council, which had no power to stop the manifestations, demanded that the government of clarifications, which were given. In resolution of the Executive Committee, adopted by a majority vote (40 against 13), it was recognized that the clarification of the government's unanimous protest and soldier of Petrograd "puts the end of the possibility of interlocking notes on April 18 in the spirit, opposite interests and requirements of revolutionary democracy." The resolution in conclusion expressed confidence that "the peoples of all speakers will break the resistance of their governments and make them enter into negotiations on the world on the basis of refusal of annexations and contributions."
But armed manifestations in the capital stopped not this document, but the appeal of the Council "To all entries", which contained a special appeal to soldiers:
After promulgating the appeal, the commander of the Petrograd Military District, General L. G. Kornilov, for his part, who also tried to bring troops to the streets - to protect the temporary government, resigned, and the temporary government did not remain anything, how to accept it.
July Days
Sensing in the days of the April crisis, his instability, the temporary government hurried to get rid of unpopular Milyukov and once again applied for help from the Petrograd Council, inviting socialist parties to delegate to the government of its representatives.
After long and sharp discussions in the Petrogradskaya council on May 5, the right socialists were invited to: Kerensky was appointed by the military minister, the leader of the Social Democrat (Menshevik) I. G. Tsenieli became the minister of mail and telegraphs (later - Minister of Internal Affairs), his comrade for the party of Skobelev was headed by the Ministry of Labor and, finally, the People's Socialist A. V. Peşehonov became Minister of Food.
Thus, the Socialist Ministers were called upon to solve the most complex and most acute problems of the revolution, and as a result, to take upon themselves dissatisfaction with the people ongoing war, ordinary for all war pasties with food, the unreason of land and the lack of new labor legislation. At the same time, most of the government could easily block any initiatives of socialists. An example of this may be the work of the Committee on Labor Issues, in which Skobeliev tried to resolve the conflict of workers with industrialists.
A number of draft laws were proposed for consideration by the Committee, including the freedom of the strikes, about the eight-hour working day, restriction child labor, old-age allowances, labor exchanges. V. A. Averbach, which represented in the industrial commit, told in his memoirs:
As a result, either eloquence, whether only two bills were accepted by the sincerity of the industrialists - about the stock exchanges and on disease benefits. "Other projects subjected to merciless criticism went to the closet of the Minister of Labor and no longer removed from there." Averbach not without pride talks about how the industrialists managed not to give way to their "sworn enemies" almost the inches, and in passing the bills that all rejected by them (in the development of which the Bolsheviks and interdistrictians were participating) "After the victory of the Bolshevik revolution were Used by the Soviet government either in their original form, or in the form in which they were proposed by a group of workers' committee on labor issues "...
Right Socialists ultimately not added popularity to the government, but their own confused in few months; "Two-way" moved inside the government. On the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and Left Socialists opened in Petrograd 3 (16) of June (Bolsheviks, Interdistrict and Left Socialists) called the right majority of the congress to take power into their hands: only such a government, they thought they could bring the country out of the permanent crisis.
But the right-wing socialists have found many reasons to once again abandon the power; By a majority vote, the congress expressed confidence in the temporary government.
Historian N. Sukhanov notes that the mass manifestation held on June 18 in Petrograd demonstrated a significant increase in the influence of the Bolsheviks and their closest allies of the Interdistrict, primarily among Petrograd workers. The demonstration was under the anti-war slogans, but on the same day, Kerensky under the pressure of allies and domestic supporters of continuing the war began poorly prepared offensive at the front.
According to the certificate of a member of the CEC Sukhanov, from June 19 in Petrograd was "anxious", "the city felt the day before there was some kind of explosion"; The newspapers printed rumors about how the 1st machine-gun regiment matures with the 1st Grenadersky about a joint speech against the government; Trotsky argues that not only the shelves were consolidated between themselves, but also plants with barracks. The executive committee of the Petrograd Council issued appeals, sent agitators to the factories and barracks, but the authority of the legalist majority of the Council was undermined by active support for the offensive; "Nothing came out of agitation, from walking into the masses," ascertains Sukhanov. More authoritative Bolsheviks and interdistrictons called for patience ... Nevertheless, the explosion occurred.
Sukhanov connects the performance of rebellious regiments with collapse of the coalition: 2 (15) The four minister-Cadet came out of the government - in protest against the agreement concluded by the government delegation (Tereshchenko and Tseretels) with the Ukrainian Central Rada: the concessions of the separatist trends were happy with the "last straw, overflowed cup. " Trotsky believes that the conflict about Ukraine was only a reason:
According to the modern historian K.I.N. V. Rodionov argues that the demonstrations of July 3 (16) were organized by the Bolsheviks. However, in 1917, this was not able to prove a special investigative commission. On the evening of July 3, many thousands of armed soldiers of the Petrograd garrison and working capital enterprises with slogans "All Power to Soviets!" and "Down of the Ministerial-Capitalists!" Surrounded by the Tauride Palace, headquarters of the Favorites Congress CEC, demanding that the CEC finally took power into his hands. About the same inside the Tauride Palace, at an emergency meeting, left socialists asked their right comrades, without seeing other exit. Throughout July 3 and 4, all new military units and metropolitan enterprises joined the manifestation (many workers went on a demonstration with families), the sailors of the Baltic Fleet arrived from the surrounding area.
The accusations of the Bolsheviks in an attempt to overthrow the government and seize the power are refuted by a number of facts not challenged with an eyewitness-Cadet: the manifestations were held in front of the Tauride Palace, to the Mariinsky, in which the government focused, no one was attempted ("about the temporary government somehow forgotten," testifies Milyukov), although to take it storming and arrest the government did not constitute any difficulty; On July 4, it was the faithful inter-district of the 176th regiment that the Tavrichesky Palace was protected from possible excesses from the manifestations; The members of the CEC Trotsky and Kamenev, Zinoviev,, unlike the leaders of the right socialists, the soldiers still agreed to listen, called on the manifestations to disperse, after they demonstrated their will .... And gradually they diverged.
But to persuade workers, soldiers and sailors to stop the manifestation could only be one and only way: to promise that the CEC will solve the issue of power. The right socialists did not want to take power into their hands, and, by agreement with the government, the management of the CEC caused reliable troops from the front - to guid order in the city.
V. Rodionov argues that the collisions provoked the Bolsheviks, seeding on the roofs of their shooters who began a pallets from the machine guns on demonstrators, while the greatest damage machine gunners of the Bolsheviks was inflicted both the Cossacks and demonstrators. However, this opinion is not divided by other historians.
Speech Kornilov
After entering the troops, first on the Bolsheviks, then accusations of an attempt to armed overthrew the existing authorities and cooperation with Germany collapsed on the interdistrict and left speakers; Arrests began and no discrepancies. In no case, the prosecution was proved, no accused of court appeared before the court, although, with the exception of Lenin and Zinoviev, hiding in the underground (whom at a thin end could be condemned in absentia), all the accused were arrested. Accusations in cooperation with Germany did not escape even a moderate socialist, Minister of Agriculture Victor Chernov; However, the decisive protest of the ECOMOV party, with which the government also had to be reckoned, quickly turned the case of Chernov to the "misunderstanding".
7 (20) July The head of the government, Prince Lviv resigned, and the Minister of Chairman became Kerensky. The new coalition government formed by him took the disarmament of the workers and disbanding regiments not only to those who participated in the July manifestations, but also by anyone otherwise expressed their sympathies to the left socialists. The order in Petrograd and the surrounding area was invisible; It was more difficult to restore order in the country.
Desertion from the army, which began in 1915 and by the 1917th reached, according to official data, 1.5 million, did not stop; Tens of thousands of armed people wandered around the country. The peasants who did not wave a decree on Earth began to collapse the lands, especially since many of them remained unpersonal; Conflicts in the village have increasingly taken armed in nature, and there was no one to suppress local uprisings: the soldiers sent to pacify the soldiers, in most of their peasants, just as thirsty lands, and more often passed on the side of the rebels. If in the first months after the revolution, the councils could still bring up the "one stroke of the pen" (as the Petrogradsky Council on the days of the April crisis), then by the middle of the summer and their credibility was undermined. Anarchy gathered in the country.
The position at the front has deteriorated: german troops successfully continued the offensive, started back in July, and on the night of August 21 (September 3) the 12th Army, risking to be surrounded, left Riga and Ust-Dvinsk and moved to Vennda; I did not help the death penalty at the front and "military revolutionary courts" on the front and the "Military Revolutionary Courts" during divisions nor Cornilov's barrier detachments.
While the Bolsheviks after the October coup were accused of overthrowing the "legitimate" government, the temporary government itself was perfectly aware of its illegal. It was created by the Temporary Committee of the State Duma, but no provisions on the Duma emphasized its right to form the government, did not provide for the creation of temporary committees with exceptional rights, and the term of office of the IV State Duma, elected in 1912, expired in 1917. The government existed the grace of advice and depended on them. But this dependence became increasingly painful: intimidated and swept after the July days, who realized that after the massacre over the left socialists, the turn of the right would come, the tips were hostile than ever before. Friend and chief adviser B. Savinkov suggested to Kerensky, fancy way to free themselves from this dependence: to rely on the army in the face of General Cornilov, which, however, according to eyewitnesses, did not understand why he should serve as Kerensky's support from the very beginning And it believed that "the only outcome ... is the establishment of dictatorship and the announcement of the whole country in the military." Kerensky requested fresh troops from the front, regular cavalry casing with a liberal general led, - Kornilov sent to Petrograd Cossack parts of the 3rd equestrian building and the native ("wild") division under the command of at all Liberal Lieutenant General A. M. Krymov. Suspending Neladno, Kerensky dismissed Cornilov from the post of commander-in-chief on August 27, ordered to pass the authority to the head of the headquarters, - Kornilov refused to recognize his resignation; In published on August 28, the order No. 897 Kornilov said: "Taking into account that when created at the setting, further fluctuations are mortally dangerous and that previously given orders cancel it too late, I, conscious of all responsibility, decided not to take the position of the Supreme Commander to save the homeland from an inevitable Death, and the Russian people from German slavery. " The decision taken, according to Milyukov, "secretly from persons who had the nearest right to participate in it," for many sympathetic, starting with Savinkov, made it impossible to further support Cornilov: "Deciding" to speak openly "for" pressure "to the government, roorilov Lee consumed, as this step is called in the language of the law and under what article criminal deployment can be brought to his act "
Another on the eve of the rebellion, on August 26, the next government crisis broke out: ministers of cadets, sympathetic if not the most Cornilov, his cause, resigned. To appeal to the government was not to whom, except for the councils, who perfectly understood that the "irresponsible organization" constantly commemorated by the general ", against which vigorous measures should be taken, it is the councils.
But the advice themselves were strong only to the support of the Petrograd workers and the Baltic Fleet. Trotsky tells how August 28 cruiser sailors "Aurora", designed to guard the Winter Palace (where the government moved after July Days), they came to him in the "Crosses" to consult: whether it is worth protecting the government - is it time to arrest him?. Trotsky considered that it is not time, but the Petrograd Council in which the Bolsheviks have not yet had the majority, but have already become a shock force, thanks to their influence among the workers and in Kronstadt, expensively sold its help, demanding weapons of workers - in case the case comes to Boys in the city - and the liberation of arrested comrades. The second requirement of the government satisfied half, agreeing to let go of the arrested securities. However, this forced concession, the government actually rehabilitated them: the liberation on bail meant that if the arrested and committed some crimes, then, in any case, not grave.
Before the battle in the city did not come: the troops were stopped on distant approaches to Petrograd without a single shot.
Subsequently, one of those who had to support the speech of Cornilov in Petrograd itself, Colonel of Dutov, about the "armed performance of the Bolsheviks" told: "Between August 28 and September 2, under the guise of the Bolsheviks, I had to speak ... But I ran into the Economic Club Go outside, so no one went for me. "
Cornilovsky rebellion, more or less frankly supported by a significant part of the officers, could not help but sharpen the already complex relationship between the soldiers and officers, which, in turn, did not contribute to the cohesion of the army and allowed Germany to successfully develop the offensive).
As a result of the rebellion, the workers were disarmed in July turned out to be armed again, and the Podrogradskaya Council was discussed on September 25, headed on September 25. However, even earlier than the Bolsheviks and Left Eskers received most, on August 31 (September 12), the Petrograd Council accepted the resolution proposed by Bolsheviks on the transition of power to the Soviets: almost all non-partisan deputies voted for her. Similar resolutions on the same day or the next one hundreds of local councils accepted, and September 5 (18) for the transfer of power to the Soviets, Moscow spoke.
1 (13) September with a special government act, signed by the Minister of Chairman Kerensky and Minister of Justice A. S. Zrudegin, Russia was proclaimed by the republic. The temporary government did not have the authority to determine the form of government, the act instead of enthusiasm caused bewilderment and was perceived - equally and left, and the right - as a bone, abandoned by the socialist parties, which found out the role of Kerensky in the Cornilovsky mint at this time.
Democratic Meeting and Prepaired
Faithful to the army failed; Level tips, despite any repression against the left socialists, and in part, and thanks to them, especially noticeable - after the speech of Cornilov, and became an unreliable support even for the right socialists. The government (more precisely, temporarily replaced his directory) at the same time was subjected to hard criticism as the left, so on the right: the socialists could not forgive the Kerensky attempt to speak with Cornilov, the right could not forgive betrayal.
In search of support, the directory went to meet the initiative of the right socialists - members of the CEC, convened the so-called democratic meeting. Representatives of political parties, public organizations and institutions initiators were invited by their own selection and least observing the principle of proportional representation; Such a selected from above, a corporate representation is even less than the advice (chosen from the overwhelming majority of citizens), could serve as a source of legal authorities, but could have been assumed to press the tips on the political scene and save the new government from the need to apply for the CEC sanction.
December 14 (27) of September 1917. The democratic meeting, on which one of the initiators was calculated to form a "homogeneous democratic government", while others - to create a representative body, which would be accountable to the Constituent Assembly, did not solve any other task, only Stripped the deepest differences in the village of Democracy. The composition of the government eventually was granted to be determined by Kerensky, and the Interim Council of the Russian Republic (Prepaired) during the discussions from the regulatory body turned into a deliberative; And according to the composition, it turned out to be much the right to a democratic meeting.
The results of the meeting could not satisfy the left or right; Demonstrated on it The weakness of democracy only added arguments both Lenin and Milyukov: and the leader of the Bolsheviks, and the leader of the Cadets believed that there was no place for democracy in the country - and because the increasing anarchy objectively demanded strong power, and because the whole The course of the revolution only strengthened polarization in society (which was shown and past in August-September municipal elections). The disintegration of the industry continued, the food crisis aggravated; Since the beginning of September, a strike movement has grown; then in one, then in another region there were serious "unrest", and the soldiers became increasingly the initiators; The front position has become a source of constant anxiety. On September 25 (October 8), a new coalition government was formed, and on September 29 (October 12), the Moonzund operation of the German fleet, which ended 6 (19) by the seizure of the Moison Archipelago began. Only the heroic resistance of the Baltic Fleet, on September 9, the red flags raised on all his ships, did not allow the Germans to advance further. A half-beetled and semi-imaging army, according to the commander of the Northern Front, General Cheremov, selflessly carried deprivation, but the coming autumn cold was threatened to put an end and this long-suffering. Oils in the fire poured uncomfortable rumors that the government is going to move to Moscow and pass Petrograd to Germans.
In such a situation of October 7 (20) in the Mariinsky Palace, the predirement was opened. At the first meeting of the Bolshevik, he wrote his declaration, demonstratively left him.
The main question that had to be engaged in pre-chart throughout his short history was the state of the army. The right seal argued that the army decompose the Bolsheviks with his agitation, they talked about a friend in the pre-regatased: the army from the hands is badly supplied with food, he experiences an acute lack of outfitting and shoes, does not understand and never understood the goals of war; The program of the improvement of the army, developed even before the Cornilov speech, Military Minister A. I. Verkhovsky, found it impossible, and two weeks later, against the backdrop of new defeats, at the Dvinsky Bridgehead and the Caucasian Front, concluded that the continuation of the war is impossible in principle. P. N. Milyukov testifies that even some leaders of the Party of Constitutional Democrats were separated by the position of the Verkhovsky, but "the only alternative would be a separate world ... And then no one wanted to go to the separate world, no matter what a hopelessly confused knot could be destroyed Would only come out of the war. "
Peace initiatives of the military minister ended with his resignation on October 23. But the main events unfolded away from the Marinsky Palace, in the Smolny Institute, where the Government was sent at the end of July, the Petrogradsky Council and CEC evicted. "Workers," wrote Trotsky in his "history," the layer flew over the layer, contrary to the warnings of the party, councils, trade unions. Only those layers of the working class who have already consciously went to the coup have not entered conflicts. Perhaps Petrograd remained calmer.
The version of "German financing"
Already in 1917, there was an idea that the German government, interested in the exit of Russia from the war, purposefully organized moving from Switzerland to Russia representatives of the RSDLP's radical faction led by Lenin in t. N. "Freated car". In particular, S. P. Melgunov, after Milyukov, argued that the German government through A. L. Parvus financed the activities of the Bolsheviks aimed at undermining the combat capability of the Russian army and the disorganization of the defense industry and transport. A. F. Kerensky has already reported in emigration that in April 1917. The French Minister Socialist A. Tom handed the temporary government information on the bodies of the Bolsheviks with the Germans; The corresponding charge was presented to Bolsheviks in July 1917. And at present, many domestic and foreign researchers and writers adhere to this version.
Some confusion in her introduces an idea of \u200b\u200bL. D. Trotsky as an English-American spy, and this problem also dates back to the spring of 1917, when there were reports in the Cadet "Speech" that, while in the US, Trotsky received 10 000 or brands, or dollars. This idea explains the differences between Lenin and Trotsky on the Brest World (the leaders of the Bolshevik received money from different sources), but leaves the question open: whose promotion was the October coup to which Trotsky, as chairman of the Petrograd Council and the actual head of the Military Revolutionary Committee, had The most direct relationship?
Historians for this version have other questions. Germany needed to close the Eastern Front, and God himself ordered the opponents of the war in Russia, - whether it automatically follows from this that the opponents of the war served Germany and did not have any other reasons to seek the cessation of "world slaughter"? Entente's states, for their part, they had blood interested in conservation, and in the intensification of the Eastern Front and all the funds were supported by supporters of the "War to the Victory End" in Russia, - following the same logic, as well as assume that the Opponents of the Bolsheviks inspired "Gold" Other origin, and not the interests of Russia at all?. All parties needed money, all self-respecting parties had to spend considerable funds for campaigning and propaganda, on election campaigns (elections of various levels in 1917 there were many) and other, and so on - and all countries involved in the first world war have had their interests in Russia; But the question of the sources of financing of parties who victims of defeat, no one interests anyone and remains practically not investigated.
In the early 1990s, the American historian S. Lyanders discovered documents in the Russian archives, confirming that in 1917, members of a foreign bureau of the Central Committee received monetary subsidies from the Swiss Socialist Karl Moore; Later it turned out that the Swiss was a German agent. However, subsidies were only 113,926 Swiss crowns (or 32,837 dollars), and they were used abroad to organize the 3rd Tsimmervald Conference. While this is the only documentary confirmation of the receipt by the Bolsheviks "German money".
As for A. L. Parvus, it is generally difficult to separate German money from nonsense, because by 1915 he himself was already a millionaire; And if his involvement in the financing of RSDLP (b) was proven, it would still have to specifically prove that it was used by German money, and not the personal accumulation of the parvus.
More psychic historians are more interested in another question: what role in the events of 1917 financial assistance could play (or other patronage) with the other side?.
The cooperation of the Bolsheviks with the German General Staff is designed to prove the "filling car", in which a group of Bolsheviks led by Lenin drove through Germany. But a month later, by the same route, thanks to the mediation of R. Grimma, from which Lenin refused, two more "fed wagon", with Mensheviks and Esrami, were led - but not all parties the alleged patronage of Kaiser helped win.
The intricate financial affairs of the Bolshevik "Truth" make it possible to assert or assume that it was assisted by the interested Germans; But in spite of all the financing of "True" remained a "little newspaper" (D. Reed tells how the Bolshevik coup on the night was captured by the "Russian Will" printing house and first printed their newspaper in a large format), which after July days were constantly closed and forced to change name; Dozens of big newspapers led the anti-Volist propaganda, - Why was the little "truth" turned out to be stronger?
The same applies to the entire Bolshevik propaganda, which is supposed to be financed by the Germans: the Bolsheviks (and their allies - internationalists) with their anti-war campaigning army, but a much larger number of parties who have been incommensurable with great opportunities and means, at this time agitated for "War to the victorious end", cried to patriotic feelings, accused of betraying the workers with their requirement of the 8-hour working day, - Why did the Bolsheviks won so unequal fight?
A. F. Kerensky on the bonds of the Bolsheviks with the German General Stabit insisted in 1917, and decades later; In July 1917, with his participation, a communique was drawn up, in which "Lenin and his associates" were accused of creating a special organization "to support hostile actions of warring countries"; But on October 24, the last time speaking in the pre-parvent and quite aware of his doomed, in absentia half alarmed with the Bolsheviks not as the German agents, but as with the proletarian revolutionaries: "The organizers of the uprising do not promote the proletariat of Germany, but promote the ruling classes of Germany, open the front of the Russian state Before Arriving Fist Wilhelm and his friends ... For the temporary government, the motives are indifferent, indifferent, consciously or unconsciously, this, but, in any case, in the consciousness of his responsibility, I qualify such actions of Russian with this department political party as betrayal and treason to the Russian state ... "
Armed uprising in Petrograd
After the July events, the government has significantly updated the Petrograd garrison, but by the end of August he already seemed unreliable, which prompted Kerensky to request troops from the front. But the sent to the Cornilov troops did not reach the capital, and in early October, Kerensky took a new attempt to replace "decomposed" parts not yet decomposed: he issued an order for sending two thirds of the Petrograd garrison to the front. The order provoked the conflict between the government and the metropolitan regiments who did not want to go to the front, from this conflict, subsequently said Trotsky, in fact, the uprising began. Deputies of the Petrograd Council from the garrison appealed to the Council, whose working section was as little interest in the "Came of Karaul". On October 18, the meeting of representatives of the regiments at the suggestion of Trotsky adopted a resolution on the uncleaning garrison to the temporary government; Only those orders of the headquarters of the Military District could be executed, which was confirmed by the Soldier section of the Petrograd Council.
Even earlier, 9 (22) October 1917, the right-wing socialists contributed to the Petrograd Council to establish a committee of revolutionary defense to protect the capital from dangerously approaching Germans; According to the initiators, the Committee was to attract and organize workers to actively participate in the defense of Petrograd, the Bolsheviks saw in this proposal the possibility of legalizing the working Red Guard and its as legal arms and training for the coming uprising. 16 (29) October Plenum of the Petrograd Council approved the creation of this body, but already as a military revolutionary committee.
"Course on an armed uprising" was accepted by the Bolsheviks on the VI Congress, in early August, but at that time the party drove in the underground could not even prepare for the uprising: the workers sympatheted by the Bolsheviks were disarmed, their military organizations were defeated, the revolutionary regiments of the Petrograd garrison were disbanded . The ability to re-armared only in the days of Cornilov's insurrection, but after its elimination it seemed that a new page of the peaceful development of the revolution was opened. Only in the 20th of September, after the Bolsheviks headed the Petrogradsky and Moscow councils, and after the failure of the Democratic Meeting, Lenin spoke again about the uprising, and only 10 (23) October, the Central Committee adopted by the resolution put an uprising on the agenda. 16 (29) October Advanced meeting of the Central Committee, with the participation of representatives of the districts, confirmed the decision made.
Having a majority in the Petrogradsky Council, the left socialists were actually restored in the city of Daiyulsky dual, and for two weeks the two authorities were openly measured by the forces: the government ordered the regiments to perform on the front, - the Council applied to the order check and, having established that it was not strategic, but by establishing motives, ordered the shelves to stay in the city; The commander forbade the commander to issue a working weapon from the Arsenals of Petrograd and the surrounding area, the Council issued a warrant, and the weapons were issued; In response, the government tried to arm his supporters from the Arsenal Petropavlovsky fortress, the representative of the Council came, and the issuance of weapons ceased; On October 21, the meeting of representatives of the regiments in the adopted resolution recognized the Petrogradsky Council of the only power, "Kerensky tried to call reliable troops from the front and from remote military districts into the capital, but in October, the parties were reliable for the government even less than in August; Representatives of the Petrograd Council met them on distant approaches to the capital, after which they turned back, others hurried to help the Council in Petrograd.
The Military Revolutionary Committee appointed its commissioners to all important institutions in the strategic relation and actually took them under their control. Finally, on October 24, Kerensky once again closed for the first time renamed "truth" and gave an order about the arrest of the Committee; But the printing house "Pravda" the Council is easily repulsed, and to fulfill the order of arrest turned out to be no one.
Opponents of Bolsheviks - Right Socialists and Cadets - "prescribed" the uprising first on the 17th, then on the 20th, then on October 22 (declared by day of the Petrograd Council), the government was preparing the government tirelessly to him, but what happened on the night from the 24th on On October 25, the coup for everyone was a surprise, - because they represented him completely differently: they expected the repetition of the July days, armed demonstrations of the Garrison regiments, only this time with a pronounced intention to arrest the government and seize power. But there were no demonstrations, and the garrison was almost not involved; The detachments of the working Red Guard and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet simply completed the work of the Trevoevsty for the Petrograd Council on the transformation of the binding of the Council: reduced Kerensky bridges, disarming the Karalai government, took control of the train stations, power station, telephone exchange, telegraph, etc., etc., and all this without a single shot, calmly and methodically, who did not sleep at that night, members of the temporary government led by Kerensky for a long time could not understand what was happening, the Aviations of the VRC were recognized from "secondary signs": in what - That moment in the winter palace turned off the phones, then the light ...
Attempting a small squad of Junkers led by the People's Socialist V. B. Stankevich to repel the telephone station ended in failure, and on the morning of October 25 (November 7), only the Winter Palace remained under the control of the temporary government, surrounded by the Red Guard squads. The forces of the defenders of the Provisional Government were: 400 bayonets of the 3rd Peterhof school of ensigns, 500 bayonets of the 2nd oranienbaum school of ensigns, 200 bays of the shock female battalion ("shocks"), up to 200 Don Cossacks, as well as separate Junkers and officer groups from Nikolaev Engineering , artillery and other schools, a detachment of the committee of embankment soldiers and St. George cavaliers, a detachment of students, the battery of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School - just 1,800 bayonets, enhanced machine guns, 4 armored cars and 6-hand guns. The company's company for the resolution of the battalion committee was later assigned from the standpoint, however, by this time the garrison of the palace strengthened the bayonets at 300 at the expense of the battalion of the engineering school of the ensign.
At 10 am, the Military Revolutionary Committee issued the appeal "to Russian citizens!". "State power," reported in him, passed into the hands of the body of the Petrogradsky Council of Workers and Soldiers, the Military Revolutionary Committee, standing at the head of the Petrograd proletariat and the garrison. The case for which the people fought are: the immediate proposal of the democratic world, the abolition of landlord property to land, work control over production, the creation of the Soviet government is the case is provided. "
At 21:45, in fact, with the sanctions of the majority, the idle shot of the nasal gun "Aurora" filed a signal to the storming of the Winter Palace. At 2 o'clock in the night of October (November 8), armed workers, soldiers of the Petrograd garrison and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet, headed by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, was taken by the Winter Palace and the temporary government was arrested (see also the assault on the Winter Palace).
At 22:40 October 25 (November 7), the second All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldier deputies was opened in Smolny, on which the Bolsheviks, along with the left ester, received most. Right-wing socialists left the congress in protest against a perfect coup, but could not break the quorum to their departure.
Based on the winning uprising, the congress of the appeal "workers, soldiers and peasants!" Proclaimed the transfer of power to the councils in the center and on the ground.
On the evening of October 26 (November 8), at the second meeting, the congress took the decree on the world - all warring countries and nations were proposed to immediately begin negotiations on the conclusion of a universal democratic world without annexations and contributions - as well as decree on the abolition of death and decree on The land, according to which landfit, the land was subject to confiscation, all lands, subsoil, forests and water were nationalized, the peasants received over 150 million hectares of land.
The congress elected the highest body of Soviet power - All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTCIK) (Chairman - L. B. Kamenev, from 8 (21) November - J. M. Sverdlov); Deciding that the Central Executive Committee should be replenished by representatives of the peasant councils, army organizations and groups who left the congress on October 25. Finally, the congress has formed the Government - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) led by Lenin. The construction of higher authorities of the state power of Soviet Russia began with the formation of the Central Bank and SNK.
Formation of government
On the elected congress of the Councils, the Government - the Council of People's Commissars - initially included only representatives of the RSDLP (b): the left sector "temporarily and conditionally" rejected the supply of Bolsheviks, wanting to become a bridge between the RSDLP (b) and those socialist parties that did not participate in the uprising qualified Its as a criminal adventure and in protest left the Congress - Mensheviks and Esera. October 29 (November 11) The All-Russian Executive Committee of the Railway Trade Union (VIZHEL) Under the threat of a strike demanded the creation of a "homogeneous socialist government"; On the same day, the Central Committee of the RSDDP (b) at its meeting was recognized as desirable to include representatives of other socialist parties (in particular, Lenin was ready to offer V. M. Chernov Magnik's portfolio) and entered into negotiations. However, the requirements nominated by the right-Russian socialists (among others - the exception of the Government of Lenin and Trotsky as the "Personal Council of the October Pull", the chairmanship of one of the Leaders of the PSR - V. M. Chernova or N. D. Avksentyev, the addition of advice with a number of non-political organizations in which the right socialists still maintained most) were recognized as unacceptable not only by the Bolsheviks, but also left-wing esters: Negotiations 2 (15) of November 1917 were interrupted, and the left souls were listed for some time to the government, including the addict of agriculture.
Bolsheviks on the soil of the "homogeneous socialist government" found an internal opposition led by Kamenev, Zinoviev and Rykov and Nogin, which in his statement from 4 (17) of November 1917 claimed: "The Central Committee of the RSDDP (Bolsheviks) 14 (1) on November adopted a resolution In fact, rejected agreement with the parties belonging to the Council. and p. Deputies, for the formation of the Socialist Soviet government. "
Resistance
On the morning of October 25, Kerensky left Petrograd in a car with the American flag and went to the front in search of faithful government parts.
On the night of October 25-26 (November 8), the right-wing socialists in opposition to the Military Revolutionary Committee created the Committee to save the Motherland and Revolution; The Committee, headed by the Right Ester of A. R. Gotz, distributed anti-Bolshevik leaflets, supported the sabotage of officials and undertaken to the Kerensky attempt to overthrow the government created by the II, called on the armed resistance of his like-minded people in Moscow.
Finding sympathy from P. N. Krasnova and appointing it to the commander of all the armed forces of the Petrograd Military District, Kerensky with the Cossacks of the 3rd Corps at the end of October made a campaign to Petrograd (see the campaign of Kerensky - Krasnova on Petrograd). In the capital itself, October 29 (November 11), the Committee of Salvation organized an armed uprising of junkers released from the Winter Palace under honestly. The uprising was suppressed on the same day; 1 (14) November failed and Kerensky. In Gatchina, consistent with the squad of the sailors, headed by P. E. Dubenko, the Cossacks were ready to give them the former Minister of Chairman, and Kerensky had nothing left, as, changing the sailor, hastily leave Gatchina and Russia.
In Moscow, the events developed differently than in Petrograd. Educated in the evening of October 25, Moscow Councils of Workers and Soldier State Deputies, in accordance with the Decree of the Second Congress on the Transition of Power in Places to the Soviets, at night, took control of all the important objects (Arsenal, Telegraph, State Bank, etc.) . The Committee of Public Security was established in opposition to VRC (he also "The Committee of Salvation of the Revolution"), which was headed by the Chairman of the City Duma Right Ester V. V. Rudnev. The Committee, supported by Junkers and Cossacks, led by the Commander of the MVO K. I. Ryabtsev, on October 26, declared that he recognizes the decisions of the congress. However, on October 27 (November 9), having received a message about the beginning of the Kerensky - Krasnov's campaign on Petrograd, as Sukhanov believes, on the direct indication of the Petrogradsky Committee for the Rescue of Motherland and the Revolution, the headquarters of MVO presented to the Council an ultimatum (demanding, in particular, the dissolution of VRK) and, since Ultimatum was rejected, military actions began on the night of October 28.
On October 27 (November 9), 1917, VIZHEL, who announced himself with a neutral organization, demanded "the cessation of civil war and creating a homogeneous socialist government from the Bolsheviks to the people's socialists inclusive." A refusal to transport troops to Moscow was used as the most weighty arguments, where the battles were going, and the threat of organizing a universal strike in transport.
The Central Committee of the RSDDP (b) decided to join the negotiations and submitted to them the Chairman of the Central Bank of L. B. Kamenev and a member of the Central Committee of the Central Committee. Ya. Sokolnikov. However, negotiations that lasted for several days ended with nothing.
The battles in Moscow continued - with a one-day truce - until November 3 (November 16), when, without waiting for help from troops from the front, the Committee of Public Security agreed to fold the weapon. During these events, several hundred people died, 240 of whom were buried on November 10-17 on Red Square in two fraternal graves, putting the beginning of a necropol in the Kremlin Wall (see also October Days in Moscow).
After the victory of the left socialists in Moscow and the suppression of resistance in Petrograd began the fact that the Bolsheviks were subsequently called the "triumphal march of the Soviet power": in most cases the peaceful transfer of power to the Soviets throughout Russia.
The Cadet Party was announced outside the law, a number of its leaders were arrested. Even earlier, on October 26 (November 8), some opposition newspapers were closed by the VRC Resolution: the Cadet "Speech", the Speech Speech, and others. October 27 (November 9) was issued a decree on the press in which they were explained VRK's actions and was specified that the closure is subject to "only press bodies: 1) calling for open resistance or disobedience to the workers and the peasant government; 2) sakeing troubles by explicitly slanderous facts perversion; 3) Calling to Acts is clearly criminal, that is, a criminal punishable character. " At the same time, it was indicated for the temporary nature of the ban: "This provision ... will be canceled by a special decree on the occurrence of normal conditions of public life."
The nationalization of industrial enterprises at that time was not yet carried out, SNK was limited to the introduction of working control enterprises, but the nationalization of private banks was carried out in December 1917 (the nationalization of the State Bank - in October). Decree on Earth granted local advice right to immediately hold agrarian reform on the principle of "Earth to those who processes it."
2 (15) November 1917 Soviet government published a declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia, which proclaimed the equality and sovereign of all nations of the country, their right to free self-determination, up to separation and education of independent states, the abolition of national and religious privileges and restrictions, the free development of national minorities and ethnic groups. On November 20 (December 3), SNK in circulation "To all workers of Muslims of Russia and the East" announced free and inviolable national and cultural institutions, customs and beliefs of Muslims, guaranteeing them complete freedom of the device of their lives.
Constituent meeting: elections and dissolution
In the elections of the long-awaited constituent meeting, less than 50% of voters took part in the elections of November 1917; An explanation of such disinterests can be found in the fact that the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets has already accepted the most important decrees, has already proclaimed the power of the Soviets, - in these conditions the appointment of the Constituent Assembly has been incomprehensible. The Bolsheviks received only about a quarter of the vote, losing the esrames. Subsequently, they argued that the left esters (received only 40 mandates) took victory from themselves and at the RSDLP (b), without separating in a timely manner in an independent party.
While the influence of the right-wing essences chapter with Avaxentyev and Gotz and Centrists, chapter with Chernov after July fell, the popularity (and number) of the left, on the contrary, grew. In the ECEROVA FRACTION II Congress of the Councils, most belonged to the left; Later, the PLSR also supported the majority of November 10-25 (November 23 - December 8) of 1917, the emergency congress of the Councils of the peasant deputies, which, in fact, allowed two CECICs to unite. How did it happen that in the constituent assembly, the left esters were only a small group?
And for the Bolsheviks, and for the left speakers, the answer was obvious: all wines are common electoral lists. Four away in views with most PSSs in the spring of 1917, the left esters, nevertheless, did not decide to form their own batch, until October 27 (November 9), 1917, the Central Committee of the PSR did not adopt the decision to exclude from the party "of all participated in the Bolshevik An adventure and not departed from the congress of the Soviets. "
But the voting was carried out on the old lists, made up long before the October coup, common for the right and left speakers. Immediately after the coup, Lenin offered to postpone the elections to the Constituent Assembly, including in order for the left sector to make separate lists. But the Bolsheviks have so many times accused the temporary government in the intentional postponement of the elections that the majority did not consider it possible to like their opponents in this matter.
Therefore, no one really knows - and never knows ever, - how many votes were filed in the elections for the left speakers and how much the right and centrists who were meant voters who voted for the lists of revolutionary socialist lists: located in the upper part (since In all the governing bodies of the PSR in the center and on the ground, the right and centris) of Chernov, Avksentyev, Goets, Tchaikovsky, and others were dominated at the time - or clicked lists of Spiridonov, Natantson, Kamkov, Karelin, etc. (December 26) In the "Pravda" without a signature, "Abstracts about the Constituent Assembly" were published by V. I. Lenin:
... The proportional election system gives the true expression of the will of the people only when the party lists correspond to the real separation of the people really on those party groups that affected these lists. We have, as you know, the party that had from May to October most of all supporters in the people and especially in the peasantry, the party of socialist revolutionaries, gave uniform lists in the Constituent Assembly in the midst of October 1917, but split after the elections to the Constituent Assembly, His convocation. |
12 (28) November 1917 60 selected deputies were gathered in Petrograd, mainly the right-wing esices that were attempting to start the work of the meeting. On the same day, Sovvrkkom published the decree "On arrest of the leaders of the Civil War against the Revolution", which the party of the Cadets was forbidden as the "party of enemies of the people". The leaders of the cadets A. Nargarev and F. Kokoshkin were arrested. On November 29, the Council of the Delegates of the Constituent Assembly forbade "private meetings" of the Delegates of the Constituent Assembly. At the same time, the right-wing esters created the "Union of Protection of the Constituent Assembly".
On December 20, Sovnarkk lasted the decision to open the work of the meeting on January 5th. On December 22, the decision of the Sovnarkom was approved by the Central Executive Committee. On December 23, a martial law was introduced in Petrograd.
At the meeting of the Central Committee of the PSR, held on January 3, 1918, was rejected, "How late and unreliable act", Armed speech on the opening day of the Constituent Assembly, offered by the Military Commission of the Party.
5 (18) January in the truth, a resolution signed by the member of the HBC College, since March, the heads of Petrogradskaya CC, Uritsky M. S., who were banned in areas adjacent to the Tauride Palace in Petrograd. Proclaimed that they will be suppressed military power. At the same time, Bolshevik agitators at the most important plants (Obukhovsky, Baltic and others) tried to enlist the support of workers, but did not have success.
Together with the rear parts of the Latvian shooters and the Lithuanian Life Guard, the Bolshevik regiment surrounded the approaches to the Tauride Palace. Proponents of the meeting answered demonstrations of support; According to various sources, from 10 to 100 thousand people participated in manifestations. Proponents of the Assembly did not decide to apply weapons in defense of their interests; According to the echidal expression of Trotsky, they came to the Tauride Palace with candles in case the Bolsheviks turn off the light, and with sandwiches in case, if they are deprived of food, but they did not take rifles with them. January 5, 1918, as part of the columns of demonstrators, workers, employees, the intelligentsia moved to the Tauride and were shot from machine guns.
The Constituent Assembly opened in Petrograd, in the Tauride Palace, 5 (18) of January 1918). The Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Ya. M. Sverdlov proposed a meeting to approve the declates adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, adopted by V.I. Lenin the project "Declaration of the Performance and Operated People's Operated". However, the chosen by the chairman V. M. Chernov proposed to start developing an agenda; In the discussion tightened for many hours on this issue, the Bolsheviks and the left esters saw the reluctance of the majority to discuss the Declaration, the unwillingness to recognize the power of the Soviets and the desire to turn the constituent assembly to the legislative - as opposed to the Council. He wrote his declarations, the Bolsheviks and the left sector along with several small fractions left the meeting room.
The remaining deputies continued to work and announced the abolition of decisions of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The meeting lasted until the morning, in the 5th hour, the guard of the meeting room, headed by an anarchist sailor, brought to the attention of deputies, that it is not able to protect the meeting room from national anger, and demanded to stop the meeting, since " Karaul Tired" In the evening of the same day, the Central Bank issued a decree on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, confirmed later by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets. On maternity decree, in particular, it was said:
Open January 5, the Constituent Assembly gave, by virtue of well-known all circumstances, most of the party of the right-wing Socialists, Kerensky, Avaxentyev and Chernov. Naturally, this party refused to discuss the discussion completely accurate, clear, not allowed by any curvators to offer the Supreme Body of Soviet Authority, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets, recognize the program of Soviet power, to recognize the "Declaration of the Rights of the Worker and Exploited People", to recognize the October Revolution and Soviet power. Thus, the Constituent Assembly broke out all the relationship between themselves and the Soviet Republic of Russia. Care with such a founding assembly of fractions of the Bolsheviks and Left Socialists, which is now a deliberately huge majority in the councils and enjoy the confidence of the workers and most of the peasants, was inevitable. |
Effects
The Soviet government under the leadership of Lenin, educated at the 2nd All-Russian Congress, led the elimination of the old state apparatus and the construction, based on the advice, the Soviet authorities.
To combat the counter-revolution and sabotage 7 (20) of December 1917, the All-Russian Emergency Commission (HCC) was formed during SNK; Chairman F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Decree of the SNK "On the Court" of November 22 (December 5) a new court was created; Decree from 15 (28) January 1918 laid the beginning of the creation of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army (RKKKA), and the decret on January 29 (February 11) is 1918 - the working and peasant Red Fleet.
Free education and medical care, 8-hour working days, issued a decree on the insurance of workers and employees; Liquidated estates, ranks and ranks, established the general name - "Citizens of the Russian Republic". Proclaimed freedom of conscience; The church is separated from the state, the school is from the Church. Women received equal rights with men in all areas of public life.
In January 1918, the 3rd All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldier Deputies and the 3rd All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Peasant Deputies were convened. 13 (26) January there was a merger of congresses, which contributed to the ubiquitous association of the councils of peasant deputies with the advice of workers of deputies. The combined congress of the Soviets adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Workers and the Exploited People, which proclaimed Russia to the Republic of Soviets and legislatively secured advice as the state form of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The congress adopted a resolution "On Federal institutions of the Russian Republic" and issued the creation of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR). RSFSR was established on the basis of the free union of peoples as the Federation of Soviet National Republics. In the spring of 1918, the process of registration of the statehood of the peoples inhabited by the RSFSR began.
The first state entities in the RSFSR - the TERSK Soviet Republic (proclaimed in March 1918 on the 2nd congress of the Soviets of the Peoples of Terek in Pyatigorsk), the Tavricheskaya Soviet Socialist Republic (proclaimed decree of the Tauride CEC on March 21 in Simferopol), Don Soviet Republic (formed on March 23 Decree of the regional VRK), the Turkestan ASSR (proclaimed on April 30 at the 5th congress of the Soviets of the Turkestan Territory in Tashkent), the Cubano-Chernomorskaya Soviet Republic (proclaimed the 3rd Congress of the Soviets of Kuban and Chernomoria on May 27-30 in Ekaterinodar), Stavropol Soviet Republic ( Proclaimed 1 (14) January 1918). At the 1st Congress of the Soviets of the North Caucasus, on July 7, the North Caucasus Soviet Republic was formed, which included Kubano-Black Sea, TERSKA and Stavropol Soviet republics.
Foreign and internal loans of royal and temporary governments were canceled on January 21 (February 3) of 1918. Non-equivance agreements concluded by the royal and temporary governments with other states were revoked. The Government of the RSFSR 3 (16) December 1917 admitted the right of Ukraine to self-determination (the Ukrainian SSR formed 12 (25) December 1917); December 18 (31) December was recognized by the independence of Finland. Later, August 29, 1918, SNK issued the decree, which were revoked by the agreements of the Tsarist Russia of the end of the XVIII century. With Austria and Germany about the section of Poland and recognized the right of the Polish people on an independent and independent existence.
2 (15) December 1917, SNK RSFSR signed an agreement on the temporary cessation of hostilities with Germany and 9 (22) December began negotiations, during which Germany, Turkey, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary presented Soviet Russia very difficult conditions in the world. After the initial refusal to the Soviet delegation to sign the world of Germany began an offensive over the front and occupied a significant territory. In Soviet Russia, the appeal "Socialist Fatherland in danger!". In March, after military defeat, the separaty Brest peace treaty with Germany was forced to sign, ensuring the rights of a number of nations to self-determination, with which the SNK agrees, but containing extremely difficult conditions for Russia (for example, the transfer of the naval forces to Russia Black Sea of \u200b\u200bTurkey, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany). Of the country, about 1 million square meters were rejected. km. Entente countries have introduced troops to the territory of Russia and announced the support of anti-government forces. This led to the transition of opposition between the Bolsheviks and the opposition to a new level - a full-scale civil war began in the country.
Contemporaries about the revolution
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... For a variety of conditions, we have almost completely discontinued typography and book publishing and, at the same time, one after another is destroyed by the most valuable libraries. Here recently buried the men of Hoode, Obolensky and a number of other estates. The men dragged home all that was value in their eyes, and the libraries were burned, the pianos shovel with axis, paintings were angry ... ... For almost two weeks, every night crowds of people rob wine cellar, get drunk, beat each other with bottles of tanks, cut hands with shards of glass and precisely pigs are lying in the dirt, in the blood. During these days, wines were exterminated for several tens of millions of rubles and, of course, will be exterminated by hundreds of millions. If it would sell this valuable product to Sweden - we could get gold or goods for him, the necessary country - manufactory, medicines, cars. People from Smolny, sprinkling a little late, threaten behind the drunkenness of strict karas, but the drones threats are not afraid and continue to destroy the goods that have long had to be requisitioned, declare the property of the impoverished nation and profitable, with benefit to all, sell. During the wine pogroms, people are shooting like frantic wolves, gradually catching up to calm extermination of the near ... "New Life" No. 195, 7 (20) December 1917 ... Captured banks? It would be good if there were bread in the banks, which can be destroyed to feed the children. But there is no bread in banks, and children every day undernourish, exhaustion is growing among them, mortality is growing ... "New Life" № 205, December 19, 1917 (January 1, 1918) ... destroying the name of the proletariat old courts, G.G. The people's commissars most strengthened in the consciousness of the "Street" of her right to "Samosud", - the animal right ... Street "Samokov" became a daily "household phenomenon", and it must be remembered that each of them more and more expands, deepens the stupid, painful Cruelty crowd. Worker Kosin tried to protect beaten, - he was also killed. There is no doubt that they will be outwriting anyone who decides to protest against the "Samoye" street. Do you need to say that "Samokov" do not frighten anyone that street robbery and theft are becoming more and more? ... "New Life" № 207, 21 December 1917 (January 3, 1918) Maxim Gorky, "untimely thoughts" |
I. A. Bunin wrote about the consequences of the revolution:
- October 26 (November 7) - Birthday L. D. Trotsky
- The October Revolution of 1917 is the first political event in the world, information about which (the appeal of Petrogradsky VRK "To citizens of Russia") was transferred on the radio.
The content of the article
October Revolution (1917).The revolution, as a result of which the Soviet government headed by V.I. Lenin came to power in Russia, 1917. In September 1917, Lenin, taking into account the facts that testified that the country had a national economic and political The crisis that caused the general dissatisfaction with the temporary government and the willingness of soldiers and workers petrograd to overthrow him, decided that there are objective and subjective conditions for the parish of the Bolsheviks party. He led by the party in Petrograd and Moscow began to directly prepare the uprising, the organization of the Red Guard was conducted from workers who were ready to fight for the Bolsheviks. The headquarters of the uprising, Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, - VRK. Lenin developed a plan of the uprising, providing for the seizure of the capital, the arrest of the government by the soldiers and working key points of the capital. Not all members of the party leadership were agreed with the decision about the uprising. Members of the Central Committee of the Party L.B. Kamenev and G. Zinoviev oscillate, but after long negotiations and they joined Lenin. The superiority of the forces of Bolsheviks was decisive. I needed only a reason to start hostilities, and he was found. On October 24, the head of government A.F. Jarensky gave an order to close the Bolshevik newspapers. On the same day, by the evening of the Military Revolutionary Committee, almost without meeting resistance from the defenders of the temporary government, began to move on the offensive, on the night of 25 they took bridges, the state bank, telegraph and other strategic objects. In the evening of the same day, the surroundings of the Winter Palace began, where the temporary government was posted. The uprising developed almost bloodlessly. Only during the siege of the Winter Palace there was a rifle shooting and thundered of artillery salts. Members of the Provisional Government were arrested and concluded in Petropavlovsk Fortress. The head of government Kerensky disappeared.
The Bolsheviks walked to the capture of power, having support for workers, parts of soldiers. This support was determined by their dissatisfaction with the temporary government, his inactiveness to solve democratic tasks unfinished by the February revolution. The monarchy was eliminated, but other life problems - about war and peace, about Earth, a worker, national issues - all this was just promised, was postponed "to better times", which caused displeasure to the broad masses. The Bolsheviks planned to seize power to begin their plans for the reorganization of Russia and the construction of a socialist state.
The victory of the uprising has not yet guaranteed the winners from the fate of the bourgeois government overthrown. It was necessary to consolidate the victory by the decision of the worried people of questions that would convince that the Bolsheviks fulfill their promises - to give, finally, the country, the country, the peasants landowner, the worker eight-hour working day. This, according to Lenin, was to fulfill the Second All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldiers, which opened in Petrograd in the midst of the revolt. At the Congress of Mensheviks and Single, the minority of delegates, the Bolsheviks, having a majority, approved the revolt, arrest the temporary government. The congress made a decision to take power into his own hands, which in practice meant the transfer of it to the Bolsheviks, who stated that they immediately end up with the war, the landowners will be passed to the peasants. This was confirmed by the first legislative acts adopted by the congress - decrees "On War", the "World" and "On Earth". Thus, the Bolsheviks received the necessary support in the folk masses at first.
The congress proclaimed the creation of the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) from the Bolsheviks led by V.I. Lenin.
Efim Gimpelson
ATTACHMENT
The appeal of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee "To Citizens of Russia!"
The temporary government is lowrated. State power has passed into the hands of the organ of the Petrogradsky Council of Workers and Soldiers, the Military Revolutionary Committee, standing at the head of the Petrograd proletariat and garrison.
The case, for which the people fought are: the immediate proposal of the democratic world, the abolition of landlord ownership of land, work control over production, the creation of the Soviet government is the case is provided.
Long live the revolution of workers, soldiers and peasants!
Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Council of Workers and Soldier Deputies
Decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Councils on the Education of the Workers and Peasant Government
The All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers, Soldiers and Peasant Deputies decides:
To form for the country's management, to continue the convening of the Constituent Assembly, the temporary working and peasant government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissar. By the service of individuals of public life, commissions are entrusted, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress, in close union with the mass organizations of workers, workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and employees. Government power belongs to the college of the chairmen of these commissions, i.e. Council of People's Commissar.
The control of the activities of the people's commissars and the right of displacement them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers, Peasant and Soldier Deputies and its Central Executive Committee.
At the moment, the Council of People's Commissars is compiled from the following persons:
Chairman of the Council - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin);
People's Commissar Po internal deeds - A. I. Rykov;
Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin;
Labor - A. G. Hatsnikov;
For the military and maritime business - the Committee composed of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov), N. V. Kryglenko and P. E. Dybenko;
On trade and industry - V. P. Nogin;
Folk enlightenment - A. V. Lunacharsky;
Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov);
According to foreign affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky);
Justice - G. I. Oppok (Lomov);
According to the affairs of food - I. A. Teodorovich;
Post and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov);
Chairman of nationalities - I. V. Jugashvili (Stalin).
The post of People's Commissar for Rail Affairs temporarily remains unsubstituted.
Decree on the world
adopted unanimously at a meeting of the All-Russian Congress of the Councils of Workers, Soldiers and Peasant Deputies on October 26, 1917
The working and peasant government, created by the revolution on October 24-25 and based on the advice of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies, offers all warring nations and their governments to begin immediately negotiations on the fair democratic world.
A fair or democratic world, which the overwhelming majority of the exhausted, exhausted and exterpassed workers and workers of the classes of all warring countries are eager, the world that Russian workers and peasants demanded that the Russian workers and peasants were demanded after the overthrow of the royal monarchy, - the government considers the immediate world without Annexes (i.e., without capturing foreign land, without the violent attachment of other people's nations) and without contribution.
Such a world offers the Russian government to conclude all the warring nations immediately, expressing readiness to do without the slightest deficule immediately all the decisive steps will continue until the final approval of all the conditions of such a world by the authorized meetings of people's representatives of all countries and all nations.
Under annexing or seizure of other lights, the Government understands according to the legal consciousness of democracy in general and workers of classes in particular, any accession to a large or strong state of small or weak people without precisely, clearly and voluntarily consent and desire for this nationality, no matter when it is a violent connection Done, independently, on how developed or backward, the nation forcibly attached or fastned within the boundaries of this state is. Regardless, finally, in Europe or in distant overseas countries, this nation lives.
If any nation is held within the boundaries of this state by violence, if it, contrary to the desire expressed on its part, is still, whether this desire is prior to the press, in the national assets, in solutions of parties or perturbations and uprisings against the national oppression - not The right of free voting is provided, with the full conclusion of the troops of an attachment or a stronger nation at all, to solve the issue of the formations of the state existence of this nation without the slightest coercion, then it is annexion, i.e. Capture and violence.
To continue this war due to how to divide the weak elations taken between strong and rich nations, the government considers the greatest crime against humanity and solemnly declares its determination to immediately sign the conditions of the world, stopping this war on the specified, equally fair for everyone without seizure .
At the same time, the Government states that it does not consider the above conditions of the world with ultimate, i.e. It agrees to consider any other conditions of the world, insisting only for a more rapid proposal of them, any warning country and on complete clarity, on the unconditional exclusion of any ambiguity and all sorts of secrecy upon proposing the conditions of the world.
Secret diplomacy, the government abolishes, for its part, expressing the firm intention to lead all negotiations is completely open to all the people, starting immediately to the full publication of secret treaties, confirmed by the landlords and capitalists from February to October 25, 1917, all the content of these secret treaties, since It is directed, as in most cases it happened, to deliver the benefits and privileges to Russian landlords and capitalists, to hold or an increase in the annecons of the Velikorsov, the government declares certainly and immediately canceled.
Addressing the proposal to the governments and the peoples of all countries, to start immediately open negotiations on the conclusion of the world, the government expresses the readiness of these negotiations on its part, both through written relations, in telegraph and through negotiations between representatives of different countries or at the conference of such representatives. To facilitate such negotiations, the Government appoints its authorized representative to neutral countries.
The government offers all the governments and peoples of all warring countries to immediately conclude a truce, and for its part it considers it desirable that this truce is concluded at least for three months, i.e. For such a period, during which it is possible to complete the negotiations on the world with the participation of representatives of all without seizure of nationalities or nations, drawn into war or forced to participate in it, so equally, convening the authorized meetings of people's representatives of all countries for the final approval of the world conditions.
Turning to this proposal of the world to the governments and peoples of all warring countries, the temporary working and peasant government of Russia also draws in particular to the conscious working three of the most advanced nations of humanity and the largest participating in the present war of states, England, France and Germany. The workers of these countries had the greatest services to the cause of progress and socialism, and the great samples of the chartist movement in England, a number of revolutions that had the world-historical importance committed by the French proletariat finally in the heroic struggle against an exceptional law in Germany and exemplary for the workers of the whole world long-term, Stubborn disciplined work of the creation of mass proletarian organizations of Germany - all these samples of proletarian heroism and historical creativity serve us by the order for the fact that the workers of the named countries will understand the problems of the liberation of mankind from the horrors of war and its consequences that these workers are comprehensive decisive and selflessly energetic It will help us to successfully bring to the end of the work of the world and at the same time the case of the liberation of the working people and the exploited masses of the population from any slavery and any exploitation.
Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin
Decree on land
1) The landowner property on the ground is canceled immediately without any redemption.
2) landlord estates, as well as all the land specific, monastic, church, with all their lively and dead inventory, manor buildings and all accessories are transferred to the volost land committees and county councils of peasant deputies, to the constituent assembly.
3) Whatever damage of confiscated property belonging to from now on to the whole of the people, is declared a grave crime, punished by a revolutionary court. The county councils of peasant deputies take all the necessary measures to comply with the strictest order in confiscation of landlord estates, to determine how much the plot and which confiscation is subject to, to compile exact inventory of the entire confiscated property and for the strictest revolutionary protection of the entire economic economy on Earth With all the buildings, tools, cattle, product reserves, and so on.
4) for the guidance on the implementation of great land transformations, henceforth to the final decision of the Constituent Assembly, should serve the following peasantic order everywhere, compiled on the basis of 242 local peasantages by the editors of the Izvestios of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies and published in the number 88 of these Izvestia ( Petrograd, number 88, August 19, 1917).
The issue of land, in all its volume, can only be resolved by the National Constituent Assembly.
The most equitable permission of the land issue should be such:
1) the right of private ownership of land is canceled forever; The land cannot be neither selling, nor buying or leased, or in a deposit, or any other way alienated. All Earth: State, Specific, Cabinet, Monastic, Church, Possession, Majoietary, Square, Public and Peasant, etc., alienated free of charge, turns to the Motherland's property and enters the use of all workers on it.
For victims of property coup, only the right to public support for the time required to adapt to new conditions of existence is recognized.
2) All the subsoil of the Earth: ore, oil, coal, salt, etc., as well as forests and water having national importance, go to the exclusive use of the state. All small rivers, lakes, forests, and so on. Transfer to the use of communities, subject to the head of them by local authorities.
3) Land plots with high-cultural farms: gardens, plantations, ramps, nurseries, greenhouses, etc. Not subject to section, but are transformed into indicative and transmitted to the exclusive use of the state or communities, depending on the size and value of them.
The manor, urban and rural land, with domestic gardens and gardens, remains in the use of real owners, and the size of the areas themselves and the tax height for the use of them is determined by the legislative order.
4) Konsky factories, government and private tribal cattle breeding and poultry farming and so on. They confiscate, they are treated in a nationary heritage and transfers either to exclusive use of the state, or communities, depending on the magnitude and value of them.
The question of buying is subject to consideration of the Constituent Assembly.
5) The entire economic inventory of confiscated lands, alive and dead, goes into the exclusive use of the state or community, depending on the magnitude and value of them, without redemption.
Inventory confiscation does not concern small-earth peasants.
6) the right to use the Earth receive all citizens (without sex differences) Russian stateWho wishes to process it with their work, with the help of your family, or in a partnership, and only until then, while they are able to process it. Hired work is not allowed.
With the accidental impotence of any member of the rural society in a continuation of 2 years, rural society undertakes to restore its working capacity, for this period to come to help by the public processing of the Earth.
Agriculties, as a result of old age or disability, the opportunity to personally have been incredible to handle land personally, lose the right to use it, but in return to the pension provision from the state.
7) land use should be equalized, i.e. The land is distributed between workers, depending on local conditions, by labor or consumer norm.
The forms of use of the Earth should be completely free, the residential, the farm, communal, alcohol, as it is decided in separate villages and settlements.
8) The whole land, according to her alienation, enters the national land fund. Local and central self-government, ranging from democratically organized immovable rural and urban communities and ending with its central regional institutions to the distribution of it between workers.
The land fund is subjected to periodic alterars depending on the increase in population and raising the productivity and culture of agriculture.
With the change in the borders of the incident, the initial kernel of the station should remain inviolable.
The land of the departing members comes back to the land foundation, and the most relatives of their relatives and persons receive the preferential right to receive sections of retired members to indicate the retired.
The cost of fertilizer and land reclamation (indigenous improvements), as they are not used when delivered to the land in the land fund, should be paid.
If in some localities, the cash land fund will be insufficient to meet the entire local population, then the excess of the population is subject to resettlement.
The organization of relocation, as well as the cost of relocation and supply inventory and so on., Should take on the state.
The resettlement is performed in the following order: those who want landless peasants, then vicious members of the community, deserters, and so on. And finally, by lot, or by agreement.
All contained in this permanent, as an expression of the unconditional will of the vast majority of conscious peasants of all Russia, is announced by the Provisional Law, which will continue to the Constituent Assembly, whenever possible, and in the well-known parts with the necessary gradual, which should be determined by the county councils of peasant deputies .
The land of ordinary peasants and ordinary Cossacks are not confiscated.
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissar
Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin
Decree on the seal
In a grave decisive hour, the coup and days, directly follows him, the temporary revolutionary committee was forced to take a number of measures against the counter-revolutionary press of different shades.
The screams that the new socialist power violated the new socialist authority was raised from all sides, thus the basic principle of its program, encroaching on freedom of printing.
The working and peasant government draws the attention of the population to the fact that in our society for this liberal shirma, freedom is actually hidden for the property classes, capturing the lion's share of the entire press, it is impossible to poison the minds and make troubles into the consciousness of the masses.
Anyone knows that the bourgeois press is one of the most powerful weapons of the bourgeoisie. Especially at the critical moment, when the new power, the power of workers and peasants, is only reproaching, it was impossible to leave this weapon in the hands of the enemy while it is no less dangerous at such moments than bombs and machine guns. That is why temporary and emergency measures have been taken to curb the flow of dirt and slander, in which the young victory of the people of yellow and green press would have soles.
As soon as the new procedure is strengthened, - all kinds of administrative impacts on printing will be discontinued, complete freedom will be established within the limits of the court, according to the widest and progressive law in this regard.
Recusant, however, so that the stuening of the print, even in critical moments, is permissible only within the limits of absolutely necessary, the Council of People's Commissar decides:
General Print Regulations
1) only the presses are subject to closure: 1) calling for open resistance or disobedience to the workers and the peasant government; 2) sakeing troubles by explicitly slanderous facts perversion; 3) Calling to Acts clearly criminal, i.e. Criminally punished character.
2) the prohibition of presses, temporary or constant, are carried out only by the decree of the Council of People's Commissar.
3) This provision is temporary and will be canceled by a special decree on the occurrence of normal conditions of social life.
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissar
Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin
Decree on the organization of the Central Bank
Project of the organization of the Central Executive Committee
I. Meeting of the Central Executive Committee
1) Meetings of the Central Executive Committee of the Councils occur in a narrow and expanded composition.
Meetings of the narrow composition are legitimate in cash than 1/4 of all members of the Central Executive Committee. In the absence of a quorum, the next meeting is appointed on another day, and it is valid for any number of the appeared members of the Central Executive Committee.
The meetings of the expanded composition are legal in cash than half of all members of the Central Executive Committee.
2) an expanded meeting of the Central Executive Committee is the body and leadership of the Central Executive Committee; The captivity meeting occurs at least 1 time in two weeks.
The next sessions of extended meetings of the Central Executive Committee of the Council are convened by 1 and 15 number of each month.
3) The meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets is convened as presidium needed. At the request of the factions that are part of, or at the request of 10 members of the Central Executive Committee, the Presidium is obliged to convene an appropriate meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets in its narrow composition.
4) the accuracy of visits to meetings of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee must follow factions. Fractions and are offered to all members of the Central Executive Committee, which two meetings of the Central Executive Committee or the Presidium are missing without good reasons, to make the appropriate warnings, and for the third time there is a passing of meetings of these members and replace them with relevant candidates for members of the Central Executive Committee.
II. Presidium
5) The Presidium is both a representative body and executive.
The Presidium prepares the necessary materials for meetings of the Central Executive Committee, implementing the decision of the Central Executive Committee, observes the current work of the Departments of the Central Executive Committee, and also decides when the convening of the Central Executive Committee is impossible and the urgency of the decision is impossible. The number of members of the Presidium equals 1/10 of all members of the Central Executive Committee.
The presidium meetings occur daily and legitimately at least half of the members of the Presidium.
Current reports on their activities The Presidium submits a daily meeting of the Central Executive Committee in its narrow composition.
III. Departments of the Central Executive Committee
6) The Central Executive Committee for the Organization and maintenance of all of its work organizes departments that are the working bodies of the Central Executive Committee. Departments under the guidance of the Presidium lead all the current work of the Central Executive Committee, prepare materials for the decision of the Presidium and meetings of the Central Executive Committee and provide on issues arising from the work of the Presidium and the Central Executive Committee, their conclusions.
7) at the head of the department as governing bodies guiding and uniting all the work of departments, are facing the Commission.
Members of the Commissions are planned by the Presidium and are approved by the Central Executive Committee. Commissions are given the right of co-optation within no more than one third of the number of members gained by the Commission. The heads of departments are elected by commissions. Commission members when discussing issues in the presidium relating to their departments have the right to participate in the meetings of the Presidium with the right of a deliberative voice.
8) within its activities, the departments of the Central Executive Committee of Autonomous. Once a week, departments are required to submit to the Presidium reports on their works. The Presidium has the right "veto" in all decisions of departments. In the case of disagreements between the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee and departments, controversial issues are transferred to the Central Executive Committee in its narrow composition.
9) First of all, the following departments are organized under the Central Executive Committee: 1) Secretariat, 2) to combat counter-revolution, 3) on preparing for the constituent assembly, 4) on local government, 5) literary and publishing, 6) agitation, 7) Nonresident, 8) Automotive, 9) Financial, 10) Revision, 11) Typography, 12) International.
10) Departments make up their estimates and must submit them to approval by the Central Executive Committee in its narrow composition.
IV. Financial situation
members of the Central Executive Committee
11) All members receive content in the amount of the subsistence minimum, which, according to the resolutions of the Central Executive Committee of the First Composition, is defined in 400 rubles. per month. When traveling, members of the Central Executive Committee receive a daily amount of ten rubles per day.
1) Members of the Central Executive Committee who have constant earnings, consisting of state, public, private service or receiving salary from workers' organizations, do not receive salary from the Central Executive Committee. In case the earnings of the member of the Central Executive Committee below the established salary, it receives the difference between the subsistence minimum received and established by the Central Executive Committee.
2) payment of 400 rubles. Consider as a subsistence minimum and set temporarily for 1 month.
1) Each member of the Central Executive Committee, who dropped out at the time, is replaced before his return by the candidate represented by the faction on the candidate list.
2) Each candidate enjoys only then with a decisive voice at meetings of the Central Executive Committee, if from the Bureau of the faction, a statement was made to the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee on Redean, with an indication who exactly replaces whom and approved at the meeting of the Central Executive Committee.
3) Candidates enjoy the right of a deliberative voice at meetings of the Central Executive Committee.
4) The number of candidates may be no more than half of the number of members of the fraction.
Decree on the destruction of classes and civilian officials
Art. 1. All the estates that existed in Russia and class divisions of citizens, class privileges and restrictions, class organizations and institutions, and equally and all civilians are abolished.
Art. 2. All sorts of titles (nobleman, merchant, tradesman, peasant, etc.), titles (princely, graphic, etc.) and the names of civilians (secret, statistical and so on. Advisors) are destroyed and establishes one total for the entire population of Russia. Name of citizens Of the Russian
Art. 3. Property of the noblest facilities is immediately transferred to the relevant Zemsky local governments.
Art. 4. The assets of merchant and bubbling societies immediately come to the disposal of the relevant urban self-government.
Art. 5. All the estate institutions, affairs, production and archives are transmitted immediately to the management of the respective urban and Zemsky local governments.
Art. 6. All relevant articles of the Dynamian laws are canceled.
Art. 7. This Decree comes into force on the day of its publication and is immediately provided by local councils of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies.
This Decree approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Councils of Workers and Soldier Deputies in the meeting on November 10, 1917
Signed:
Managing the affairs of the Council of People's Commissars V. Bonch-Bruyevich.
Secretary of the Council N.Gorbun.
Decree about Court
The Council of People's Commissar decides:
1) to abolish the bottom of the existing general legal entities, somehow: district courts, the court chambers and the government senate with all the departments, the military and the maritime courts of all names, as well as commercial courts, replacing all these establishments by the courts formed on the basis of democratic elections.
A special decree will be published on the procedure for further direction and movement of unfinished cases.
2) to suspend the effect of the existing Dynam of the Institute of World Judges, replacing the global judges elected by the Poznene elections, local courts in the face of a permanent local judge and two regular assessors invited to each session on the special lists of the next judges. Local judges are elected from now on the basis of direct democratic elections, and before the appointment of such elections temporarily - district and volost, and where there are no, county, city and provincial councils of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies.
These tips are drawn up lists of regular assessors and determine the queue of their appearance at the session.
The former world judges do not lose rights, in the expression of their consent, to be elected to local judges as temporarily advice, and finally in democratic elections.
Local courts decide all civil cases at costs up to 3000 rubles., And criminal cases, if the accused is threatened with the punishment of not over 2 years of imprisonment and if a civil lawsuit does not exceed 3000 rubles. Sentences and solutions of local courts are final and appealing in appeal is not subject to. According to the cases, in which the monetary recovery has been awarded over 100 rubles. Or imprisonment over 7 days, a request for cassation is allowed. The cassation instance is county, and in the capital - the metropolitan congress of local judges.
To resolve criminal cases at the fronts, local courts are elected by regimental councils, and where they are not, regimental committees.
A special decree will be published on legal proceedings on other court cases.
3) to abolish the Dynam, the existing institutions of judicial investigators, prosecutor's supervision, and the institutions of the jury and private advocacy.
In now on, before the transformation of all the proceedings of legal proceedings, the preliminary investigation of criminal cases is assigned to local judges alone, and the decision of their personal detention and the judgment of the Court must be confirmed by the decision of the entire local court.
In the role of prosecutors and defenders, admitted and in the preliminary investigation stage, and on civil cases - attorneys, all non-refined citizens of both sexes enjoying civil rights are allowed.
4) for the adoption and further directions of affairs and production of both judicial institutions and the ranks of the preliminary investigation and prosecutor's supervision, as well as the advice of jury attorneys, the relevant local skills of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies elect special commissioners who take into their maintenance and archives and Property of these institutions.
All lower and stationery authorities of abolished institutions are prescribed to remain in their places and under the general guidance of the commissioners to fulfill all the necessary work on the direction of unfinished affairs, and equally and give on the appointed days to interested persons in the situation of their affairs.
5) Local courts decide on the name of the Russian republic and are governed in their decisions and sentences with the laws of overthrown governments only inspired, since those are not canceled by the revolution and do not contradict the revolutionary conscience and revolutionary legal conscience.
Note. All laws conflict with the decrees of the Central Executive Committee of the Councils of Workers, Soldiers and Peasant Deputies and the Workers and Peasant Government, as well as the minimum programs of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party and the Socialist Revolutionaries Party, are recognized.
6) According to all controversial civil, as well as private criminal cases, the parties can contact the Arbitration Court. The order of the Arbitration Court will be determined by a special decree.
7) The right of pardon and recovery in the rights of persons convicted in criminal matters to continue belonging to the judiciary.
8) to fight against the counter-revolutionary forces in the types of adoption of fence from them of the revolution and its conquests, as well as to solve the struggle against the struggle and predatoryness, sabotage and other abuse of merchants, industrialists, officials and other persons, workers and peasant revolutionary tribunals are established As part of one chairman and six regular assessors elected by the provincial or city councils of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies.
For the production of these cases of preliminary investigation under the same advice, special investigative commissions are formed.
All investigative commissions, Dyname existing, are canceled, with the transfer of their affairs and industries to the relevant commissions re-organized under the councils.
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissar V. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Commissioners: A. Shlikter. A. Shlipnikov. I.Gugashvili (Stalin). N. Avilov (N.Glebov). P.Stychka.
1) At the Council of People's Commissar, the Supreme Council of the National Economy is established.
2) The task of the Supreme Council of the National Economy is the organization of national economy and public finance. To this end, the Supreme Council of the National Economy develops general rules and plan for regulating the economic life of the country, agrees and unites the activities of central and local regulatory institutions (meetings for fuel, metal, transport, central food committee, etc.), relevant national commissariates (trade and industry , food, agriculture, finance, naval, etc.), All-Russian Council working control, as well as the corresponding activities of factory and professional organizations of the working class.
3) The Higher Council of the National Economy is provided by the right of confiscation, requisition, sequestration, forced syndicating various industries and trade and other events in the field of production, distribution and public finance.
4) All existing management facilities are subject to the Higher Council of the National Economy, which is given to their reform.
5) The Supreme Council of the National Economy is formed: a) from the All-Russian Work Control Council, the composition of which is determined by the decree of November 14, 1917; b) from representatives from all folk commissariats; c) from knowledgeable persons invited with an advisory voice.
6) The Supreme Council of the National Economy is divided into sections and departments (fuel, metal, demobilization, finance, etc.), and the number and scope of these departments and sections is determined by the General Assembly of the Supreme Council of the National Economy.
7) Departments of the Supreme Council of the National Economy are working to regulate certain areas of national economic life, and also prepare the events of the respective national commissariates.
8) The Supreme Council of the National Economy allocates the Bureau from its environment as part of 15 people to coordinate the current work of sections and departments and the fulfillment of tasks requiring immediate permission.
9) All bills and major events related to the regulation of the national economy in its whole are made to the Council of People's Commissars through the Supreme Council of the National Economy.
10) The Supreme Council of the National Economy unites and sends the work of local economic departments of the Councils of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies, including local working control bodies, as well as local labor commissars, trade and industry, food, etc.
In the absence of relevant economic departments, the Supreme Council of the National Economy forms its local authorities.
For the economic departments of local councils, which are local bodies of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, are obligatory all the decisions of the Supreme Council of the National Economy.
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee I. Sverdlov.
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vl. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Folk Commissars: I.STalin. N. Avilov (N.Glebov).
Managing the affairs of the Council of People's Commissars VL Bonch-Bruyevich.
Secretary N.Gorbun
Decree of the WTCIK on the nationalization of banks
In the interests of the right organization of the national economy, in the interests of the decisive eradication of the Bank's speculation and the full liberation of workers, peasants and the entire working population from the operation of banking capital and in order to educate the interests of the people and the poorest classes - the United Nations Bank of the Russian Republic, the Central Executive Committee decides:
1) Banking is declared a state monopoly.
2) All existing private joint-stock banks and banking offices are combined with the State Bank.
3) Assets and liabilities of liquidated enterprises are adopted by the State Bank.
4) The procedure for the merger of private banks with the state bank is determined by a special decree.
5) Temporary business management of private banks is transferred to the Council of the State Bank.
6) The interests of small depositors will be fully provided.
Decree of the Destinations of the Constituent Assembly
The Russian revolution, from the very beginning of its own, put forward the advice of workers, soldiers and peasant deputies, as a mass organization of all workers and operated classes, the only capable of leading the struggle of these classes for their full political and economic liberation.
Throughout the first period of the Russian revolution, the councils have multiplied, grew and fastened, silent on their own experience of an illusion of agreement with the bourgeoisie, the deepebility of the forms of bourgeois-democratic parliamentarism, coming in almost the conclusion about the impossibility of liberation of oppressed classes without breaking with these forms and with every convention. Such a rupture was the October Revolution, the transfer of all power in the hands of the Soviets.
The Constituent Assembly, chosen on the lists, compiled before the October Revolution, was an expression of the old ratio of political forces when the authorities had condom and cadets.
The people could not then vote for candidates of the Social Party, to choose between the right-wing esters, supporters of the bourgeoisie, and left, supporters of socialism. Thus, this is a founding assembly, which was to be the crown of the bourgeois-parliamentary republic, could not be across the path of the October Revolution and Soviet power. The October Revolution, giving power to the Soviets and through the advice to workers and operated classes, caused the desperate resistance of the exploiters and in the suppression of this resistance fully found itself as the beginning of the socialist revolution.
The working classes had to make sure that the old bourgeois parliamentarism survived himself that it was completely incompatible with the tasks of the implementation of socialism, which was not nationwide, but only class institutions (what the tips) are able to defeat the resistance of the developers and lay the foundations of the socialist society.
Every rejection of the completeness of the Soviets, from the Soviet Republic conquered by the People's Republic in favor of bourgeois parliamentarism and the constituent assembly would now be a step back and collapse
Open January 5, the Constituent Assembly gave, by virtue of well-known all circumstances, most of the party of the right-wing Socialists, Kerensky, Avaxentyev and Chernov. Naturally, this party refused to discuss the discussion completely accurate, clear, not allowed by any curvators to offer the Supreme Body of Soviet Authority, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets, recognize the program of Soviet power, to recognize the "Declaration of the Rights of the Worker and Exploited People", to recognize the October Revolution and Soviet power. Thus, the Constituent Assembly broke out all the relationship between themselves and the Soviet Republic of Russia. Care with such a founding assembly of fractions of the Bolsheviks and Left Socialists, which is now a deliberately huge majority in the councils and enjoy the confidence of the workers and most of the peasants, was inevitable.
And outside the walls of the Constituent Assembly of the Party of most of the Constituent Assembly, the right-wing esters and Mensheviks, lead an open struggle against Soviet power, calling in their bodies to overthrow it, objectively by maintaining the resistance of the exploiters to the transition of the Earth and the factory in the hands of workers.
It is clear that the remaining part of the Constituent Assembly may, by virtue of this, play the role of only the cover of the struggle of the bourgeois counterrevolution for overthrowing the power of the Soviets.
Therefore, the Central Executive Committee decides:
The constituent assembly dissolves.
Decree of SNK on the organization of the worker-peasant red army
The old army served as an instrument of class oppression of the working bourgeoisie. With the transition of power to workers and exploited classes, it was necessary to create a new army, which will be the stronghold of Soviet power in the present, the foundation for replacing the army of the Army in the near future in the near future and will serve as support for the coming socialist revolution in Europe.
In view of this, the Council of People's Commissar decides: to organize new Army Under the name "Worker-Peasant Red Army", on the following grounds:
1) The worker-peasant Red Army is created from the most conscious and organized elements of the working masses.
2) access to its ranks is open to all citizens of the Russian republic at least 18 years old. Everyone comes to the Red Army, who is ready to give their strength, his life to protect the conquests of the October Revolution, the authorities of the Soviets and Socialism. For entry into the ranks of the Red Army, recommendations are needed: military committees or public democratic organizations standing on the platform of Soviet authorities, party or professional organizations or at least two members of these organizations. Upon joining integer parts, a circular order of all and the name vote is required.
1) The warriors of the working and peasant red army consist on full state content and over this 50 rubles are obtained. per month.
2) Disabled family members of the Red Army soldiers, who were previously dependent, are provided with all necessary in local consumer regulations, according to the decisions of local bodies of Soviet power.
The Supreme Governing Body of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army is the Council of People's Commissars. The immediate leadership and management of the army is concentrated in the Commissioner for Military Affairs, in the Special All-Russian Collegium established at it.
Supreme Commander N. Krylenko People's Commissars for Military and Maritime Affairs: Dybenko and Zipovsky
Folk Commissars: Pasta, Zatonsky and Steinberg
Managing cases of the Council of People's Commissars VL. Bonch-Broevich
Secretary of the Council of People's Commissars N. Gorbunov
SNA decree on freedom of conscience, church and religious societies
1. The church is separated from the state.
2. Within the republic, it is forbidden to publish any local laws or decisions that would shone or limited freedom of conscience, or set any advantages or privileges on the basis of the religious affiliation of citizens.
3. Every citizen can confess any religion or not confess any. All rightness associated with confession by any faith or malfunction is canceled.
Note. Of all the official acts, any indication of the religious affiliation and non-profitability of citizens is eliminated.
4. The actions of state and other public legal community establishments are not accompanied by any religious rites or ceremonies.
5. The free execution of religious rites is ensured by so far, since they do not violate the public order and are not accompanied by an encroachment on the rights of citizens of the Soviet Republic.
Local authorities have the right to take all necessary measures to ensure in these cases of public order and security.
6. No one can, referring to their religious views, shy away from the performance of their civil duties.
Withdrawal from this situation, under the condition of replacing one civil duty of another, in each individual case is allowed to solve the People's Court.
7. Religious oath or oath is canceled. In the necessary cases, only a solemn promise is given.
8. Civil status acts are carried out exclusively by civilian authorities: marriage and birth records.
9. The school is separated from the church.
Teaching religious creeds in all public and public, as well as private educational institutions, where general education items are taught, not allowed.
Citizens can teach and learn religion in a private manner.
10. All church and religious societies are subject to the general provisions on private societies and unions and do not enjoy
no advantages, no subsidies from the state, nor from its local autonomous and self-governing establishments.
11. Forced recovery of fees and taxes in favor of church or religious societies, as well as measures for coercion or punishment by these societies above them are not allowed.
12. No church and religious societies have the right to own property. The rights of the legal entity they do not have.
13. All the property of the existing church and religious societies in Russia are declared by the national heritage.
Buildings and items designed specifically for liturgical purposes are given, according to the special decisions of local or central government, free use of respective religious societies.
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissar V. Ulyanov (Lenin)
Folk Commissars: N. Poddovsky, V. Algasov, V. Torotovsky, A. Shlichter, P. Pozhanyan, V. Menzhinsky, A. Hatnikov, Petrovsky
Business managing. Bonch-Broevich
Secretary N. Gorbunov
Decree of SNK on Red Terror
The Council of People's Commissars, having heard the report of the Chairman of the All-Russian Emergency Commission to Combat Council, Speculation and Crime on the Office of this Commission, finds that with this situation, the provision of rear by terror is a direct necessity; that in order to strengthen the activities of the All-Russian emergency commission to combat counter-revolution, speculation and a crime on office and making greater compounds, it is necessary to direct there with a greater number of responsible party comrades; that it is necessary to provide the Soviet republic from class enemies by isolating them in concentration camps; What are subject to execution all persons tested to the White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellion; that it is necessary to publish the names of all the shocked, as well as the basis for the use of this measure to them.
People's Commissar of Justice D. Kursk
People's Commissar of the Interior Petrovsky
Managing the affairs of the Council of People's Commissar
Vl. Bonch-Broevich Secretary L. Fotiev
Literature:
Milyukov P.N. Memories, in 2 tt. M., 1990.
October Revolution: Memoirs. (Revolution and Civil War in the description of the White Guards). M., 1991.
Sukhanov N.N. Notes on revolution, in 3 tt. M., 1991.
Kerensky A.F. Russia on historical turn. Memoirs. M., 1993.
Event happened October 25, 1917 In the capital of the then Russian Empire of Petrograd, it became just an uprising of the armed people who stirred almost the entire civilized world.
It took a hundred years, but the results and achievements, the impact on the world history of October events remains the subject of discussions and disputes of numerous historians, philosophers, political scientists, specialists of various fields of law, both in our time and in the past twentieth century.
In contact with
Brief about the date October 25, 1917
Officially, in the Soviet Union, this is an ambiguously estimated event called - the day of the October Revolution of 1917, it was the holiday of all the huge country and the inhabiting nations. She brought a cardinal change of the social and political situation, Transformation of political and social views On the position of peoples and each person individually.
Today, many young people do not even know, in which year a revolution in Russia occurred, but it is necessary to know about it. The situation was sufficiently predictable and was brewing for several years, then there were significant main events of the October Revolution of 1917, the table briefly:
What is the October Revolution in the Historical Concept? The main armed uprising headed V.I. Ulyanov - Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and other leaders communist Movement Russia.
Revolution 1917 - armed uprising.
Attention! The uprising was carried out by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Council, where, oddly enough, the majority represented the fraction of the left speakers.
The successful completion of the coup was ensured by the following factors:
- Significant level of support for the masses.
- Temporary government inactive And did not solve the problems of Russia's participation in the First World War.
- The most significant political aspect compared to previously proposed extremist movements.
The faction of the Mensheviks and the right-wing esservations could not organize a more or less real version of alternative movement towards the Bolsheviks.
A little about the reasons for October events of 1917
For today, no one refutes the idea that this fateful event almost turned not only the whole world, but also radically changed the course of history For many decades ahead. Not a feudal, who seeks to progress the bourgeois country was practically turned directly during certain events at the fronts of the First World War.
The historical significance of the October Revolution, which occurred in 1917, is largely determined by termination. However, as modern historians see, there were several reasons:
- The influence of the peasant revolution as a socio-political phenomenon as an exacerbation of the confrontation between the peasant masses and the landowners remaining at that time. The reason is known in the history of "black convey", that is earth distribution on the number of needy. Also in this aspect, the negative impact of the procedure for the redistribution of land plots on the number of dependents.
- Working layers of society have experienced significant pressure of urban power The residents of rural areas, state power has become the main lever of pressure on the productive forces.
- The deepest decomposition of the army and other power structures, where most of the serve were peasants who could not comprehend certain nuances of the protracted hostilities.
- Revolutionary fermentation of all layers of the working class. The proletariat at that time was a politically active minority, which made no more than 3.5% of the active population. The working class was mainly concentrated mainly in industrial cities.
- The national movements of the people's formations of imperial Russia have developed and reached the culmination. Then they sought to achieve autonomy, a promising option for them was not just autonomy, but promising Independence and independence from the central authorities.
The national movement has become the provoking factor in the beginning of the revolutionary movement in the territory of the vast Russian Empire, which literally decayed the components.
Attention! The combination of all causes and conditions, as well as the interests of all segments of the population, determined the goals of the October Revolution of 1917, which became the driving force of the future uprising as a turning point of history.
Folk unrest before the beginning of the October Revolution of 1917.
Ambiguous about the events of October 17
The first stage, which became the basis and onset of the worldwide change in historical events, which became a turning event not only in the domestic, but also on a global scale. For example, Evaluation October Revolution, interesting Facts which are concluded in the simultaneous positive and negative impact on the socio-political world situation.
As usual, each significant event has causes of an objective and subjective nature. The overwhelming majority of the population were seriously experienced conditions of wartime, hunger and deprivationIt was necessary to conclude the world. What conditions have developed in the second half of 1917:
- Formed from February 27 to March 3, 1917, a temporary government led by Kerensky did not have enough tools To solve all problems and issues without exception. Transferring to the ownership of the workers and peasants of the Earth and enterprises, as well as the elimination of hunger and the conclusion of the world became a pressing problem, the solution of which was not available to the so-called "temporarys".
- Prevalence of socialist ideas Among the wide segments of the population, a noticeable increase in the popularity of Marxist theory, the implementation of universal equality slogans, the prospects that the people expected were expected.
- The emergence of a strong country opposition movement Head with the charismatic leader, which came Ulyanov - Lenin. This party line at the beginning of the last century has become the most promising movement to achieve world communism as a concept of further development.
- In the conditions of this situation, they became more in demand radical ideas And requiring a fundamental solution to the problem of society - the inability to lead the empire in through the rotting of the royal administrative apparatus.
The slogan of the October Revolution is "the world of nations, the land of peasants, workers' plants" were supported by the population, which allowed radical change state system in Russia.
Brief about the progress of events on October 25
Why did the October Revolution happen in November? In the fall of 1917 brought an even greater strengthening of social stress, political and socio-economic degrades were rapidly approaching the peak indicator.
In industry, financial sector, transport and communication systems, agriculture granted full collapse.
Russian multinational empire oblocked on separate national states, contradictions grew up between representatives of various peoples and intra-combed differences.
A significant impact on the acceleration of the overthrow of the temporary government was provided hyperinflation, price increases for products Against the background of lowering wages, an increase in unemployment, a catastrophic situation in combat fields, the war was artificially delayed. Government A. Kerensky not introduced an anti-crisis planAnd from the initial february promises almost abandoned.
These processes in the conditions of their rapid increase only strengthened influence left political movements across the country. These were the reasons for the unprecedented victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. Bolshevik idea and her support by peasants, workers and soldiers led to obtaining deputy majority In the new state system - councils in the first capital and Petrograd. In the plans to come to power the Bolsheviks were present two directions:
- Mirny diplomatically determined and legally confirmed act of power transfer to most.
- The extremist current in the councils required armed strategic measures, in their opinion, it was possible to implement the plan only power grip.
The government, created in October 1917, was called the Councils of Workers and Soldier Deputies. Shot of the legendary cruiser "Aurora" at night on the night of October 25 signal to the beginning of the assault Winter Palace, which entailed the fall of the temporary government.
October Revolution
October coup
The consequences of the October Revolution
The consequences of the October Revolution are ambiguous. This is the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the adoption of the II Congress of the Councils of Workers and Soldier deputies of decree on the world, land, the declaration of the rights of the country's peoples. Was created Russian Soviet RepublicIn the future, the ambiguous Brest World was signed. In different countries of the world, the TRANSPOLISH governments began to come to power.
It is also important and a negative aspect of the event - began tightbrought more big destruction, crisis, hunger, million sacrifices. The collapse and chaos in a huge country led to the economic destruction of the global financial system, a crisis that has stretched over a year and a half. His consequences of a serious burden lay on the shoulders of the poorest segments of the population. This situation has become a reason for the decline in demographic indicators, lack of productive forces in the future, human victims, unplanned migration.
November 7, 1917 (October 25, the Julian calendar) occurred, the consequences of which we observe so far. The Great October Socialist Revolution, as it was customary to be called in Soviet historiography, changed Russia to be unrecognizable, but did not stop at that achieved. She shook the whole world, shook the political card and for many years became the most terrible nightmare of capitalist countries. Even in remote corners appeared their communist parties. The ideas of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin with those or other changes in some countries are alive today. It is necessary to say that for our country the Oktyabrsky coup was a tremendous value. It would seem that such a grand event in the history of Russia should be known to everyone. But, nevertheless, statistics speaks about the opposite. According to VTsIOM, only 11% of Russians know that the Bolsheviks overthrew the temporary government. According to the majority of respondents (65%), the Bolsheviks overthrew the king. Why do we know so little about these events?
The story is known to write winners. The October Revolution became the main propaganda weapon of the Bolsheviks. The events of those days were carefully referred to by the Soviet government. In the USSR, the launched political figures ruthlessly crossed out of the list of creators of the October Revolution (Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, etc.), and the role of Stalin during his rule, on the contrary, was intentionally exaggerated. It came to the point that Soviet historians turned the revolution in real phantasmagoria. Today we have all the data for a detailed study of this period and everything preceded by him. On the eve of the century anniversary of the October Revolution, it is time to refresh memory or learn something new. To figure out how everything was in reality, we will restore the chronology of the events of 1917.
How began 1917
First world War (1914-1918) became the main reason for the dissemination of revolutionary sentiment throughout Europe. By the end of the war, 4 empires were fell at once: Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian and a little later Ottoman.
In Russia, the war did not understand any people or in the army. And even the government could not clearly voice her goals. The initial patriotic impulse against the background of the spread of antigherman sentiments quickly came up. Constant lesions on the front, the retreat of troops, huge human losses and the growing food crisis caused national discontent, which led to an increase in the number of strikes
By the beginning of 1917, the state of affairs in the state became catastrophic. Nicholas II policies were unhappy with all layers of society from ministers and members of the imperial family to workers and peasants. The fall of the king's authority was accompanied by political and military miscalculations from his part. Nicholas II completely lost relation to reality, relying on the unshakable faith of the Russian people in the good king-father. But the people no longer believed. Even in remote provinces, everyone knew about the harmful effect on the Imperial Chet of Rasputin. In the State Duma, the king was directly accused of treason, and the relatives of the autocrat seriously reflected on the elimination of the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, who constantly intervened in the state affairs. In such conditions, the left-wing parties universally launched their agitators. They called on the overthrow of the autocracy, the completion of hostilities and brother with the enemy.
February Revolution
In January 1917, a wave of strikes swept around the country. In Petrograd (St. Petersburg in 1914-1924), more than 200 thousand people have strike. The government reacted sluggishly. On February 22, Nikolai went at all in the bid of the Supreme Commander in Mogilev.
On February 17, in response to food supply interruptions began a strike at the Petrograd Putilovsky Plant. Workers performed with slogans: "Down with the war!", "Down with autocracy!", "Bread!". People's excitement increased, the strikes became all larger. Already on February 25, no enterprise did not work in the capital. The reaction of the authorities was slow, the measures were taken with a large delay. Everything looked as if officials were inactive intentionally. In this situation, the words of Nikolai, who wrote from the bet was sincerely, who wrote from the bet: "I command tomorrow to stop the riots in the capital." Either the king was really so bad informed and naive, or the government underestimated the situation, or we are dealing with treason.
In the meantime, the Bolsheviks (RSDRP (b)) were actively agitated by the Petrograd garrison, and these actions were successful. On February 26, the soldiers began to move to the side of the rebels, and this meant only one thing - the government lost its main protection. Do not forget that the February Revolution did all segments of the population. There were also parties included in the State Duma, and aristocrats, and officers, and industrialists. The February revolution was universal or bourgeois, as the Bolsheviks call it later.
On February 28, the revolution won a complete victory. The royal government was removed from power. The country's leadership took over the Interim Committee of the State Duma led by Mikhail Rodzianko.
March. Nicholas II renunciation
First of all, the new government abused the problem of removing Nicholas from power. No one has remained doubt that the emperor must certainly be inclined to renunciation. February 28, having learned about the events that occurred, Nikolay went to the capital. The revolution, rapidly spread around the country, met the monarch in the way - the rebels did not miss the royal train to Petrograd. Nikolai did not take any decisive steps to save autocracy. He dreamed only to reunite with his family who was in the royal village.
Deputies of the Duma went to Pskov, where was forced to turn the royal train. March 2, Nicholas II signed a manifesto about his renunciation. Initially, the Temporary Committee suggested to maintain autocracy, having passed the throne by the juvenile Tsarevich Alexei with the regent of the younger brother Nicholas, but it could call the next explosion of discontent and had to refuse the idea.
So one of the most powerful dynasties fell. Nikolay went to the royal village to his wife and children. Last years Life imperial family Passed in imprisonment.
At the end of February, at the same time, the Petrogradsky Council of Workers and Soldier deputies was formed at the same time with the creation of the State Duma Committee. The creation of Petrosoveta was initiated by Social Democrats and Esrami. Soon such advice began to appear throughout the country. They were engaged in improving the situation of workers, food regulation, made arrests of officials and policemen and canceled the royal decrees. The Bolsheviks continued to remain in the shade. In the newly formed councils, they gave way to representatives of other parties.
On March 2, the Provisional Government formed by the Temporary Committee of the State Duma and the Petrograd Council of Workers and Soldier Deputies. The country has established droi.
April. Lenin in Petrograd
Deliciousness prevented ministers of temporary government to establish order in the country. The self-government of the Councils in the army and in enterprises undermined the discipline, led to the lawlessness and rag of crime. The question of the further political development of Russia remained unresolved. This problem was reluctant to this problem. The convening of the Constituent Assembly, which should have solved the further fate of the country, was appointed only on November 28, 1917.
Cathedral was the position at the front. Soldiers, supporting the decision of the Soviets, came out of the subordination of officers. In the troops there were no discipline nor motivation. However, the temporary government was not in a hurry to complete a ruinage war, hoping, apparently, on a miracle.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin's arrival in Russia in April 1917 - a radical fracture during the events of 1917. It was from this moment that the rapid increase in the number of the Bolshevik party began. The ideas of Lenin quickly spread in the people and, most importantly, were close and understood by everyone.
On April 4, 1917, Lenin voiced the Program of Action of the RSDLP (b). The main goal of the Bolsheviks was the overthrow of the temporary government and the transfer of all the completeness of the authorities. Otherwise, this program was called the "April theses". On April 7, theses were published in the Bolshevik newspaper "True". Lenin outlined his program simply and understandable. He demanded to stop the war, not supporting the temporary government, confiscate and nationalize landlord land, fight for the socialist revolution. If briefly: land - peasants, factories - workers, peace - soldiers, power - Bolsheviks.
The position of the temporary government is even more weakened after April 18, Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov announced the readiness of Russia to lead the war to a victorious end. In Petrograd, many thousands of anti-war manifestations were held. Milyukov was forced to resign.
June July. No support for the temporary government!
With the arrival of Lenin, the Bolsheviks unfold active activities aimed at seizing power. To achieve their political goals, members of the RSDLP (b) willingly enjoyed the mistakes and miscalculations of the government
On June 18, 1917, the temporary government took a large-scale offensive at the front, which initially passed successfully. Soon, however, it became clear that the operation failed. The army began to retreat, carrying huge losses. In the capital began large-scale anti-war performances. The Bolsheviks took an active part in inciting anti-government sentiment.
Trying to restore order, the temporary government arranged the persecution of RSDLP (b). The Bolsheviks were forced to leave again in the underground. An attempt to eliminate its main political opponent, however, did not bring the desired effect. The authorities escaped from the hands of ministers, and confidence in the Bolsheviks party, on the contrary, fastened.
August. Cornilovsky rebellion
To stabilize the situation in the country, the new Chairman of the Provisional Government Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky was endowed with extreme authority. To strengthen the discipline, the death penalty was again introduced at the front. Kerensky also made measures to improve the economy. All his efforts, however, did not bring fruit. The situation continued to remain explosive and Alexander Fedorovich himself perfectly understood.
To strengthen its position of its government, Kerensky decided to go to the union with the military. At the end of July, the Supreme Commander was appointed popular in the Army Lavr Georgievich Kornilov.
Decisively tuned to the struggle with left-radical elements (mainly with the Bolsheviks), Kerensky and Kornilov initially planned to unite their strength for the sake of salvation of the Fatherland. But this did not happen - the chairman of the government and the commander-in-chief did not share power. Everyone wanted to lead the country alone.
On August 26, Cornilov called on the troops faithful to him to move to the capital. The Kerensky simply embracing, asked for help to the Bolsheviks, who already firmly seized the minds of the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison. The collisions did not happen - the Cornilov troops did not reach the capital.
The situation with Cornilov once again proved the inability of the temporary government to lead the state and the ascent of Kerensky as politics. For the Bolsheviks, on the contrary, everything was evolved, as it is impossible. The August events showed that only RSDLP (b) was able to bring the country from chaos.
October. Triumph Bolsheviks
In September 1917, the agonizing temporary government entered into the last phase of life. Kerensky continued to feverishly change the ministers and convened a democratic meeting to determine the future composition of the government. In fact, it turned out a stupid demagogue and time loss. The Kerensky government, in fact, cared only about his own position and personal profit. Lenin was very accurately expressed about those events: "Power was lying under his feet, it was necessary to just take."
The temporary government failed to solve any task. The economy was on the verge of full collapse, prices grew, the food shortage was felt everywhere. Stacks of workers and peasants in the country have grown into mass performances, accompanied by pogroms and sprapers over representatives of wealthy layers. The advice of workers and soldier deputies across the country began to switch to the side of the Bolsheviks. Lenin and Trotsky acted for the immediate seizure of power. On October 12, 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committee was created under the Petrograd Council - the main body of the preparation of the revolutionary uprising. About 30 thousand people were delivered by the efforts of the Bolsheviks in a short time under the gun.
On October 25, the rebels occupied strategically important objects of Petrograd: Post Office, Telegraph and Station. On the night of October 25-26, the Provisional Government was arrested in the Winter Palace. One of one soviet legends, Kerensky, changing into a female dress, fled from the capital. Immediately after the capture of power, the Bolsheviks conducted a congress of the Soviets, which adopted the main documents - "Decree on the World" and "Decree of Earth". All power in the field was transferred to the hands of workers, peasant and soldiers' deputies. Attempts by Kerensky to intercept power with the help of troops were not successful.
Events October 25, 1917 were the natural conclusion of the period of actual bevelhood in the country. The Bolsheviks affected the work that only they can take on the management of the state. And even if you do not sympathize with the Communists, it is worth recognizing that their superiority in 1917 was obvious.
What happened next, we all know well. The Soviet state existed full 68 years. It lived the life of the average man: Born in torments, adult and tempered in a constant struggle and, as a result, aged, fell in childhood and died at the dawn of the new millennium. But even after his defeat in Russia, Lenin's case somewhere else continues to live. And while we left not so far, continuing to live on the ruins of a major experiment Vladimir Ilyich.
