"On the camps of forced work", which began the beginning of the creation of the Gulag - the main department of correctional labor camps. In the documents of 1919-1920, the basic idea of \u200b\u200bcamp content was formulated - work "on the isolation of harmful, unwanted elements and the introduction of them by coercion and re-education to conscious work."
In 1934, the Gulag entered the structure of the United NKVD, obeying directly the head of this department.
As of March 1, 1940, the Gulag's system included 53 ITL (including railway construction camps), 425 correctional and labor colonies (ITC), as well as prisons, 50 colonies for minors, 90 "Baby Houses".
In 1943, at the Vorkuta and Northeast camps, cavalry compartments were organized with the establishment of the most strict isolation regime: the carriages worked the extended working day and were used on heavy underground work in coal mines, on the production of tin and gold.
The prisoners also worked on the construction of canals, roads, industrial and other objects in the Far North, the Far East and in other regions. In the camps, severe punishments were used for the slightest violations of the regime.
The prisoners of the Gulag, among whom they included both the criminals and persons convicted under Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR "for counter-revolutionary crimes", as well as members of their families, were required to work for free. Sick and arrestants were not working, recognized as unsuitable work. In colonies for minors, adolescents came across aged 12 to 18 years. In "Baby Houses" housed children of concluded women.
The total number of protection in the camps and the colonies of Gulag in 1954 was over 148 thousand people.
Arriving as a tool and the place of isolation of counter-revolutionary and criminal elements in the interests of protecting and strengthening the "dictatorship of the proletariat", the gulag thanks to the system of "correction of forced labor" quickly turned into actually an independent branch of the national economy. Secured by cheap labor force, this "branch" effectively solved the tasks of the industrialization of the eastern and northern regions.
In 1937-1950, about 8.8 million people visited the camps. Persons convicted "for counter-revolutionary activities" in 1953 were 26.9% of the total number of prisoners. In total, by political reasons for the years of Stalinist repression through camps, colonies and prisons passed 3.4-3.7 million people.
By the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 25, 1953, the construction of a number of large objects was discontinued with the participation of prisoners, as not caused by the "urgent needs of the national economy." The main Turkmen channel, railways in the north of Western Siberia, on the Kola Peninsula, Tunnel under the Tatar Strait, factories of artificial liquid fuel, etc. In the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on March 27, 1953 about 1 amnesty were released about 1 , 2 million prisoners.
The decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 25, 1956 was recognized "inappropriate to the further existence of correctional labor camps of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs as not to fulfill the most important state task - re-education prisoners in labor." The Gulag system existed for a few more years and was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 13, 1960.
After entering the light of Alexander Solzhenitsyn "Archipelago Gulag" (1973), where the writer showed a system of mass repression and arbitrariness, the term "Gulag" became synonymous with the Camps and prisons of the NKVD and the totalitarian regime as a whole.
In 2001, the state was founded in Moscow on Petrovka Street.
The material is prepared based on RIA news and open sources.
Gulag (the main management of correctional labor camps, labor settlements and places of detention) in the USSR in 1934-56. Unit of the NKVD (MIA), which carried out the management of the system of correctional labor camps (ITL). Special Offices Gulag united many ITLs in different parts of the country: Karaganda ITL (Karlala), Dalny NKVD / Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Solovetsky ITL (Ulon), Belomorsko-Baltic ITLE and the NKVD plant, Vorkutinsky ITL, Norilsk ITL, etc.
In these camps were the hardest conditions, elementary human rights were observed, severe punishments were applied for the slightest violations of the regime. The prisoners worked for free on the construction of canals, roads, industrial and other facilities in the Far North, the Far East and other regions. Extremely high was mortality from hunger, diseases and infidency labor. After entering the light of the books A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Archipelago Gulag" in 1973, where he showed a system of mass repression and arbitrariness in the Soviet state, the term "Gulag" became synonymous with the camps and prisons of the NKVD, the totalitarian regime as a whole.
The scientific and scientific and journalistic literature marked a wide range of opinions as the very nature of Gulag and about his place and role in the Soviet state system. The inconsistency of estimates and judgments on the problem of the Gulag was determined, first of all, by the narrowness and insufficient source base, which consisted mainly from the memories of participants in events and evidence of eyewitnesses, as well as from official Soviet materials. The study of the Gulag at a qualitatively new level was only possible at the turn of the 1980s, when researchers got access to the necessary archival materials.
All of the above justifies the currently chosen topic.
The purpose of the work is the study and a brief analysis of the Gulag: its creation, scale and role.
The work consists of maintaining, 2 chapters, conclusion and literature of the used literature. The total work is ___ pages.
1. Creation of GugaGa
1.1 Decree "On Forced Work Camps"
On April 15, 1919, All-Russian Central Executive Committee signed by the Chairman M.I. Kalinina issued a decree "On the camps of forced work." This decree legalized two provisions that accompanied the 18-month existence of the Soviet Republic, namely: approval of the camp system and approval of forced labor.
How widely these provisions were introduced, it is seen from the fact that the decree provided for the organization of coercive work camps "in the Office of the Office of the provincial executive committees", i.e. This, all provincial committees undertook to create a lague. The organization and military camps were assigned to Gubnek (provincial emergency commissions); Lagurai in the counties were opened with the permission of the People's Commissariat of the Interior.
Already in this first decree on the camps, it is envisaged that the escape from them is "subject to the most severe punishments." But the text of the decree dated April 15, 1919, apparently, turned out to be insufficient, and on May 17, 1919, a new advanced decree "On Carties of Forced Labor" was published signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee V. Avanesov, developed in very detailed and has the following sections:
a) the organization of camps and camp management,
c) guard team,
d) sanitary and medical supervision,
e) about prisoners,
e) premises.
It should be noted that the first time an increase in the detention period was established for the first time, and for the secondary revolutionary tribunal had the right to apply the execution. This decret was laid all the main provisions of forced labor, which became an integral element of the state life of the Soviet Union and gradually transformed the existing system of slave labor.
The basics of correctional labor policy were at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b) (March 1919) included in the new party program. The full organizational design of the camp network in Soviet Russia strictly coincided with the first communist Saturdays (April 12 - May 17, 1919, 1919): Decisions of the Russian Federation on the camps of forced work took place on April 15 and May 17, 1919. For them, the camp of the forced work was created (by the efforts of the Gulk), without fail in every provincial city (for convenience - within the city, or in the monastery or in a close manor) and in some counties (yet - not in all). The camps were supposed to contain every at least three hundred people (in order for the work of prisoners paid up and the protection and administration) and being carried out in the jurisdiction of the provincial punitive departments.
Thus, at the very beginning of the Communist Revolution, it was opened in all provincial (97) and some county cities over 100 forced labor at least 300 people each, that is, in a total of 30,000 prisoners.
The exact number of cenches and people enclosed in them in one or another period of communist construction is unknown. But at the beginning of the fifties, the United Nations Commission and IVT made a survey of a large number of people who were during the Second World War in the West, and on the basis of carefully documented testimony made the following conclusion:
"... In the concentration camps of the European and Asian part of the Soviet Union there is at least 10,000,000 people of prisoners; it is however, a minimum figure, derived with all the thought of statistical stiffness. In reality, the number of prisoners. It comes to 15,000,000 people."
The figure of 15 million people is called in many sources relating to forced labor in the USSR. Let's say, Dr. von Mauditz says: "Today we probably know that in some years the Soviet concentration camps were up to 15 million prisoners."
But this figure, of course, is conditional; It is possible that it is unwittingly exaggerated. From caution should be considered not 15, but 10 million prisoners. However, 10 million is a colossal value that exceeds the population of many European states. (Let's say, in 1960, the entire population of Austria was 7.0 million people, Belgium - 9.1, Greece - 8.3, Denmark - 4.5, Norway - 3.6, Sweden - 7.5).
Decree CEC Councils on the creation of forced work camps.
1) In the Department of the Office of the provincial executive committees, laguery of forced work are forced:
but. The initial organization and military camps of forced operations are assigned to the provincial emergency commissions that transfer them to the notification department from the Center.
b. Clamps are open with the permission of the People's Commissariat of the Interior.
2) The individuals and categories of persons regarding whom the decrees of department departments, emergency commissions, revolutionary tribunals, national courts and other Soviet bodies, which are given to decisions and other Soviet bodies, are subject to compulsory work camp.
3) All prisoners in the camps are immediately involved in the work at the request of Soviet institutions.
4) who fled from the camps or work are subject to the most severe penalties.
5) To manage all the camps of compulsory work throughout the RSFSR, under the National Commissioner of Internal Affairs, under an agreement with the All-Russian emergency commission, the central management of camps is established.
6) The heads of forced work camps are elected by local provincial executive committees and are approved by the central camp management.
7) Loans on the equipment and the content of the camps are released by the People's Commissariat of the Interior in the estimated manner through the provincial executive committee.
8) Medical and sanitary supervision of camps assigned to the local health care departments.
9) detailed provisions and instructions are invited to develop the People's Commissariat of the Interior within 2 weeks from the date of publication of this Regulation.
1.2 organizational device Gulag
From the very beginning of the existence of the Soviet government, the leadership of a majority of the conclusion was assigned to the punitive department of the People's Commissariat of Justice, formed in May 1918. The main management of forced work under the National Commissariat of Internal Affairs was also partially on these issues.
On July 25, 1922, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the concentration of the leadership of the main places of conclusion (except for general prisons) in one department and a little later, in October of the same year, a single body was created in the NKVD system - the main management of places of detention.
In the following decades, the structure of state bodies who enjoy the deprivation of freedom changed repeatedly, although no indigenous changes occurred.
On April 24, 1930, by order of the United States Political Department (OGPU), the Camps were formed at the USSR SCC. The first mention of the GULAG itself (the main management of the OGPU camp) can be found in the OGPA order of February 15, 1931.
On June 10, 1934, according to the decision of the CEC, the USSR CEC in the formation of the new Union-Republican NKVD, the main management of correctional camps and labor settlements was formed in its composition. In October of the same year, this department was renamed the main management of camps, labor settlements and places of detention.
In the future, this department was renamed twice twice and in February 1941 received the name of the main management of correctional labor camps and colonies of the NKVD of the USSR that secured behind it. After graduating from the Great Patriotic War, in connection with the reorganization of drug addicts in the ministry, the main management of correctional labor camps and colonies in March 1946 became part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
The following organizational change in the execution system of punishments in the USSR was the creation in October 1956 of the General Directorate of Correlation and Labor Colonies, which in March 1959 was renamed the main management of the places of detention.
The departmental affiliation of Gulag after 1934 changed only once - in March 1953, the Gulag was transferred to the Ministry of Justice of the USSR, but in January 1954 again returned to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
After October 1917 and up to 1934. General prisons were under the jurisdiction of the Republican People's Commissariators of Justice and were part of the main management of correctional institutions. In 1934, general prisons were transferred to the Gulag of the NKVD of the USSR, and in September 1938, an independent major imprisonment was formed as part of the NKVD.
In dividing the NKVD into two independent addict - NKVD and NKGB - this control was renamed the prison control of the NKVD. In 1954, under the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers, prison administration was transformed into the prison department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In March 1959, the prison department was reorganized and included in the main management of the sectors of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
The hardest conditions were established in the camps, elementary human rights were not respected, severe punishments were applied for the slightest violations of the regime. The prisoners worked for free on the construction of canals, roads, industrial and other facilities in the Far North, the Far East and other regions. Extremely high was mortality from hunger, diseases and infidency labor.
2. The scale of Gulag.
Starting from restructuring, the question of the real number of Gulagus repressed over the years of the existence of the Gulag is constantly arising. According to available data, more than forty domestic and foreign authors studied and study the problems of the USSR criminal law policy in the 1920s and 1950s of the last century.
Book A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Archipelago Gulag", which, despite the fact that was first published in the West in 1973, very widely spread in Samizdat. The first volume of the "Archipelago" contained a detailed study of all that preceded the emergence of millions of Soviet people in Stalin's concentration camps: systems of arrests and various types of imprisonment, torture investigation, judicial and extrajudicial dissection, stages and shipments. In the second volume of his book by A. Solzhenitsyn, he already explores the main and main part of the Gulag Empire - "Fighter-Labor Camps". Nothing passes here by the author's attention. The history of the occurrence of the camps, the economy of forced labor, the management structure, the categories of prisoners and everyday life of the Lagnikov, the position of women and youngsters, the relationship between ordinary searches and "assholes", criminal, and political, security, conventionation, informing service, recruitment of pokcs, punishment system and " Promotions, work of hospitals and medical groups, various forms of killing, murder and simple procedure of funerals of prisoners - all this is reflected in the Book of Solzhenitsyn. The author describes a variety of cauldronous labor of the zacks, their hungry soldering, he studies not only the camp, but also the nearest fit world , features of the psychology and behavior of prisoners and their jailers (on the terminology of Solzhenitsyn "Lampiers"). This is a thorough artistic study based on reliable facts.
In the book of the Russian political figure, the former concluded Gulag I.L. Salonevich "Russia in the concentration camp Noted:" I don't think that the total number of all prisoners in these camps were less than five million people. Probably - somewhat more. But, of course, there can be no speech about any accuracy of counting. "
The American historian and the Soveretbook R. Conquest in his book "Big Terror" leads even more impressive figures: by the end of 1939, the number of prisoners in prisons and camps increased to 9 million people (compared with 5 million in 1933-1935.
Famous publicist A.V. Antonov-Ovseyenko (the son of the Soviet Soviet Warhead V.A. Antonova-Ovseenko) believes that from January 1935 to June 1941, almost 20 million people were repressed, of which 7 million were shot.
Solzhenitsyn operates in numbers also in several tens of millions of repressed, similar positions are adhered to R.A. Medvedev: "In 1937-1938. According to my estimates, it was repressed from 5 to 7 million people: about a million party members and about a million former party members, as a result of party cleaning of the late 1920s and the first half of the 1930s; the rest 3-5 million people are non-partisan, belonging to all sectors of the population. Most of those arrested in 1937-1938. Found in correctional labor camps, the thick network of which covered the whole country. "
Based on genuine archival documents that are stored in leading Russian archives, first of all - in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (former TsGAOR USSR) and the Russian Center for Social and Political History (former CPA) can with a sufficient degree of reliability to conclude that for 1930- 1953 6.5 million were in corrective labor colonies, from them for political reasons - about 1.3 million, through correctional labor camps for 1937-1950. About two million people were convicted of political articles.
Objective data on prisoners in Gulag in 1943-1953.
During 1946, 228.0 thousand repatriates were inspected in check-filtration camps.
Of these, by January 1, 1947, it was translated into a special settlement, transferred to the personnel of industry (in the "workers battalions") and sent to the place of residence of 199.1 thousand. The rest continued to be verified.
The total number of prisoners in the NKVD camps (on average per year):
1945 - 697258; 1946 - 700712; 1947 - 1048127.
1945 - 5698; 1946 - 2197; 1947 - 1014.
Special settlements 1953 - 2753356, of which the Germans are 1224931, including the Government decision - 855674; Mobilized - 48582; repatriated - 208388; Local - 111324.
Evregated from the North Caucasus in 1943-1944. - 498452, including
ingush - 83518; Chechens - 316717; Karachay - 63327; Balkarians - 33214; Others - 1676.
Evregated from Crimea in 1944 - 204698, including
crimean Tatars - 165259; Greeks - 14760; Bulgarians - 12465; Armenians - 8570; Others - 3644.
Evregated from the Baltic in 1945-1946. - 139957.
Essed from Georgia in 1944 - 86663, including
meskhetian Turks - 46790; Kurds - 8843; Himshil - 1397.
Evalidated in 1943-1944: Kalmyki - 81475.
Evregated in 1949 from the Black Sea coast - 57142, including.
greeks - 37353; "Dashnaki" - 15486; Mesquets Turks - 1794; Others - 2510.
Evregated in 1949 from the Moldovan SSR - 35838.
The eviction of Ontans, together with families, occurred during 1944-1952. - 175063; Vlasovovets - 56746.
As a result, it was evicted in 1948 - 27275;
in 1951 - 591.
Fists, ejected in 1951 from the Lithuanian SSR, - 18104.
Evregated from Georgia in 1951-1952. - 11685.
Armed in 1951 of Jehovists - 9363 (from the Baltic States, Moldova, Western regions of Ukraine and Belarus).
Evregated from Georgia to Kazakhstan in 1950. Iranians - 4707.
Evregated in 1952 from the BSSR Kulatsky Families - 4431.
Essed in 1950 from the Tajik SSR in the Kazakh SSR former Basmachi - 2747.
Evregated in 1951 from the western regions of Ukraine Family Kulakov - 1445.
Essed from the Pskov region in 1950 as members of families of gangsters, bandagles, etc. - 1356.
Armed in 1951 along with the families of the former military personnel of the Polish Army Anders who arrived at the end of the 40s. By repatriation in the USSR from England, - 4520.
Fists from the Izmail region, exiled in 1948, - 1157.
reference Lights - 52468;
relevant - 7833;
expanded - 6119.
In 1953, in camps and prisons, the number of convicts for counter-revolutionary crimes was 4,74,950 people;
Thus, based on the USSR OGPU-NKVD-MVD archival data, it is possible to make an intermediate, but it seems to be a very reliable conclusion: in the years of Stalinism for political reasons, 3.4-3.7 million colonies were sent to the camps and colonies. .
It is known that the archives do not contain ready-made statistical data (or they were destroyed). Nevertheless, according to different estimates, for the period from 1930 to 1953. About 52 million people were convicted, of which about 20 million were held through the camps. The scope of the victims does not even accommodate the reservation that these numbers include the convicts again. A huge number of people were shot - about 1 million people, while excluding those who died from torture or committed suicide. At least 6 million people passed through links.
Such numbers are forced to think about any ...
An important aspect of the history of Gulag is his "economic" party. If in the prewar years, the contingent of the Gulag was an important means of solving economic tasks: the war began, interrupting the implementation of the "Program of Socialist Construction", submitted all its activities to the interests of the armed struggle, then in the post-war years, the Gulag prisoners used as free labor to raise the destroyed industry, cities and cities Sail. Given the significant replenishment of the camps, at the expense of repatriated prisoners of war, a huge army of prisoners appeared.
The camp contingents of the labor force were used in that period in all sectors of the national economy, and especially where chronically lacked the hired labor force. For example, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, when the allies began to carry their caravans with Land Liza along the Northern Sea Route, Normikstroy was formed, which was transferred to the part of the prisoners from Norillege. Nudvikstroy is a large object of workfront, whose flourishing came in 1944. At this time, the allies bunkering here with the local coal of the court, walking with the load of Land Lisa to Murmansk. Shakhtar cut the coal for steamboats in Norkiya. Here the vessels boiled by the northern seas were repaired, fresh water reserves were replenished. There was their own salt mine on the nudvik, and at that time the salt was on gold weight or even ammunition. And also in the bay of Nodvik defeated the ships of allies in anticipation of the normal ice environment in the Velkitsky Strait.
In the Norilsk Gornemomalgic Combine, the number of prisoners who worked on the NORGMK increased every year, since the plant was rapidly developed at that time. And if in 1941 it worked on it 20.5 thousand prisoners, then in 1943 their number approached 31 thousand, and in 1944 amounted to almost 35 thousand. And in Norillag, the scope of labor of prisoners was gradually expanded. For example, in 1941, 175 km of railway tracks were built by their forces. Thanks to all this, in 1941, 48 thousand tons of ore were produced at the plant and almost 324 thousand tons of coal (compared with 1940 - 228 thousand tons). Receiving and processing platinoids in Norilsk made it possible to pay off the USSR debt allies for supplies on Land Liza.
However, it is of particular interest to the use of labor of prisoners in the defense industry. And this is just beautifully shown in the monograph historian Shevchenko V.N., who first got access to the archival documents of the Gulag system.
In total, more than 60 thousand people were transmitted to enterprises in the defense industry of the region during the war, of which 3.5 thousand in the coal industry; 7.2 thousand worked in the industriality of ammunition and weapons; In non-ferrous metallurgy - 9.2 thousand people.
After fastening the prisoners behind industrial enterprises, they spread the food supply system, which was used by allocated workers. This allowed not only to save the lives of many prisoners, but also make their contribution to the general victory of the people real.
For another features of the Gulag system, Shevchenko attributes the following: Since the beginning of the war, the NKVD orders were released by some categories of confiscated ages in the Red Army. A part of the prisoners freed from custody remained in camps at the position of free-free without the right to depart from the areas of work until the end of the war. Only full disabled people, old people and women with children were exempted - as the most reliable reserve of labor. Former prisoners mostly sought to consolidate the freedom-given freedom, because any violation of their production regimes or independent care from the enterprise could cost them their lives.
Another traditional idea that the country's different kind of enterprises needed a labor force, which was just ensured by the Gulag does not correspond to reality. Communication was just inverse. NKVD simply did not know what to do with the incredibly increased number of prisoners, who, in connection with this, tried to use in accordance with the tasks of the socialist economy. This explains the number of shot-up citizens who are shot in the consciousness in the consciousness and many of the infamous voluntaristic solutions of the party's leadership in the field of national economy (a dead road is only the only example of a variety of similar).
Gradually, with a refusal of manual labor in favor of the machine, the gulag turned out to be unprofitable, because to trust the complex and expensive cars, machines, etc. The state could not. Therefore, in 1956, the Gulag "ceased to exist" ... but the camps and prisoners remained, and the government still continued to exploit the subyqual labor of prisoners.
A special place is the question of the role of Gulag.
On the one hand, this is a broken fate of people, thousands of killed and those killed from cold, hunger, unbearable hell in harmful conditions, a kind of nursery for the content of talents involved in many areas of activity.
On the other hand, the growth of the economic, industrial development of the country, the creation of huge industrial enterprises, cities and villages, railways and seaports.
Conclusion
The main management of the camps (in abbreviated writing - the Gulag) in the form was a typical state-bureaucratic institution. It was an important part of the Soviet system of punishment authorities. During the thirty-year-old (from 1930 to 1960) the period of the existence of this chapter, its departmental affiliation and the full name have repeatedly changed. In different years, the Gulag was running the wholesale of the USSR, the NKVD of the USSR, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, the MJ of the USSR.
The gulag was the end of the form actively included in the implementation of projects to restore national economy and projects related to the development of the country's defense complex. Forced labor has become an important element in the mechanism of increasing the Soviet state of its military-industrial potential.
Summing up, we note that the creation of a whole system of correctional camps was one of the most cruel mistakes of Stalinism. It is difficult to give an accurate definition of their purpose: to imagine as an improvement in the prison system - cynical; As the "innovative" type of punishment - historically ignorant; As the "ideal" system of intimidation, tralning and maintaining the cult of Stalin - most likely, at the same time, the gulag - it was an inexhaustible source of free labor, as a top of impunity ...
List of used literature
1. Balova M.B. The role of the Gulag in the implementation of the strategy of forced industrialization and in the economic development of the European North of Russia in the 30s / MB Balova // Russian Journal. June 2005. [Electronic resource]. Access Mode: www.russ.ru/ Publishers / 20050603.html
2. Dmitrienko V.P. The history of homeland. XX century: Handbook for students / V.P. Dmitrienko, V.D. Esakov, V.A. Shestakov. - M., 1999
3. Konovalov L.A. In the jungle of the Gulag / L.A. Konovalov // Historical and archive almanac. - Novosibirsk, 1997. - №3.
4. Solzhenitsyn A.I. Gulag Archipelago: at 6 tons / A.I. Solzhenitsyn. - M., 1991.
5. Chekmasov A. The number of fractured citizens / A. Chekmasov // Russian Journal June 3, 2005. [Electronic resource]. Access Mode: www.russ.ru/ Publishers / 20050603.html
6. Shahmatova G.A. V Historical readings: Sat. Materials scientific-practicals. conf. / G. Shamatova, S. Gaidin. - Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyar. State University, 2005.
Solzhenitsyn A.I. Archipelago GULAG: at 6 t. - M: Inkom NV, 1991.
Kurganov I. A. Women and communism. - New York, 1968.
Signed: Chairman of the All-Russian Central Committee M. Kalinin, secretary L. Serebryakov. Located in №81 News of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of April 15, 1919
Konovalov L.A. In the jungle of the Gulag // Historical and archive almanac. - Novosibirsk, 1997. - № 3. - p.65.
In the USSR, about the mid-1930s, the topic of imprisonment and forced labor was not among the forbidden and quite actively discussed. Even wide public campaigns against the labor of prisoners were held, which caused the authorities to radically change the submission to the public about its essence and character: it was stated that work in Soviet correctional institutions is the usual work that millions of citizens are busy and that there is nothing in common With the compulsion of labor, work in Soviet correctional institutions in combination with the peculiarities of Soviet power and socialist construction and is the sorcerer, which from non-existence and insignificance turns people into heroes. It should be understood, the strict regime of state secrecy in which the Soviet bodies of internal affairs and state security worked for decades, the reason for the activities of various divisions of these structures did not have reliable information not only unauthorized persons, at least those who held responsible posts, but often And the employees of the "bodies". The lack of reliable data is almost all parties to the activities of Gulag extremely difficult to study the history of Soviet camps, but, nevertheless, the number of publications on this topic has constantly increased. The main source of information still remained witnesses and participants in the events that fell by those or other ways abroad.
The Big Furior was produced by the Book of Polish officers S. Mora and P. Misery, containing hundreds of documentary evidence obtained from Polish citizens exempt from imprisonment in 1941-1942. According to their calculations during this period, about 9,500,000 people were contained in the gulag. It is worth noting that according to archival statistics, the NKVD employees numbered about 3.5 million employees. Another source, although the ideologically critical - foreign state analyst. So American analysts at the end of the 40s stated that the advice would enslave a greater number of people than the third Reich, showing their despotic essence. Summing up written, the author still believes that the base of the sources is quite strong for the development of serious and reasonable discussions, although it is necessary to take the fact that most foreign sources are a distinct anti-Soviet nature, censorship are subjected to censorship, and statistics need to be read between the lines. With a global analysis of such a number of sources, the image of the Gulag is quite distinct.
Regulatory framework of political repression
From the very first days of Soviet power, a list of "enemies of the people" took shape. Lenin and Trotsky declared the need to suppress any opposition to the Bolsheviks and gave the "legitimate" substantiation of "Red Terror". Thousands of people were arrested and killed. It was not about the faces who committed any crime, it was punishment without guilt. And this abundance policy has not gone away from the party program with the death of the main leaders of the revolution. Links, resettlement, executions entrenched legally. From the country of flow, then "non-return", and many of the remaining became "Lyubrantsa", whom the authorities have deprived property and rights and sent out of the country. The legislation of the country constantly corresponded, it became more blurred. For example, the WTCIM has made on July 10, 1923. Changes in Art. 57 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. In the initial edition of this article, it was said that the counter-revolutionary action was recognized as aimed at the overthrow of the Soviet power. In the new edition, it was already about the fact that "a counter-revolutionary recognizes any action directed to the overall, undermining or weakening" of Soviet power.
In 1934, the judicial and executive bodies were ordered "not to delay" the execution of the highest measure and carry out a consequence in an accelerated manner. During the Patriotic War, the resettlement was subjected to whole peoples, in the traners recorded completely outsiders. From half a million "traitors" only 52 thousand. Fell into the camps for the actual service invaders. The difficulties of the Soviet legal system were associated with another important problem - the professional and overall illiteracy of the judiciary. Objeya I. T. Golakovo, Minister of State Control of the USSR L. Z. Mehlis noted: "We have people are not small on the service stairs, and they will not answer you what is the law, what is the ruling and what is the order. The judges without education, the more they hise them here, beat for these orders, they, of course, believe that such an order is the bosses. " Only after December 25, 1958, when the fundamentals of the criminal law were approved by the Union of the SSR and the Union republics, the laws "on criminal liability for state crimes" were adopted, "on the abolition of deprivation of electoral rights", "on criminal liability for military crimes" was The punitive legal base is destroyed, but at the same time the laws were inverse, and many convicts seen not yet more than a dozen years. The author believes that the legislation that operated in the USSR, which retained to a certain extent, the visibility of legality was unacceptably corrected in the direction of tightening the repression by secret orders and departmental instructions, the unlawful orders of "policy makers", the oral instructions of the party leadership.
Repressive policy and its institutional foundations
Bolshevik leaders considered dictatorship as a method for creating a communist society from human material of capitalism. Plekhanov offered to judge from the point of view of the rule: Salus Revolutionis Suprema Lex (the good of the revolution is the highest law). Such a point of view has led to the appearance in 1917, which is not responsible for anyone (except F. E. Dzerzhinsky) of the All-Russian emergency commission to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. The VEC divisions were formed in all key state structures, from water transport to national economy. Decree on Court of 1917 canceled such "bourgeois" concepts as independence of judges, a court branch from the administration, the adversarial and publicity of the trial, the court of jury, etc., the revolutionary tribunals were established to combat counter-revolution. The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War convinced the party leadership in the right choice of weapons. Ignoring national legislation and basing on intra-reported acts has become the legal basis for repressive policies. In 1922, the National Security Committee was abolished, and many of his employees were repressed. The NKVD RSFSR has come to replace and its component is state political governance. After the formation of the USSR, the joint main policy governance was educated with SNK. The OGPU had the right to send abroad or enter into camp the devoted up to 3 years. The first victims of the OGPU became the "Kulatsky class" and the intelligentsia. Waves of arrests and references rolled around the country, but many instead of imprisonment sent forced work. Moreover, forced work had a awesome character only for the intelligentsia, the majority of the peasants saw in Forcedilovka only a chance to earn money, since such work was paid well, a week could earn up to 100 rubles. Every year, the number of convicts for counter-revolutionary activities grew, which was very surprised by the party leadership, as the whole for the population was characterized by improving well-being and creative enthusiasm. Analysis of the situation revealed the following:
· 46% of cases - the approval of the murder of S. M. Kirov.
· 16% - criticism of various activities of Soviet power.
· 7% - anti-Soviet jokes and chastushki.
1.9% - appeal to overseas organizations; religiosity. The Military College was made about espionage and terror, which from 1934 to 1955 condemned 47,459 people. Most were shot, the rest are planted. The "court session" of the Military Collegium, including the time of the sentence and announcement of the sentence, took only 15 to 20 minutes. Facts have been established when the USSR Supreme Court of the Supreme Court reached the sentences of Telegraph.
The main generation of terror policy - "Two" and "Troika". They made criminal cases and had the right to refer to camp for up to 5 years. "Spetstroiki" was made by shooting or imprisonment. According to the Commission, the CPSU Central Committee from 1935 to 1940 was arrested only on charges of anti-Soviet activity 1,980,635 people, 688,503 were shot. Even during the war, the NKVD organs in the accelerated regime decided "Focusing" things that were severely criticized in The end of the 50s.
Formation of the Soviet camp system
At the beginning of the XX century. Russia occupied one of the last places in the world on the relative number of prisoners - 60 people per 100,000 population, the average sentence in the form of imprisonment was two months. With the temporary government it was impossible to support discipline in prisons, although they were only 36 thousand people, therefore the leadership efforts went to the development of library affairs. Under the Bolsheviks, former army concentration camps for the opposition and organization of compulsory labor were used. The main initiator of the concentration camps was Dzerzhinsky, he developed the concept of the Soviet camp system. For the restoration of the country and due to the lack of a qualified labor force, the government needed to use subyelibolic work. The work on the creation of a system of concentration camps were begun in 1919, in 1920 the main management of forced work was formed. The actual leadership was carried out by Chekists.
3 to 72 years old. Propaganda actively worked on the appendage of concentration camps, therefore, ordinary people were presented that counter-revolutionary people are warm, full and not burdened with work, so no one has specially sympathized with those in them. At the same time, the official commissions reported violations and problems in the camps, which was often ignored and the commissions accelerate. The premises were in emergency, people were starving, they did not have clothes, cultural-educational activities were not conducted. Prisoners simply quietly rotted. Three departments were responsible for camps and repressive policies during the Civil War: NKVD, HCC and the People's Commissariat of Justice. At the beginning of the 20s, all places of conclusion were under the control of the NKVD. The system of special purpose camps existing in the head of the OGPA was intended primarily for the content of class and political opponents of the ruling party.
In the first years of Soviet power, the status of "political prisoners" was still preserved for repressed anarchists, ester and social democrats, i.e. For those groups of professional revolutionaries who fought against tsarism along with the Bolsheviks. However, from the very first days of its domination, the Bolsheviks categorically refused to recognize "political" all those who were arrested and convicted of performing against the established political regime. These groups of prisoners were in prisons and concentration camps along with thieves and gangsters on a common mode. The author declares the Civil War, in fact, became a protracted, unnecessary war of the party and the state against the civilian population of their country. Those killed in this war were buried secretly, not allowing mourn, prisoners were overlooked to the Gulag. Under Stalin, this process will take the monstrous forms, but he began under Lenin.
Gulag - the punitive system of a new type
In April 1929, the report on Justice addicts was received in SNK, which celebrated the high cost of the existing prison system and overflow of the prison population. People's Commissariat offered to completely switch to the CPU concentration camp and organize a certain number of camps with a capacity of 30,000 people. The construction of large camps with rationally delivered work in them was approved by the leadership of the party. This is despite the fact that Soviet legislation did not provide for the conclusion in the concentration camps for anything, the concentration camps were not even in the list of established locations. Only in November 1929, "the main principles of the legislation of the SSR Union" changed and added the concept of "corrective labor camps", although there were no legal acts regulating the activities of these camps. During the year, the Office of Northern Special Camps (Poshevlon), Dalonon, Sibulon, etc. were created. Stalinist regime has changed accents in punitive politics, making a bet on the creation of a global system of forced labor, the core of which became the gulag. In the European Northern Russia, almost the entire Russian intelligentsia turned out to be at the beginning of the 30s. Artist V. M. Yustitsky wrote: "My specialty and in general my knowledge and experience in the conditions of the camp do not mean anything. There is no place for art, elegant literature, philosophy. Heavy, unbearable work, norms ... ". Even A. A. Dostoevsky, grandson classic, got into the camp. Therefore, the author considers that part of the intelligentsia, which fell under the influence of the regime as hostages and puppets. Formally, the correctional and labor camps operated on the basis of the "Provisions on Correction and Labor camps" adopted by the USSR SCC on April 7, 1930. The individuals sentenced by the court to imprisonment for a period not lower than three years, as well as persons convicted in extrajudicial procedures College or a special meeting of OGPU. Camps were under the burden of OGPU. The situation of the ITL classified prisoners in three categories depending on their social status and the nature of the crime committed.
The first category included concluded from the workers who used to make sentencing by elective rights, convicted for the first time on the deadlines not higher than 5 years and not for counter-revolutionary crimes. The second category treated the same prisoners, but convicted on time above 5 years. To the third - all non-hard elements and persons convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes. The document set three types of regime: the initial (most hard), lightweight and preferential. Prisoners translated after serving a part of the sentence period (for the first category - half a year, for the second - year and for the third - two years) to the lightweight and preferential regime, had the right to work in institutions, to live in hostels, go beyond the camp and even occupy administratively - Economy posts in the management of the camp and in production. The author of the book compares such a system with ancient "patriarchal slavery," when the verge between Mr. and the slave were almost erased. The system of "tests" was adopted, at which the day of shock labor is 2 days of time. The course for exacerbation of the class struggle was gaining all the big turnover, although many people understood that a huge number of innocent are falling under the repression. In the camps even hit the children and disabled people, who were engaged in lightly difficulty. Mostly the Komsomol members and the Communists on the usual distribution after universities, the former redarmeys or people who were divided by the inappropriate behavior from other OGPU organs were found.
The employees complained that their amenities are not many large than that of prisoners, but the salaries are low in terms of the level of "bodies" of state security. Although the level of 700-1000 p. It was quite consistent with the work of worker in production per month. In addition, the camp authorities used the work of prisoners for their own purposes and assigned their things. Some of these bosses were later shot or exiled, but this is only a small number chosen to support the authority of the "fair" party leadership. The ordinary composition also showed aggression to prisoners. A brief, but very capacious characteristic in 1939 gave the camp guards one of the officials of Gulag. In his opinion, "people did not care that the second grade, but the last, fourth grade, was gained. Many guards dispersed or ended with suicide. In Gulag, there was no political opposition, as it was simply physically destroyed in the first years of Soviet power. Most of the "counter-revolutionaries" were yesterday's heroes of the revolution. These people began to form an anti-Soviet intracurer opposition, for which she was subjected to injury from the head of the camps. Their household conditions worsened even more, beaten, and also blew up with prisoners criminals. So that the society quickly forgot about the repressed, an extensive bureaucratic apparatus was created. After passing all the procedures, a person wanting to receive information about the prisoner received a "oral help", when the official quickly spoke of the blurred information and caused the next out of the queue. There was also the right of without any references to teach a divorce act with repressed.
During the war, an additional penalty was introduced - a reference for 20 years to the settlement to return, a person could not undermine the authority of Soviet power. It is important to note that most of the prisoners of Gulag at that time sat on the period of 1-3 years for administrative misconduct. And if about 300 thousand people were usually released per year, during the war, people practically did not exempt, especially strictly followed those who were "political." Despite the scale of what is happening, Soviet citizens preferred to close their eyes on what was happening, the public believed the typographical word. The party took the masses for complete control.
From "schools of labor" to the cigago-industrial complex
It is noted that forced labor and prison enterprises arise with the market economy. However, intensively developing industrial production requires, above all, the free market of labor. The royal government of Russia assumed to use the work of the convicts to increase production rates, but this prevented the underdeveloped infrastructure of the communication paths. The Bolsheviks took up its development and transformation into the reality of plans of the royal government. Back from the XVIII century. Attitude towards prisoner began to change if they were the property of the king, now they became public property. Public works have become a measure of redemption. These ideas borrowed the Soviet government. By mid-1921, there were 352 manufacturing workshops and 18 state farms in the NKVD camps, orders were accepted only from Soviet institutions. People were busy in production, construction, resource mining. The camps at the same time did not pay off at all. The free of compulsory labor, which created the illusion of its cheapness, was very attractive for the directive economy, which had high mobilization abilities, but not by material incentives.
It is also important that the capitalist countries took upon themselves the obligation to abolish the use of forced or compulsory labor in all its forms in perhaps the shortest term, and the birthplace of socialism in the shortest possible time without broadcasting statements and also created an unprecedented system of exploitation of sub-million labor in the world. Such a situation created great inconveniences for the Union on the global political arena, since there were often reports of people from exhaustion and hunger in the camps to Western press. One of the largest projects implemented by the prisoners of Gulag became Belomortroy, where absolutely all types of work were performed by the prisoners themselves. The camp economy grew and fastened from year to year. The forces of the prisoners were built not only channels, roads and dams, but also whole cities - Norilsk, Magadan, Bratsk, Jazcazgan, Salekhard, Komsomolsk, Nakhodka, Vorkuta and dozens of others, many of whom did not appear on the maps, remaining classified ghost cities . Prisoners of the Gulag employed in construction in official reports were often called "labor strikers" or "Stakhanov". Prisoners' subyered work was significantly less effective compared to the similar labor of free-paced workers. The level of labor productivity at the construction projects of the NKVD was lower than at the construction site of the Allied addicts by an average of 50%. People worked without weekends until a complete exhaustion, there were no incentives for labor, there were many facts of sabotage, the technique was almost not used and quickly spoiled. During the war years, more than 5 million prisoners passed the Gulag's camps and colonies, 1 million 200 thousand people were released early and sent to the front.
During the war years, the Gulag provided a working force of 640 enterprises of other drug addicts, while prisoners were provided only to 350 enterprises. For servicing the most important defense enterprises, the GULAG organized 380 specialties, in which 225 thousand prisoners were kept in the conditions of appropriate regime and protection. They participated in the production of tanks, airplanes, ammunition, weapons.
Post-war repressions and gulag
In the state of post-war euphoria, the convicts hoped for a quick release for their successes in helping the front. But only about 700 thousand people were amnestied, while among the special settlers and convicts for the "counter-revolution" were no more than 2 thousand people. Actively began to arrest for any suspicion in the assistance of the invaders, even the prisoners of the Red Army, who managed to run to the partisans. Several hundred thousand were exiled to the Gulag, harsh repression rolled through the servicemen. Shot or concluded for a period of 25 years, there were about several thousand people for more than 25 years, most often sentenced to 5-10 years of correctional work. The members of various youth circles were arrested, just for nicknames or negative reviews about the state, in most cases due to the introduced toes. At the end of the 40s, hundreds of processes passed over "deserters", which left the place of work. For example, a citizen of Sadrin, a disabled person of the Great Patriotic War of the second group (there are no feet feet), he was recruited to the post of driving, but the administration set him to work by a loader. Since, as a state of disabled, I could not fulfit this work, he left the work arbitrarily, for which he was sentenced to two years of imprisonment. The Soviet government as if revived "serfdom". New camp staff began to come from filtration camps. Repatriates and former soldiers almost forcibly rushed into the WHCR (militarized security), they were given weapons, but did not give documents, so they were not considered citizens. In the protection of the chrome discipline, many spisers, 300-400 shooters per year ended suicide due to the conditions of their work. At the same time, professional skills they had low, as well as a common cultural level. Even political work was not carried out with them. In some literature, it was stated that security consisted mainly of non-Russian nationalities, but the author cites statistical information that 91.6% of Russian employees indicate.
With the renaming of the NKVD in the MGB and the exacerbation of the "Cold War" "counter-revolutionary" and "anti-Sovetchists" changed the "Agent of foreign intelligence", which numerous jams were calculated. Killers, rapists, bandits all also accounted for 1% prisoners, as before. But, meanwhile, the number of prisoners decreased, the repression was weakened, by the 50s in the Gulag kept "only" 2.5 million. The abolition of the death penalty for a short period in 1947 unleashed hands to criminals, which, and so with the approval of the administration, fired cases among prisoners and controlled political prisoners. Now the camp murders began to be massive. A few checks in the camps ended with reprimanding the authorities and a statement, "that the complaints do not correspond to reality." After the death of Stalin in prisoners, the desire for consolidation and confrontation of the system was manifested, the prisoners were united to protect their rights and expressing protest against the arbitrariness of the camp administration, but often such speeches were taken under the control of criminals, which in all were looking for their benefits and dictated their conditions disagree killed. A wave of rins and strikes rolled around the camps, which were brutally depressed guard. At the same time, the fact that the rebels often demanded the emergence of a government commission from the capital, so that they understood with the arbitrariness of the local administration. That is, many hoped for a change in the policies of the party with the death of Stalin and wanted to understand only the local government. The camps management went on concessions and the beginning of improving the conditions of the content and dismissal of the most guilty employees. These events and awareness of the government of the ineffectiveness of under-million labor led to the beginning of mass amnesty.
Camp economy in the post-war period
After the war, the allocation of funds to the Gulag significantly reduced, since the use of labor of the convicts absolutely did not pay themselves. Many of the camp employees transferred to other departments. At the same time, reports from civilian workers who worked for a couple with convicts were reported, which reported their huge successes in the work and over-fulfillment of plans. Clear thing that they silent about those who were a tool with which these successes were achieved. This tool even had an official shelf life - 3 months; The statistics of the Nazis brought this figure, and the Soviet party leadership agreed with him. International organizations were interested in situations with correctional labor in Russia, but only a set of propaganda clichés received their requests. None of the attempts of foreign organizations receive the USSR state report on the state of labor was not crowned with success. And the author recognizes the formal right of the USSR to call many foreign materials and resolutions with slanderous, as in the West there was an opinion on 10 million or more prisoners, although the one-time number of prisoners in the Union did not never exceed 3 million people. But the party was afraid to publish information about the conditions of detention of convict. The symbol of the Gulag was Kolyma. The camp complex of the far-built 3 million square meters. km. At which there were dozens of mines, 25 power plants were built and several thousand kilometers of roads. All the supply of far-pouring was conducted through only the port of Magadan, and many working sites were removed by more than 1 thousand km. Injury, suicide, death from exhaustion became commonplace for local camps. The convict's life cost cheaper protected dogs: the person accounted for 1500 r., And on the dog 1900 r. The clothes did not change the prisoners, people went to the fully broken remnants of rags.
The extremely irrational use of human resources is one of the most characteristic features of the camp economy. Sometimes people dig a section of the way for months, and then brought the technique, which made twice as much work per week. Many of the work in the most severe conditions were broken in the middle of construction in connection with the change of scheduled priorities. So the delivery of projects in accordance with the plan took place rarely, according to a temporary work plan, it was rarely able to finish on time, and the percentage of marriage and lowest was huge. In 1949, the costs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs amounted to 65.8 billion rubles, and on social security of the Soviet Union 25.8 billion rubles. The post-war revival of the test system of the days of imprisonment for the impact work and the payment of material incentives gave an increase to labor efficiency. Rarely, who from Muscovites, entering a new room or apartment, knew that his house was built by prisoners, although the share of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Moscow accounted for more than 10% of the total residential construction. The construction of military and scientific facilities was conducted by the hands of the zacks. Prisoners Technical Specialists created "Sharagi", where they were engaged in the development of the specified project. All the mining of diamonds was carried out in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where the development was literally bare hands. Only after Stalin's death was openly began to talk about the ineffectiveness of the economy of the Gulag, which destroyed the human potential of the country and requiring huge funds from the budget. The symbolic ending of the slave-owner organization of the Gulag to count the date on June 4, 1956. On this day, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR ratified the Convention of the International Labor Organization regarding the abolition of forced and mandatory labor in all its forms.
Camp JusticeThe appearance of "camp ships" was becoming a new phenomenon in the life of Gulag after the war. On April 16, 1945, the People's Commissar of Justice N. M. Rychkov issued an order that had prescribed to organize 105 special camp ships on the basis of the above declaration. To guide the organization of these new judicial institutions and control over their work, the camp courts of the People's Commissariat of Justice (NKU) of the USSR (from March 1946 - the Ministry of Justice of the USSR) were formed. In 1948, it was renamed the Office of Camp Courts of the USSR, and in 1953 - to the Office of Special Courts MJ of the USSR. These courts considered all the cases of crimes committed in the camps and colonies of Gulag, with the exception of cases of the crimes of NKVD officers and employees who had special titles of state security, whose cases were considered by military tribunals. Often, disputes took place between local territorial ships and camp, as the courts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were made by affairs on any facilities, where prisoners were worked and were judged by Wolnonamen. All employees of the camp vessels were completely dependent on the administration, so the objectivity does not have to speak.
Some independence in the system of the camp justice showed separate lawyers who were attracted to individual affairs, but their complaints about proceedings remained unnoticed. Most of all the case concerned "anti-Soviet agitation." Some of these cases concerned various leaflets calling for disobedience and shoots, but most were judged for criticizing the bosses or negative reviews about the Soviet power, and sometimes even for household gossip. Surgo was judged by "refusal" and "members". The employees were punished mainly conditionally, even for unfortunate cruelty and murder. At the beginning of the 50s, "political bandits" appear in the camps - groups of prisoners who united and stopped the distribution among themselves to confront the administration of the camps. Their composition was extremely P Pestry and they held back the criminals, as well as disappeared with the basements, which greatly facilitated the conditions of the life of the ZEC. There was also an interesting practice of early liberation: semi-dimensional, depleted people produced in order not to spoil mortality statistics. None of the liberated could reach the place of residence in this state. It can be said that the activities of the courts were aimed at preserving all those lawlessness and injustices in the secret, which were going on for barbed wire. They were dragon measures to help the camp lead to support slave obedience in the prisoners, keep the large masses of people in fear and humility.
The system of main management of camps and places of imprisonment.
Appearance
Created on April 25, 1930 as the management of correctional labor camps in accordance with the Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 11, 1929 "On the Use of Criminal Procedure" and the Regulations on Correction and Labor camps of April 7, 1930 (from October 1, 1930 - Gulag). From July 10, 1934, the main management of correctional labor camps and labor settlements in the NKVD of the USSR. In October 1934, renamed the main management of camps, labor settlements and places of detention. From February 1941 - the main department of correctional labor camps and colonies of the NKVD of the USSR.
Managers GugaGu.
F. Ehmanas became the first leader of the system (in 1930). Then the control was led by L. Kogan (until 1932), M. Berman (until 1937) and I. Pliner (until 1938). All four were shot in 1938-1939. Until 1939, the Gulag was led by G. Filaretov, until 1941 - V. Chernyshev, until 1947 - V. Nasvkin, until 1951 - Dobrynin, until 1954 - I. Logikh, until 1956 - S. Egorov, until 1956 1958 - P. Bakin and until 1960 - M. Kholkov.
Organization
On October 27, 1934, correctional labor institutions of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR were transferred to the Gulag. Gulag has become a major economic organization. On January 4, 1936, the Engineering and Construction Department of the NKVD was created, on January 15, 1936 - the management of special construction, March 3, 1936 - the main management of the construction of highways. The NKVD was led by the General Office for the construction of mining and metallurgical enterprises, the Glavgidrostroy, the Chief Industry, the General Directorate for the construction of the Far North (Dalstro).
In the 1930s, the construction of a wide system of concentration camps is being built in the USSR to accommodate hundreds of thousands arrested. During the Gulag, more than 3 million people were sent. In early 1936, the Gulag contained over 1.2 million prisoners, in 1938 - more than 1.8 million, in 1941 - 1.9 million Gulag included more than 30,000 places of detention, 53 camp management, 425 colonies, also more than 2000 Special Commands.
Most of the prisoners of the Gulag lived in the barracks, received the minimum "soldering" of food and from morning to evening they worked on religion work. The methods of stimulating labor were used - an additional soldering was relying for impact work. It also received employees of managerial structures from prisoners.
Many camps were located in northern latitudes. Prisoners ("Squares") mined gold and uranium, were engaged in logging, various economic objects were built. The prisoners of Gulag participated in the construction of the Belomor-Baltic Channel. Stalin, channel them. Moscow, the Volga-Don Canal. Lenin, numerous HPP, factories (including within the framework of the USSR nuclear program), and other railways, cities of Vorkuta, Dudinka, Inta, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Soviet harbor, Ukhta and other settlements.
The effectiveness of the labor of prisoners in the Gulag was significantly lower than among the voltage workers. As an economic project, the Gulag has been unprofitable. In the 1930s, the power rate of prisoners was in 2000 calories, which was clearly not enough for working people, especially since the real food supply was even lower. After 1945, the power of prisoners began to improve - first of all in order to increase the performance of prisoners. Usually prisoners were to receive 700-800 grams of bread, 110 grams of cereals, etc. Products.
In the gulag, there were three categories of the content of the prisoners: strict, reinforced and general. With strict mode, especially dangerous criminals and political prisoners (convicts of 58 centuries of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for "counter-revolutionary crimes") were under strengthened security and supervision, could not be revealed, used mainly in difficult physical work, they were used to be the most stringent penalties for them. Refusal to work and for violation of the camp regime. With enhanced mode, condemned for robbery and other dangerous crimes, a thieves-recidivists were kept. These prisoners were also not refunned and used mainly in general works. The rest of the prisoners in the ITL, as well as all those who were in correctional labor colonies (ITC) were kept in general mode. It was allowed to reveal them, use on the lower administrative and economic work in the apparatus of camp units and ITC, as well as attracting to the width and convoy services for the protection of prisoners. For prisoners, various categories of working capacity were established: 1st, allowing use in heavy physical work; 2nd, allowing use on the works of moderate severity; 3rd, allowing use in lungs due to physical disadvantages and diseases; 4th, disabled. The rules for work were about 270-300 labor days per year. The work day lasted to 12 hours, but this rule could be broken, and sometimes prisoners worked significantly longer.
Various penalties were used against the prisoners who violate the schedule or conflicting with leadership: deprivation of dates, correspondence, programs for up to 6 months, restriction in the right of use of personal money for up to three months and compensation for damage; Translation into common work; transfer to the penalty of a lagpunk for up to 6 months; Translation into a penalty of an insulator for up to 20 days; Translation into the worst material and domestic conditions (penalty of a paw, less well-built Barak and the like). It may have been an additional criminal prosecution with an increase in the term and execution. There was no no-minded executions (for example, the execution of the Eagle Prison Prisoners on September 6, 1941 (with the sanction of the USSR GKO).
As a promotion, an announcement of gratitude in front of the system or in an order with the enactment of a personal matter; issuing a premium (monetary or natural); providing an extraordinary date; providing the right to receive parcels and transmissions without limitation; Monetary promotion, providing the right to transfer money to relatives in an amount not exceeding 100 rubles per month; Transfer to more qualified work. Prisoners who distinguished themselves received the status of "drumors" and "Stakhanov". They had a number of benefits: accommodation in more comfortable barracks equipped with topballs or beds and secured bedding, cultural and radio; Special improved pack; separate dining or individual tables in a common dining room with priority service; Broad content primarily; preferential right to use camp stall; priority receipt of books, newspapers and magazines from the library of the camp; Permanent club ticket for a better place for watching movie cartin, art performances and literary evenings; Commissioning for courses inside the camp to obtain or increase the appropriate qualifications (driver, tractor driver, driver, etc.). In case of over-fulfillment of the plan, the prisoner could be reduced. Since 1938 - with a transfer to free accommodation in the area near the camp.
As part of the Gulag from highly qualified workers, the so-called "sharashki" (design bureaus, etc.) was created with a lightweight content regime where advanced technology and scientific research was carried out.
In 1948, camps were created with a strict content regime for especially dangerous criminals, spies and anti-Soviet elements (Steglag, Mainland, Dubrovlag, Ozoble, Berlag).
For most "zacks", the criminals dominated, but also between them in the camps were a fierce struggle, since part of the criminals agreed to cooperate with the camp administration ("bitches"), and the other. During the "boring war", the criminals killed each other, which did not interfere with them and the camp administration to mock the remaining "areas", primarily political.
Liquidation
In 1954 - early 1956, the number of prisoners convicted of "counter-revolutionary" activities decreased from 467,000 to 114,000 people. The number of prisoners has been reduced to less than a million people to the CPSU. The XX Congress of the CPSU marked the beginning of an already open massive rehabilitation of victims of political repression (although the valid opponents of the communist regime and collaborators did not fall under it).
Publication of information about the gulag in the Soviet press (the story of A. Solzhenitsyn "One day Ivan Denisovich" (1962) and others) caused a great resonance and contributed. The "camp" memoirs and the journalistic work of A. Solzhenitsyn "Archipelag Gulag" spread to samizdat, and in the period were published by mass erases ,.
In October 1956, the main management of correctional labor colonies was established (from March 1959 - the main management of the places of detention) of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. The liquidation of the Gulag was completed in 1960.
GULAG - Abbreviation, composed of the initial letters of the name of the Soviet organization "The Main Department of Camps and Places of Conclusion", which was engaged in the detention of people who have overpowered the Soviet law and convicts for this.The camps, where the criminals (criminal and political) were kept in Soviet Russia since 1919, they were subordinate to the HCC, were mainly in the Arkhangelsk region and from 1921 they called elephant, the decoding means "Northern Special Camps". With the growth of the terror of the state regarding its citizens, as well as an increase in the tasks in the industrialization of the country, voluntarily decide which few people agreed, in 1930 the main management of correctional labor camps was created. Within 26 years of its existence, in the camps of Gulag, there was a total of more than eight million Soviet citizens, a huge number of which were convicted of political articles without trial.
Gulag's prisoners were directly involved in the construction of a huge number of industrial enterprises, roads, canals, mines, bridges, whole cities.
Some of them most famous
- Baltic Channel
- Canal named after Moscow
- Volga-Don Canal
- Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine
- Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Combine
- Railway tracks in the north of the USSR
- Tunnel on Sakhalin Island (not completed)
- Volzhskaya HPP (deciphering hydroelectric station)
- Tsimlyanskaya HPP
- Zhigulavskaya HPP
- Komsomolsk-on-Amur city
- City Soviet harbor
- Vorkuta city
- The city of Ukhta
- City Nakhodka
- City of Jazkazgan
The largest associations GugaGu
- Algerian (decoding: Akmola camp wing traitors Motherland
- Bamgra
- Belag
- Unnamed
- Belbaltlag
- Vorkutlag (Vorkuta ITL)
- Vyatlag.
- Dallag
- Jazcazganlag
- Jugjurag
- Dmitrovlag (Volgolag)
- Dubralag
- Intalag
- Karaganda ITL (Carlag)
- Kizellag
- Kotlassky Utl
- Kralag
- Lucchymg
- Norilsklag (Norilsk ITL)
- Ozerlag.
- Perm camps (Usollag, Visheralag, Cherdignlands, Snoblag, etc.), Pechorlag
- Pezeldorlag
- Provers
- Switch
- Svitul
- Sevgendorlag
- Sibgra
- Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp (Elephant)
- Taegogan
- Ustvivlag
- Unthop
- Shiticiable
- Khabarlag
According to Wikipedia, in the system of Gulag, there were 429 camps, 425 colonies, 2000 special committees. The most crowded was the GULAG in 1950. Its institutions contained 2 million 561 thousand 351 people, the most tragic in the history of Gulag was 1942, then 352,560 people were killed, almost a quarter of all prisoners. For the first time, the number of people contained in the gulag has exceeded a million in 1939.
The Gulag's system included a colony for minors, where we sent from 12 years
In 1956, the main management of the camps and places of detention was renamed the General Directorate of Correlation and Labor Colonies, and in 1959 - to the Main Department of Conclusion Places.
"Archipelago Gulag"
Research by A. Solzhenitsyn, dedicated to the system of maintenance and punishment of prisoners in the USSR. Written secret in 1958-1968. For the first time published in France in 1973. "The Gulag Archipelago" endlessly quoted in the transmission to the Soviet Union of Radio Station "Voice of America", "Freedom", "Free Europe", "German Wave", thanks to which the Soviet people were more or less aware of the Stalin Terror. In the USSR, the book was openly published in 1990.
