At present, several large civilizations coexist on Earth, which have a number of fundamental differences in their views on the goals and basic values ​​of the further development of mankind. Today the front of global contradictions, in our opinion, has shifted from the ideological level to the civilizational one. The last decades have convincingly shown that violence still remains in the arsenals of modern world civilization. In this regard, it can be argued with complete certainty that the development, production and continuous improvement of weapons of warfare will remain one of the most important attributes of modern mankind.

A qualitative analysis shows that the share of modern weapons and military equipment in the Russian army three years ago was 20-30%, while in the armies of the world this figure is more than 70%. Scientific and technological progress in the field of creating new and more effective weapons and military equipment does not stand still. Historical analysis shows that the development of weapons, military equipment, and ammunition took place in close connection with the general progress of civilization.

In turn, the development of means of warfare ultimately leads to changes in tactics and operational art. The methods and methods of waging wars throughout the history of mankind have undergone dramatic changes. Systems for remote engagement of the enemy, such as ballistic missiles, systems and complexes of the WTO, are being increasingly developed. The range of destruction is increasing more and more, forcing also to improve the means of protection. In addition, the current geopolitical situation in the world does not allow wars to be waged exclusively by military means. Modern war is a complex that includes methods and means of non-military suppression, such as the "fifth column", information war, economic suppression, intelligence and counterintelligence war, etc. The outbreak of hostilities takes place when all other non-military methods of weakening the enemy state have been exhausted.

Relevance of the topic research lies in the fact that in modern conditions there is a huge need to improve not only weapons, but also the forms and methods of warfare. The task work is to search for modern trends in the development and use of the enemy's armed forces, taking into account the experience of past wars and conflicts.

The main trends in the change in the nature of armed struggle indicate that there is a spatial expansion of the scope of military operations, the scale of the impact of combat systems, as well as a shift in the center of hostilities in the aerospace and information spheres (Fig. 1).

1. Historical lessons and conclusions from the experience of past wars

The critically meaningful experience of any wars (including the Great Patriotic War) is of unique importance, since the forms and methods of armed struggle do not appear out of nowhere, but include the developments of the past.

The military leader who prepares the troops for the conduct of hostilities must be very clear about the nature of the upcoming war. Often, unfortunately, the troops are preparing for the last war, and the experience of the last war, to the detriment of the cause, is presented as a kind of standard in everything:

• and in the organizational structure of the troops, and in their weapons,
• and in the forms and methods of warfare. But none of the wars is repeated at all.

Striving to provide a predictive analysis of the war and armed struggle of the future is not an easy task. This is due to the need to learn about fundamental changes not only in interstate relations, but also in the development of science and technology, weapons, the activities of special services, as well as in military construction, planning, and military art. The knowledge expressed by a scientist is always relative and carries the burden of subjectivity.

History teaches, and the experience of war confirms that the enemy attacks at the most inopportune moment, therefore the state of the state's military power and the combat capability of its army must be maintained in an adequate state.

It must be understood that war is not only an armed struggle on the battlefield. Before the start of a war, the enemy uses all possibilities (political, economic, informational, etc.) to weaken the enemy. Armed methods of struggle are used only when it is not possible to achieve the goal by non-military means.. War is provoked not by strength, but by the weakness of the target.

At the same time, there are general trends and patterns in the training of the armed forces that cannot be discounted.

1. It is necessary to clearly distinguish between the political and military level of the state's entry into the war. The political level (the creation of political alliances, the breakdown of alliances and coalitions of the enemy, the creation of a favorable political environment for waging war) is the responsibility of the political leadership of the state, and the military (including the issues of strategic deployment of troops, preparation of the Armed Forces for war, the optimal OSH, the command and control system) is directly responsible for the military the country's leadership. The desire to mix these levels is an attempt to shift responsibility for the poor-quality preparation of certain areas of the state for war (according to the experience of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War - attempts to shift all responsibility for the unsuccessful entry of the army into the war on Stalin).
2. It is necessary to think over a system of governing the country in special legal regimes of functioning (regimes of martial law and a state of emergency with appropriate legal support). At the present time in Russia there is no what during the Great Patriotic War was called "the laws of wartime." In addition, the inability of the pre-war structure of governing the country in the conditions of the outbreak of war led to the creation of the GKO and the Supreme Command, which ruled the country in real time (meetings were held daily), and their orders had the force of wartime laws. The created National Center for Defense Management in modern Russia is effective in peacetime (in wartime, its functions will be violated), therefore, a country management system based on a network of protected (hidden) command posts, etc. is needed.
3. In the conditions of a demographic crisis and the threat of a large-scale war, it is necessary to switch to a system of accumulating mobilization resources based on reservists who have signed a contract with the Ministry of Defense for service in the reserve (maximally deploy in accordance with the concept approved by the President of the Russian Federation of 04.05.2007 No. Pr-735 - experiment on service in the reserve). In addition, it is necessary to restore the system of parts of the frame, on the basis of which to complete future parts and connections, if necessary.
4. It is necessary to create an integrated system of information protection of public consciousness Russian society that in the conditions unleashed against Russian Federation information war seems to be a priority measure.
5. The past war has shown that they are fighting not by armies, but by economies.

Only a powerful economy of a mobilization type is capable of providing the army and society with everything necessary in a war. It is necessary to restructure the structure of the Russian economy and remove from the shareholders (and governing bodies) strategic enterprises and critically important industries of representatives of foreign capital. In wars of a new generation, the dependence of the armed forces of the belligerent states on their economic capabilities increases more significantly than on the defeat of their adversaries. Consequently, the scale of the military impact on the economy will take on such significant proportions that it will be necessary to take appropriate measures in advance not only for their defense, but also for their protection and restoration.

In addition, one should think about creating well-protected material reserves and their optimal placement on the territory of the country (hence it is necessary to revise the structure and location of Ros Reserve organizations), to recreate the system industrial enterprises- understudies on the territory of the country (in order to avoid their destruction during a massive first strike). (It should be remembered about the sad experience of placing district, army and divisional warehouses in the immediate vicinity of the state border in the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War).

1. Improving the quality of weapons, in principle, presupposes a reduction in the number of their types, universalization, and the achievement of a rational ratio of offensive and defensive weapons in accordance with the real threat. This ratio should be adjusted depending on changes in the external arena. The main indicator here should be the preservation of such parameters that are capable of repelling external aggression and organizing a retaliatory strike. The experience of the Great Patriotic War shows that it was not possible to actually increase the combat effectiveness of the ground forces and formations by equipping them with new types of weapons.
2. Even then, there was a tendency towards a rapid moral and physical aging of weapons and military equipment and, as a result, the rearmament of the army with new means. The timing of the development, production and introduction of weapons is important. At the same time, one should not get carried away with innovations in weapons (these samples are expensive and the state is unable to organize the mass production of such samples). In the event of large-scale hostilities, you will have to fight with those models that have already stood and are now in service (and which stocks are available). therefore one should not get carried away with supernova samples of high-tech weapons, methods and forms of struggle should be improved using existing samples(as shown by the experience of conducting a database in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Moldova, Chechnya, Eastern Ukraine and Syria). Armament is a consumable material of war. It should be non-exclusive
   but effectively and maximally meet the quality-cost ratio.
3. The principle remains important: "To teach the troops what is needed in a war, and only as it is done in a war." Incorrect pre-war forecasting can set the armed forces back in their development 10 or more years ago, and in a war that has unfolded, erroneous military planning can lead to dire consequences, up to and including defeat in the war. There may not be time to change the mistakes made, as it was in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.
4. The principle of the art of war, that the means of warfare determine tactics, remains unshakable. In other words, the new advanced means of fighting lead to dramatic changes on the battlefield. And historical experience shows this with all conviction. The most developed states that are taking the necessary measures to reconstruct their armed forces are likely to be able to wage sixth generation wars as early as the 20s of the 21st century. These wars will begin, go and end in a completely different way than all the previous ones.
5. Unity in society, the absence of a fifth column, and a strong rear are the key to a successful armed struggle of the army in the theater of operations.
6. The experience of the Great Patriotic War and local wars convincingly shows that with the beginning of a war, the Air Force should be focused on fulfilling the main task - gaining air supremacy by conducting air operations to defeat enemy air groupings. At the same time, the expediency of their centralized control by the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force was proved. The decentralization of the Air Force complicated, and at times precluded maneuver. An aviation reserve must be created in peacetime to make up for losses.
7. The specifics of preparing the enemy to maintain troops in a state of constant readiness must be taken into account in the combat training of military air defense. In threatened periods, combat training should be organized so that they can maximally provide cover for objects (according to the experience of the last war, air defense systems of border military districts at the beginning of the war, for various reasons, ended up on training grounds far from their formations, which led to a violation of the integrity of the formations and decrease in their combat effectiveness).

In general, summing up the analysis of the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War and the search for the reasons for the unsuccessful entry of the country and the army into the war, I would like to draw your attention (not only to the analysis of the monograph, but also to the comparison of its provisions with other authors who have studied this problem). The tragedy of June 22, 1941, in reality, consisted of the interweaving of a huge variety of factors, rigidly intertwined with each other. First of all, historical conditions, economic interests, strategic designs, selfish calculations, clan interests, illegal and often just criminal actions, national and unprofessional ambitions, courage and cowardice, heroism and betrayal, selflessness and selfishness, honest execution of military and civic duties and meanness, etc.

2 New trends emerging at the turn of theXX- XXIcenturies

1. The military conflicts and local wars waged already in the 21st century, initiated by the United States, have clearly demonstrated and confirmed not only American military-economic power, but also the desire of many countries to support their actions, enter the orbit of those participating in the division of the world pie (such as , Poland and Ukraine in the Iraqi events in early 2003) and solve their different interests. So it was in military actions in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iraq.
2. Without a doubt, the prevailing influence on the definition reason for unleashing conflicts and ultimate military-political goals All the military campaigns of the past decade have and are exerted by American economic and political interests. The limited world raw material resources force the American leadership to take this into account and declare those regions that have significant oil reserves and energy resources as the zone of their national interests.
3. The experience of local wars and armed conflicts in recent decades testifies to the established tradition of unleashing them. As a rule, an interstate conflict arose when its armed component was carried out in conditions of a sharp difference in the economic development of the aggressor states and the country under attack.
4. A new objective factor can be considered the comprehensive informatization of military affairs, which allows automating the processes of collecting and processing data about the enemy and its troops, reacting almost in real time to changes in the situation, determining and delivering missions to troops (forces), directing ammunition to targets with high accuracy. and control the effectiveness of fire strikes. Information confrontation is becoming the most important component of armed and other types of struggle between states (coalitions of states).
5. Analyzing the experience of wars, military and armed conflicts that have taken place only in the last 60 years, one can find a change in the pattern in the development of weapons: a smooth, gradual evolutionary process of the development and modernization of known types of weapons began to give way to their abrupt renewal. This was especially expressed in the fact that during this period not only new weapons appeared, but whole combat systems capable of performing
   those tasks that were previously assigned mainly to manpower. For example, in the Korean War (1950-1953), nine previously unknown types of weapons were used. In the Vietnam War (1964-1975) there were already 25 such species. In the wars and conflicts in the Middle East (1967, 1973, 1982, 1986) - about 30. And in the Gulf War (1991. ) - over 100. However, it should be specially noted that the emergence of new, more advanced types of weapons only led to a change in the forms and methods of armed struggle.

Thus, the use of jet aircraft in the Korean War led to a change in the struggle for air supremacy, but this did not change the strategy of the war as a whole. In the Vietnam war, for the first time, helicopters were used in large numbers, which led to a change in combined arms combat - it acquired an air-ground character, but again the nature of the war did not change. In the wars in the Middle East, experimental launches of high-precision weapons were carried out, however, the nature of the war did not change here either. But in the war in the Persian Gulf, the nature of the war as a whole changed for the first time, a real revolution in military affairs took place, although there are those who, for various reasons, would not like to notice this.

The war in the Persian Gulf and high-precision missile strikes by NATO aircraft on the combat positions of Serbian troops in the war in Yugoslavia have convincingly demonstrated the capabilities of high-precision weapons and have already given a powerful impetus to its development, as leads to significant changes in the forms and methods of armed struggle and a practical transition to a new generation of war.

1. The massing of forces and assets, including aviation, in the interests of achieving the objectives of the operation. If the war in Vietnam (1960-1970) required the use of 15%, the operation in Iraq "Desert Storm" (1991) - up to 30%, then the events in Yugoslavia - already up to 65% of the forces and assets of the US Air Force.
2. Due to the fact that conventional means of massive influence simultaneously throughout the entire territory of the enemy, its military and civilian objects did not exist, in order to achieve strategic results in the war, it was necessary to conduct long-term offensive operations of an operational-strategic scale on its occupied territory, mainly by numerous ground groupings, which in turn led to huge losses on both sides. Everything changed radically with the advent of precision weapons. Its development may ultimately lead to the fact that the outcome of the war can be decided without a land phase (as many military experts believe!). A massive global attack by the WTO on critical targets will lead to chaos in the military-political situation, man-made disasters in a single country and will allow it to dictate conditions without the use of ground forces.

This weapon has undergone serious testing in local wars and armed conflicts over the past fifteen years and is already becoming a very scarce commodity on the arms market.

It is known that in the war in the Persian Gulf zone, these high-precision cruise missiles, launched at a range of 1200-1500 km, successfully hit about 80% of all the most important military and civilian targets on the territory of Iraq. This gave a powerful impetus to the development of completely new missiles of this class - "Fasthock", which will have a higher accuracy of hitting the target than the "Tomahawk" missiles and it is possible that they will later be in service

In conditions when in many countries there is a continuous development or creation of armed forces, when long-term programs for the development of new types of weapons and military equipment are being adopted, a predictive vision of a future war, say, in 15-20 years or more, becomes especially valuable. It is necessary to know this already today, since it is precisely today that future weapons should be developed and put into production and such armed forces should be created that will be capable of waging armed struggle and wars of the future.

Precision weapons will require serious navigation support. Radio navigation systems based on artificial earth satellites will be created. It can be argued that such systems have already been tested in recent military conflicts.

1. The wars of the future generation, most likely, will not be of a long protracted nature, and the entire process of armed struggle will proceed more rapidly according to the laws and rules that will be imposed on the strongest - those who are most prepared for such wars.

First of all, we should expect a massive attack on the information sphere in order to suppress command posts and communication centers to ensure the lack of coordination of all forces and means of armed struggle.

Based on the strategy of conducting armed struggle by the NATO bloc (in particular, the United States), one should expect the enemy to use WTO means as a first strike. If the enemy's economy and the most important military facilities are completely disabled by high-precision weapons, then its armed forces will themselves lose combat effectiveness and fall apart. A side that is not ready for such a new war will be forced to act in the old way and it will have nothing to do but go over to the defensive with its numerous ground forces, although at the same time it may not be opposed by a ground enemy.

As a result of the revolution in military affairs, a new colossal leap is expected in the development of weapons, and as a result, in the forms and methods of armed struggle. A new era of war of high-tech weapons is coming, an era of significant liberation of man and manpower in general from participation in armed struggle.

1. Despite the increase in the spatial scope of armed warfare in a new generation war, navigation support will significantly increase the firing accuracy of conventional non-nuclear missiles of various ranges. Improving the accuracy of shooting is the most economical way to improve the efficiency of their use. If, by increasing the power of a conventional type of charge, say, twice the lethality of a missile increases by 40%, then an increase in accuracy will also double its lethality by 400%, i.e., 10 times. All short-, medium- and long-range missiles with conventional warheads will also become precision-guided. In general, the firing accuracy of all high-precision weapons in the next 10-15 years will increase by at least five times. This will be achieved mainly due to the precise navigation of each flying missile, as well as due to the correction of their flight to the target with the help of special devices placed on artificial earth satellites.

The existing and developed in the leading countries of the world high-precision cruise missiles, missiles, UAB and UAK conventional land, air and sea-based can be used only in conditions of information superiority. It will be necessary with the help of information processing, intelligence (both electronic and special forces) and communications to quickly obtain accurate, timely and secure information that allows you to correctly respond to any conflict in order to immediately master the situation and make the necessary decisions. To do this, apparently, it will be necessary to develop completely different global military systems of command, control, reconnaissance and communications. It will be necessary to have communication of information networks covering all spheres of armed struggle practically throughout the entire globe. At the same time, it will be necessary to prevent the enemy from obtaining information to control his troops and weapons. Information superiority must be realized through superiority in mobility, in speed of reaction, in precise impact on the enemy and at the lowest possible risk to one's forces and means. Information superiority must be realized through: domination in the maneuver of forces, means and fire; massive and long-term use of precision weapons; targeted all-round material and technical support; reliable protection of forces and means at all levels.

During this transitional period, strategic non-nuclear weapons, air, naval and land forces and delivery vehicles for precision weapons and weapons based on new physical principles will operate jointly. To a large extent, this will also be facilitated by the ongoing development, in addition to high-precision weapons and other types of weapons, and primarily weapons of directed energy transfer, automatic and automated guidance systems for high-precision weapons, new explosives of increased power, ultra-high-speed data processing facilities, as well as electronic warfare ...

3 Development of the character, forms and methods of armed struggle
in the 21st century

The change in armed struggle involves not only the production of new high-tech weapons, but also a change in the way of thinking and, as a result, the emergence of new methods of warfare.

The development of the art of war is a process of the expanding development of the spatial continuum, the conduct of armed struggle, from the strategy of a general battle at one point in the era of the Napoleonic wars and a linear strategy in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, to a deep operation in the continental theater of operations on the eve and in the years World War II and further to volumetric (aerospace, air-ground and land-sea) operations at the end of the 20th century. Today
the active and ever-increasing use of the information continuum is added to the increase in the spatial indicators of the conduct of armed warfare. This is one of the main trends in modern warfare.

Changes in the nature of hostilities are taking place not only due to the emergence of new weapons, but also due to new structures of military formations using these weapons. Traditional types of support actions, such as reconnaissance, electronic warfare, protective and camouflage measures, are increasingly involved in the sphere of active combat operations. Changing the nature of hostilities implies a change in the fundamental relationship between offensive and defense, space and time, the nature of the defeat, and the methods of maneuvering.

The German armed forces, in 1940, not predominating either in quantity or in the quality of tanks, nevertheless won a victory over the French and British armed forces. The Wehrmacht gained the advantage and won the victory, thanks to the developed integral concept of combat, which included the following elements:

• changing the organization of departments;
• changing the tactics of command and control;
• equipping tanks with radio communications.

The structure of the tank division created by the Wehrmacht, in general, did not contradict the military doctrine that existed before the appearance of armored vehicles.

The military-technical revolution at the new modern stage will require a radical restructuring of the armed forces. In recent years, American military experts predict imminent revolutionary changes in the nature of hostilities. Describing these changes, they speak of them as a military-technical revolution. The military-technical revolution will be the beginning of a fundamental restructuring of the American defense system, which will entail a revision of the existing structure of the army, as a result of which the armed forces will be sharply reduced, and in scientific research
and design development will be invested in an unprecedented amount of money. With the change in the armed forces, new requirements will be put forward for the education of military specialists. The new elite of the armed forces - specialists of the "information front" - will come to the fore,
and will become the basis of new cadres for the highest levels of the military command.

In the early 1980s, Soviet military experts led by Marshal of the Soviet Union Nikolai Ogarkov, then Chief of the General Staff, put forward a promising theory that the coming technological revolution would make conventional weapons as effective as tactical low-yield nuclear weapons. Time has confirmed that armored vehicles can be found on the march and attacked with conventional missiles carrying a huge number of homing anti-tank shells - and all this from a distance of several hundred kilometers. It will be possible to strike within thirty minutes after the discovery of the column. In the new military doctrine N.V. Ogarkov suggested:

• a turn from defensive actions to offensive preventive actions;
• a turn from non-first use of nuclear weapons to nuclear escalation;
• development of the concept of summation of efforts C4I (command, control, communications, reconnaissance, computerization);
• development of high-precision weapons and troop mobility;
• directing the main efforts to the strategic non-nuclear deterrent forces.

Based on the Soviet concept - and then during the 1991 Iraq war - American military analysts formulated a different understanding of this important problem. With the advent of modern, powerful aviation, the Americans decided to implement the Douai air war doctrine. In his doctrine, the idea of ​​victory in a future war was put forward only by the air force. The country that managed to destroy enemy aircraft and bomb their cities will become the winner. The Gulf War showed the Air Force in a very favorable light, but at the same time it was a favorable environment for them. The United States had powerful, well-trained troops preparing to confront the Soviet Union in World War II, enjoyed military and financial support from almost all developed countries, and the time and theater of war were ideal for conducting air operations.

Therefore, sophisticated experts were skeptical about statements that a revolution had taken place in the methods of warfare. US Admiral William Owens, deputy chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, wrote about the imminent emergence of a "system of systems." He wrote about a worldwide network that will bring together various types of sensors mounted on satellites and ship radars, unmanned aerial vehicles and long-range acoustic devices, and will provide information to any interested military user. Thus, with the help of information received from a satellite or an airborne aircraft locator, it is possible to launch a missile strike on a tank, and the helicopter striking this strike will be located
tens of miles from the target. A revolutionary breakthrough, according to this concept, will be the unprecedented ability of the American military to collect, evaluate and immediately use huge amounts of information about any theater of war (Owens spoke of a 200 by 200 miles square).

All three concepts - "Soviet", "aviation" and "Owens" - reflect the changes taking place in the army only partially. Meanwhile, the revolution has really begun. But its course will be influenced by powerful forces that are outside the military sphere. More precisely, this revolution, which is changing the structure of the armed forces, will be the result of a variety of processes, among which there are some that began long ago, decades ago.

Combat operations within this paradigm are most likely capable of taking the form of information warfare, which means a conflict related to information at the strategic level between states or societies. The conduct of hostilities in the new conditions also requires a completely new paradigm. Its main provisions can be summarized as follows:

• each component of the system plays a role in determining the outcome;
• predictable and unpredictable phenomena exist and interact, leading to the creation of complex networks with a huge number of variables, making it impossible to predict the result;
• a small change in the login system can lead to a disproportionate change in the results;
• systems - individuals, armies, bureaucracy - tend to evolve in the direction of their complexity; complex systems, when faced with challenges, can reorganize themselves.

Combat operations within this paradigm are most likely capable of taking the form of information warfare, which means a conflict related to information at a strategic level between states or societies.

One of the new forms of conflict is the concept of network warfare. Network warfare is an emerging theory of war developed by the head of the Office of Force Transformation under Vice Admiral Arthur Cebrowski. The developers of this theory are convinced that in the near future this theory "if it does not replace the traditional theory of war, then it will substantially and irreversibly qualitatively change it." Network warfare is associated with information technology, at a deeper level they are forms of war for knowledge - who knows what, when, where and why, and how safe a society or military is in relation to knowledge about itself and about the enemy.

Network war means a conflict related to information between states and societies. It means trying to disrupt, damage or modify what the population knows or thinks about themselves and the world around them. Network warfare can target elite or public opinion, or both. The meaning of the network principle is that the main element of the entire model is "information exchange" - the maximum expansion of the forms of production of this information, access to it, its distribution, and feedback. The network is a new space - information space, in which the main strategic operations, both intelligence and military, are deployed, as well as their media, diplomatic, economic and technical support. Combat units, communication system, information support of the operation, formation of public opinion, diplomatic steps, social processes, intelligence and counterintelligence, ethnopsychology, religious and collective psychology, economic support, etc. - all this is now seen as interconnected elements of a single network, between which should be carried out constant information exchange. The main goal of waging a network war is: "A set of actions aimed at forming a model of behavior of friends, neutral forces and enemies in a situation of peace, crisis and war." To achieve this goal, it is necessary in advance:

• establishment of full and absolute control over all participants in actual or possible hostilities;
• deliberate and total manipulation of them in all situations - in peacetime, in preparation for war and during the conduct of war.

When this goal is achieved, all countries, peoples, armies and governments of the world are deprived of any independence, sovereignty and subjectivity, turning into tightly controlled and programmed mechanisms, which means direct planetary control - world domination of a new type. As a result, the enemies and the forces occupying a neutral position, in fact, knowingly obey the imposed scenario, do not act of their own free will. It is winning the war before it starts.

The goal of network wars is absolute control over all participants in the historical process on a global scale. And here are optional:

• direct occupation;
• massive introduction of troops or the seizure of territories.

Unnecessary military action and huge military spending. The web is a more flexible weapon, it manipulates violence and military force only in extreme cases, and the main results are achieved by influencing a wide range of factors - information, social, etc. The mass media massively irradiate readers and viewers with streams of visual and semantic information, built according to the patterns of the country concerned.

One of the varieties of network warfare is consistency war. This war is associated with domination over the individual and over the change of identity, that is, over consciousness and over personality. As a result of the consistent war, certain types of consciousness simply have to be destroyed, cease to exist, they should not exist. And the carriers of these consciousnesses, on the contrary, can be preserved if they abandon the forms of consciousness - the objects of destruction and defeat. The destruction of certain types of consciousness presupposes the destruction and reorganization of the communities that constitute this type of consciousness. Final goal the use of conscientious weapons is the withdrawal of people from the established forms of mega communities. The destruction of a people and its transformation into a population occurs due to the fact that no one wants to associate and correlate themselves with the polyethnos to which they previously belonged. In recent years, network wars have become increasingly evident. They were and are being conducted by the United States in Iraq. Libya, Afghanistan, Ukraine, Syria, Iran, are preparing against Russia
and Belarus.

Speaking about the military-technical revolution, it should be noted that it is a set of complex processes that involve cardinal changes:

• in the war management system at all levels of command;
• in the construction of the armed forces and the training of personnel;
• the creation and adoption of new types of weapons, the use of which can qualitatively change the nature of military operations.

The decision-making and war management system should include all levels of command:

• supreme political;
• the highest military man;
• strategic;
• operational;
• tactical.

Progressive technicalization leads to the development of stereotyped forms of giving orders. The order determines the activities of the troops. The order can be calculated for an action limited in time and space, for an unlimited action in time and space,
and can also establish actions, the boundaries of which are established only in general terms in a spatial relation and are not defined in time. Fight creates more and more new environment, which requires making decisions every time, and often very quick ones. Under such conditions, the boss cannot, in most cases, expect instructions for action. Since, not having independence and not receiving instructions, the subordinate quickly loses confidence and shows indecision. He should be given the opportunity to prove himself. The ability and determination of the boss
and the subordinate, each in his sector, must form a single whole, and only with the help of total efforts can the most complete impact on the troops be achieved.

In the new armed forces, the traditional division into the types of armed forces - land, naval and air forces (in some countries there is still Marines). The era of the mass army, two centuries after its beginning, is coming to an end. There are many ways to respond to the growing variety of conflicts and wars and transform the military organization of a state.

An analysis of the practice of military development shows that two ways are possible here:

• First- the constant formation of independent military structures, created for the solution of specific tasks, the number of which is constantly increasing due to the growing diversity of conflicts.
• Second- to give preference to the choice in favor of the multifunctionality and versatility of the armed forces, this choice is more promising and adequate to the challenges of our time.

In Germany, the possibility of including the border police in the Bundeswehr as an army corps was seriously discussed.

In the era of globalization, a soldier as a specialist in the use of violence, along with the traditional functions of a fighter, often has to combine in one person the qualities of a policeman, a diplomat and a social worker. Today it is rather difficult to predict with absolute accuracy what other tasks the personnel of the armed forces will have to solve in the very near future.

With the arrival of new types of weapons in the armies of all countries, such as AWACS surveillance systems and unmanned aerial vehicles, it will be impossible to hide the movement of armored units
and formations, create unnoticed defensive lines in the rear, hide the location of ammunition depots and car parks. IN modern world High-precision, “smart” long-range weapons have become the main type of weapons, so the first strike can decide everything. The high-precision missiles and projectiles in service are capable of hitting a target at a great distance. An army with such high-tech weapons can inflict great damage on any armored group located both on the march and at the point of permanent deployment. Fixed objects also become more vulnerable. Combat actions in the future will turn into combat fires using very sophisticated artillery and rocket projectiles.

With the emergence of a new type of warfare - information warfare, including the disabling of the enemy's computer systems, the nature of a preemptive strike may change. Under these conditions, the first strike may be covert, anticipating military operations using conventional weapons. Surprise is one of the means of achieving success. Sudden actions by the attacker can paralyze or undermine moral strength, prevent a calm or sober assessment of the situation and, finally, weaken the power of the decision. The principles of surprise and measures to prevent it are highlighted. It is extremely difficult to predict exactly how a war will unfold, begun by disabling the enemy's computing systems.

Changing the methods of waging war does not exclude the use of those that existed before. The development of nuclear weapons did not make conventional weapons unnecessary. Likewise, the technological revolution of our time will not lead to the abandonment of the use of guerrilla tactics, terrorist operations or weapons of mass destruction. With a certain tactical flexibility, old weapons systems can be used even after more advanced ones have appeared. The way war is waged is changing not only due to continuous technological progress, but also depending on how states use the military to achieve political goals.

World politics will also influence the course of the military-technical revolution. If during the Cold War there was a danger of a global conflict, such as the 1st and 2nd world wars, which determined the direction of military thought at that time, then in the coming years, global conflicts are likely to give way to local conflicts (although to a certain extent the possibility remains the escalation of any local conflict into a regional and global one). Local conflicts, which began after World War II, do not stop today.

In the future, military technology may allow the smallest countries to successfully oppose large states. Large states, trying to use military force to solve local problems, while trying to avoid large human and material losses, in a new situation may experience difficulties. The enemy, wishing to prevent intervention, can inflict devastating blows on the aggressor. To neutralize the superiority of the aggressor at the level of dear
and effective mega systems (such as satellites or aircraft carriers), it will be enough to have microsystems, for example, cruise missiles. History shows that new means and methods of warfare are constantly emerging. Once Napoleon reproached Kutuzov that the Russians were fighting not according to the rules, by means that were unacceptable (asymmetric - they would say today) for the French.

One of the most common types of armed conflicts of our time is the so-called asymmetric conflict. Its classic example is the clash between regular armed forces and irregular (guerrilla, insurgent) forces.

Under the influence of fundamentally new operational-strategic factors, the content of the armed struggle changes. Among these factors, a special place belongs to the development of high-precision weapons (WTO), the emergence of new means of electronic warfare and space reconnaissance and navigation systems.

Under the influence of these factors, in the local wars of the 20th and early 21st centuries, a new form of armed struggle is emerging - high-precision combat. This battle includes not only a short-term exchange of air strikes, but also an intense struggle between the parties in all areas of the use of armed forces: on land, in the ocean (sea), in the air and in space. Combat operations on the ground will take the form of defensive-offensive actions, oncoming clashes, and rapid raids with mutual, deep penetration of the forces of the parties, pursuing the goal of maximizing the use of fire strikes and securing the achieved success. In this case, close combat is also possible.

The development of the trend of the maximum possible preservation of manpower, during the conduct of hostilities, by replacing a person with combat high-tech means, involves the use by the enemy, in the event of unleashing of hostilities in the absence of direct contact between the land groupings of the opposing sides, by using a long-range WTO from the aerospace forces with increased lethal power.

It should be borne in mind the following trends and characteristics of armed struggle in modern conditions and future operations:

• about the main tasks of defeating the enemy are solved by fire and electronic destruction, the value of the range of fire engagement is increasing;
• the decisive role in combat will be played by aviation, precision weapons and well-protected anti-jamming air defense;
• in the operational formation (battle formation) of groupings of forces, there must be reconnaissance and information centers operating on a real time scale.

Modern armed struggle is a pinpoint, super-intensive, sabotage struggle waged with comprehensive technological support. When conducting brief analysis character
and the peculiarities of the armed struggle, it is clear that the basis of the potential for aggression began to be formed by the forces and means of aerospace attack, without the use of which not a single conflict can do. At the same time, the countries that were unable to repel the aerospace attack were forced to abandon further struggle and admit defeat. The regularity of the dependence of the outcome of hostilities on the results of confrontation in the aerospace sphere has become an objective reality. Therefore, the goal of missile defense systems is likely not to intercept enemy missiles, but to destroy satellites.

Wars of the future can begin and practically end with a long-term aerospace offensive operation in conjunction with the operation (actions) of the strike forces and means of the naval forces and electronic warfare operations. They can start with a global strike. The duration of such a joint operation can be 60-90 days or more. The combat operations will be conducted primarily by robotic vehicles controlled by operators hundreds of kilometers away. Features of military operations in future wars:

the constant threat of a surprise infliction by the enemy of the first preemptive electronic fire strike with a decisive influence on the course and outcome of the first operations, as well as the threat of the use of new types of weapons by the enemy;

• especially "destructive" nature of military operations from the very beginning of their unleashing and conduct;
• the transience of air-ground battles in the absence of a continuous front and with open flanks;
• the intensity of the struggle to seize and retain the initiative, the conquest of dominance in the aerospace and information space;
• abrupt changes in the situation and methods of action due to the high mobility of troops and the effectiveness of effective engagement;
• an increase in the spatial scope of concurrent hostilities with the use of all means of destruction;
• the growing role of protecting the troops, population and objects of the rear of the country from existing and prospective means of destruction.

In a war with a strong adversary, achieving victory by conducting only an aerospace operation is not realistic. The results of such an operation must still be used to complete the defeat of the enemy. It is practically impossible to solve this problem without the use of ground forces. The military leadership of the leading countries of the world understands this very well. The ground forces will retain their importance, which are currently being actively equipped with high-precision and other new types of weapons in many states. In theory and practice of armed struggle, such objective phenomena and concepts as operation, strategic deployment, maneuver, regrouping, offensive and defense, and much more will continue to exist. At the same time, the conditions, forms and methods of their implementation will change significantly. The future belongs to more flexible and diverse forms of building battle formations, the readiness of subunits and military units for independent highly maneuverable raid operations, the development of tactics of operational mobile groups, etc. The following trends are predicted in the development of forms and methods of conducting offensive operations in the future:

• from approximation of the results of operations and methods of routing enemy groupings using conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction;
• shifting the center of gravity in an armed struggle from the destruction of opposing groupings of troops (forces) from the position of direct contact to their defeat by inflicting long-range fire strikes, depriving the enemy of the ability to conduct combat operations in advance;
• preservation of the necessary effectiveness of troops (forces) with a general decrease in the combat composition of the formations of the branches of the Armed Forces as a whole; groupings of troops (forces) in operational directions by increasing the share of rapid deployment forces;
• increasing the mobility of combat operations, which will develop rapidly, without the presence of continuous fronts, and have a highly maneuverable nature - when moving groupings into battle, they will avoid frontal frontal actions when overcoming fortified defensive lines and strive to penetrate precisely suppressed nodes of resistance;
• an increase in the depth of simultaneous and sequential fire (energy) destruction of the enemy and the coverage of active hostilities throughout the entire depth operational build his groupings; an increase in the spatial scope of the air-ground-space maneuver; domination of "non-contact", remote actions over close combat;
• a variety of tactical techniques - pinpoint, selective, deep strikes of the WTO, raiding operations against the enemy's rear of airmobile detachments and groups, the massive deployment of helicopters and fighters, helicopter radio jammers;
• increasing the role of air battles with a mixed composition of aircraft and helicopter subunits, the complex impact of diverse forces and means of aerospace attack on objects of the enemy's command and control system, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare;
• domination of zonal-object, focal struggle;
• the growing influence of sabotage and terrorist subversive actions on the outcome of the armed confrontation;
• a sharp increase in the role of high-speed integrated reconnaissance and space weapons systems capable of reconnaissance of objects and delivering strikes against them in real time.

In the course of a strategic offensive operation, the main component will be a strategic strike. Depending on the purpose of the operation (war) and the balance of forces, it is planned to deliver one or more such strikes. Strikes are delivered to destroy the enemy's military and economic potential and suppress his will to continue the war. The parties will strive to achieve the goals of the war with one or more strikes during a strategic aerospace operation, so a future war may turn out to be short-lived. The armed struggle in it will proceed according to the scenario imposed by the strongest side, the one that is better prepared for war and will start the fight at a favorable moment with sudden actions.

The process of technical re-equipment of armies is not one-sided. Therefore, despite the fact that the nature of modern armed struggle is not comparable with the armed struggle in the wars of the XIX
and XX centuries, the defense will be able to find an effective way to counter the offensive. The talented Russian military leader A.A. Brusilov, analyzing his rich combat practice, came to the conclusion that the defense potential lies in its ability to impose its will on the enemy, in its activity. In his memoirs, he wrote: “ The best way to defend is to go over to the offensive if there is little opportunity, that is, one must not defend passively, which inevitably entails defeat, but perhaps more actively, inflicting strong blows on the enemy in sensitive places.". Mode of action defense will be integrated with the offensive. In the conditions of a ground-air-space "extended battlefield" in the presence of an acute shortage of forces and means, a dispersed defense along the front and in depth will be a forced form of action. It can be used on an operational and tactical scale.

In the operational echelon, such a defense is based on the autonomous retention of vital areas and facilities by the army (corps) or part of their forces and assets in certain operational directions in combination with the actions of mobile cover units, the creation of fire screens
and fire bags in unoccupied spaces.

Such a defense is characterized by an uneven distribution of forces and assets in directions. The construction of a dispersed defense can be different, but most often the main forces of the formation (formation) will be concentrated in depth in order to carry out a wide maneuver by the second echelons and reserves in threatened directions during a defensive battle.

At the tactical level, defense relies on a system of defensive areas, nodes, and strong points of combat groups (platoon, company). The basis of such combat groups can be tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, as well as mine-explosive obstacles. With such a defense against superior enemy forces, it is necessary to reliably secure the flanks and joints between the nodes of resistance, using small arms and anti-tank weapons, create fire bags, use ambush actions, as well as controlled mine-explosive obstacles. Mobile defense requires from the formations at least the same operational mobility as the enemy, excellent training and tough discipline of troops, as well as exceptional controllability.

The traditional division of military operations into two types - offensive and defense no longer fully reflects the changes that have taken place in the nature of armed struggle - will be typical defensive and offensive actions. Dominant in the course of defensive-offensive actions will be the remote method of confrontation, which, as it were, "balances" the sides' capabilities in delivering preemptive, retaliatory-counter and retaliatory strikes. The importance of aviation and missile-artillery training is increasing, which, combined with an aerospace operation using weapons based on new physical principles, is able, under certain conditions, to disrupt the enemy's offensive, or significantly reduce its fire superiority and seize the initiative.

The previously dominant melee firefight fades into the background on a number of issues. At the same time, it is necessary to form non-standard tactical thinking in commanders of various degrees, rejection of schematism, stereotyped approaches. Tactics, as a true art of combat, should be continuously improved, relying on the historical combat experience of the Russian (Soviet military school), foreign armies, taking into account the experience of wars of the past centuries. When conducting operations, electronic fire, aerospace, ground-offensive-defensive, it is impossible to do without tactical actions, which may, perhaps, at the initial stage will be of an auxiliary nature, but later (when the use of positional forms of warfare is not excluded) they will take their proper place.

Combined arms combat will be different in scale, content and will be conducted not only in the tactical zone, but also in the operational depth, as evidenced by the experience of modern wars and armed conflicts.
In the tactical zone, fire engagement of troops is carried out by means of field artillery and air strikes.

For air strikes, the enemy can use a large arsenal of fire weapons: tactical aircraft; army aviation helicopters; cruise and ballistic missiles; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); guided airborne (high-precision) weapons, which include guided missiles (UR), guided aerial bombs and clusters (UAB, UAK), anti-radar (and anti-tank) guided missiles (PRR, ATGM).

The list of means of destruction of an air enemy is quite extensive, and it is based on high-precision weapons that allow you to selectively hit any ground targets. In addition to the WTO, among the means of destruction, it is necessary to highlight the army aviation, whose actions in the tactical zone are assigned an extremely important role.

Anti-aircraft combat is the most important component of combined arms combat, since the combat effectiveness of troops and the fulfillment of their assigned tasks directly depend on its results. At present, all combined-arms formations and units have in their composition air defense forces and means, which realize their capabilities in the fight against an air enemy in the form of anti-aircraft battles, repelling raids on the covered troops, being in their battle formations.

In modern combined arms combat and operations, this most important task can be successfully solved only in a comprehensive manner, by joint efforts of all forces and means capable of fighting them, both in the air and on the ground, as well as by countering his intentions. As a result, the combat of combined-arms formations and units acquires the features of ground-air combat.

In addition to combat, which still remains the pivotal basis, modern tactical actions include a system of support, special and auxiliary actions. With the change in the conditions for the conduct of hostilities, the planning of operations will have to prepare and conduct combat operations in a shorter and even extremely short time frame. Combat planning and organization requires:

a) definitions:

• specific target of the battle;
• directions of concentration of main efforts;
• methods of action most appropriate to the situation, leading to a successful solution of the task;

b) creating the necessary grouping of forces and assets in the strategic and operational levels;

c) building an expedient order of battle at the tactical level;

d) organizing the interaction of combat arms and elements of the battle order;

e) ensuring the invulnerability of this battle formation for the entire course of the battle, providing for all the necessary rebuilding;

g) organization of uninterrupted supply of troops with everything necessary;

h) conducting the entire fight in accordance with the decision.

This means, in particular, while observing the principle of centralization as a whole, one-man command, the importance of the comprehensive expansion of the front of work, the granting of great rights to headquarters, chiefs of combat arms and services. They must resolve many issues independently, coordinating them with the combined arms headquarters and among themselves, since with an extremely limited time and rapid development of events, the commander is no longer able to personally consider and resolve all the most important issues of preparation and conduct of an operation, as was the case in the past. We need much more initiative and independence in all levels, controllability. In this case, the organizational skills of commanders of all levels acquire a special role.

Conclusion

Modern war is a whole complex of political, economic, informational and social impact on the defense capability of the state.

Scientific and technological progress does not stand still and presents new methods of warfare. The transition of the leading states from the strategy is completed mass use manpower to the use of more advanced weapons that require less human resources and guarantee a more effective defeat of the enemy (WTO complexes and systems) means of destruction.

In this way, main feature the content of the armed struggle in wars and armed conflicts of the XXI century is that new forms of military action can be characterized as voluminous, covering all spheres of armed struggle (land, sea, air, space), where electronic, economic, psychological, information and force influence will be carried out with increasing intensity in time and space, which will make it possible to achieve decisive results in the shortest possible time, deprive the enemy of initiative and freedom of maneuver.

Proceeding from this, it is necessary to develop new forms and methods of warfare that will ensure greater survivability of personnel and weapons and military equipment in the event of conflicts with the use of all possible means of destruction from nuclear weapons to weapons based on new physical principles.

It must be stated that the content of the armed struggle of the future will change significantly, military actions in possible wars and armed conflicts will be conducted according to the laws and regulations of the country that is most prepared for the implementation of the most advanced achievements in the military and technological fields.

List of used literature

1. Andrievsky I.A. Some aspects of modern forms and methods of hostile confrontation and armed confrontation // Economics and Management innovative technologies... 2012. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://ekonomika.snauka.ru/2012/02/420.
2. Balabin V.I. Types of forms and methods of military operations in wars and armed conflicts // Information Bulletin of the Smolensk Regional Branch of the Academy of Military Sciences. Issue No. 34. 2015. P. 7-18. Inv. No. 22146.
3. Bruntalsky P. Clausewitz is already resting // VPK. 2007.10 January. No. 1 (167).
4. 1941 lessons and conclusions / Ruk. author. collective Nelasov P. Moscow: Military Publishing, 1992.
5. Slipchenko V. War of the future (predictive analysis). [Electronic resource] Access mode: URL: http://voxdocx.com/?p=562.
6. Shcherba A., Chagrin A., Losik A. Means of armed struggle as a civilizational phenomenon. Perfect and Effective Violence Shapes the World Order // Military Industrial Courier. 2012.25 July. No. 29. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://vpk-news.ru/articles/9077

For example, the new Russian ships of the 11-43, 11-44, 11-64 series, the nuclear submarine of project 949A have already been adapted for receiving and transmitting signals from the space reconnaissance system, which, in the interests of the Navy, is conducted by the Lotos station, which was launched into orbit in 2012. All subsequent ships of the Russian Navy must be equipped with similar systems.

Orlov Andrey

Weapons appeared in the history of mankind in primitive society. Prehistoric warriors were armed with clubs, wooden spears with tips made of bone or stone, bows, and stone axes. Then there were bronze and iron swords, spears with metal tips. With the discovery of gunpowder, firearms were invented. One of the first examples of such weapons is considered to be a modf (metal tube) attached to the shaft. It fired round metal cannonballs and was used by the Arabs in the XII-XIII centuries. In the XIV century. firearms appeared in Western Europe and Russia. Since its inception, firearms have been constantly improved as the most effective means of engaging the enemy. In the XVI century. the first samples of rifled weapons (squeak, fitting) were created. In the second half of the XIX century. rapid-fire, and then automatic weapons and mortars appeared. During the First World War, aviation and depth charges began to be used. During the Second World War, rocket launchers, guided missile aircraft (V-1) and ballistic missiles (V-2) were used for the first time.

The era of great discoveries in nuclear physics (late 19th - early 20th centuries) gave rise to a new weapon of enormous destructive power based on the use of intranuclear energy released during the fission chain reactions of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium. The first test of the new weapon was carried out by the United States of America on July 16, 1945 in the state of New Mexico at a special training ground. These weapons were used by the United States at the end of World War II against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiroshima was subjected to atomic bombing on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. As a result of these bombings, a significant part of Hiroshima was destroyed, more than 140 thousand people were killed and injured, in Nagasaki almost a third of buildings and structures were destroyed, killed and about 75 thousand people were injured.

At present, of all existing weapons, weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and bacteriological) and conventional weapons are distinguished according to the degree of their impact on the enemy's manpower, equipment and weapons.

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of nuclei of light isotopes of hydrogen.

It includes a variety of nuclear weapons, their means of delivery to the target (carriers) and control facilities. Nuclear weapons include missile and torpedo warheads, bombs, artillery shells, depth charges, mines (land mines). Carriers of nuclear weapons are aircraft, surface ships and submarines equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering them to the place of launch (firing). There are also carriers of nuclear charges (missiles, torpedoes, shells, aircraft and depth charges), delivering them directly to targets. The power of a nuclear weapon is characterized by TNT equivalent, which is equal to the mass of TNT, the explosion energy of which is equal to the explosion energy of a given nuclear weapon. In terms of TNT equivalent, nuclear munitions are subdivided into 5 groups: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), super-large (over 1 Mt).

By the striking factors of nuclearexplosion are shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and electromagnetic pulse.

Shock wave- the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures and buildings, as well as the damage to people are caused, as a rule, by its impact. It is a region of sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called front shock wave. The damaging effect of the shock wave is characterized by the magnitude of the excess pressure - the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of the shock wave and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. With an overpressure of 20–40 kPa, unprotected people can get light injuries (bruises and contusions). Exposure to a shock wave with an excess pressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate injuries (loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocation of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears). Severe injuries occur when the overpressure is over 60 kPa. Extremely severe lesions are observed at an overpressure of over 100 kPa.

Light emission- a flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and air. This radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of a nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. Its strength is such that it can cause skin burns and damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, as well as the ignition of combustible materials and objects. Light radiation does not penetrate opaque materials, therefore any obstacle capable of creating a shadow protects against direct action of light radiation and excludes injury. Dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, snowfall significantly weaken the light radiation.

Penetrating radiation is a flux of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through living tissue, this radiation ionizes the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, biological processes arise in the body, leading to disruption of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation sickness. As a result of the passage of ionizing radiation through materials environment their intensity decreases. The weakening effect of materials is usually characterized by a half-weakening layer, that is, such their thickness, passing through which the radiation intensity decreases by 2 times. For example, the intensity of gamma rays is halved by a layer of steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm.Open and especially blocked slots significantly reduce the effect of penetrating radiation, and shelters and anti-radiation shelters practically completely protect from it.

Radioactive contamination terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At the same time, a high level of radiation can be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of tens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Radioactive contamination of the area can be dangerous for several weeks after an explosion.

Electromagnetic pulse- This is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted with the atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact can be burnout and breakdowns of individual elements of electronic and electrical equipment.

The most reliable means of protection against all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are protective structures. In open terrain and in the field, strong local objects, reverse slopes and terrain folds can be used for cover.

When operating in contaminated areas, special protective equipment should be used to protect the respiratory system, eyes and open areas of the body from radioactive substances.

Chemical weapon

The action of this weapon is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals. The main components of these weapons are chemical warfare agents and their means of application, including carriers used to deliver chemical munitions to targets.

According to the effect on the body, combat toxic chemicals (BTXV) are subdivided into nerve-paralytic, skin-blistering, asphyxiant, general poisonous, irritating and psychochemical.

BTXV nerve agent(Vi-X, sarin) affect the nervous system, acting on the body through the respiratory organs, penetrating in a vaporous and liquid-droplet state through the skin, and also entering the gastrointestinal tract along with food and water. Their durability in the summer is more than a day, and in the winter for several weeks or even months.

Signs of damage by these substances are salivation, constriction of the pupils, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis.

As personal protective equipment used mask and protective clothing. To provide the affected with first aid, they put on a gas mask and inject an antidote to him. If substances come into contact with the skin or clothing, the affected areas are treated with a liquid from an individual anti-chemical bag (PPI).

BTXV blistering action(mustard gas) have a multifaceted damaging effect. In a droplet-liquid and vapor state, they affect the skin and eyes, when vapors are inhaled, the respiratory tract and lungs, and when they enter the body with food and water, the digestive organs. A characteristic feature of mustard gas is the presence of a period of latent action (the lesion is not detected immediately, but after a while - 2 hours or more). Signs of damage are skin redness, the formation of small blisters, which then merge into large ones and burst after two or three days, turning into ulcers that are difficult to heal. With any local lesion, these substances cause general poisoning of the body, which manifests itself in an increase in temperature, malaise. To protect against BTXV blistering action, it is necessary to use a gas mask and protective clothing. If droplets of a toxic substance come into contact with skin or clothing, the affected area is immediately treated with liquid from the PPI.

BTXV asphyxiating action(phosgene) affect the body through the respiratory system. Signs of defeat are a sweetish, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness. After leaving the focus of infection, these phenomena disappear, and the victim feels normal for 4–6 hours, unaware of the lesion received. During this period of latent action, pulmonary edema develops, which leads to a sharp deterioration in breathing, the appearance of a cough with profuse sputum, headache, fever, shortness of breath, palpitations. When providing assistance, they put on a gas mask on the victim, take him out of the infected area, cover him warmly and provide him with peace. In no case should artificial respiration be given to the affected person!

BTHV of general poisonous action(hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride) are only affected by inhalation of air contaminated with their vapors (they do not act through the skin). Signs of damage are a metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, violent convulsions, paralysis. To protect against these substances, it is sufficient to use a gas mask. To help the victim, it is necessary to crush the ampoule with the antidote, insert it under the helmet-mask of his gas mask. In severe cases, the victim is given artificial respiration, warmed and sent to a medical center.

Irritant BTXV(CS, CS, adamsite) cause acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe tearing, coughing, difficulty breathing.

BTHV psychochemical action(Bi-Zeta) have a specific effect on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders. In case of damage to toxic substances of irritating and psychochemical action, it is necessary to treat the infected parts of the body with soapy water, rinse the eyes and nasopharynx thoroughly with clean water, and shake out the clothes or brush them off.

Bacteriological weapon

Biological weapons are intended for mass destruction of manpower, farm animals and crops. The damaging effect of this weapon is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms - causative agents of diseases of people, animals and agricultural plants. As bacterial agents, pathogens of various infectious diseases can be used: plague, anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fevers, spring-summer encephalitis, typhus and typhoid fever, influenza, malaria, dysentery, smallpox and etc. In addition, botulinum toxin can be used, which causes severe poisoning of the human body. For the destruction of animals, along with the causative agents of anthrax and glanders, viruses of foot and mouth disease, rinderpest and poultry can be used, and for the destruction of agricultural plants - causative agents of rust of cereals, potato late blight and some other viruses. Disease of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, ingestion of microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, eating contaminated food and water, bites of contaminated insects and ticks, contact with contaminated objects, injury from shrapnel of ammunition equipped with bacterial agents, and also as a result of direct contact with sick people or animals. A number of diseases are quickly transmitted from sick people to healthy people and cause epidemics (plague, cholera, flu, etc.).

Most characteristic features bacteriological (biological) weapons are:

The ability to cause massive infectious diseases of humans and animals when ingested in negligible amounts;

The ability of many infectious diseases to quickly spread from sick to healthy;

Long duration of action (for example, spore forms of anthrax microbes retain their damaging properties for several years);

The presence of a latent (incubation) period of the disease;

The ability of contaminated air to penetrate into various non-pressurized rooms and infect people and animals there.

As a result of the use of biological weapons and the spread of pathogenic bacteria on the ground, zones of biological contamination and foci of biological damage can be formed. If you detect at least one of the signs of the use of biological weapons, you must immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust cloth mask) and skin protection. After that, you should take refuge in a protective structure. To ensure protection against biological weapons, it is of great importance to carry out anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures in advance, as well as strict adherence to the rules of personal hygiene.

Conventional weapons

Conventional weapons are based on the use of energy from explosives and incendiary mixtures. It includes artillery, missile and aviation ammunition, small arms, land mines, mines and other means. The most common ammunition that can be used to bomb cities and towns are fragmentation, high-explosive and ball bombs, volumetric explosion ammunition, incendiary mixtures and compositions.

Shrapnel bombs used to kill people and animals. When such a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which are scattered in different directions at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. The fragments do not break through brick and wooden walls.

High-explosive bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small. Unexploded bombs pose a great danger. Most often they have delayed action fuses, which are triggered automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

Ball bombs are equipped with a huge amount (from several hundred to several thousand) of lethal elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs ranging in size from tennis to soccer balls can contain up to 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5–6 mm. The radius of the damaging effect of such a bomb is up to 15 m.

Volumetric blast ammunition dropped from an aircraft in the form of cassettes. There are three rounds of ammunition in the cassette, each containing about 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide. Ammunition is separated in the air. When they hit the ground, a fuse is triggered, which provides a spread of liquid and the formation of a gas cloud with a diameter of about 15 m and a height of about 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special delayed-action device. The main damaging factor of such a munition is a shock wave propagating at a supersonic speed, the power of which is 4-6 times higher than the explosion energy of a conventional explosive.

Incendiary weapon subdivided into petroleum-based incendiary mixtures (napalms), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermite compounds, white porcelain. The means of using incendiary weapons can be aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers. These mixtures and formulations, getting on open skin areas, clothing, cause very severe burns and burnouts. In the process of burning these agents, the air quickly heats up, which leads to burns of the respiratory tract. In addition, the use of incendiary means causes massive fires.

Precision weapons the most modern type of conventional weapon. It includes fire and strike weapons using guided and homing ammunition and missiles capable of hitting targets from the first shot or launch. High accuracy of destruction is achieved by aiming ammunition and missiles at a visually observed target, homing by reflection from the target's radar surface and combined guidance.

Concluding the consideration of the issue of modern means of destruction, it should be noted that, despite the positive changes taking place in the world to reduce the likelihood of a large-scale war against Russia, the threat to the country's national security in the military sphere remains. The most real threat is posed by hotbeds of local wars and armed conflicts near the state borders of the Russian Federation.

A serious threat is posed by the proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, technologies for their production and delivery vehicles to countries adjacent to or close to Russia.

At the same time, the range of threats associated with international terrorism is expanding, including the possible use by terrorists of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, the task of ensuring the security of the rear of the country and the population from the dangers arising during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions remains relevant.

Question 6. The legal basis for the safety of human life. Life safety culture.

7. Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of life safety and health protection rights and obligations of citizens in the field of health protection

8. National security of Russia. The role and place of Russia in the world community.

9. Threats to the national security of the Russian Federation

10. Ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation

11. Forces and means of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation

12. The system of national interests of Russia. The unity of modern problems of the security of the individual, society and the state.

13. State material reserve for medical and sanitary purposes.

14. Dangers and threats to the military security of the Russian Federation. Ensuring military security.

15. The nature of modern wars and armed conflicts: definition, classification, content.

16. Modern means of warfare. Striking factors of modern weapons.

17. Characteristics of the possible impact of modern weapons on humans.

18. Modern means of warfare. Conventional weapon.

19. Modern means of warfare. Weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapon. Nuclear terrorism.

20. Modern means of warfare. Weapons of mass destruction. Chemical weapon. Chemical terrorism.

21. Modern means of warfare. Weapons of mass destruction. Biological weapons. Biological terrorism.

22. Modern means of warfare. Weapon based on new physical principles.

Question 23. Basics of mobilization training and health mobilization.

Question 24: Military registration and booking of medical workers.

Question 25. Special formations of health care

Question 27. The striking factors of emergencies in peacetime and wartime: the consequences of impact on humans and the environment.

Question 28. Classification of casualties during peacetime and wartime emergencies. The possible nature of human lesions: basic concepts, terminology.

The main types of damage in emergency situations.

Question 29. Phases (stages) of development of emergency situations.

Question 30. Emergency rescue and other urgent work during an emergency in peacetime and wartime: definition, content, order of implementation.

Question 31. Organization of search, removal (removal), collection of the affected population in an emergency in peacetime and wartime.

Question 32. Medical and health consequences of emergencies of peace and war.

Question 33. Emergency in a medical organization.

Question 34. Unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergencies (RACS). Tasks and basic principles of organizing the activities of the RSEU. The main tasks of the RSCC:

Principles of construction and functioning of the RSCC:

Question 35. Unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations (RACS). Composition, purpose of RACS elements, modes of operation. The main controls of the rschs system

2.2. Forces and means of the RSCHS system

Rschs functioning modes

Question 36. Forces and means of RSE surveillance and control.

The composition of the forces and means of observation and control

Question 37. Forces and means of emergency response services for liquidation of emergency situations.

Question 38. The structure of forces and means of liquidation of emergency situations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

Question 39. Basic principles and legal framework for the protection of the population.

Question 40. The civil defense system, the main directions of its activities.

Question 41. The structure of the forces and means of civil defense. Civil Defense Structures

Civil Defense Forces

Question 43. Organization of the evacuation of the population from peacetime and wartime emergency zones.

Question 44. Methods of control and determination of hazardous and negative factors.

Question 45. General characteristics and classification of protective equipment.

Typology of defensive structures

Question 46. Protective structures.

Question 47. Individual technical means of human protection.

Question 48. Individual medical means of protecting a person.

The first-aid kit is individual.

Individual anti-chemical package.

Medical dressing package.

Universal first aid kit for household use.

Question 49. Sanitary and special treatment.

Question 50. Psycho-traumatic factors of an emergency.

Question 51. Features of the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in humans in an emergency.

Question 52. Organizational basis for providing assistance with mental disorders to victims, medical personnel and rescuers in emergency situations.

Question 53. Organization of medical and psychological support for rescuers.

Question 54. Safety of medical work. Features of the professional activity of medical workers.

Question 55. Harmful and hazardous production factors in medical activities.

Question 56. Characteristics of threats to the life and health of medical workers.

Question 57. Occupational safety system in medical organizations.

Question 58. The main approaches, methods and means of ensuring the safety of the doctor's work.

Question 59. Features of ensuring fire, radiation, chemical, biological and psychological safety of medical personnel.

Question 60. Safety requirements when working in structural units of medical organizations.

Question 61. Ensuring labor safety in the structural units of medical organizations. Prevention of nosocomial infections.

Question 62: Safety of medical services. Characteristics of threats to the life and health of hospital patients. Forms of manifestation of threats to patient safety.

Question 63. The system for ensuring the safety of patients in medical organizations.

Question 64. Therapeutic and protective regime of the work of medical organizations.

Question 65. Evacuation of medical organizations and patients in emergency situations of peace and war.

16. Modern means of warfare. Striking factors of modern weapons.

CLASSIFICATION OF MODERN WEAPONS

In terms of the scale and nature of the destructive action, modern weapons are divided into:

1.Weapons of Mass Destruction:

Chemical

Bacteriological (biological)

2. Conventional weapons,

including:

Cluster munitions

Precision weapons

Volumetric blast ammunition

Incendiary mixtures

3. Weapons based on new physical principles:

Laser weapon

Beam weapon

Microwave weapon

4. Non-lethal weapons.

5. Genetic weapons.

6. Ethnic weapons.

7. Information weapons, etc.

Nuclear weapons is called a weapon, the destructive effect of which is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a nuclear explosion.

Nuclear weapons are based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of isotopes of uranium-235, plutonium-239, or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei-isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones.

These weapons include various nuclear warheads (warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aircraft and depth charges, artillery shells and mines), equipped with nuclear chargers, control devices and their delivery to the target.

The main part of a nuclear weapon is a nuclear charge containing a nuclear explosive (NEX) - uranium-235 or plutonium-239.

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

When a nuclear weapon explodes, a colossal amount of energy is released in a millionth of a second. The temperature rises to several million degrees, and the pressure reaches billions of atmospheres.

The main damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are:

1.shock wave - 50% of explosion energy;

2. light radiation - 30-35% of the explosion energy;

3. Penetrating radiation - 8-10% of the explosion energy;

4. radioactive contamination - 3-5% of the explosion energy;

5.Electromagnetic impulse - 0.5-1% of the explosion energy.

Chemical weapon- these are toxic substances and means of delivering them to the target.

Poisonous substances are toxic (poisonous) chemical compounds that affect people and animals, contaminating the air, terrain, water bodies and various objects on the ground. Some toxins are intended to damage plants. The means of delivery include chemical artillery shells and mines (VAP), missile warheads with chemical warheads, chemical land mines, checkers, grenades and cartridges.

Poisonous substances can have various states of aggregation (vapor, aerosol, liquid) and affect people through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, or on contact with the skin.

By their physiological action, OM are divided into groups :

1) OV nerve-paralytic action - herd, sarin, soman, Wi-X. They cause disturbances in the functions of the nervous system, muscle cramps, rash and death;

2) OV skin-blistering action - mustard gas, lewisite.

3) Generally poisonous agent – hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. Damage through the respiratory system and when it enters the gastrointestinal tract with water and food.

4) Suffocating agent– phosgene. Acts on the body through the respiratory system. In the period of latent action, pulmonary edema develops.

5) OV of psychochemical action - Bi-Zet. It affects the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders;

6) Irritating agents - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-Es), CR (Si-Ar). Irritating to respiratory system and eyes;

Biological weapons (BW)- these are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles equipped with biological agents.

BO is a weapon of mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their metabolic products - toxins.

The pathogens of plague, cholera, anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, glanders and smallpox, psittaccosis, yellow fever, foot and mouth disease, Venezuelan, western and eastern American encephalomyelitis, epidemic typhus, CU spotty fever, mountains and fever of tsutsugamushi, coccidioid mycosis, nocardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc.

The main ways of using BO are as follows:

a) aerosol - contamination of surface air by spraying liquid or dry biological formulations;

b) transmissible - dispersion of artificially infected blood-sucking vectors in the target area;

c) sabotage method - contamination of air, water, food with the help of sabotage equipment.

Conventional means of attack, precision weapons.

The main role of the carrier of conventional weapons is played by aviation as the most mobile component of the entire NATO military machine. Their planes are equipped with high-precision guided weapons - air-to-ground missiles, guided aerial bombs (conventional aerial bombs, high-explosive, armor-piercing, cumulative, concrete-piercing, incendiary, volumetric explosion, etc.).

To the usual types modern weapons also include ammunition volumetric explosion. The damaging factors of volumetric explosion ammunition are shock wave, thermal and toxic effects. Buildings, structures, buried objects can be destroyed as a result of the action of a shock wave, as well as the leakage of a gas-air mixture (DHW) into the entrances, air supply channels, communications with the subsequent detonation of the DHW.

"

Topic Modern means of warfare and their influence on the methods of protecting the population in wartime. Educational questions: 1. Classification of modern means of destruction. 2. The main damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction.

Literature: 1. Federal Law of 09. 01. 1996 No. 3 "On the radiation safety of the population." 2. Federal Law of 02.05.1997 No. 76 "On the destruction of chemical weapons." 3. Federal Law of 30.03.1999 No. 52 "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population." 4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 537 of 2009 "Strategy of the National Security of the Russian Federation". 5. Standards of radiation safety (NRB-99/2009). 6. "Modern means of destruction" Tutorial, SPb UMC GOChS and PB, 2010

At the present stage, the potential danger of unleashing direct aggression against Russia has been significantly reduced. At the same time, there is a potential danger of unleashing local, regional wars, which, under certain conditions, can develop into large-scale aggression against the Russian Federation. The events of the last decade confirm the fact that the United States and a number of Western European states are trying to solve economic and political problems by military means and, having enlisted the support of the United Nations, are conducting successful massive operations with a large-scale involvement of forces and the latest technical means. Russia is rich in natural and human resources, saturated with nuclear power plants and military facilities, and all this is of undoubted interest for a number of militarily strong states of the world.

Confrontation can lead to war, including the use of weapons of mass destruction. In this case, in the course of large-scale hostilities, many foci of nuclear, chemical, biological and combined destruction can be formed. In this case, the source of military emergencies will be modern conventional weapons with a high probability of using weapons of mass destruction. On the other hand, it must be emphasized that in recent years decisions have been made to reduce nuclear potentials, ban chemical weapons, which reduces the possibilities potential adversary on the use of weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, due to the tendency of the global proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, today it is still impossible to completely exclude their selective and limited in time and scale use (including unauthorized ones).

THE SYSTEM OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE WORLD Legend - Main Base of Operations - Forward Operations - Forward Floating Posts

THREAT FROM THE US According to the "One Perspective" program, it is envisaged: 1. The deployment of the United States of all the latest systems weapons: a) transition to a new space-based command and control system; b) deployment of a strategic aerospace group; c) the creation of an echeloned national anti-missile defense; d) construction of new submarines (killers of enemy submarines); e) modernization of existing SSBNs with the replacement of ballistic missiles with cruise missiles.

E) deployment of high-precision weapons, primarily cruise missiles in excess of 100,000; g) creation of new types of weapons of mass destruction: ultra-low-yield nuclear warheads (0.8 -5 kt) of deep penetration, up to 50 meters. For the destruction of the command post and missile silos. 2. Adoption of various types of (non-lethal) weapons, including psychotropic and weapons based on new physical principles

CONSEQUENCES OF NATO'S EAST EXPANSION. Russia cannot but take into account the consequences of NATO's eastward expansion: 1. Joining the NATO bloc of armies - Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and the enlargement process continues; 2. Expansion of the bloc's area of ​​responsibility by 650–700 km to the east, the use of airfields of the new NATO members and their military infrastructure, which ensures the operation of front-line aviation against objects in the European part of Russia up to the Arkhangelsk-Smolensk-Bryansk-Kursk line; 3. Possibility of deploying large military groups on the territory of the countries - new members of NATO; 4. The possibility of deploying tactical nuclear weapons and high-precision weapons near the borders of Russia, especially for their use with the help of front-line aviation.

CHINA AND APR COUNTRIES In the Asia-Pacific region, the influence of China will grow. An increase in economic power will be accompanied by an increase in its military potential. Already, China has begun a large-scale re-equipping of its armed forces with more modern 4th generation weapons and the modernization of the Strategic Nuclear Forces. However, China is unlikely to agree to play the role of a junior partner with the United States, especially since the Taiwan problem remains in their relationship. In connection with the latest agreements, for the next 30 years, China is one of the main foreign economic, and, possibly, strategic partners of Russia.

FORMER REPUBLICS OF THE USSR The admission of the Baltic countries to NATO poses a particular potential threat to Russia's security. In the future, this may mean its actual military-political displacement from the Baltic Sea. The military actions of the United States and its allies in Yugoslavia and large-scale aggression against Iraq, bypassing the UN Security Council, the use of modern weapons, air strikes not only on military targets, but also on state infrastructure, which entailed numerous civilian casualties, serve as a clear warning to Russia against future. All this means that over the next decade, reliance on military power will be critical in the conduct of the foreign policy of the United States and its allies. There is a desire to create a semi-ring of hostile states, including the Baltic states, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and later on other CIS countries.

TENDENCY OF CHARACTER OF ARMED COMBAT CHANGE. It can be foreseen that in the coming years the main threat to Russia's military security will be posed by possible local wars in the Caucasus, throughout the unstable South, and in Central Asia. In possible military conflicts in the next 10 years, the nature of the armed struggle will radically change. As a result of the increasing possibilities for the massive use by a potential adversary of high-tech weapons, primarily conventional high-precision and information weapons, there is already a danger for Russia of unacceptable damage to the economic infrastructure. The fading into the background of nuclear war is being replaced by regional and local wars with the use of conventional precision weapons. The main content of such wars and conflicts will not be confrontation between ground forces, but exchanges of massive high-precision targeted strikes against economic targets throughout the territory of the belligerent parties. This will entail the disorganization of the system of state and military control, the destruction of the missile defense system of the troops of the opposing sides.

OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRST DAMAGE OF THE HOME OBJECTS FIRST PRIORITY OBJECTS 1. Control posts 2. Control stations, broadcasting stations, television centers 3. Railway junctions 4. Railway bridges (main railway directions) 5. 6. 7. THIRD PRIORITY 1. 2. 3. 4. SECOND PRIORITY Road bridges of federal highways Sea (river) ports, bases, airports, cosmodromes Pumping stations of main pipelines State reserve warehouses Nuclear power plants Hydroelectric power plants Thermal power plants 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Power transmission line substations Fuel and lubricants warehouses, oil depots Oil refineries petrochemical industries Defense industry production Nonferrous and ferrous metallurgy production Mechanical engineering production Electrical equipment production

Weapons - devices and means used in armed struggle to defeat and destroy enemy personnel, equipment and structures Means of direct destruction Means of delivery to the target Control and guidance devices (devices) Classification features: 1. By the scale of the destructive action Conventional weapons Weapons of mass destruction

2. By sources of energy and type of impact Firearms Reactive Nuclear Mine-explosive Chemical Biological 3. By the scale of combat missions Tactical Operational-tactical Strategic

4. By types of armed forces and combat arms Small Artillery Aviation Marine Missile Armored 5. If possible, change the flight trajectory Unguided Homing Guided

Means of destruction Weapons of mass destruction Conventional weapons of destruction Nuclear weapons Incendiary weapons Chemical weapons Precision weapons Bacteriological (biological) weapons Volumetric explosion ammunition

1. Nuclear weapons. 2. Chemical weapons. 3. Biological weapons. Weapons of mass destruction include: Nuclear weapons include various nuclear weapons (missile warheads, aerial bombs, artillery shells, mines) and their delivery vehicles. The device of a nuclear weapon is shown in Fig. When a nuclear weapon explodes, a colossal amount of energy is released in a millionth of a second, under the influence of which the temperature in the reaction zone rises to several million degrees, and the pressure reaches several billion atmospheres. This generates a powerful shock wave and light radiation. Nuclear transformations generate a flux of neutrons and gamma. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are weapons of great destructive power designed to inflict massive losses and destruction. In addition, it has a strong moral and psychological impact on people. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

Nuclear weapons Historical background The first atomic bomb was manufactured in the USA by mid-1945; The bomb was led by Robert Oppenheimer (1904 -1967). The first Soviet atomic bomb was detonated in 1949 near the city of Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan).

Nuclear Weapons: Tests Countries possessing nuclear weapons tested them at special test sites remote from densely populated areas: the former USSR - near Semipalatinsk and on Novaya Zemlya Island.The nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya was created in 1954. It was here that the majority took place (94% in terms of power ) nuclear tests of the USSR. The planet's atmosphere received the most terrible blow on October 30, 1961: on that day, a 58 Mt hydrogen bomb was detonated. Near Semipalatinsk for 1949 -1962 carried out 124 ground, atmospheric and underground explosions.

Nuclear weapons On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States of America dropped nuclear bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, about 300 thousand people died. This is how nuclear weapons appeared. Nuclear weapons are weapons whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during fission chain reactions of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei - isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, helium isotopes ... It includes: Nuclear ammunition. Delivery vehicles (carriers). Controls. Neutron reflector

Nuclear weapons On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States of America dropped nuclear bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, about 300 thousand people died. This is how nuclear weapons appeared. Nuclear weapons are weapons whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during fission chain reactions of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei - isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, helium isotopes ... It includes: Nuclear ammunition. Delivery vehicles (carriers). Controls. Neutron reflector

Nuclear munitions Nuclear munitions are munitions filled with nuclear charges. The main elements of nuclear weapons are: corps; nuclear charge; automation system. Nuclear charges are devices designed to carry out a nuclear explosion. They can be of two classes: atomic (nuclear); thermonuclear. Nuclear munitions use the nuclear fission reaction of heavy elements (uranium, plutonium - fissile matter). Nuclear ammunition (Fig. 1) can be of two types: 1. Cannon type. 2. Implosive type. fissile material (uranium, plutonium)

Electric detonator Conventional explosive Neutron reflector Fissile material (uranium, plutonium) Neutron source Housing Fig. 1 The device of nuclear ammunition The thermonuclear ammunition uses the reaction of combining (fusion) nuclei of light elements (deuterium and tritium). When an atomic (nuclear) charge (initiator of the compound reaction) explodes, tritium enters into a compound reaction with deuterium. In the explosion of 1 g of a mixture of deuterium with tritium, the same amount of energy is released as in the explosion of 80 tons of TNT, that is, 4 times more than in the explosion of an atomic charge.

Fig. 2 The device of thermonuclear ammunition The power of a nuclear weapon is characterized by TNT equivalent - it is such a mass of TNT, the explosion energy of which is equal to the energy of a given nuclear explosion. According to the explosion power, nuclear ammunition is divided into five groups: 1. Ultra-small - up to 1 kiloton (kt). 2. Small - from 1 to 10 kt. 3. Medium - from 10 to 100 kt. 4. Large - from 100 kg to 1 megaton (Mt). 5. Extra large - from 1 Mt. and higher.

A neutron munition (Fig. 3) is a small-sized thermonuclear charge with a capacity of no more than 10 kt, in which the bulk of the energy is released due to fusion reactions of deuterium and tritium nuclei, and the amount of energy obtained as a result of fission of heavy nuclei is minimal, but sufficient to start synthesis reactions. Fig 3. Device of a neutron munition For a neutron munition at the same distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the dose of penetrating radiation is about 5-10 times greater than for a fission charge of the same power. Delivery vehicles (carriers) are special military equipment capable of carrying nuclear weapons to targets. These include: missiles of various types; aviation (bombs); artillery (mine shells); torpedoes; engineering mines (nuclear bombs).

Types of nuclear explosions (Fig. 4 - 8) Fig. 4 Air (V) - produced in air at a height at which the luminous area does not touch the surface of the earth (water). It is used to destroy air and ground targets. Ground (H) - is produced above the ground, while the luminous area touches the surface of the earth and has the shape of an incomplete ball. It is used to destroy underground and durable ground targets, as well as to contaminate the area with radioactive substances. Above-water (NP) - is performed above water, while the luminous area touches the surface of the water. It is used to destroy surface targets and coastal structures. Underground (P) - produced underground (at a certain depth) with the release of a huge amount of earth. The glowing area may not be visible. It is used to destroy especially strong underground structures and create barriers.

Underwater (PV) - produced under water (at a certain depth). The glowing area may not be visible. It is used to destroy underwater and surface targets, hydraulic structures. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are the processes and phenomena that occur during a nuclear explosion and determine its damaging effect. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion Air blast wave Radioactive contamination Light radiation Electromagnetic impulse Penetrating radiation

The shock wave of a nuclear explosion is an area of ​​strong air compression that spreads in all directions at a high speed (more than 330 m / sec. Or 1200 km / h). The source of the shock wave is high pressure due to high temperature (several million degrees) in the luminous region of a nuclear explosion. The shock wave lasts up to 5 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of the shock wave: 1. Excessive pressure (ΔРф) is the difference between the pressure in the shock wave and the environment (atmospheric pressure) - kgf / cm 2. 2. Velocity head (ΔРsk) is a strong wind pressure moving with a large the air velocity in the shock wave. 3. Time of action of excess pressure (τ).

The damaging effect of the shock wave consists in the instantaneous compression of the human body by excess pressure, and then by a sharp throwing it aside with a high-speed pressure. This leads to injuries, which are divided into three degrees: 1. Light (ΔPf = 0.2 - 0.4 kgf / cm 2) - bruises, dislocations, minor contusions. 2. Medium (ΔРф = 0.5 kgf / cm 2) - various kinds of bleeding, bone fractures, contusions, loss of consciousness. 3. Severe (ΔPf = 0, 6 -1 kgf / cm 2) - severe contusion, rupture of the tympanic membranes, abdominal organs and chest. When a shock wave impacts on structures, they are destroyed.

Shock wave protection: protective structures (shelters); natural shelters (ravines, hollows, hills, embankments); in an open area, lie face down, with your feet in the direction of the explosion. Light radiation of a nuclear explosion is a flow of light and thermal energy (visible, ultraviolet, infrared radiation). The source of light radiation is a luminous region of a nuclear explosion with a temperature of several million degrees. The duration of the light radiation is up to 10 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of light radiation: the value of the light pulse; the duration of the light pulse. A light pulse is the amount of energy falling during the existence of a luminous region on 1 m 2 (1 cm 2) of the surface. Measured in J / m 2 (cal / cm 2). The light pulse decreases with increasing distance from the center of the explosion. The damaging effect of light radiation is expressed in the appearance of skin burns, eye damage, fire and melting of various metals.

Burns are divided into four degrees: I degree (4-6 cal / cm 2) - redness, swelling, pain; II degree (7 -10 cal / cm 2) - bubbles form, up to 5% of deaths; III degree (11 -15 cal / cm 2) - ulcers appear, skin necrosis, up to 20 -30% of deaths; IV degree (more than 15 cal / cm 2) - skin charring, death is possible within 10 days. First aid: extinguish burning clothes; Protection from light radiation: introduce an analgesic agent; any object that creates a shadow; apply a bandage; protective structures (shelters); evacuate the affected person personal protective equipment; to the medical center. natural shelters (ravines, hollows, hills, embankments, forest plantations); in an open area, lie face down, with your feet in the direction of the explosion. Penetrating radiation is a flux of gamma rays (γ) and neutrons (n). They spread in the air in all directions from the center of the explosion and are able to penetrate through large layers of substances, including living organisms. The source of penetrating radiation is nuclear fission reactions and compounds occurring at the time of the explosion.

The thickness of materials that reduce gamma radiation and neutron flux by a factor of 2 is given in Table 2. Table 2 Time of action of penetrating radiation - up to 20 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of penetrating radiation: Radiation dose (D) is the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by 1 cm 3 (1 g) of a substance. Measured in X-rays (p) or rad (rad). Fig. Propagation of penetrating radiation Name of materials Wood Soil, brick Concrete Iron (armor) Layer of half attenuation from gamma radiation (cm) 30 13 10 3, 5 from the neutron flux (cm) 10 9 8 12

Depending on the radiation dose, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished: I degree (mild) - at radiation doses of 100-200 r (rad), the first signs (dizziness, nausea) appear after 2-3 weeks. There may be isolated cases of death. II degree (medium) - at doses of 200-400 r (rad), the first signs (headache and dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, hair loss) appear after 2 hours. The mortality rate of people will be up to 40%. III degree (severe) - at radiation doses of 400-600 r (rad), the first signs (severe headache, frequent vomiting, an increase in body temperature to 39 -40 o. C, bleeding, hair loss, a decrease in body resistance) appear after 1 hour. The mortality rate of people will be up to 70%. IV degree (extremely severe) - with radiation doses over 600 r. (glad), the first signs (severe headache, constant vomiting, high body temperature up to 40 o. C, bleeding, respiratory failure, impaired activity of the cardiovascular system). In most cases, death occurs.

First aid: take five antibacterial (antibiotic) tablets; take one tablet of antiemetic. evacuate the affected person to a medical center. Protection from penetrating radiation: engineering structures (shelters); natural shelters (hills, embankments). Radioactive contamination of the area is the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion during its movement in the direction of the wind. The decay of these radioactive substances is accompanied by gamma (γ), beta (β), and alpha (α +) radiation. Characteristics (parameters) of radioactive contamination. The radiation level (dose rate) is the radiation dose per unit of time. It is measured in roentgen per hour (r / h) or rad per hour (rad / hour). Gradually settling to the surface of the earth, radioactive substances create a site of radioactive contamination, which is called a radioactive trace.

According to the degree of danger to the population, the radioactive trace is divided into four zones: 1. Zone A - moderate contamination (shown on the map or diagram in blue). The radiation level in 1 hour after the explosion P 1 = 8 r / h (rad / h), after 10 hours P 10 = 0.5 r / h (rad / h). Radiation dose D = 40 r (rad). 2. Zone B - severe infection (marked in green). (P 1 = 80 r / h (rad / h); P 10 = 5 r / h (rad / h); D = 400 r (rad)). 3. Zone B - dangerous infection (marked in brown). (P 1 = 240 r / h (rad / h); P 10 = 15 r / h (rad / h); D = 1200 R (rad)). 4. Zone D - extremely dangerous infection (marked in black). (P 1 = 800 r / h (rad / h); P 10 = 50 r / h (rad / h); D = 4000 r (rad)).

The degree of contamination (Q) is the dose rate of radiation on the surfaces of various objects. It is measured in milliroentgens per hour (mr / h) or millirad per hour (mrad / h). Safe degrees of contamination of surfaces of various objects, mr / h (mrad / h), are presented in Table 4. Name of objects Time elapsed after explosion (hours) up to 12 12 -24 more than 24 Clothes, gas mask, 200 personal protective equipment 100 50 Cars 400 200 800 The damaging effect of radioactive contamination is similar to the effect on the body of penetrating radiation. For the prevention of radiation sickness, an anti-radiation agent is used. It is contained in an individual first-aid kit in two cases of 6 tablets in each. The drug should be taken 30 -40 minutes before entering an area contaminated with radioactive substances.

First aid: take five antibacterial (antibiotic) tablets; take one tablet of antiemetic; carry out partial sanitization (remove radioactive dust from the mouth, from the nose, rinse the eyes with water); put on a respirator (gas mask) on the affected person; evacuate the affected person to a medical center. Radiation protection: vehicles; engineering structures (blocked slots, dugouts and shelters); personal protective equipment (skin protection, gas mask or respirator). An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is an electromagnetic field generated by a nuclear explosion. The source of the electromagnetic impulse is the nuclear reactions occurring at the moment of the explosion. The duration of the electromagnetic pulse is less than 1 sec. The main characteristic of an electromagnetic pulse is the strength of the electric and magnetic fields.

Striking action. The electromagnetic impulse causes damage to living organisms, disables or degrades the operation of electronic devices, wire communications and power supply systems; May cause fire, charring, melting or vaporization of metals and other materials. In addition, induced currents in metal elements under the influence of an electromagnetic pulse can be fatal to humans. The most susceptible to the influence of EMP are systems: communication, signaling and control. Electromagnetic pulse protection: use of electrically conductive (metal) screens; the use of balanced two-wire lines, well isolated from the ground; application of protection similar to lightning protection means; use of schemes for automatic disconnection of equipment from the line or various kinds of fuses; use of fiber-optic communication.

Chemical weapons For the first time in the world, German troops used 180 tons of chlorine as the first poisonous substance on April 22, 1915 against the Anglo-French troops. As a result, 15,000 people were defeated and 5,000 died. So, a new means of destroying people appeared - chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the destructive effect of which is based on the use of military toxic chemicals (BTXV). Combat toxic chemicals include toxic substances, toxins that have a damaging effect on humans and animals, as well as phytotoxins that can be used to damage various types of vegetation. Chemical weapons include: 1. Poisonous substances. 2. Means of application.

Types of the combat state of toxic substances: steam (gas); aerosol (fog, smoke); drip-liquid. Classification of toxic substances By tactical By action on the body, the purpose of the person Deadly 1. Nerve: Sarin (GB); Soman (GD); Vx (Vx). 2. Skin blisters: Mustard (HD). Temporarily disabling 3. Generally poisonous: Hydrocyanic acid (AC); Cyanogen Chloride (SC). 4. Asphyxiation: Phosgene (CG) 5. Psychochemical: from BI-Zed (BZ); El-Es-Dae (LSD) 6. Annoying: CS (CS); Adamsite (DM). By durability Resistant Unstable

Persistence is the time of preservation of the damaging effect of toxic substances. In terms of resistance, toxic substances are divided into: persistent toxic substances that retain their damaging effect for several hours and days; unstable toxic substances, the damaging effect of which lasts from several minutes to one hour after their use. Means of use are military equipment or ammunition capable of carrying (delivering) toxic substances to the target. These include: missiles of various types; aviation (bombs, cassettes, aircraft pouring devices - VAP); artillery (shells, mines, rockets); engineering mines (chemical land mines); aerosol generators (special machines for creating smoke or fog); chemical bombs, grenades and cartridges.

Biological weapons (BW) are weapons with a destructive effect based on the use of biological agents. It includes: 1. Biological agents. 2. Means of application. As biological agents can be used: for the defeat of people and animals - pathogens of various infectious diseases; for the destruction of plants - pathogens of plant diseases; insects - pests of agricultural plants; chemicals (herbicides, defoliants), etc. Types of pathogens: bacteria - plague, anthrax, cholera and other viruses - smallpox, yellow fever, etc.; rickettsia - typhus, spotted fever, etc. fungi - cardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc.

Means of application: rockets of various types; aviation (bombs, cassettes, containers, aerial spraying devices - RAP); artillery (shells, mines, rockets); aerosol generators (special machines for creating smoke or fog); devices for sabotage use. Application methods: aerosol (in the form of fog); transmissible (through infected insects); sabotage (through food and water). First aid when detecting the use of biological agents: 1. Put on a gas mask. 2. In case of contact with skin, treat with PPI. 3. In a specially equipped place or after leaving the infected area, take 5 tablets of an antibacterial agent (from an individual first-aid kit). 4. After 6 hours, repeat taking the tablets. 5. At the first sign, send the affected person to a medical center.

Disinfection: 1. Clothes - PPI. Protection: 1. Gas mask. 2. Means of skin protection. 3. Technique with special equipment... Incendiary ammunition and ammunition. Incendiary substances and their means of delivery to the target to be struck are usually called incendiary weapons (OW). It is very effective and is widely used for the following reasons: emerging fires cause great material damage and cause death of people; significantly cheaper to manufacture compared to other types of weapons; there are no international restrictions on production and testing; has a strong moral and psychological effect on people.

Incendiary substances Based on petroleum products - liquid; - thickened (napalms) Metallized (pyrogels) Termite and thermite compounds Phosphorus, alkali metals

Napalm It contains petroleum products (gasoline), polystyrene, naphthenic and palmitic acid salts. In appearance, it is a gel, adheres well even to a damp surface. Napalm is lighter than water. Chunks of napalm burn for 5-10 minutes, developing temperatures up to 1200 ° C. Burning napalm is able to penetrate through holes and crevices, causing fires and injuries to people there. Pyrogels contain napalm, magnesium or aluminum shavings (powder), coal, asphalt and other substances heavier than water. They burn with a bright flash, developing a temperature of up to 1600 ° C. Combustion takes place within 1-3 minutes.

Termite and thermite compositions are mechanical mixtures of aluminum metals (25%) and iron oxides (75%). To avoid stratification, the mixture is pressed with an admixture of binders (drying oil, rosin, molten sulfur). Thermite composition of TNZ contains 60% iron oxide, 25% barium nitrate (oxygen source, 10% bakelite and 5% powdered aluminum). During combustion, thermite compounds develop temperatures up to 3000 ° C. Since oxygen is released from metal oxides during combustion, thermite compounds can burn without access to air. To increase the thermal effect, thermite compositions are often used in conjunction with "electron", which is an alloy of magnesium (96%), aluminum (3%) and other elements (1%).

White phosphorus is a waxy substance with a weak specific odor; it ignites spontaneously in air, developing a combustion temperature of up to 900 ° C. When burning, it emits a large amount of white poisonous smoke - phosphorus oxide. A mixture of phosphorus with a viscous solution of synthetic rubber is called plasticized phosphorus. The plasticized phosphorus is pressed into granules, which are filled with pouring aircraft devices (VAP). The alkali metals potassium and sodium have the property of reacting violently with water and self-igniting. Therefore, they are usually used to ignite napalm. Delivery means: incendiary ammunition of cannon and rocket artillery (shells); incendiary missile warheads; aviation incendiary bombs cassettes, tanks and aircraft pouring devices (VAP); flamethrowers; incendiary bullets, grenades and checkers.

The damaging effect of incendiary weapons is causing burns, setting fire to buildings, structures and equipment (fires). The main methods of protection against incendiary substances: - the use of both natural and artificial shelters; - increasing the fire resistance of shelters through the use of paints and coatings (clay); - use of PPE: hopcalite cartridge, insulating gas mask, protective clothing (woolen and warm). If a burning mixture gets on your clothes, you must throw it off and extinguish the fire on the ground. If the mixture comes into contact with unprotected areas of the body, it is necessary to cover the fire with a wet dense material, knock down the flame, and then provide first aid. Wash the affected area with a solution of potassium permanganate, soda or alcohol, in extreme cases, with plenty of water. When extinguishing ammunition with a thermite composition, the greatest effect is achieved when they are lowered into tanks with water.

CONVENTIONAL MEASURES OF DAMAGE The term "conventional means of destruction" came into use after the creation of nuclear weapons. Weapon is the general name for devices and means used in armed struggle to destroy enemy manpower, equipment and structures, as well as for destructive effects on the human environment. Armament is a complex of various types of weapons and means that ensure their use, an integral part of military equipment. It includes weapons (ammunition and means of delivering them to the target), its launch systems, detection, target designation, guidance, control devices and other technical means (Fig. 1).

It should be noted that at present, conventional weapons based on the latest advances in science and technology, in terms of their effectiveness in a number of parameters, are close to weapons of mass destruction (precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition). Conventional weapons are all fire and strike weapons using artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition and rockets in conventional equipment, incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures. High-precision weapons (HTO) are guided weapons capable of hitting specified targets with a probability close to unity at any range within its reach. A high hit probability is achieved by using special guidance systems, including an automated control system with missile trajectory correction. The WTO includes ground, aircraft, ship, missile systems, bombing and artillery weapon control systems, as well as reconnaissance and strike systems.

These complexes use the following weapons: guided missiles, mines and aerial bombs (UAB), including a modular design (with a rocket booster); guided missiles; air and sea-based cruise missiles; intercontinental ballistic missiles in conventional equipment. The range of use of guided aerial bombs is usually up to 30 km, planning UAB and UAB modular design - up to 80 km, guided missiles - up to 200 km, and cruise missiles - up to 2000-3000 km. Precision ammunition is equipped with thermal, infrared, thermal imaging, laser, radar and combined systems guidance, ensuring high accuracy of hitting the target (circular probable deviation from 2 to 10 m, in the future - up to 1 m). The launch (firing) range of tactical high-precision ammunition reaches 100 ÷ 130 km, strategic - 2500 km, later up to 4000 km.

High-explosive ammunition. The main purpose of high-explosive ammunition is the destruction of industrial, residential, office buildings, railways and highways, the destruction of equipment and people. The main damaging factor of high-explosive ammunition is the air shock wave generated by the explosion of a conventional explosive (explosive), which these ammunition is equipped with. They are distinguished by a high filling ratio (the ratio of the mass of explosives to the total mass of the ammunition), reaching 55% and have a caliber from 50 to 20,000 kg. Cumulative ammunition is designed to destroy armored targets. Their principle of operation is based on burning through the barriers with a powerful jet of explosive detonation products with a temperature of 6-7 thousand degrees and a pressure of 5-6 thousand kgf / cm 2. The formation of a cumulative jet is achieved due to the cumulative notching of a parabolic shape in the explosive charge. Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armor ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.

Concrete-piercing ammunition is designed to destroy high-strength reinforced concrete structures, as well as to destroy Aeroflot runways. In the body of the ammunition, there are two cumulative and high-explosive charges, and two detonators. Upon encountering an obstacle, an instant detonator is triggered, which detonates the shaped charge. Volumetric blast ammunition is ammunition whose principle of operation is based on a physical phenomenon - detonation that occurs in mixtures of combustible gases with air. Volatile hydrocarbon compounds (liquid formulations) with a high calorific value are used as a charge: ethylene oxide, propyl nitrate, acetic acid peroxide, dibaran, etc. These compounds are sprayed, evaporate and mixed with air oxygen during an explosion, forming a spherical cloud of a fuel-air mixture with a radius of about 15 m and a layer thickness of 2-3 m. The resulting mixture is undermined in several places by special detonators. ...

In the detonation zone, a temperature of 2500 -3000 o develops in a few tens of microseconds. C. The explosion of such a mixture is a process of rapid expansion of combustion products, generating a shock wave in the surrounding space - a zone of compressed air propagating at a supersonic speed of 1,500-3,000 m / sec. The main damaging factor of volumetric explosion ammunition is the shock wave. NON-TRADITIONAL MEANS OF DAMAGE Currently, they are considered as an addition to traditional types of weapons. However, further work with some of them is expected to be so effective that they may become preferable to any currently existing types of weapons, including nuclear. Geospace weapons (ozone weapons) are based on the use of certain methods of artificial destruction in certain places of the stratospheric ozone layer.

Ethnic weapons are a possible type of chemical or biological weapons (sometimes ethnic weapons are classified as new types of weapons of mass destruction). This type of weapon can be used to destroy certain ethnic and racial groups of people by targeted chemical or biological effects on cells, tissues, organs, systems of the human body that have certain intraspecific group hereditary characteristics. Genetic weapons are a possible type of biological weapon based on the use of substances that can change genetic structures in the cells of the human body, and genetically modified pathogens of human infectious diseases. Atmospheric (meteorological) weapons are the most developed type of geophysical weapons. The striking factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and associated weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged rainstorms, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc.

Atmospheric (meteorological) weapons are the most developed type of geophysical weapons. The striking factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and associated weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged rainstorms, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc. Biosphere weapons (environmental weapons). Its striking. the action is aimed at catastrophic changes in the biosphere, causing damage by affecting the habitat, extermination of flora and fauna, and environmental pollution. A large-scale environmental war was fought by the Americans in Vietnam. Various chemicals were used here. Forests and crops in a huge area were destroyed by napalm. A huge number of dropped bombs, including super-large caliber bombs (the so-called "daisy mowers" designed to clear helicopter landing sites) and shells fired on the territory of South Vietnam caused the formation of a continuous field of craters on an area of ​​100 thousand hectares, the fertile upper part soil is irretrievably lost.

Radiological weapons are a new type of weapon based on the use of military radioactive substances to destroy people with ionizing radiation, radioactive contamination of water, air, terrain, equipment and other military and civilian objects. Geophysical weapons Geophysical weapons are weapons whose damaging effect is based on the deliberate use for military purposes of natural phenomena and processes caused by artificial means in the solid (lithosphere), liquid (hydrosphere) and gaseous (atmosphere) shells of the Earth. Lithospheric weapons (tectonic) have a damaging effect by initiating such dangerous natural phenomena and processes as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the movement of geological formations. An earthquake is a form of impulse release of energy that accumulates in the depths of the Earth as a result of continuous geological processes.

Plasma weapons The idea of ​​creating a "Plasma Shield" capable of detecting and striking in the atmosphere warheads of ballistic missiles, aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, was formulated and substantiated in our country. Components of such weapons can be microwave (or laser) generators), directional antennas and power supplies placed in container modules and linked by a single control system. Infrasonic weapons are a new type of weapons of mass destruction based on the use of directed radiation of powerful infrasonic vibrations. Infrasonic vibrations are sound (elastic) waves of low frequency (less than 16 Hz) inaudible to the human ear. They are poorly absorbed by various materials and spread over long distances. According to studies conducted in some countries, infrasonic vibrations can affect the central nervous system and digestive organs, lead to general malaise, and sometimes to blindness, cause panic in people, loss of control over themselves and an irresistible desire to hide from radiation sources.

Electromagnetic microwave weapon - means have an energetic and informational effect on the human body. Depending on the frequency and power of the microwave, the radiation disrupts the work of the brain and central nervous system, causes a feeling of noise and whistling that are difficult to bear, and affects the internal organs. The most promising are microwave generators as means of electronic warfare, creating strong interference for the enemy's radio-electronic means. The informational effect of microwave radiation on a person of relatively low power is based on the so-called effect of radio audibility. It lies in the fact that people who are in the intense field of broadcasting stations hear "inner voices", music, etc. due to the detection of modulated carrier vibrations by human organs with subsequent conversion into signals perceived by the auditory nerve.

Beam (laser) weapons Beam weapons are a new type of weapon based on the use of laser radiation to destroy people and disable military equipment (primarily aircraft, optoelectronic reconnaissance systems and weapons control). Work on the use of ray energy is aimed at the development of laser devices. Beam (accelerating) weapon. Beam weapons are a new type of weapon based on the use of accelerated high-energy particles. The principle of operation of beam weapons consists in generating, focusing and aiming at the target an intense pulsed or continuous beam of charged particles (for example, electrons, protons) or neutral atoms (for example, light hydrogen atoms) accelerated to energies of 0.5 -1 GeV or more. The damaging effect of such weapons is combined: radiation and thermomechanical, by initiating X-ray radiation or intense heat exposure and shock mechanical load.

The same can be achieved with the help of the so-called information weapon, which is information impact, economic blockade, monetary and financial provocation, etc. Information software and mathematical weapon is a set of methods and means that allows you to purposefully change (destroy, distort), copy, block information, overcome security systems, restrict the admission of legitimate users, carry out disinformation, disrupt the functioning of information carriers, disrupt the operation of technical means, computer systems and information computing networks used in the course of information warfare (war) to achieve the set goals. Psychophysical weapons - the totality of all possible ways and means of latent violent influence on a person's subconscious with the aim of modifying his psyche (mainly subconsciousness) in the direction necessary for the influencing side. However, if earlier, as a result of hard programming, practically biorobots were obtained, which little resemble a normal person, today "zombies" can often be determined only by a specialist - their behavior is quite usually and does not arouse suspicion

Hydrosphere weapons are based on the use of natural hazards associated with the hydrosphere for military purposes. The striking factors of these weapons can be strong waves (such as tsunamis or directed tidal waves) and flooding. The formation of a tsunami in the coastal strip of seas and oceans with the help of underwater nuclear explosions, in the opinion of foreign experts, can be considered as an effective way to destroy the forces of the fleet in bases, as well as port facilities and hydraulic facilities. The flooding of lowland areas can be an important factor in the military-economic impact on the enemy's rear. Atmospheric (meteorological) weapons are the most developed type of geophysical weapons. The striking factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and associated weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged rainstorms, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc.

Information weapon By interfering in the regulation of information flows, in the process of their processing and control, one can influence certain events. The history of the last decades shows that it is possible not only to use military force to defeat a powerful state, its economy, its military-industrial complex, all its most important structures. The same can be achieved with the help of the so-called information weapon, which is information impact, economic blockade, monetary and financial provocation, etc.

Information software and mathematical weapons - a set of methods and means that allows you to purposefully change (destroy, distort), copy, block information, overcome security systems, restrict the admission of legitimate users, carry out disinformation, disrupt the functioning of information carriers, disrupt the operation of technical means, computer systems and information-computing networks, used in the course of information warfare (war) to achieve the set goals. Psychophysical weapon is a set of all possible methods and means of latent violent influence on a person's subconscious with the aim of modifying his psyche (mainly subconsciousness) in the direction necessary for the influencing side. However, if earlier, as a result of hard programming, practically biorobots were obtained, which little resemble a normal person, today "zombies" can often be determined only by a specialist - their behavior is quite usually and does not arouse suspicion

Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 contains part 3 of sect. I "Methods and means of warfare". However, the norms of this section (Articles 35 - 47) require careful study and research, taking into account the development of modern weapons, on the one hand, and the level of development of the science of international law, on the other. In this chapter, weapons are understood as means designed to destroy manpower, equipment, structures and other enemy targets, component parts of these means and components; military equipment includes technical means intended for combat, technical and logistic support of the activities of troops, as well as equipment and apparatus for monitoring and testing these means, components of these means and components.

The rapid progress in the field of armaments, the improvement of military equipment (and its sale to third countries) are now far ahead of the development of international law.

Are new weapons permissible, the use of which in the event of an armed conflict has not yet been regulated by international law? Do the armed forces of a belligerent state have the right to use all means not specifically prohibited by IHL? This chapter is devoted to finding answers to these questions.

Prohibited means of warfare

Article 36 of Additional Protocol I contains a rule that states that when studying, developing, acquiring or adopting new types of weapons, means or methods of warfare, states are obliged to “determine whether their use, under some or all of the circumstances, falls under prohibition of "norms of international law. The article is of the most general nature, and the solution to the issue is left to the sovereign states themselves. No supranational organization was created to exercise control in this area.

In order to avoid unnecessary suffering, unjustified civilian casualties associated with hostilities, IHL sets limits on the choice of belligerent means and methods of warfare. This principle is expressed in the formula: "the belligerents do not enjoy unlimited right in choosing the means of harming the enemy" (Article 22 of the Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land of October 18, 1907). This provision was confirmed in

Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War (1949): "the right of parties to a conflict to choose the methods or means of warfare is not unlimited" (Art. 35).

Means of war - weapons and other means used by the armed forces of the belligerents to harm and defeat the enemy. In the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation in 2010 (clauses 15, 16), it is noted that military operations will be characterized by the increasing importance of high-precision, electromagnetic, laser, infrasonic weapons, information control systems, unmanned aerial vehicles and autonomous sea vehicles, guided robotic samples. weapons and military equipment. Nuclear weapons will remain an important factor in preventing the outbreak of nuclear military conflicts and military conflicts using conventional weapons (large-scale war, regional war). In the event of a military conflict with the use of conventional means of destruction (large-scale war, regional war), endangering the very existence of the state, the possession of nuclear weapons can lead to the escalation of such a military conflict into a nuclear military conflict.

The document "Fundamentals of the Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Nuclear Deterrence" signed by the President of the Russian Federation on February 5, 2010 together with the Military Doctrine, which is closed for publication, defines the position of the Russian Federation on the essence of nuclear deterrence, its role and place in the general system of ensuring the national security of the state. developed the provisions of the Military Doctrine in this area. According to the document, the nature and scale of Russia's use of nuclear weapons in response to aggression depend primarily on the effectiveness of the political, diplomatic, military and other measures taken prior to the use of nuclear weapons. The use of nuclear weapons is carried out exclusively by the decision of the President of the Russian Federation. Considering the extremely small time interval from the moment the launch of foreign ICBMs is detected to their impact on targets on the territory of Russia (no more than 30 minutes), the response options on the part of Russia in each specific case should be determined in advance and regulated in detail. An obvious transition of Russia to the use of nuclear weapons in response to aggression, even with the use of conventional weapons, is to strike at the most important political, administrative and economic centers of the country, at the objects of the missile attack warning system and the orbital constellation of military satellites, and at the system of central command posts of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. RF and RF Armed Forces, Strategic Missile Forces position areas, strategic aviation base airfields, submarine bases strategic purpose, as well as during the attack of Russian nuclear submarines in the oceans during their patrol. Nuclear weapons can also be used by Russia during the invasion of enemy ground forces into its territory if the RF Armed Forces fail to stop the advance into the interior of the country by conventional methods of warfare.

IHL classifies the prohibited means of warfare as those that cause unnecessary suffering by their destructive properties: a) bullets that easily unfold or flatten in the human body; b) shells weighing less than 400 grams, stuffed with explosive or flammable substances; c) poisons or poisoned weapons; d) shells that have a single purpose - to distribute toxic substances; e) asphyxiant and other poisonous gases and bacteriological agents; f) bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons; g) means of influencing the natural environment, which have broad, long-term or serious consequences, as methods of destruction, damage or harm; h) specific types of conventional indiscriminate weapons and weapons the use of which causes undue injury or suffering. Let's consider them.

1. Bullets easily deployed or flattened in the human body. The Hague Declaration of 1899 specifically prohibited the use of such bullets. For more than 100 years, this Declaration has been largely respected - at least in its literal sense: the bullets specifically referred to in it have almost never been used in wars.

The ban on the use of weapons and ammunition capable of causing excessive damage and unnecessary suffering was confirmed by Art. 35 of Additional Protocol I and is regarded as a rule of customary international law. The Hague Declaration establishes a minimum standard level for what is meant by "excessive damage" and "unnecessary suffering". Other small caliber projectiles causing the same damage should be considered prohibited under customary international law.

During the preparation of the UN Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Conventional Weapons (1981), the question was raised of including a provision prohibiting the use of high-velocity bullets, or "tumbling" bullets, bullets with a displaced center of gravity. But agreement was not reached, and the use of such bullets remains unregulated to this day.

The meaning of the new proposals in the field of prohibiting the use of small-caliber weapon systems and ammunition for them is to prohibit ammunition that, at a firing range of 25 meters or more, release more than 20 joules of energy for every centimeter of the first 15 centimeters of the bullet's path inside the human body. It is necessary to confirm or deny that the principles laid down in the Hague Convention on the Prohibition of Dum-Dum Bullets (1899) are also applicable in the conditions of modern armed conflicts.

When a projectile (bullet or bomb fragment) hits the human body and penetrates its tissues, its kinetic energy (energy of motion) is partially or completely transferred to these tissues, tearing them apart at the speed of an explosion. The more energy is transferred, the more tissue is destroyed. In elastic tissues such as muscles, the rapid transfer of energy results in the abrupt and violent formation of a "temporary cavity". Before collapse, the "temporary cavity" expands and contracts several times at high speed around the "permanent cavity", or wound channel, remaining behind the passed projectile. According to results from Princeton's serious World War II wound ballistics research program, "Examination and measurement of a large number of temporary cavities shows that the total volume of the cavity is proportional to the amount of energy transmitted by the bullet." As the study at Princeton shows, stretching and displacement of tissues during the formation and contraction of a "temporary cavity" can lead to serious damage to a large area around the channel formed by the projectile. Tissues are torn and shredded, capillaries rupture, nerves lose their ability to transmit impulses, soft organs can be damaged, gas-filled pockets of the intestine are torn, and bones not directly exposed to impact are broken.

Consequently, the larger the size of the "temporary cavity", the more extensive the damage and the greater the likelihood of damage to a vital organ that is not directly in the path of penetration of the projectile.

It has long been recognized that the transfer of energy is a major factor in projectile injury.

For example, in 1969, when studying the lethality of the M16 rifle ammunition in the laboratory of the US Army, this factor was taken into account as the main one. The test report noted that "previous researchers who studied the lethality of fragments, conventional and arrow-shaped bullets, it was quite logical to assume that the degree of loss of combat capability of a soldier as a result of a bullet hit is proportional to the amount of energy released by the bullet in the target" - or disagreement with this statement.

The bullet is aerodynamically designed in such a way that the air resistance during its flight is minimal. The high-speed rotation imparted to it in the gun barrel provides its stability so that it moves with the head part forward. The human body is much denser than air, however, with the correct shape, solid construction and high speed of rotation of the bullet, it continues to move in it with its head part forward, without losing a lot of energy and not forming an extensive wound, except in cases of shooting at close range, due to nutation. But the "dum-dum" bullet, when hitting the body, takes on a mushroom shape, the area of ​​its contact with the body, on the tissues of which it exerts the strongest pressure, increases; the energy of the bullet is quickly transferred to the body, resulting in a massive wound.

Thus, if a bullet does not deform like a dum-dum bullet, but nevertheless quickly transfers its energy to the body in some other way, it should also be considered as subject to the prohibition of international law.

For many years, the standard caliber of small arms in the armies of NATO and Warsaw Pact countries was 7.62 mm. Since 1957, the US Army has adopted the 7.62 mm M14 rifle. But the American firm "Armalite" reduced the caliber of its rifle, adapting it to fire modified hunting ammunition with a diameter of 5.56 mm (0.22 inches). The new rifle, called the AP15, from a military point of view, had the following advantages: it was a quarter lighter than the M14 rifle, the ammunition for it was also lighter, which made the recoil weaker when firing and made it possible for the soldier to carry more cartridges. In the early 60s. the US military department purchased and shipped several thousand AP15 rifles to Vietnam for testing in combat conditions. According to unofficial data published in the American magazine "Armie" in August 1963, a light bullet of the AP15 rifle, flying at a speed of 3300 feet per second (1000 m / s), when it enters the human body, begins to somersault, causing an extremely serious injury, completely not like a small 0.22 inch diameter bullet wound. In the US Army, the A15 rifle was assigned the M16 code, and in 1967 it was adopted as the main infantry weapon of the US non-NATO armed forces. By 1978, these rifles were exported to 21 countries, and in three more countries they were manufactured under license.

However, to establish a ban on the use of such bullets, it took the development of the science of bullet wounds - ballistics of wounds. But it was these data that turned out to be classified. In order for the bullet of the AR15 (M16) rifle of 5.56 mm caliber to have the required range and to have a sufficiently flat flight path that ensures the necessary accuracy of its hitting the target, the designers increased its speed. The muzzle velocity (muzzle velocity at the exit from the barrel) of the M16 rifle is 980 m / s, while this speed for the M14 rifle is 870 m / s, and for the Soviet AK47 carbine of 7.62 mm caliber - 720 m / s. At a distance of 100 m from the trunk, these speeds are 830, 800, and 630 m / s, respectively. From this, it was concluded that the severity of the injuries is due to the high velocity of the bullet, which tends to tumble and deform upon contact with the human body or after penetration into it.

In 1976, at the Conference of Governmental Experts on the Use of Specific Conventional Weapons in Lugano, experts from the governments of Sweden and Switzerland presented blocks of soap showing the results of bullet tests. The blocks, cast in the shape of a human thigh, were shot with various bullets and then dissected so that cavities formed in them could be seen, which were believed to correspond to permanent and temporary cavities formed in the human body as a result of similar shots, and, therefore, the volume of tissue damage.

Tests have shown that while some bullets leave a narrow channel along the entire length, from others it is narrow at the entrance, and then sharply expands in the place where a volume of soap the size of a fist is forcefully scattered to the sides as the bullet passes. However, the reasons for this remained unclear.

In 1994, the Swiss ballistic scientist B.P. Kneubel and the German professor of forensic medicine C.G. Sellier published a textbook on wound ballistics, which describes the mechanism of a bullet wound and the design parameters on which its severity depends.

When moving inside a person, a bullet can somersault, as a result of which he is seriously injured, since at the moments when it moves inside the body not with the head part forward, but with a large angle of attack, the area over which pressure is transmitted to the tissues is relatively large, and therefore, a lot of energy is transferred to the tissues.

According to the theory of Sellier and Kneubel, a bullet enclosed in a solid metal shell (and such are almost all modern rifle ammunition), after penetrating the human body to any depth, begins to rotate about the transverse axis. The speed of rotation increases rapidly, the angle of attack reaches 90 degrees, the bullet continues to turn until it begins to move almost with its tail part forward (last position). Depending on the design, a bullet with a solid metal shell can deform and collapse under the influence of the loads it experiences during rotation; the deformation and destruction of such a bullet, being only a consequence of this rotation, and not an independent process, nevertheless increase its ability to inflict injuries, since as a result of deformation or destruction, the area of ​​the bullet material, transmitting pressure to tissues, increases.

Thus, turning or rolling the bullet is the main factor in causing severe injury, and the likelihood of the latter depends on how deeply the bullet penetrates the body before it begins to turn. The tendency to somersault immediately upon penetration into the human body depends on the angle of encounter upon impact with the body, the shape of the bullet head and its gyroscopic stability, which, in turn, is determined by factors such as the speed of rotation around the longitudinal axis, moment of inertia and geometric parameters bullets. The higher the gyroscopic stability of the bullet (for example, due to the high rotation speed), the further it penetrates the body without turning; the shorter the bullet is in relation to its diameter, the lower the likelihood that it will start tumbling.

In 1981, NATO announced its decision to adopt a new standard for small arms caliber. This new caliber - 5.56 mm - was the same as that of the M16 rifle. But the Belgian SS109 ammunition was adopted as the standard NATO small arms ammunition. The high speed of rotation of the bullet is given to it due to the reduced pitch of the barrel: one turn per 7 inches, while the M16 rifle has one turn per 12 inches. It should be pointed out that the term “small caliber weapon systems” should encompass both the ammunition and the weapon from which it is fired. The nature of the injury may depend on such technical characteristics of the weapon as the parameters of the barrel cutting.

According to the test results, the CC109 bullet begins to quickly release energy (with an intensity of 50 or more joules per centimeter), only having gone deeper by 14 or more centimeters; for 20 or more centimeters of the path, it gives up to tissues only 600 joules of energy. At the same time, the bullet of the Russian AK74 machine gun of 5.45 mm caliber begins to quickly release energy, going deep into the body only 9 cm, and it gives 600 joules of energy to tissues at 14 centimeters of travel. According to some reports, the AK74 bullet inflicts a serious wound much closer to the surface of the body than the CC109 bullet.

Small-caliber projectiles also include an arrow-shaped bullet - a small pointed rod with several stabilizer feathers at the blunt end. In the early 60s. the US Army began a program to develop small arms that hit with arrow-shaped bullets (the so-called individual special-purpose weapons). In 1966, the AAI Corporation developed a concave-compound finned projectile and a multiple hardness pointed finned projectile.

The purpose of these two inventions was to deform the warhead on impact, resulting in somersaulting bullet tumbling.

In the US Army Ballistics Research Laboratory, another design was tested for lethality - a bimetallic arrow-shaped bullet. On impact, the two metals should have separated from each other, significantly increasing the area of ​​transfer of pressure on the tissue.

The deformation of such bullets is very close to unfolding or flattening, in the terminology of the Hague Declaration, dum-dum bullets.

Thus, when developing and adopting new models of small arms, the following indicators should be taken into account: 1) the maximum caliber at which the weapon belongs to small-caliber systems (12.7 mm); 2) firing range (more than 25 m); 3) the minimum length of a narrow canal (15 cm); 4) the maximum amount of energy released in a narrow channel (more than 20 joules of energy for each centimeter of the first 15 cm of the bullet's path inside the human body).

As part of the progressive development of the norms of international humanitarian law, it seems necessary to establish a strict ban on the use of modern dum-dum bullets, which would provide protection against excessive suffering caused by particularly dangerous small-caliber weapon systems.

Indicative is the discussion on the pages of the "Independent Military Review" on the suitability of 5.45-millimeter assault rifles and light machine guns in service with the RF Armed Forces for confrontation with troops equipped with army body armor of the highest degree of protection. In the 60s and 70s. virtually all militarily and economically leading states switched to low-impulse cartridges. In the USSR, in 1987, the 7N6 cartridge with a heat-strengthened core appeared. In 1992, a 5.45-mm cartridge with a bullet of increased penetration 7N10, in which a stamped pointed core is used, was developed and put into service; bullet weight is 5% more. In 1994, a cartridge with a modernized 7N10 bullet of increased power was developed and adopted for production, the main difference of which is that the cavity in the head part is filled with lead. In 1998, a 5.45 x 39 mm cartridge with a 7N22 armor-piercing bullet was developed and adopted, in which a pointed core made of U12A high-carbon armor-piercing steel was used. The authors note that the reserves of the 5.45 mm caliber in terms of increasing the effectiveness of the destruction of obstacles are far from being exhausted.

The development of 9-mm bullets for the PM pistol takes place in a similar way. In the early 90s. a new high-impulse cartridge for the PMM-57N181SM pistol has appeared, which has a more powerful powder charge and provides a conical bullet lightweight up to 5.5 g with a speed of about 45 m / s.

However, while this cartridge cannot be used in standard PM pistols.

2. Projectiles weighing less than 400 g, filled with explosive or flammable substances.

2. Prohibition of misuse of distinctive signs of the medical service, civil defense, cultural values, installations and structures containing dangerous forces, the white flag of the envoy, as well as other generally recognized distinctive signs and signals (for example, for demilitarized zones, undefended areas).

Analysis of the norms contained in Art. Art. 35, 53, 75, 85 of Additional Protocol I, allows to single out the following groups of prohibited methods of warfare.

1. Directed against enemy combatants: a) treacherous killing or wounding of persons belonging to the enemy's troops; b) the murder of the envoy and accompanying persons (trumpeter, bugler, drummer); c) killing or wounding enemy persons who, having laid down their arms or not being able to defend themselves, surrendered; d) an attack on persons who are disabled due to illness or injury, as well as on persons who have left an aircraft in distress (with the exception of persons belonging to the airborne forces); e) forcing persons of the opposing side to take part in hostilities directed against their country; f) giving an order not to leave anyone alive, to threaten it or to conduct hostilities on this basis; g) taking hostages.

2. Directed against the civilian population: a) the implementation of genocide, apartheid; b) terror against the local population; c) the use of hunger among the civilian population.

Specific legal requirements that will ensure the achievement of the goal are indicated in clauses 2 and 3 of Art. 54 of Additional Protocol I, as well as Art. 55, which provides for the obligation to protect the natural environment, in Art. Art. 68 - 71 - on assistance to the civilian population and in the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of bacteriological and chemical weapons.

3. Directed against objects: a) attack, bombardment or destruction of sanitary facilities, hospital ships (ambulances), ambulance planes with proper distinguishing marks; b) bombardment by military aircraft, naval ships of unprotected cities, ports, villages, dwellings, historical monuments, temples, hospitals, provided that they are not used for military purposes; c) destruction of cultural values, historical monuments, places of worship, etc., constituting the cultural or spiritual heritage of the people, as well as their use to ensure success in hostilities.

4. Directed against property: a) the destruction or seizure of enemy property, except when such actions are caused by military necessity; b) seizure of vessels intended for coastal fishing or the needs of local navigation; hospital courts, as well as courts performing scientific and religious functions; c) plunder of a city or area.

A very important problem is the legal regulation of the methods of conducting indiscriminate hostilities, i.e. adherence to the principle of distinction. Acceptance of the prohibition, enshrined in paragraph 5 "a" of Art. 51 of Additional Protocol I, was an important humanitarian achievement. The authors of the article considered that there was no need to refer to "massive" bombing, to "zone bombing" or "bomb mats" from the moment this prohibition became fully applicable to them, and reference to such expressions could be interpreted as limiting the protection of civilians from other types of bombing. It should be noted that the prohibition is limited to situations in which humanitarian requirements are paramount, as it applies to areas where civilians or objects are concentrated. Other areas are not covered by this prohibition. How far apart should military targets be?

The criteria of “clearly distinct” and “distinguishable” raise a number of questions when determining whether separate attacks should be carried out. The current regulations do not provide an answer to these questions. Of course, the problem is related to precision weapons, and difficulties of interpretation cannot justify barbaric methods. What is the extent of the military advantage achieved as a result of the attack? What measure should be used to determine the loss of civilian lives? Only the courts in their decisions, world practice and world public opinion can answer these questions.

The provisions of Art. 57 of Additional Protocol I are aimed at eliminating two more cases of violation of the principle of distinction: (a) incorrect identification of military objects prior to the attack on them; b) attacks that can accidentally cause extremely large damage to the civilian population and damage to civilian objects. These provisions are addressed primarily to those who prepare or make decisions about the attack. Those who carry out an attack in practice are often unable, using modern means and methods of warfare, to recognize in a timely manner the objects that are planned to be attacked. If "it becomes clear that the target is not military," "the attack is canceled or suspended." But even if the target is declared a military one, an attack on it may be prohibited, for example, because the target conceals dangerous forces or is necessary for the survival of the civilian population, and in cases where the attack would cause excessive civilian casualties.

Note that the parties are required to give "timely warning" of attacks posing a danger to civilians, if circumstances permit this.

Instructions on the methods of conducting combat operations are usually contained in the administrative documents (orders) of the military command and control bodies, therefore, it is in them that all the precautions that are necessary during the operation should be provided. In this case, the knowledge possessed by legal advisers (assistant commanders for legal work) should be used. At the same time, a number of violations can be prevented only if there is a sufficient level of organization and discipline of subordinates.

The rules of engagement (rules of attack) are rules for the use of force in order to achieve a set goal (accomplishment of a combat mission) and must comply with IHL norms. They must meet the following requirements: 1) be accessible, i.e. communicated in a concise and understandable language; 2) be reasonable, i.e. take into account all situations that may arise when performing a task; 3) be realistic, i.e. must not expose personnel to unreasonable risks in performing them. Every soldier must know the rules of IHL at a sufficient level, corresponding to his military rank and official position.

The elementary rules are based on the principles of humanity and are as follows:

1. you can only fight with those who have weapons in their hands;
2. only military objects are allowed to be attacked (for example, military bases, warehouses, fuel supplies, ports, take-off sites, cars, ships, aircraft, weapons, equipment, buildings and objects that are used by the enemy for military purposes);
3. the attack should not be directed at persons and objects that have a protective status, civilians and civilian objects should be spared;
4. no more damage can be inflicted than is required to complete the combat mission, indiscriminate attacks are prohibited;
5. undefended terrain and neutral zones must not be attacked;
6. objects containing dangerous forces (nuclear power plants, dams, dams) should not be attacked;
7. taking hostages is prohibited;
8. persons and objects marked with protective signs and emblems should be treated with respect;
9. medical personnel and clergy, wounded and sick enemy soldiers, civilians, personnel of civil defense units (firefighters, sappers, search and rescue squads), parliamentarians with a white flag should not be the target of an attack;
10. the surrounded enemy must be given the opportunity to surrender, the order not to take prisoners is a serious war crime;
11. prisoners of war should be treated humanely, they are obliged to provide information only about their identity;
12. should refrain from any acts of retaliation, respect the property rights of the civilian population;
13. it is necessary to comply with the indicated rules themselves and require this from colleagues, since their violation entails