The original is taken by W. witeman. In autocracy VS monarchy.
Preface.
Speaking about the Russian Empire and the Empire in general, it is impossible to bypass the principal question about the autocracy, absolutely dark for the majority, falsely associated autocracy with the absolute monarchy.
5 years ago, an article by E.S. Cholmogorova "Ctrl + Alt + Del, or give autocracy!" . Not only the article itself is interesting, but also the discovered discussion. I have long used the site of switched only as a source of archival materials, but I look at something this year, he completely zahirel. As if not to lose it at all. :( Therefore, I consider it appropriate to bear something.
In order to relieve perception, I will try to highlight the main, in my opinion, theses of the article and discussion. So, theses and their decryption at Kholmogorov:
Autocracy is not identical to the monarchy, it does not boil down to her. The concept of autocracy and wider, and the founder of the concept of the monarchy.
The historical Russian monarchy is the form of the implementation of the autocratic supreme power, and not the opposite.
A self-adjustable, autocratic power are associated with the monarchy attitude of affiliation, not identities.
The principle of autocracy is the principle of Russian national sovereign power, which can be implemented in the diversity of political forms - democratic, aristocratic, monarchical or "mixed". If only these forms were filled with the clear meaning of Russian power. In the absence of the monarchy, the principle of autocracy does not lose its meaning. Let's see what this meaning is.
1. Autocracy as unconditional sovereignty.
"Someone and the autocrats will be interpreted, it is not worth it," she answered the Terrible Kurbsky. And he wrote to the Polish king Sigizmundu: "Our great sovereigns, all the royal autocretions not as your kingdom kingdom; because nobody does not indicate the great sovereigns. Panova as they want, and indicate. "The motive of the authorities of the authorities, the unbounds of someone else and anyone, for the Russian political ideology, the times of the Terrible Tsar turns out to be central.
"The free royal autocracy of Nikola will certainly, and in the state they are not planted and not arranged, but from the omnipotes of God's guides on their states autocracy and no one else can declare the declaration and liberty of good complaints and dashing offices," answered the Livonskaya era Wars Russian boyars on the acceptance certificate of the Polish king of the Sigismund of August, who tried to seduce Russian sovereign people by the Polish Shankhetsky Voleni.
In the wording of bodes, the one, "who receives orders from the emperor or dad is not sovereign." That is, the autocracy was understood and historically thought as the Russian name of the sovereign power, which did not have grounds in any other power, but only in itself. In other words, this is a genetic formula of statehood and its powers.
usa autocracy from the very beginning mentioned itself as a specific political organism. His story begins with refusing to recognize any external "instruction" of the Russian authorities on the part of external forces (Byzantium, hordes or some other), or by the part of the forces of internal, aristocracy and boyars, people or even the church. The autocratic power was considered by the Russians as a headset and self-care. It is not by chance that the myth of the brother of August Caesar Prose, whose descendants of Rurikovichy since ancient times, became the genetic myth of the initial Russian autocracy.
Contrary to the widespread presentation, this genetic myth emphasized the "continuity" of Russian power from Rome and Byzantium, how much deprived it, establishing Russian power as an independent state principle, which is not in the statehood of Roman or grandchildren, and in fraternal relations.
When the famous exercise about the "third Rome" is attributed to the idea of \u200b\u200b"Byzantine inheritance" and the more the concept of the "transition of the kingdom" from the first Rome through the second to the third, it issues an insufficient acquaintance with the primary sources. There is no idea of \u200b\u200b"hereditary" in Inok Philofeya, there is the idea of \u200b\u200b"collecting" all Christian kingdoms destroyed for one reason or another, in a single kingdom.
A self-adjustment thinks in the Russian political concept, in a while the idea of \u200b\u200ba completely independent, "autochthonous" nucleation of Russian statehood, which is not related to any of the external world system, cannot receive any instructions from it and does not have any obligations before it. The same applies to the inner political system- It is not related to certain external principles in relation to it, for example, the principles of aristocratic law. It is not generated and is not limited to whose "rights", but manifests as law, court and mercy on God's commandments. Thus, Russian autocratic statehood relies not by the constitution, that is, again, the system of external in relation to the state forming its rules and restrictions, but the fact that the amount of its existence, "hold".
Autocracy as a way of existence of Russian statehood means primarily the self-treatment of the Russian state.
2. Autocracy as a way of political existence
However, if the Russian Concept of Autocracy would be limited to the concept of sovereignty, it would not be so peculiar, so magnetic as in reality. It would not have a certain mysterious, mysterial principle, which he feels anyone who comes into contact with the idea of \u200b\u200bautocracy.
Power is given from God to many, but in some sense and all nations.
Mystery, unique peculiarity of ideas in another, in understanding autocracy as a historical way of the existence of the Russian state and the Russian nation in their undisturbed whole.
"The Russian king does not receive from anyone and did not receive his power; The Russian kings and princes combined the scattered tribes and organized the Russian state, under the Seni of which the Russian people had developed, and before the Russian people felt themselves with a political body, the Russian kings were already standing, strongly created by them and organized by their public forces. The Russian kings arose with the Russian kingdom, who erected the Russian people to the consciousness of their unity. The power of the Russian king is an autocratic power, that is, the power of the native, not received from the outside, not given by another power. The basis of this power is not any legal act, not any rule, but all the historical passed Russian people. "
The autocracy begins where the idea of \u200b\u200bstatehood and the idea of \u200b\u200b"power in general" ends and the peculiar way of the implementation of the state and power began, which is characteristic of Russian history begins. The autocracy begins where the "princes at all" end, and they come to shift Alexander Nevsky, Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III and Ivan Grozny, Mikhail Romanov and Peter Great, Paul I and Alexander III. A self-adjustment is the historically held and the wealthy statehood of Russia.
The principle of autocracy is thus founded not only on the principle of independence from some other power, but also on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe long-term historical work of the Russian state and the Russian people, the combination of enormous forces and powers in one source in one state principle. Autocracy in Russia is more than independence and more than the monarchy, this is the Russian statehood itself in its historical implementation, in its entirety its tradition and the diverse impact on the whole of the people's life.
3. Monarchism is only a private form of the implementation of Russian autocracy. The form is first historically and most mature, complete in its actual implementation.
(Here the concept of Holmogorov intersects but does not coincide with the formula prescribed in the basics of the Social Concept of the ROC, which stars that in the faith of our judging (the power of the authority, legalized by God, holding on the authority), on Miller - monarchy (authority, legalized by God Holding on authority and coercion), according to worklessness - democracy (power without authority, holding on forced, legalized formal procedures).
4. Comparison with the Byzantine monarchy:
"The Russian idea of \u200b\u200bautocracy in this sense was quite original, in this respect significantly superior to the Byzantine concept of the Vasilev authority as an autocratrum. Already the fact that the Russian language chose the term" self-adjustment "instead of a suggestion" self-deficiency ", talks a lot about the difference between two concepts.
The concept of autocracy carried the cargo of Roman, still republican ideas. It assumed independence and even the self-defense only in the exercise of power, but not in its origin. The power of the autocratrum is closer to the monarchy, but to dictatorship, that is, the authorities entrusted to him "Senate and the People". And more informative is another hyposta of the Byzantine power, the power of Vasiles Romeyev, that is, the political chapter of the whole "Christian people", in which the church was identified with Roma citizenship as a political body. As L.Atichomirov's monarchical statehood was noticed in his study, instead of developing the state political and social organism of Roma, they went along the path of administrative functionalization of the church. "
5. Comparison with dictatorship:
"The national autocracy cannot and should not be changed by the dictatorship, that is, the outside of the authority of one person who simplifies the heterogeneity of the nation to a democratic homogeneity. Dictatorship and democracy did not accidentally, the Plato considered the closest relatives, because the dictatorship is at the heart of the dictatorship - there is no modified power of the quantitative amount of voters. But only brought to the only number of one plenipotentiary voter. This is a democratic, posted power in the bottom, in which only one volleyer has the right to vote.
On the contrary, the national autocracy should be abandoned from democratic, and from dictatorial self-assemblement. "(Forgive him the abuse of his favorite term" national ", which in this case it is possible to omit at all :)).
What is the European monarchy?
Rannefodal monarchy - In the conditions of military democracy, the prince (king), relying on the squad, turns out of the electoral commander to turn into the head of state and begins to transfer the supreme power to inheritance. He begins to appoint officials (counts, "husbands") as its governors in the districts (in the city centers of the tribes), the monarch's governors are replaced by the electoral officials of lower levels (centuries).
With the growth of the territory of the state, the growth of the bureaucratic apparatus, the branching of the ruling dynasty occurs political decentralization, large feudals begin to influence the adoption of one or another candidate on the monarch of the prestrol. The supreme power becomes nominal.
At the next stage, with the full development of the layer of small feudal places in places and the city class, the head of state in the Union with them gets the opportunity to infringe on the rights of large feudalists, to geographically increase its domain and begin the process of centralizing the state, re-make its power real and hereditary.
Wound monarchy - The monarchy, in which the Supreme Power again becomes the real and order of its transfer ceases to depend on the will of large faeodals, in the fight against which the monarch enters into an alliance with the knighthood and the third estate and begins the process of state centralization.
Consistenrative monarchy - The monarchy, in which the power of the monarch is limited not only by representatives of his vassals, as with a vulgar monarchy, but also by representatives of the third estate. Subsequently, with the transition to the hired army and the liquidation of the devices, transformed into an absolute monarchy.
Absolute monarchy - The monarchy, in which the estate privileges continue to exist, however, there are no feudal possessions, a vassal system and in some cases (England, France) there is no serfdom.
Try to find in autocracy at least something from the above.
Tov. Spengler wrote the cutting rumor to the phrase, but forgive him how to German: "The primitive Moscow tsarism is the only form that is also humility and today, but in St. Petersburg, he was falsified into the dynastic form of Western Europe."
The trouble is that attempts to theoretical understanding and the annifustion of the Russian autocracy started by Ivan Grozny, did not receive further continuation with the Romanovs. And the Russian monarchy, remaining autocracy in essence, tried to look like the European monarchy, who was never autocraveing \u200b\u200bnever. As a result, any "theoretical substantiation" of autocracy within the framework of the European tradition looked fake, and self-adjustment itself - alien barbarism for all European.
The sacralism of power, to some extent, was also the French king, but this sacralism was not absolute, she did not even come from God, but from Pope, from recognizing other European monarchs. Russia's inclusion in European politics required the recognition of the Russian self-container by other European monarchs, therefore, already objectively limited autocracy.
The absolute monarchy is estimated, and in fact the power of the absolute monarch is delegated to him by the highest nobility. In this way, european Absolute Monarchy can be considered a limit form of class democracy. While autocracy does not have its own source any of the possible democratic procedures. And the European can not imagine this at all. Sacralism here has nothing to do with it.
For Europeans, at all the monarchy was not associated with tyranny. Hegel even idealized the absolute German monarchy. But autocracy really for them has always been identically tyranny. And not only an autocratic monarchy, but any Russian method of reign in which autocracy is inevitably manifested.
A self-adjustment is not the highest degree of absolutism and one-owned. You can be autocratic a penalty and advancing with everyone. But self-sufficiency assumes the own institutions about which we have a rather vague presentation, and our mechanism of functioning that we are practically unknown at all.
I can only assume that a sustainable autocracy needs a constant approval and confirmation of its "infant". It is this factor that thugged Godunov, Falsitria, Shuisky and other applicants for the role of autocrat. And B. this sense, the present autocracy ended in Ivan Grozny. Romanovs held already on demand for self-adjustment, but experienced a clear deficit of confidence in their "True". After Peter I, we didn't have real autocracy and self-containers who could say, like Ivan Grozny, turning to the nobles that "my power is not from you, the chops." After Peter, we already have a "autocracy limited by the kingubius", which is actually only a form with a very limited content.
We are now, for example, in principle, we can not understand how it was in the 15th century the princes of Shui 2 times they took Moscow and overthrow Vasily II dark, sharpened him to the dungeon, blinded, and both times were forced to leave, and Vasily returned to the kingdom. Is it possible to submit this in the afternoon 18th century? But the thing is that it is impossible to become a dealer, if the people have no faith in the fact that the king is "real." This situation in European terms "democracy" is absolutely impossible to understand and explain.
With autocracy, the king (Monarch, President, Secretary General) is responsible only before God, and therefore none of the mortals can "blame" any responsibility. The king is not a lonely hero, he relies on the faith of the people. Without faith, autocracy is impossible. Layer autocracy is always accompanied by the crisis of faith and always leads to the hardest crisis of the whole state.
From the point of view of the political institutions of Bolshevism Stalinist mode - Only the temporary concentration of power in the leader's hands of one of the power groups in the critical situation. As soon as the situation normally normalized, it happened a quick liberalization of the regime in which all the groups received much more rights, within the existing system.
Stalinist regime is only democracy adapted to the conditions of acute need for autocracy. :)
As soon as circumstances, democracy began their destructive action again.
But, from the point of view of the perception of power, the people, the relations "Stalin-people" (as well as today "Putin-people") very quickly accepted the usual, historically understandable and verified form of "autocratic people". And therefore, the resultingly logical, from the point of view of the current upheld political system, the "debate of the cult of personality" was perceived by the people as a new layer of autocracy and led to the fatal crisis of the communist faith.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia remained an autocracy monarchy. The head of state was the emperor (king), which belonged to the highest power in the empire. Over the centuries, the prerogatives of the monarch in Russia were based on the usual right. Only in 1716, under Peter I, the Patriarchate and Boyar Duma, and focused in his hands, the formal legal substantiation of the monarching prerogatives appeared (absolutely) in his hands. In the military charter, the "Article" said: "His Majesty is a self-liberal monarch, who should not give anyone in the world about his affairs, but the power and power has its own states and land, IKO Christian sovereign, according to his will and blasion." In 1720, in the compilation of spiritual regulations (the Plan of Reorganization of the Church), the Lapidaric norm was introduced, which staining: "The monarch is a self-adjustable, which God commands himself to obey."
Throughout the XVIII century, the definition of the royal authorities remained unchanged, and in 1797 under the emperor Paul I was formulated as follows: "The All-Russian emperor is a self-adjacent and unlimited monarch. To obey the supreme power is not tooccmo for fear, but also for the conscience God himself commands. " Later, this postulate was the first article of the first volume of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The wording remained unchanged until 1906, when a new (last) editorial office has appeared. Up until 1906, the completeness of the royal authorities, neither actually nor the legally none formal norms and public institutions joined. The situation has not changed after the creation of the Committee of Ministers (1802) and the State Council (1810). The first was established in the form of an administrative advisory body of senior officials, and the second - as the Supreme Law of the Empire.
In itself, the use of the concepts of the concepts "autocracy" and "unlimited" when determining the monarchs, Putrogative testified to the non-identity of them. Pragmatic critics of the authorities of all the masters did not see any difference here. Meanwhile, it existed and was fundamental. An outstanding Russian lexicographer V. I. Dal gave two explanations of the word "autocracy." In the first case, as a full-awake control, unlimited, independent of state cathedrals or elected from the land and ranks. All this definition series is really identical to the concept of "unlimited". However, the distance gives the second definition of autocracy - "this power". It is here that the historical ontology of the old royal title used in Russia from the XVI century is concluded.
The meaning was determined by the essence of the Orthodox worldview and was based on the conviction that the monarch is the anointed of God that he received power from the Most High, rules his grace, but "the heart of Tsarevo in the Ruta of God." The mysticism of the Russian autocracy was inextricably connected with the teachings of the Orthodox Church about the power and with folk views on the king as "God's bailiff."
At the same time, the concept of "unlimited" was the span of Petrovsky time, the era of the formation of the absolutist monarchy. It emphasized the social world order, where the power of the king is over all for everyone. In fact, the difference between the two definitions of the royal power is the difference between Sacral and Earth.
Since Peter I and before the beginning of the XIX century, the principle of full, sovereign supreme power was formally remained unchanged, but the nature and essence of the Supreme State Administration in the last king - Nicolae II - had little in common with the Petrovsky era. If the autocracy of Peter I can be considered to be despotic (arbitrary) with a sufficient basis, then by the beginning of the 20th century, the position looked differently. The system has undergone changes. As before, the king kept the "right" by God on any decisions, but all the significant of them were accepted only after discussion (sometimes many years) circle of officials of various levels. The most important was certainly discussed in the Commissions of the State Council, and then in the General Meeting of the Council.
In the first half of the 19th century, Nikolai I occurred a codification of legislation, and in 1830 a single complete meeting of the laws of the Russian Empire (45 volumes) were published, and in 1832 the Code of the current legislation appeared - the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire (15 volumes). He included legal acts regulating the personal rights and obligations of the subjects, determining the estate-social subordination, the structure, organization and competence of all state and public governing bodies. These norms were mandatory, and the new law was taken into force only after the abolition of the previous one. The rule could be published in the form of statutes, deposits, references, provisions, punishes, manifestos, decrees, opinions of government councils and reports, but certainly approved by the king. No law could have "his commission without approval of the autocratic power."
The most important general provisions of the state device were recorded in the first volume of the laws of the Russian Empire - the Code of the Basic State Laws, which determined the prerogatives of the Supreme Power, the structure and competence of the main community institutions: the State Council, Senate, the Committee of Ministers. This volume of fundamental laws included dynastic legislation - a meeting of acts that made up the so-called an institution about the imperial surname. Russian dynastic law was one of the most strictly regulated in the world.
The royal power was definitely hereditary, passed from his father to his son. The heir (Cesarevich) became emperor immediately after his predecessor death. It was, so to speak, earthly establishment. But there was another ritual of the church consecration of the royal power. The need was stipulated by the law: "On joining the throne, the sacred coronation and the world-formation on the rank of Orthodox Greek-Russian Church is committed. The time for the solemn service of the rite is assigned to the highest adequacy and is prevalent in the nationwide. " The ceremony has always been in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
The law painted in detail and the conditions of the TRONPRECTIONMENT in the absence of direct heirs from the Ventrenoscience or the minority of the new ruler (he did not provide for only the possibility of rejecting the monarch from power). The relatives of monarchs constituted a special community - the imperial name, the rights and advantages of which were specified in detail. The children and grandchildren of men's monarchs are called great princes and regularly received special money content. They were obliged to join only equivinated marriages with representatives of other owner houses and must with the consent of the emperor. The faces of more distant degrees of Rodance were called princes of imperial blood, and they were only the one-time cash payment for both the majority and marriage. Female representatives held in close relationship with the emperor were called the great princesses (princessed) and preserved grand-road title even after selling foreign princes and monarchs.
The Romanov Dynasty, which was on the throne since 1613, had close related relations with many monarchical houses of Europe. By the beginning of the 20th century, family unions included the largest dominal homes: Great Britain, Germany, Holland, Greece, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Norway, Romania, Sweden. By this time, the royal dynasty had about fifty people. The closest related bonds tied up the last monarch Nicholas II with England (Hannover dynasty), Denmark (Schleswig-Holstein-Pronduraburg-Glucburg) and Greece (Schleswig-Holstein-Pronduraburg-Glucburg). At the beginning of the 20th century, the grandfather of the Russian king was the King of Denmark (Christian IX), in England and Greece on the thrones were his uncle (Eduard VII and Geopg I), A Emperor of the German Empire was the cousin of Queen Wilhelm II.
Any decision became in Russia the law only after the signature of the monarch. She could be put on the document and after discussion ("examination") in the State Council, the Committee of Ministers, in special meetings of persons invited "at the discretion of the sovereign", and without it. From the second half of the XIX century, the second happened extremely rarely. Unlike the ancestors, before the last kings - Nikolai I, Alexander II, Alexander III and Nikolai II - invariably there was a challenge to relate new measures with the existing legal norms. Being as if above the written law, they were also apparent than the letter of the existing legislative standard, and the management tradition of the XIX century "merge", "discuss" and "coordinate".
Under Nicolae I, I finally developed a model of the hierarchical autocratic imperial system, which began to be issued under Peter I and reached his heyday in the second quarter of the XIX century. Using the terminology of N. M. Karamzin, it can be called "liberal absolutism" with full right. The king, remaining the Demiurge law, was forced to act in the system of fixed regulatory coordinates. After the publication of the laws of laws, for the first time in the history of Russian statehood, the Lrafts that outlined the social "Rules of the game" appeared, which the Supreme Law, the Supil Inspirator of Law and the Rightseed Cases.
From the middle of the XIX century outside of private interests and questions (permission to marry to relatives, issuance of awards and subsidies, a change in the judicial or administrative penalties, appointment to the position), in the matters of native it is difficult to find examples of the manifestation of the monarch of the will, which can be qualified as a personal whim of the ruler . If, under Peter I and his great-grandchildren, the monarch, the state course could determine the state course, to serve as a war, wrap off a good or disaster for many, could cause opals, deprivation of property, expulsion, and even execution, in later time Personal feelings and gusts of the king less and less played the role of an immutable political impulse. Changed social conditions, morally softened; The psychology of the rulers changed. In the second half of the XVIII century, legal norms of the public device began to be issued in Russia. In 1766, under Catherine II, the provision was emerged in the legislation until 1917: "Russian Empire is managed on solid reasons for positive laws, institutions and charters, from the autocracy authority of the outgoing".
It was then that in state political practice began to be approved by the principle of continuity of writing legal norms. In its mandatory, the members of the underlying commission, the Empress wrote: "The Commission should not start fulfilling its tasks before it is fully aware of the current situation in the country, because any change should not in any case become self-sufficient, but should serve to correct The disadvantages when such disadvantages are, but everything is kind and useful should be left and not changed, because it should always remain in force. " By the end of the XIX century, the female descendants of Peter I were limited in their actions are limited not only to the current management tradition, a factor of public opinion, but also well-defined legal issues related to both the area of \u200b\u200bdynastic prerogatives and the sphere of civil law in general. The monarch could only be the face of the Orthodox religion belonging to the Romanov dynasty, which consisted in a squirrel marriage. At the same time, an unlimited rule was obliged at the time of joining the throne to declare the heir in accordance with the Law of 1797.
It was limited by the autocrat and the most managerial technology, the procedure for the publication of laws, its own orders, for the abolition of which a special legislative act was required. He could not deprive the life, honor, property, estate rights, did not have the right to introduce taxes, was deprived of the possibility of someone to "miss", "to enforce", which is called without going with the throne. For this, the publication of a written order was properly decorated. In other words, the oral order of the monarch was no longer a law.
Along with the community and thesis structure, autocratic authoritarianism was a product of a complex historical process of formation, survival and strengthening of the state. Being titled with Peter I "Empire", Russia was as such, in fact, to the Tsar-modernizer, and after it. The imperial fate of Russia in many ways fundamentally differed from many other empires. Russia was not in the generally accepted sense of the "colonial power". Its territorial expansion was not motivated by the financial and economic aspirations, the search for the raw materials and sales markets, she did not exist on the "metropolis" and "colonies", and the economic indicators of the development of the inquiry areas ("colonies") were often much higher than that of regional zones which can be attributed to the historical center.
Strategic interests and territorial safety are the main factors of folding the Russian Empire. It was Natisk from the outside much determined in the social and political structure of Russia. In the XVI century, the Russian state fought 43 years old, in XVII - 48, and in the XVIII - 56 years. Even in the "peaceful" nineteenth century, the Russian empire spent more than 30 years in wars. Exploring historical facts, the famous English historian A. Toynby (1889-1975) stated: "It is true that the Russian army fought on Western lands, but they always came to the allies of one of the western countries in their endless family quarrels. The chronicles of the age-old struggle between the two branches of Christianity, perhaps, really reflect that the Russians turned out to be victims of aggression, and the people of the West - aggressors are much more often than the opposite. " However, regardless of the causes, paths and means of formation, the very fact of the occurrence of a huge territorial complex inevitably generated the problems caused by the nature of imperial existence.
Any empire is always a complex relationship of interaction and counteracting centrifugal and centripetal forces. The stronger the state ("empire"), the less affects its policies the impact of the centrifugal factor. In Russia, a monolithic ("uniform", "autocratic") monarchical power was consistent with the carrier, expressive and implementer of the centripetal beginning. Therefore, as soon as the topic arose about her political prerogatives, the question of the stability of the entire state imperial structure was inevitably inevitably. The nature of Russian immunity prevented the development of polycentricism and regional autonomization. Monarchic Russia remained hostage to its history.
Another ontological cause of persistent rejection of power by pre-war ideas about the constitutional rule, based on the schedule of political functions and their division between different entities state law, rooted B. sacral sense royal power. The king in Russia has never been "first among others." He was married to the kingdom, he went as it were to a mystical marriage with the country, and the royal porphyres reflected "the light of heaven." For the beginning of the XX century, such ideas were undoubted archaic. Nevertheless, they reflected not only the worldview of the monarchs themselves, but also the overwhelming majority of their subjects. Religious (Orthodox) Mirosoznaya empowered the king by special halo, which none of all deaths had. It was here that the reason for those complex collisions, which accompanied attempts to reform the Supreme Power in the Liberal-Legal Spirit were rooted. In the path of such aspirations, an insurmountable barrier was rising: not subject to reform religious authority.
Meanwhile, the problem of countering the liberal constitutional and legal reconstruction of Russia is often reduced only to local issues about the "short-sightedness" and "political myopia" of the vengerians, about mercenary interests individuals and social groups, leaving the national-orthodox mentality completely aside. Such an approach is a historical simplicity.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was still far from the universal legal state (in the understanding of the political science and sociology of the 20th century), but the tendency of humanization, legal support of social life and public administration throughout the XIX century (with all the difficulties and interrupment) appeared quite definitely.
Adopted
Constituent congress
Monarchic Party "Autocrat Russia"
02/13/2011, Moscow Moskva
I.V.V.
The monarchical party "Automatic Russia" unites citizens of monarchical beliefs, supporters of restoring historical justice and traditional powersal moral management of the country.
Russia should again become the Great Empire, to gain his true historical person, contact the thousand-year experience of Orthodox civilization. The traditional formula "Moscow - the Third Rome" was and remains a symbol of Russian Cathedral statehood at all times.
The story of our great country is inextricably linked with three fundamental concepts. Russia has been built on the basis of Orthodox faith for more than a thousand years, the labor of the Russian people, the legitimate royal dynasties ruled. At the same time, the people kept loyalty to their sovereigns, supported Orthodox traditions and lived the life of his ancestors.
The main formula of the National Being - Orthodoxy, autocracy, the nationality - was still the only true formula of life remaining the sign of Russian and Russian identity. Its historical feature is also in the fact that it did not contradict and does not contradict the national and religious identity of other indigenous peoples of Russia.
Pre-revolutionary retreat higher layers Russian society from the fundamental principles of Russian life turned into a spiritual and social catastrophe and genocide of the people. But even in the Soviet era, not everything was lost: the memory of his original did not cooled in several generations of Russian people who lived under the rigid press of communist ideology. Soviet experience in many areas of life, as the experience of the struggle of the people for their national and spiritual existence, the experience of overcoming the goggle foreign influence cannot be forgotten. It was a lot of valuable and significant.
The Russian people are the people of deeply monarchical, "Tsarist", which even recognized the Bolsheviks who claimed that if the White nominated the slogan "for the Russian king", Bolshevism would not hold on and ten days. After the fall of the monarchy, the distorted spontaneous monarchism of the people partly appeared in the "cult of personality" of leaders, generals, presidents. So now sociological studies are shown: a significant part of the population of Russia is conscious or spontaneous monarchists. Non social experiments failed to erase his monarchical essence from our people. Therefore, no doubt future Russia This is an autocratic monarchical state.
II. What is Russian civilizational structure.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
2.1 Autocratic monarchical state
The Orthodox autocratic monarchy in Russia has its own centuries-old history, and their spiritual and civilizational foundations, both in the nature of the Russian people and in its religious performances.
According to St. Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow, "God, in the image of his heavenly uniobrals, arranged the king on the ground, in the image of His Alignment - the king of the autocratic, in the image of his kingdom of incredible, ongoing from the century and before the century, is the king of hereditary."
Russian autocracy is synonymous with the concept of "strength and independence", guaranteed power sovereignty. It means the independence of the power of the Russian king from any other power, both outside the borders of Russia and throughout the Russian land. The legal fiction of the "separation of the authorities" is one of the manifestations of the "Great Lie of Our Time" (KP of the Victorious). It only masks the authentic source of power - private interest or secret organizations. The genuine power is one, it is or there, or it is not.
The royal autocracy is the source of laws, management and justice, the "royal law" and at the same time a royal duty, royal debt. The hereditary nature of the Tsarist authorities puts it above the political, class and class interests, makes unparalleled in social struggle and intrigues. The king initially does not need to "make a career." The inheritance of the throne is determined by the law applied at the origins of the kingdom. By eliminating, if possible, every element of "election", "desires" by the people and from the sovereign itself, the dynastic idea makes the personality of the king by the living embodiment of the moral ideal, whose supreme the nation itself put over himself. The sovereign at the same time and has all the power of this ideal, and himself fully subordinate to him.
The king is acknowledged to the kingdom of the special church, which committed by the Orthodox Church. The state does not impose the Orthodox faith with all his subjects, not forcing her confession, but does not give it to the crust.
The symphony of the king and the church is expressed in the fact that the laws of the state are in harmony with the law of God, and the king is the supreme guardian of the Orthodox Church, the defender from the external and internal threats, the counselor of the purity of the Orthodox fault. The church is praying for the king. The king cares about the church. At the same time, as the White King of the All-Russian monarch provides the supreme patronage of the traditional religions of Russia.
2.2. People's Cathedral State
The state-forming people of Russia is Triune, currently separated, Russian people - Velikorsosa, Maloros (Ukrainians) and Belarusians. Rusins, Cossacks, Siberians, Pomra and other subecadetnical groups with their subcultural features are the inalienable verge of the Russian people in which the diversity of the Russian world is manifested. Also, all the indigenous peoples of Russia, for many centuries who lived shoulder to shoulder with the Russians, are not silent, full of the sovereign. National discrimination against the indigenous peoples of Russia, the humiliation of national honor and dignity are a grave crime.
The rights and obligations of Russian subjects are in an inseparable unity. There is no rightless rights and no duties without rights. The rights and obligations of people and social groups can be different and different content depending on their kind of activity and participation in state-building, the sovereign service.
The state takes care that good qualities, skills and skills of people, their professional knowledge and experience in all areas of activity are transmitted from generation to generation, from the Father to the Son.
The state, that is, the state is, by definition, it cannot be narrowly class or class - it is above classes and estates and acts as an arbitrator in their possible disputes, and the king is the Supreme Arbitrator. From here it stems his head judicial authorityfacing accusation and protection in the contestant process. In autocratic Russia, the state does not pursue a person, but creates truth and mercy.
The state is unitary, but flexible in its regional forms of the organization. Local self-government is separated from public administration, develops on the basis of local historical and national traditions and can take any forms - land, tips, Cossack circle, church communities, Kurultay, etc. Representatives of the indigenous peoples of Russia in relations between themselves can be guided by the norms of their national cultural traditions.
The highest advisory and legislative body of the country is the Council of All Earth (Zemsky Cathedral), convened by the king on the principle of a comprehensive representation of the layers and groups of the population. The vowels (delegates) of the Zemsky Cathedral are elected from the professional groups and unions and from land that are part of the Russian state.
2.3. Social state
Social justice - the basis of state and public Life autocratic monarchical Russia. Private property, according to the monarchical worldview, is neither "sacred property" or absolute evil. It is firmly liable to God and the state. It should be considered as "Mental Band" - the right of ownership, obliging the owner to use it for good not only to itself, but also the neighbor, society as a whole. Rich people are obliged to help the poor, invest in science, culture, education, medicine, to engage in charity. Wealth is not virtue, and poverty is not a vice, as the opposite.
The support of the stability of society and the independence of Power is a major property on the means of production, mainly or fully owned by the state. This applies to individual areas, objects and types of ownership the greatest value For the existence of the state and the well-being of the people.
The monarchy does not apply to the economic field of dogmatically, the attitude towards different forms of property is determined primarily by the feasibility and efficiency of their use. However, pragmatism cannot spread as such. Earth - God and soves. At the same time, land use can take any forms: for example, lifelong possession and use of land with the right of inheritance, but without the right to sell. Or rental with ownership of products, fruits and land use income. The latter also refers to the depths of the earth, forests and reservoirs. Public property should also contain strategic industries: energy, atomic, cosmic, aviation industry, heavy, military-industrial complex. Fundamental Science, Advanced Medicine, Forecasting and Fighting Natural Catastrophes, Environmental Protection and other expensive industries that are directly related to national, national interests and security issues also refer to the maintenance of the sovereign and state.
On the contrary, the sphere of light, food and local industry, the sector of services, agriculture, part of engineering and instrument making focused on the final consumer, admit all the variety of ownership forms - state, cooperative, private, etc. Such traditional Russian forms of organization deserve special support. Labor, like a partnership and artel (manufacturing cooperative) ...
Education - from elementary school to graduate school inclusive - should be state, free and affordable. The same applies to medicine. Teachers, teachers, educators, doctors should receive a worthy wage and access to professional improvement. In parallel, private educational and medical facilities can exist in the country for those who want to use them.
The restoration of autocracy in Russia is inextricably linked with the restoration of its complete independence from international financial centers and a roving interest, overwhelming economic life in the country. Ultimately, this means overcoming financial globalism. Lending in Russia should gradually become state, including for private business, and, ultimately, is interestful. Financial and tax identification should not insult religious feelings, as well as the accounting of the population and its economic activity should not be the features of totalitarianism and obey the external centers to the detriment of the independence and defense capability of the state.
The most important social and national objective of the state is to concern for the savings and the increase in the number of people and, above all, affected by the genocide in the twentieth century of the state-forming Russian people. The national and moral nihilism of the Communists and Liberals put the Russian people on the edge of destruction. The monarchy, based on religious commandments, millennial traditions and family-kind beginnings, at the championship of the head of the family, husband and father, on the responsibilities of his wife and mother, on the hereditary succession from parents to children, there is an ideal to establish the lifestyle of the entire people. The royal family has a prototype, inspiring strong and firming weak. The concern of the state on material well-being and employment of young families should be connected with the solid prohibition of abortions and abortive contraception, the prohibition of any propaganda of immorality, the embracing lifestyle and perversions.
III. What we see the policy of the monarchist state
3.1. Russia as a geopolitical center and the task of reunification of the Turned Russian people
Russian Earth is also in Europe, and in Asia, and the Russian people are both European and Asian, creating their original Russian civilization on the world's largest territory. Russia is the geopolitical center of the continent of Eurasia, the intersection of all its strategic and economic ties, "core earth". At the same time, the Russian state throughout its history was forced to resist aggression from both the West and from the East. Hence the traditional role of reliable defense: the requirement of high readiness of all kinds ground Forces, air, naval fleet and intelligence in the history of Russia, their role in the near future, due to the growing instability in the world, should increase even more.
One of the main tasks of the future autocratic monarchical Russia is the voluntary reunification of the temporarily divided Triune of the Russian people under the tear of the Russian king. In the future, it is possible to adopt a sentence of friendly peoples who voluntarily wished to live with us in one state, which will contribute to the restoration of historical borders.
The closest allies of Russia should be, on the one hand, the Orthodox countries of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Christian Armenia. On the other hand, culturally associated peoples of Europe and Asia, such as Germany, France, Italy, Iran, India.
Neighboring China comes to the role of one of the first states of the world. Here the situation is contradictory, especially if they keep in mind the demographic growth of China and the weak settlement of Russian eastern land. Fast and decisive rise of Siberia and the Far East, strengthening our eastern frontiers - a priority and categorical imperative for the coming decades. At the same time, Russia should strive for friendship and union with the Great Eastern neighbor.
Russian monarchy will be inevitably committed to the principles of the world and respect for the sovereignty of all national states. In the conditions of the globalization imposed globalization, the monarchical party "Automatic Russia" considers its allies those political forces abroad, which advocate for the preservation of independence of their states and their original national-cultural path of development.
3.2. State and spirit of the people
Monarchic statehood has nothing to do with totalitarianism. She does not allow the suppression of freedom of spiritual and cultural development of the individual, but legally limits the manifestations of individual freedom, which contradict the rights of the people to live in their folk customs and moral standards.
Freedom is God's gift, and it does not imply global standardization. On the contrary, the story has shown that Western democracy, absoluting the ideas of freedom, leads to its degradation, note to freedoms of various "minorities" and destructive communities committing cultural and moral revolutions that destroy the personality, society and the state for the achievement of criminal egoistic goals of individuals and groups .
The autocratic monarchy, in accordance with the law of God, the historical tradition and concern of the monarch about the well-being of subjects, gives preference to the rights and freedoms of the people as a whole, labor communities, estates, large religious and cultural groups to the rights of a separate individual or minority torn off from native soil, national and spiritual roots that do not recognize moral norms and folk traditions.
With the liberation of the People's Spirit from the press of the dominant communist ideology, one non-vital was replaced by another - dictatorship of the financial oligarchy, who who was identified and society into a humiliated bankrupt position. This led both to the degradation of independent and creative thoughts, sciences and arts, which today are on the verge of destruction or almost destroyed and to the degradation of industry, crafts, culture and public health, to the need to choose between a pitiful helping Mamon and extinction.
Only an autocratic monarchy, with its cultural historical roots, a decent character, Orthodox world-world, spiritual liability and strategic thinking, is able to get rid of financial slavery and return the spiritual and personal dimension culture. The combination of the "big style" of monarchical culture at the state level and the widest diversity of freedom of personal and collective creativity in the field of science, arts and crafts at the public level is the real way out of cultural degradation and the key to the future Renaissance of Russian and other nations of Russia, and, consequently, And the path of the lift of the People's Spirit, the path of the disclosure of his giant creative potential.
3.3. Domestic politics
The strategic goal of the domestic policy is to maintain the stability of society and the state, the observance of their inner fortress and sustainability to any destructive impacts of an ideological, religious, political and other nature. The strategic objectives of the internal policy of Russia should be:
A) restoration of manageability of the state and society. The fight against corruption and any attempts of civil servants to satisfy their mercenary interests for the state account. Strengthening discipline in the system of state power.
B) the creation of all necessary conditions for ensuring the political, spiritual, information, economic and military sovereignty of Russia.
C) the creation of conditions for reproduction and population growth with the restoration of the demographic potential of the Russian people affected in the twentieth century from state Russophobia and genocide.
D) Strengthening the state unity of the country, suppressing separatism in all its forms.
E) developing mechanisms for a harmonious combination of local government powers with the prerogatives of the central government.
(E) Ensuring a worthy level of social protection of the population.
G) the fight against crime, including the elimination of ethnic gangs and the complete termination of illegal and destructive migration.
Russian citizenship (citizenship) should be a high honor for a person living in Russia. The acquisition of the Russian citizenship by persons who came to Russia per month and having generic roots in Russia is possible only after a long period of adaptation and proof of loyalty to the state and the Russian people from the appeal of citizenship. Double citizenship is not allowed.
All forms and types of ownership, including foreign, should be under the protection of the state, provided that the owners do not violate Russian laws.
At the same time, to ensure the national sovereignty of Russia, the share of foreign capital, direct or indirect foreign investment in Russian enterprises should be limited by the threshold of economic security, determined, based on the state of the economy and international relations. For objects and industries that have strategic importance, the participation of foreign capital is not allowed.
Russia ceases to further colonial use of its subsoil. (The removal of unprocessed raw materials will be generally gradually discontinued). It is necessary to take measures to curb the export of capital from Russia (first of all through offshore). Riches of the depths of Russia, her forest and water resources, energy and transport networks and military industry, as well as the industry, providing it must mainly (with rare exceptions) belong to the state execution and serve the people of Russia, and not to individuals or transnational corporations. The return of the most profitable industries under the control of the state will give the necessary and sufficient funds for the modernization of industry.
Each citizen of autocratic Russia will be guaranteed right to:
A) full-fledged free medical care;
B) free secondary and, in the presence of necessary abilities, higher education;
C) worthy of paid work (in the specialty);
D) modernly equipped housing;
E) legal and physical protection against any encroachment on his identity or property.
Each citizen will be guaranteed an old-age allowance or disability in the amount of not lower than the real subsistence minimum.
Any propaganda of immorality and the norms of life contrary to Russian traditions will be prohibited in Russia.
Each subject is guaranteed freedom of religion. Foreign sect activities in Russia are prohibited.
A state monopoly is introduced on the production of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products. Sale is limited. Active struggle is underway for a sober way of life up to the introduction of "dry law".
The activities of Russian, foreign, international organizations and individuals, aimed at reducing fertility, "sexual education" of children and adolescents, interference in the traditional family rights and parents is prohibited. Attempts by this kind of activity, from whom they would proceed, will be prosecuted as a criminal offense.
The death penalty is introduced for terrorism, illegal production, storage and distribution of drugs, for rape and seduction of juvenile, for state treason.
Laws are tightened against corruption, and a special all-Russian office is being created to combat corruption and treasury, combining folk control and secret special services. The Criminal Code returns a punishment for corruption in the form of confiscation of property as a corruption and members of his family (including the property outside the borders of Russia).
3.4. Foreign policy
Russian society should clearly realize and protect their national interests. Only criminal indifference to his own Fatherland can generate a haired following the Russian state in the fairway of American or European, or other regional or globalist politics.
Russia can not afford it even under the threat of war.
At the same time, the main goals of foreign policy should be:
A) ensuring favorable conditions for solving the internal problems facing the country. Hence the first requirement for foreign policy - it must be peaceful. However, the world can be saved, only possessing military force.
B) Restoration Russian state In his natural boundaries. Active promotion of the gradual voluntary return of Belarus and Ukraine to the composition of the Unified Power.
C) ensuring the strategic interests of Russia in the territory of the former USSR. Former Union republics should not become a source of threats for our security or conductors of influence, hostile to Russian interests.
D) the revival of close friendly relations with traditional, primarily Orthodox and Slavic, Russia's partners. Return of Russia Roles of the leader of the Slavic world and the universal patroness of Orthodoxy.
E) ensuring good neighborly relations with all continental neighbors, regardless of their ideological, religious and political orientation.
(E) Reducing Russian participation in any international organizations to the level of the required minimum. A categorical refusal to promote any attempts of any interstate associations (be it UN, OSCE, NATO, IMF, WTO or other) to form any supranational control and management structures.
The Russian power does not have a different path, except for following his own thoughtful national strategy, since no other state or group of states has the historical tasks that are delivered to Russia to God's fishing. The basis of this strategy should be the principle of "reasonable isolationism" and the concept of sovereignty: political, military, information, cultural, scientific and technological, energy, raw materials, financial, food and economic independence of Russia based on its own significant resources, intellectual-spiritual intelligence Forces and creative energy of our people. In this sense, any "globalization strategy", in whose interests it would neither tried to impose us, cannot be considered by Russia other than the attempt on Russian autocracy.
Russia's foreign policy should be part of its own national strategy and under any circumstances cannot and should not become self-sufficient or decisive national development of Russia. Participation in international organizations should be considered as a means of achieving certain strategic goals and is possible only under the condition that it does not contradict the basic principles of the National Strategy. It should be reviewed the provisions on the priority of international law over the national.
The Russian state holds the policy of peace and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and has the right to demand the same attitude towards its own sovereignty.
National Interests Russia, as well as the life and health of its law-abiding subjects in Russia and abroad are protected by all means of the Russian state and are priorities in foreign and domestic policies.
Refusing aggressive claims, in all international conflicts, Russia must maintain an "armed neutrality" provided by military potential sufficient to use it as a tool of foreign policy.
The state has the patronage of Russian communities abroad and, first of all, in the countries of the neighboring countries.
3.5. Russian army, aviation and fleet and their role in the state
Our army and fleet have great historical traditions and rightfully carry the name of invincible. The victories of Russian weapons have always been based on the spiritual superiority of Orthodox soldiers, their personal heroism and courage, the ability to give life for faith, king and fatherland. At the same time, our army and fleet traditionally had talented and brilliant commander, excellent combat sweating, the best weapon, which was in the rear, all the people, to protect against enemies.
The Russian army and fleet always served as the protection of faith, king and the fatherland, and not aggression and seizure of other people's lands, and if used abroad, only for the rescue of brothers in faith and to fulfill allied commitments related to the security of our state.
The Russian army has always been respected in the people and one with the people, as never used mercenaries and consisted of soldiers, sailors and officers, many of whom were people from the people.
The Russian army and fleet have always started the case with prayer and carried the banners and Horugwi with the images of the Lord Jesus Christ and the God's saints, attracting the Great Help of God to defend the right of the Orthodox Fatherland. That is why the Russian army and the fleet were and remain unsurpassed in the history of the crushers of ingenic and innovative pride.
The revival of the Suvorovsky and Ushakov Spirit and the military traditions of the Russian Army and Fleet is the basis for the security of Russia in the conditions of the modern aggressive environment of the country.
The financing of the army and the fleet at the necessary and sufficient level, including the re-equipment program, must be a priority article of the budget of Russia and should be executed strictly, according to the laws of wartime. The State Bank of Russia is obliged out of interest and trouble-freely on time to credit military research and developments carried out according to the Government's arms development plans.
The planned system of state order should ensure the development, production and reliable operation of new modern armament samples. Russian armed forces must be primarily equipped with the latest and most effective weapons.
The Russian army and fleet are converted by traditional type. The spiritual education of personnel, the service of military priests, military and hiking temples is introduced. Military connections are referred to as the names of the saints with the delivery of Horugway. The military oath is applied to the gospel with the kissing of the cross (for Muslims on the Quran, for other confessions - according to the traditional ritual).
The defense of the Fatherland is the sacred duty and the accuracy of each Russian subject. Therefore, each Russian men's subjects in peacetime takes place military service in Russian army and a fleet or in enterprises of the military-industrial complex. The non-fulfillment of military duty is possible only for health or for persons limited or affected.
The officer of the Russian army and the fleet is a honorable title, which means belonging to a privileged class provided to all necessary for the content of the family, a full life and successful passage of service in a peaceful and wartime. The privileges of officers in society are not discussed, for the blood is based on the tax, which is obliged to give each officer under the oath during the military. Any attempt to discredit the officer's title or military form by civil or military faces is severely punishable by law.
The serviceman, including the Novobine, is the states of the servant and the servant of the Fatherland. Therefore, any crimes against the personality of the servicemen are pursued as an attempt on personality, the rights and dignity of sovereign servants and are severely punishable.
Preparation for military service begins with school bench. The issuance of a certificate of secondary education is made under the condition of initial military-sports training included in the obligatory school curriculum.
Military disabled - honorary title, it guarantees a secured standard of living for a warrior affected by the field of Brahi or failed by age.
3.6. Earth and revival village
Earth is the main material wealth of the state and the people. The Earth is the Great Gift of God, and therefore she is the National Shrine. It requires ministry and care. Earth - the crumline of the people. In our time, in the whole world, the land is fighting and dying, as soon as our pious ancestors died. The land not only feeds the body, but also creates a soul of the people. We sinned too much before the Matthew and the peasant. And this is one of the main reasons for our extinction.
Communists 70 fought with a village and village. They closed rural temples, conducted an "derainking", "scattering", "collectivization", consolidation, lining and the destruction of "non-prospective" villages. Liberal democrats in their corks put her hand to the devastation of the village.
Now in the place of the former villages formed a semi-desert. At the same time, many cities are overcrowded. We are in food dependence on foreign suppliers, although we have a lot of unforgetable, abandoned land. This trouble is punishment for godless and heartless control. Only repentance and change in the attitude towards Earth and man on it will give us gracious fruits: fertility, beauty, wealth. It is necessary to realize the origins of what happened and love land and man worked on it. It is only a state for which God is love for which God is. The land today is one of the main few rustic resources of Russia, the basis of its future prosperity. In Russia, it is necessary to create a variety of environmentally friendly agricultural production, the generous fruits of which can not only fully provide food our people, but also become a significant part of exports.
The construction and revival of the village with a good quality, Orthodox culture and modern agricultural technology is the most important task of the monarchical state.
Earth in autocratic Russia belongs to the sovereign. It is under the control of the state and is transferred to the private inherited or collective use of only subjects of Russia, which process it or organize labor on Earth, or for rent for a limited term. Earth sale, transferring it to the gift and is prohibited in a pledge, but it is allowed to sell (transferring) rights to the use of land with paying costs incurred by the user. In the case of ineffective use of the Earth, it can be seized and transferred to other users or tenants. This procedure must be carried out in court. In case of termination of the use of land, it returns to the state treasury with compensation to the user or the state of the difference between the value of the returned land and the land, which was given (taking into account changes in the state and buildings).
Given the fact that agriculture throughout the world will reach today, peasant farms and communities will be released from all types of taxes and will be credited to the state to expand agricultural production at the minimum interest rate or subsidized. Products of domestic agricultural producers will receive priority in all trade enterprises. Any imposition of mediation by criminal groups or officials that impede the free market trades of peasants and peasant cooperatives will become a criminal offense and will be engaged in law.
For citizens of Russia wishing to return to Earth and past the relevant psychological and social inspection, agrarian courses are organized and subsidies are allocated (for the construction of modern housing and the acquisition of the necessary agricultural tools).
Russian migrants from neighboring countries will receive public benefits and material support in preferentially, if they choose village and rural labor for residence.
Construction and material support of the infrastructure of the village: schools, shops, medical groups, rural hospitals, means of communication and roads in the countryside at the first stage should take on the state
3.7. Culture and information
Artistic culture and modern mass information are spiritually forming factors for the development and social education of subjects of the Russian state. Therefore, the state and society have no right to exercise indifference to their content.
Ancient times in Russia, artistic culture was Orthodox in its content. The best and great works of Russian culture carried moral attitudes, taught the understanding of love, beauty and feathers as forms of spiritual perfection. That she became famous for the whole world.
However, national culture today is supplanted from the life of a young generation invasion of pseudoculture, which has anti-Christian value attitudes and tasks. Liberal pseudoculture, using the media, spreads the destroyer and the discharge of the spirit of debauchery, violence, the cult of pleasure and cult of the "Golden Taurus", occultism, Russophobia and antipatriotism. As a result of these impacts, children's and youth crime, rape, prostitution, sex perversion, disintegration of families and drug addiction, drunkenness and suicide are growing. The media in the hands of Russophobes turned into a satanic tool destroying our people.
In this regard, in the field of mass media and culture, the following large-scale state measures will be taken primarily:
· Termination of distribution in Russia, video, audio and printed products, contradictory morality, traditional values \u200b\u200bof Russian and other indigenous peoples of Russia. The legislative control over the media, Internet, publishing houses and trade enterprises will be underway. Will mercilessly fined and deprive licenses of all violators of legitimate requirements. For malicious violations, journalists and media owners will be attracted to criminal liability.
· Adoption of the State Program for the Support of Traditional Russian Culture as well as the culture of other indigenous peoples of Russia: the classical, modern and folk, the introduction of a state order for the creation of patriotic artworks of various genres, glorifying Russia and its people, the heroes of historical and modern battles for faith, king and fatherland .
· Providing targeted state financial support for those private and public media, the work of which corresponds to the spiritual and moral and patriotic tasks of the national revival of Russia and our people, strengthening the Russian state.
· Remunifying all the work of state-owned media for contemptional activities on the revival of monarchical consciousness, high spirituality, education and culture, traditional moral values \u200b\u200band patriotism.
3.8. Education and Education Youth
Education must return the original meaning that originates from the root "image". The person was created in the image and likeness of God, therefore the formation is the acquisition of the image of God, spiritual, mental, intellectual and physical perfection. This visual ideal should be at the head of the corner. " educational process».
Today, school and higher education means completely different goals, not corresponding to even those who have been announced: the creation of a "tolerant" and successful, that is, a person who does not have a national or religious, nor cultural, or cultural, well-adapted to the modern world with its consumer values Attachment to your own country, but it is successfully developing a global pseudoculture and who knows how to "make money."
Modern system Education is preparing godless personnel of narrow specialists who are not capable of creative work as a moral duty and spiritual process.
Traditional domestic educational education has completely different approaches to the formation of the personality of a young man, is at the same time universal and patriotic, considers it its main responsibility to teach a person to live and work in Russia and for Russia, to teach responsibly to relate to their own actions and acts of others, responding to needs and problems. Middle, teach the ministry, to instill the taste for improving self-personality, make a convinced carrier of such high moral values \u200b\u200bas debt, conscience, faith, honor, loyalty, love.
In autocratic Russia, the law of God and the foundations of theology will be taught in schools and universities, so that there are no spiritually ignorant people in the country. The education and education of the identity of the subjects of autocratic Russia, the impulse of the traditional values \u200b\u200bof love for God, the king and Fatherland will be the case of not only schools, universities or schools, but also society, all media, cultural institutions and institutions of government.
3.9. Economy, work, economy
The strategic goal of the Russian economy should be the satisfaction of the pressing material and spiritual needs of the people, modern and future generations, ensuring the independence of the state, the growth of population and improving the quality and standard of living of the people.
Russian citizens have the necessary opportunities to live in comfortable and beautiful dwellings, in a comfortable environmental setting, to eat full-fledged products, breathe fresh air, drink clean water and wear harmful clothes and shoes. Russians sincerely knew how creatively fruitfully work and create high-quality products when they did not interfere with the state. Did not have learned to do it now.
The citizens of Russia should have a free choice of the place and nature of the labor activity and sufficient to ensure the necessary life needs of the wage. For this, in our country there are enough resources: spiritual, material, cultural and intellectual. All these resources need carefully and with love to dispose.
The Russian state is responsible for the well-being inhabiting our country of peoples. As a state social and consumer state, it has all the more long-term obligations for social security, demographic policies, to support agriculture, the development of free education and health care, the development of fundamental science, on environmental protection, on the protection of the procedure and maintenance of defense at a sufficient level, etc. Due to these incredit tasks, the state needs significant state ownership that allows you to quickly dispose of resources, concentrate them in priority areas, to carry out innovative transformations, invest in long-term scientific and technical, cultural and other social projects that do not give immediate returns.
State property in Russia was, there is a stabilizing factor in national and public security, guaranteeing steady growth in the economy and solving problems requiring resource mobilization. In particular, it is directly related to the task of modernizing the economy, ensuring innovative potential for the scientific and technological jerk.
Currently, after the mercenary liberal privatization, which surrendered the economy into a crisis, in a number of industries requires urgent nationalization of enterprises.
The way out of the system crisis in historically short time requires the adoption of a unified state program affecting not only macroeconomic indicators, but also the details of economic relations.
To solve the strategic tasks of development in the field of economics and life support of the country, government order must be strengthened and partially (within the expanding public sector) restored centralized planning and distribution of resources. At the same time, state enterprises participate in market relations in the same rights that joint-stock, private or cooperative.
Especially, given the importance of the problem, it must be adopted, provided by resources and implemented a program for the restoration and development of agriculture and the formation of the food base of Russia, the saturation of the market by environmentally friendly products of domestic producers.
Mixed property, including the percentage of state, is liquidated by the nationalization and continue is not created (as a permanent source of corruption).
Taxes should be charged differentiated, depending on the nature of the main activity of enterprises and the direction of product sales. Domestic manufacturers, especially manufacturers of children's goods and food, should enjoy significant tax breaks.
Income taxes from individuals should be charged by a progressive scale (from 0 to 50 percent) depending on the level of income. The received additional funds go to maintain the social sphere and help to the poor.
Honest high-performance and high-quality work for the benefit of our fatherland must receive signs of public respect and pay high. The minimum wage in Russia (with a full-fledged working day) should be no lower than the real subsistence minimum.
The right to work is provided by the state through an active implementation of a system for creating new jobs, free retraining of citizens, promoting small private entrepreneurship and other means.
System-forming banks of the country are nationalized.
Any speculation (exchange, currency, banking, trading), as a way of unreasonable enrichment, creating financially not secured financial volumes and exemptions of social benefits, ceases, including by introducing restrictions on the rate of profit. Observing this condition should follow a special state supervisory authority.
Banking licenses should be resumed only to those banks that actually participate in lending and investing domestic manufacturers.
In order to ensure the sustainability of the national currency and the termination of the uncontrolled capitalization of capital, the free walking of foreign currency in Russia ceases. All currency transactions should be carried out only through state banks at the official rate.
The petty and secondary domestic entrepreneurship in the productive sector, creating new jobs and the expanding market of goods and services, at the initial stage of their activities (two years) is exempt from all types of income taxes, enjoys a state loan with a low interest rate, and, after two years, uses tax breaks.
Manufacturers of socially significant products are tax benefits compared to resellers.
Housing construction in social programs, overhaul and utilities and utilities are funded by the state and are carried out on the state procurement on the basis of competitions both by private enterprises and special state enterprises (by the choice of residents). Intermediary organizations in this area stops. The state is responsible for the quality of construction and the state of housing and communal services, thermal and energy networks, water supply systems, etc.
The issuance of export licenses for the export of raw materials is addressed to the saturation of the domestic market. First of all, the product produced in Russia should be available to our citizens, and then sell abroad. Export from Russia strategic raw materials will be possible only with a special permission of the government.
Note: All measures described by us are only suggestions to the future monarch and the monarchical government appointed by him. They reflect our ideas about the correct image of the board, but in no way shone the highest will and are designed only to express our expectations. Among the proposals there are obvious and, there are those that can and should be discussed. The latter is the case of the future advisers of the monarch and the government of autocratic Russia.
IV. How to almost restore the monarchy
4.1. Our ideology and choice of people
The monarchical party "Auditorous Russia" considers its first and initial task of explaining the essence of the monarchy through the media. We must dispel false ideas about the monarchies created by the Bolsheviks and Liberals, and explain that the sovereign is not a "representative of landowners and capitalists", and the Supreme Arbitrator and the Father of their subjects, standing above the classes and estates that the monarchy is compatible with any economic entry, except Anti-national and unfair that autocratic monarch is a guarantee of freedom of our people in the conditions of total globalization and cultural and religious leveling.
At the same time, the monarchist party "Automatic Russia" will explain the power of it, that the infinite ministry of the Golden Talander will not give them a guarantee of a calm future, and that only the revival of the monarchy will give the opportunity of those who are ready to be honest to serve King and Fatherland, to gain the desired stability and well-being His children. Monarchists advocate social justice, but, unlike left and ultra-right, against social revenge.
The Monarchic Party "Autocrat Russia" should clarify that only autocracy is a guarantee of the country's integrity and the lack of separatism. All other fasteners that arose throughout the republican history of Russia - from the "party control" to the "presidential vertical" were risks. At the same time, the monarchy provides genuine local self-government and, in fact, responds to the aspirations of the keepers of local traditions and styles.
4.2. National Referendum
The nationwide referendum on the issue of the transition to the monarchical form of the Board may be according to Art. 135 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, conducted if 3/5 of the State Duma deputies and members of the Federation Council vote for it. Initiate a discussion of this issue in the Federal Assembly may also Russian Federation at any time. According to the same Art. 135 Constitution of the Russian Federation The referendum on the issue of changing the foundations of the constitutional system of Russia may be replaced by the Constitutional Assembly, the decisions of which will be of the same legal force.
4.3. Zemsky Cathedral
If a referendum or constitutional meeting decided to restore the monarchy, then in the absence of the currently unconditional heir of the Russian throne, which meets all the requirements of the Law of 1797 on the Preconsession and the Imperial Families, the issue of tradition should be solved by the Zemsky Cathedral.
The monarchical party "Automatic Russia" believes that it is necessary to clearly understand: the Zemsky Cathedral does not choose the king "democratic way" and "voting", but reveals the will of God, that is, it is coordinated by the Cathedral of God, who is pleasing to God as a sovereign of Russian and, therefore, May take the Russian throne.
The composition of the Zemsky Cathedral is traditionally included in the existing states of the state and the consecrated cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church in the person of the Bishop Cathedral, representatives of the White clergy and monasteries. As well as representatives of the armed forces, land and cities, local governments, the Cossacks, associations of entrepreneurs and workers, trade unions, public organizations, representatives of the traditional religions of the peoples of Russia and worthy of decent deserved personalities in Russia.
The Zemsky Cathedral must be preceded by post and worship. For all the hours of the Cathedral, entertainment activities must be suspended. The decision of the Zemsky Cathedral should be taken after comprehensive and free discussion. It is accepted by the general consent of all participants, unanimously.
The beginning of the Zemsky Cathedral may be preceded by the work of the pre-communal meeting with the participation of representatives of the state, the churches, the armed forces, the public, all interested parties and organizations, religious associations, etc.
After graduating from the Zemsky Cathedral, the entry into the king on the kingdom and his sacred wedding and anointing for the kingdom, the state of the Russian will finally turn to the autocabous monarchical form of the Board and the following basic laws, including the laws on dynasty and the throne, will be taken by the monarch after their discussion and development of the Zemsky Cathedral or its divisions.
In case of adoption by the monarch, the decision on the termination of political activities in the country in the form of parties The monarchical party "Autocrat Russia" will announce a samorem.
V. Conclusion.
Our actions in normal and emergency
The monarchical party "Autocrat Russia" is not guided by the principle of "the worse, the better" and does not seek to restore the monarchy at any cost. The benefit of Russia, the life of people for us is more important than our programs. We believe that the monarchy as a saving idea for Russia should grow organically and naturally, how faith grows in God when they need it. It must overcome the stamps of centenary antimonarchic propaganda, borrowed political and ideological jets. Therefore, our rejection of the desire for violent change in the state system of Russia is not a conjunctural, but principal. Especially such is our upset of the territorial integrity of Russia, even within the boundaries of the Russian Federation.
The restoration of the autocratic monarchy is possible and preferably on the way out of the crisis of the democratic system, which today increases, goes into a new phase. Many modern problems, from our point of view, are generated by the system created in Russia after 1991 and cannot be solved within the framework of liberal democracy. Therefore, our main task in normal circumstances: the expansion of public support is the idea of \u200b\u200brestoring autocracy, promoting the peaceful evolution of public opinion and state structures towards the monarchical structure, the preservation and protection of law enforcement, the support of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Nevertheless, at present, it is impossible to exclude that as a result of the activities of external hostile forces, the betrayal of part of the political class of the Russian Federation, the activities of terrorists or separatists, or as a result of the systemic crisis, including the global, emergency circumstances will occur, the consequences of which will be difficult to predict. Under these conditions, the Monarchic Party "Autocrat Russia" will be ready in alliance with everyone, who is the road of the Motherland, its independence and integrity, regardless of their political and ideological positions, to act responsibly depending on the developing situation. We believe that in the case of emergency circumstances and the introduction of emergency rule measures, the further restoration of the autocratic monarchy through the convening of the Zemsky Cathedral will be the only consistent, historically proven and effective way to overcome the troubles. Thus, no matter how the circumstances are, the monarchical party "Autocratic Russia" is ready to help in every way to promote the exit of Russia on its historical path.
The monarchical party "Automatic Russia" is open to cooperation with all the forces, government and opposition, government agencies, political parties, religious and public organizations, individuals, with everyone who is the road our country and its future.
For faith, king and fatherland!
By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia remained an autocracy monarchy. The head of state was the emperor (king), which belonged to the highest power in the empire. Over the centuries, the prerogatives of the monarch in Russia were based on the usual right. Only in 1716, under Peter I, the Patriarchate and Boyar Duma, and focused in his hands, the formal legal substantiation of the monarching prerogatives appeared (absolutely) in his hands. In the military charter, the "Articulus" said: "His Majesty is a self-masted monarch, who should not give anyone in the world about his affairs, but the power and power has its own states and land, the Christian sovereign, according to his will and brugal." In 1720, in the preparation of spiritual regulations (the reorganization plan of the Church), the Lapidar norm was introduced, which stating: "The monarch of power is an autocratic, whom God command himself to obey."
Throughout the 18th century, the definition of the royal authorities remained unchanged, and in 1797, under the emperor Pavel I, I was formulated as follows: "The All-Russian emperor is a monarch self-adjustable and unlimited. To obey the supreme power is not toocco for fear, but also for the conscience God himself commands." Later, this postulate was the first article of the first volume of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The wording remained unchanged until 1906, when a new (last) editorial office has appeared. Up until 1906, the completeness of the royal authorities, neither actually nor the legally none formal norms and public institutions joined. The situation has not changed after the creation of the Committee of Ministers (1802) and the State Council (1810). The first was established in the form of an administrative advisory body of senior officials, and the second - as the Supreme Law of the Empire.
In itself, the use of the concepts of the concepts "autocracy" and "unlimited" in the definition of the monarchs, the prerogative testified to their non-identity. Pragmatic critics of the authorities of all the masters did not see any difference here. Meanwhile, it existed and was fundamental. An outstanding Russian lexicographer V. I. Dal gave two explanations of the word "self-adjustable." In the first case, as a full-awake control, unlimited, independent of state cathedrals or elected from the land and ranks. The whole determination is really identical to the concept of "unlimited". However, Dal gives the second definition of autocracy - "this power". It is here that the historical ontology of the old royal title used in Russia from the XVI century is concluded.
The meaning was determined by the essence of the Orthodox worldview and was based on the conviction that the monarch is the Anointer of God, that he received power from the Most High, rules his grace, but the "heart of Tsarevo in the Ruta of God." The mysticism of the Russian autocracy was inextricably related to the teachings of the Orthodox Church on the power and with folk views on the king as "God's bailiff."
At the same time, the concept of "unlimited" was the rally of Petrovsky time, the era of the formation of the absolutist monarchy. It emphasized the social world order, where the power of the king is over all for everyone. In fact, the difference between the two definitions of the royal power is the difference between Sacral and Earth.
Since Peter I and before the beginning of the XIX century, the principle of full, sovereign supreme power was formally remained unchanged, but the nature and essence of the Supreme State Administration in the last king - Nicolae II - had little in common with the Petrovsky era. If the autocracy of Peter I can be considered to be despotic (arbitrary) with a sufficient basis, then by the beginning of the 20th century, the position looked differently. The system has undergone changes. As before, the king kept the "law of this right" on any decisions, but all the significant of them were accepted only after discussion (sometimes many years) circle of officials of various levels. The most important was certainly discussed in the Commissions of the State Council, and then in the General Meeting of the Council.
In the first half of the 19th century, Nikolai I occurred a codification of legislation, and in 1830 a single complete meeting of the laws of the Russian Empire (45 volumes) were published, and in 1832 the Code of the current legislation appeared - the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire (15 volumes). He included legal acts regulating the personal rights and obligations of the subjects, determining the estate-social subordination, the structure, organization and competence of all state and public governing bodies. These norms were mandatory, and the new law was taken into force only after the abolition of the previous one. The rule could be published in the form of statutes, deposits, references, provisions, punishes, manifestos, decrees, opinions of government councils and reports, but certainly approved by the king. No law could have "his commission without approval of the autocratic power."
The most important general provisions of the state device were recorded in the first volume of the laws of the Russian Empire - the Code of the Basic State Laws, which determined the prerogatives of the Supreme Power, the structure and competence of the main community institutions: the State Council, Senate, the Committee of Ministers. This volume of fundamental laws included dynastic legislation - a meeting of acts that made up the so-called an institution about the imperial surname. Russian dynastic law was one of the most strictly regulated in the world.
The royal power was definitely hereditary, passed from his father to his son. The heir (Cesarevich) became emperor immediately after his predecessor death. It was, so to speak, earthly establishment. But there was another ritual of the church consecration of the royal power. The need was stipulated by the law: "On the entry into the throne, the sacred coronation and world conclusion on the rank of Orthodox Greek-Russian Church is committed. The time for the solemn service of the rite is appointed by the highest adequacy and is erected in the nationwide." The ceremony has always been in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
The law painted in detail and the conditions of the TRONPRECTIONMENT in the absence of direct heirs from the Ventrenoscience or the minority of the new ruler (he did not provide for only the possibility of rejecting the monarch from power). The relatives of monarchs constituted a special community - the imperial name, the rights and advantages of which were specified in detail. The children and grandchildren of men's monarchs are called great princes and regularly received special money content. They were obliged to join only equivinated marriages with representatives of other owner houses and must with the consent of the emperor. The faces of more distant degrees of Rodance were called princes of imperial blood, and they were only the one-time cash payment for both the majority and marriage. Female representatives held in close relationship with the emperor were called the great princesses (princessed) and preserved grand-road title even after selling foreign princes and monarchs.
The Romanov Dynasty, which was on the throne since 1613, had close related relations with many monarchical houses of Europe. By the beginning of the 20th century, family unions included the largest dominal homes: Great Britain, Germany, Holland, Greece, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Norway, Romania, Sweden. By this time, the royal dynasty had about fifty people. The closest related bonds tied up the last monarch Nicholas II with England (Hannover dynasty), Denmark (Schleswig-Holstein-Pronduraburg-Glucburg) and Greece (Schleswig-Holstein-Pronduraburg-Glucburg). At the beginning of the 20th century, the grandfather of the Russian king was the King of Denmark (Christian IX), in England and Greece on the thrones were his uncle (Eduard VII and Geopg I), A Emperor of the German Empire was the cousin of Queen Wilhelm II.
Any decision became in Russia the law only after the signature of the monarch. She could be put on the document and after discussion ("expertise") in the State Council, the Committee of Ministers, in special meetings of persons invited "at the discretion of the sovereign", and without it. From the second half of the XIX century, the second happened extremely rarely. Unlike the ancestors, before the last kings - Nikolai I, Alexander II, Alexander III and Nikolai II - invariably there was a challenge to relate new measures with the existing legal norms. Being as if above the written law, they were also apparent than the letter of the existing legislative standard, and the management tradition of the XIX century "merge", "discuss" and "coordinate".
Under Nicolae I, I finally developed a model of the hierarchical autocratic imperial system, which began to be issued under Peter I and reached his heyday in the second quarter of the XIX century. Using the terminology of N. M. Karamzin, it can be called "liberal absolutism" with full right. The king, remaining the Demiurge law, was forced to act in the system of fixed regulatory coordinates. After the publication of the laws, for the first time in the history of Russian statehood, the Lrafts that outlined the social "Rules of the game" appeared, which the Supreme Inspector himself was replaced only in the rarest cases.
From the middle of the XIX century outside of private interests and questions (permission to marry to relatives, issuance of awards and subsidies, a change in the judicial or administrative penalties, appointment to the position), in the matters of native it is difficult to find examples of the manifestation of the monarch of the will, which can be qualified as a personal whim of the ruler . If, under Peter I and his great-grandchildren, the first of the monarch, the state course could determine the state course, to cause war, wrap off a good or disaster for many, could cause opals, deprivation of property, expulsion and even execution, in later time Personal feelings and gusts of the king less and less played the role of an immutable political impulse. Changed social conditions, morally softened; The psychology of the rulers changed. In the second half of the XVIII century, legal norms of the public device began to be issued in Russia. In 1766, under Catherine II, the provision remained in the legislation until 1917: "The Russian Empire is managed on solid reasons for positive laws, institutions and charters, from the autocracy power of the outgoing".
It was then that in state political practice began to be approved by the principle of continuity of writing legal norms. In its mandatory, the members of the incomplete commission of the Empress wrote: "The Commission should not start fulfilling its tasks before it is fully aware of the current situation in the country, because any change should not be in any way to become self-sufficient, but should serve to correct The disadvantages when such disadvantages are, but everything is kind and useful must be left and not changed, because it should always remain in force. " By the end of the XIX century, the female descendants of Peter I were limited in their actions are limited not only to the current management tradition, a factor of public opinion, but also well-defined legal issues related to both the area of \u200b\u200bdynastic prerogatives and the sphere of civil law in general. The monarch could only be the face of the Orthodox religion belonging to the Romanov dynasty, which consisted in a squirrel marriage. At the same time, an unlimited rule was obliged at the time of joining the throne to declare the heir in accordance with the Law of 1797.
It was limited by the autocrat and the most managerial technology, the procedure for the publication of laws, its own orders, for the abolition of which a special legislative act was required. He could not deprive the life, honor, property, estate rights, did not have the right to introduce taxes, was deprived of the possibility of someone to "miss", "to enforce", which is called without going with the throne. For this, the publication of a written order was properly decorated. In other words, the oral order of the monarch was no longer a law.
Along with the community and thesis structure, autocratic authoritarianism was a product of a complex historical process of formation, survival and strengthening of the state. Being titled under Peter I "Empire", Russia was as such, in fact, to the Tsar-modernizer, and after him. The imperial fate of Russia in many ways fundamentally differed from many other empires. Russia was not in the generally accepted sense of the "colonial power". Its territorial expansion was not motivated by the financial and economic aspirations, the search for raw materials and sales markets, she did not exist on the "metropolis" and "colonies", and the economic indicators of the development of the outskirts ("colonies") were often much higher than that of regional zones which can be attributed to the historical center.
Strategic interests and territorial safety are the main factors of folding the Russian Empire. It was Natisk from the outside much determined in the social and political structure of Russia. In the XVI century, the Russian state fought 43 years old, in XVII - 48, and in the XVIII - 56 years. Even in the "peaceful" nineteenth century, the Russian empire spent more than 30 years in wars. By examining the historical facts, the famous English historian A. Toynby (1889-1975) stated: "It is true that the Russian army fought on Western lands, but they always came to the allies of one of the Western countries in their endless family quarrels. Chronicles of the age-old struggle between two The branches of Christianity, perhaps, really reflect that the Russians turned out to be victims of aggression, and the people of the West - the aggressors much more often than the opposite. " However, regardless of the causes, paths and means of formation, the very fact of the occurrence of a huge territorial complex inevitably generated the problems caused by the nature of imperial existence.
Any empire is always a complex relationship of interaction and counteracting centrifugal and centripetal forces. The stronger the state ("empire"), the less the impact of the centrifugal factor affects its policy. In Russia, the monolithic ("unique", "autocratic") monarchical power was consistent with the carrier, expressive and implementer of the centripetal beginning. Therefore, as soon as the topic arose about her political prerogatives, the question of the stability of the entire state imperial structure was inevitably inevitably. The nature of Russian immunity prevented the development of polycentricism and regional autonomization. Monarchic Russia remained hostage to its history.
Another ontological cause of persistent rejection by the authorities by the ideas about the constitutional rule, based on the schedule of political functions and their division between various subjects of state law, was rooted in the sacral sense of the royal power. The king in Russia has never been "first among others." He was married to the kingdom, he would have taken into a mystical marriage with the country, and the royal porphyres reflected the "light of heaven." For the beginning of the XX century, such ideas were undoubted archaic. Nevertheless, they reflected not only the worldview of the monarchs themselves, but also the overwhelming majority of their subjects. Religious (Orthodox) Mirosoznaya empowered the king by special halo, which none of all deaths had. It was here that the reason for those complex collisions, which accompanied attempts to reform the Supreme Power in the Liberal-Legal Spirit were rooted. In the path of such aspirations, an insurmountable barrier was rising: not subject to reform religious authority.
Meanwhile, the problem of opposition to the liberal constitutional and legal reconstruction of Russia is often reduced only to local issues about the "short-sightedness" and "political myopia", about the mercenary interests of individuals and social groups, leaving the national-Orthodox mentality completely aside. Such an approach is a historical simplicity.
By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was still far from the universal legal state (in the understanding of the political science and sociology of the 20th century), but the tendency of humanization, legal support of social life and public administration throughout the XIX century (with all the difficulties and interrupment) appeared quite definitely.
Emperor All-Russian, Empress All-Russian (Rus. Dorified. Emperor Vserosisiskiy, Empress Vserosseyskaya) - the title of the monarch of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917.
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The title of Emperor of the All-Russian was introduced under Peter I. After the victory in the Northern War and the signing of Nesteadt peace treaty in September 1721, the Senate and Synod decided to prevent Peter the title of Emperor of All-Russian with the following wording: " as commonly from the Roman Senate for the noble affairs of the emperors, their such titles in publicly united themselves and on the statues for memory in eternal births are subscribed» .
The same act, basic laws were complemented by provisions "more accurately distinguished by the area belonging to us inseparably the authorities of the Supreme State Department from the rule of legislative", describing the powers of the monarch (previously there was no need to mean the unlimited nature of the imperial power, see above). The emperor's legislative power has now exercised "in unity with the State Council and Government Duma" (Art. 7). He argued the laws, and without his statement, no law could have its commitment (Art. 9); The emperor was fixed by the right of legislative initiative - in relation to all laws and the exclusive on the revision of basic laws (Article 8). Executive power in the country ("Power of Management in all its volume") fully belonged to the emperor, while in the "Supreme Administration" the head of state carried out it directly, and in the "Deposit Management" affairs, a certain degree of power entrusted to him, according to the law to be places and persons acting by his name and on its commands (Art. 10). In the order of supreme management, the emperor published, in accordance with the laws, decrees "for the device and actuating various parts of government," as well as the commandments necessary for the execution of laws.
The emperor was the High Head of All External Relations of Russia with foreign countries and determined the direction of the country's international policy (Article 12), declared war and imprisoned the world, as well as contracts with foreign states (Article 13). In addition, the emperor, according to Article 14, was a "holding leader" of the Russian armed forces, he owned the supreme bunch of all the land and sea armed forces of the Russian state and the exclusive right to publish decrees and commands "to everything at all in general to the device of the Armed Forces and Defense of the Russian States ", as well as the establishment of restrictions on the right of residence and the acquisition of real estate in areas, which make up serfs and reference points for the army and fleet. The emperor declared terrain on a military or exclusive position (Art. 15). He also belonged to the right of the coinage coin and the definition of an external look (Article 16).
According to Article 17, the emperor appointed and dismissed the Chairman and members of the Council of Ministers, and the Ministerial Parties, as well as other officials, if the latter was not established by the law of other appointment and dismissal. In relation to employees, the emperor established the limitations caused by the requirements public service (Art. 18). He complained of state awards and rights of the state, and also determined the conditions and procedure for awarding by state awards (Art. 19).
The emperor published directly decrees and commands both in relation to his personal assets and in relation to states (fixed not at a particular monarch, and behind the emperor as the head of state; such property, cannot be visited, to enter the section and subject to other types of alienation) . Both those and other properties were exempted taxes and fees (Art. 20). As the head of the imperial house, the monarch belonged to the institution about the imperial name, orders for property specifications; They were also determined the device of the minister of the imperial court of institutions and establishments, as well as the procedure for managing them. (Art. 21).
On behalf of the Emperor, a judicial authority was carried out in the state (Art. 22), he belonged to the right of pardon "and in general the grace of mercies in cases of special laws that are not suitable for general laws, when sims are not violated against the laws of interest and civil rights" (Art. 23).
Article 23 of the main laws provided for the fastening of the decrees and commands of the emperor by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers or the ministerial or to the Minister or the mainly-playing separate part and the publication of their Governing Senate.
Sovereign title
The full title of the emperor at the beginning of the 20th century (Art. 37 Osn. Zak.):
"I have a sealing milost, we, NN, emperor and autocrats of Vsurosiskіyi, Moskovsky, Kievskіy, Vladimіrskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar Kazanskiy, Tsar Astrakhanskiy, Tsar Polskiyi, Tsar Sibirskiy, Tsar Khersonis Tavricheskago, King Georgianski; Sovereign Pskovskiy and Great Prince Smolenskiy, Lithuanskiy,
