Scientific and technological revolution. New scientific and technological revolution and the modern world

At present, when the modern world has already entered the era of globalization, the scientists of many countries seriously think how to know this world. In my opinion, the main point here consists in a keen understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution which happened in the 20 th century, and its impact on the modern world. It is a key to understanding why the modern world entered a globalization era as well as to developmental problems and tendencies.

Today when modern world has already entered the era of globalization, scientists in many countries are seriously thinking about how to get to know this world. In my opinion, the central issue here is a deep understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution that took place in the twentieth century and the impact it has had on the modern world. This is the key to understanding why the modern world has entered the era of globalization, as well as the problems it faces and its development trends.

I.New scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century

XX century. - this is the century when science and technology received a revolutionary development, which began with physics and is based on new results achieved during the revolution in it. And when the twentieth century. called "the age of physics", this is true. In the XIX century. and even earlier, knowledge of the material world basically remained at the level of matter, the most representative in this respect was Newton's mechanics (of course, Galileo's physics existed even before it). Thanks to the law of universal gravitation, as well as the three great laws of mechanics, she gave a satisfying explanation of the interaction of bodies of objective nature, as well as the changes occurring under its influence. At the end of the XIX century. many scientists have come to the conclusion that research in the field of physics has reached its limit and nothing can be discovered in this area of ​​science. However, at this time it was discovered that some material objects can emit previously unknown rays, and their mass can decrease. The realization came that the previous knowledge about the material world is unreliable.

A contradiction arose with the teachings of classical physics. According to the ideas of the latter, the world consists of atoms that are indivisible, atoms have mass, matter is indestructible. Within the framework of this theoretical understanding, the discovery of radioactivity meant that atoms can be destroyed, and therefore, matter can also be destroyed. This problem has stimulated the study of the structure of the atom by many physicists. In the 30s. The twentieth century discovered a new "brick of space" - elementary particles; the structure of the atom was discovered, it was found that it consists of a nucleus and electrons rotating at high speed around it, carrying electricity; in turn, the nucleus of an atom consists of protons that carry positive electricity and neutrons that do not possess it; as a result, the newest physical theory appeared - quantum physics.

It was a revolution in the history of the development of physics, it deepened the ideas of scientists about the material world. Previously, research was carried out at the level of matter, later at the level of the atom, now, after the discovery of the structure of the atom and the creation of quantum physics, they moved to a deeper than the atom, the level of elementary particles. This not only led to a significant deepening of ideas about the world, for example, the knowledge of the material unity of the world, the origin and evolution of the Universe. More importantly, this revolutionary development of physical theory significantly increased the ability of mankind to use and transform the material world (including the ability to transform atoms, moreover, create new ones), led to a revolution in the field of technology. It manifested itself mainly in three significant results.

First- creation atomic bomb.

In early 1945, the United States created an atomic bomb and dropped it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 7 and 9 of the same year. The immense destructive power of the atomic bomb shocked the world and contributed significantly to the end of World War II. The creation of an atomic bomb with enormous power is directly related to the new knowledge of scientists about the structure of matter, obtained by them during the revolution in physics. One of the main representatives of quantum physics, the initiator of the atomic bomb, A. Einstein, was frightened by its enormous destructive power. A. Einstein - great physicist as well as an outstanding thinker and philosopher. Being a shrewd person, he realized that for the first time in history, humanity began to possess a power that could destroy the entire world. From that moment on, the ability of humanity to transform nature has risen to unprecedented heights.

Second- invention and use of computers.

During World War II, in order to create new weapons, American scientists began to study the latest computer technology. The mathematician von Neumann in 1946 created a project for a computing machine, which appeared in 1949.

The invention and use of computers led to the rapid progress of computing and information technology, which began in the second half of the twentieth century and continues to this day. The success in the creation of computers is also the result of a revolution in the field of physics. Precisely due to the fact that physics in its knowledge of matter was able to reach a level smaller than the atom, electronics was created and it became possible to use its achievements for collecting, processing and disseminating information. The new technique made it possible to partially replace the abilities of the human brain, it greatly increased the ability of a person in the speed of counting operations. Thanks to this, humanity has acquired an important tool for studying complex theoretical and technical issues and mastering them, expanded the space for research, significantly increased the ability of humanity to cognize and transform the world.

The third- detection of the structure of the double helix of DNA.

In the study of heredity, it has long been discovered that human life is determined by hereditary genes that contain deoxyribonucleic acid, which is located in the chromosome of the cell nucleus, that is, DNA. However, the structure of the DNA double helix molecule was discovered only in 1953 by D. Watson and F. Crick. The prerequisite for this discovery was also a revolution in physics. The revolutionary development of physics led to the emergence different types microscopes and other experimental equipment, thanks to which, for research in the field of biology and chemistry, scientists have received such an effective toolkit that it was previously difficult for them to imagine. The discovery of the structure of the double helix of DNA was the result of the use of this particular toolkit. This discovery made it possible to conduct research in the field of biology at the molecular level; on this basis, bionics, biotechnology - genetic engineering appeared. This means that mankind has mastered the secrets of life and that it can consciously transform biological species at will, moreover, it can create living beings by laboratory means that did not previously exist in nature. Life is the most difficult thing in the world; thanks to the discovery of the structure of the double helix of DNA, the ability of people to cognize and transform the world has risen to unthinkable heights, since a person has the opportunity to create new life; in a sense, one could say that he became an "emperor."

In the twentieth century, a large number of other important technical inventions were made, for example, the emergence of new materials and space technology and so on, all of them in one way or another are connected with the revolutionary development of physics, made it possible to overcome the limited possibilities of man in relation to nature and opened up space for him for new development.

II... The impact of the new scientific and technological revolution in the twentieth century

The new scientific and technological revolution had an extremely large impact on the development of the world community in the twentieth century. This influence can be approached from three sides.

Primarily its most direct influence lies in the fact that science and technology become the first productive force, or, in other words, production becomes the field of application of science and technology. This is because information technology, microelectronics, biotechnology, as well as new materials are acquiring an increasingly important role in production, the results achieved by them far exceed the daily experience of people, the experience of workers directly involved in production. Without scientific discoveries made by scientists in laboratories, new progress in technology and technology is impossible. Today's material production is increasingly becoming a sphere of practical application of the results of science and technology, which are becoming a factor that plays a decisive role in material production. The workers and peasants — the workers who are directly involved in production — are already playing a peripheral, non-primary role in it.

Further. A direct result of the above changes is the fact that the criteria for determining the quality of the social system are changing, which causes deep social reforms in many socialist countries. Before the emergence of a new scientific and technological revolution, when assessing the social system, it was usually assumed that it could stimulate the activity of workers and peasants directly involved in material production on a significant scale. At that time, production was extensive, the proportion of science and technology was not high, and therefore the size of the production potential depended on the ratio of the invested living labor (production activity and the consciousness of workers and peasants), as well as "dead" labor (products produced by workers and peasants before ). The reason why the Stakhanov movement during the period of industrialization in the Soviet Union was able to exert a great stimulating influence on the development of the country's economy was that the October revolution the social system allowed the working masses to recognize themselves as the masters of the state, as a result of which an unprecedented labor enthusiasm arose. The new scientific and technological revolution leads to the use of science and technology in production. Therefore, the fundamental criterion for assessing the quality of a social system is its ability to stimulate the development of science and technology on a large scale, as well as to turn their results into a direct productive force at the fastest rate. This major change brought with it a number of profound social implications.

On the one hand, it infused new forces into the capitalist system. Before World War II, it was clear at first glance which system was superior - Western, capitalist, or Soviet, socialist. Founded in the late 20s and early 30s. economic crisis in western world and the amazingly rapid development of society and economy at that time Soviet Union it was best said which system is preferable. However, the situation changed after the Second World War, especially in the 70s. last century. Since there is competition in the capitalist world, in order to achieve an advantage in the market, every capitalist tried in every possible way to update production technology. He did his best to stimulate the development of science and technology. It should be added that private ownership of the means of production also contributes to the acquisition of new production technology by the capitalist, because for this he does not need the approval of any other person, he immediately turns it into a direct productive force at his enterprise. Therefore, the capitalist world began to experience a "second youth" - there was a rapid growth of productive forces, the standard of living of the population rose significantly. In addition, the narrow framework of national states was no longer able to meet the needs of the productive forces that had reached a high level of development. Transnational companies began to appear like spring bamboo shoots after a rain, and gradually a single world market and an international economic system with features of integration are taking shape.

On the other hand, the socialist system that achieved brilliant results in the Soviet Union lost its former superiority. This happened because, created in the 30s. of the last century, the system had such features as a high concentration of power, public ownership of the means of production, a planned economy, and distribution according to work. Under the existing system, there was no political democracy, there was not enough freedom of thought, as well as the opportunity to exchange opinions with foreign colleagues, so it was difficult for the intelligentsia to conduct research in the field of science and technology of a creative nature. There was no market competition between the enterprises, their task was only to fulfill the plan sent down from above, they did not have the need and power to proactively develop and update technology. Since enterprises were not independent in making decisions, even in the event of the appearance of new equipment and technology, their application had to go through a multi-stage approval of the bureaucratic authorities, so they could not become a direct productive force in time. All this led to the fact that the outlined lag of the Soviet economy from the West after the 70s. the last century became big, Soviet society entered a period of stagnation and gradually found itself at a disadvantage in competition with the West. The highly centralized model of Stalinist socialism found itself in a difficult position. The new scientific and technological revolution forced all socialist countries to follow the path of reforms. The real deep reasons for the reforms in the Soviet Union and China lie precisely in this. The new scientific and technological revolution has shown that the previously existing socialist system has already come to its historical end. Marx said: "Steam, electricity and selfactor were incomparably more dangerous revolutionaries than even the citizens of Barbes, Raskail and Blanqui."

Marx is right. However, in this case, the object of the social revolution, conditioned by the progress of science, was not capitalism, but the socialism of the Stalinist model.

The paths of reform in different states, such as in Russia and China, differ from each other, but their main direction is the same. It lies in the fact that the reforms being carried out in both countries are focused on turning science and technology into the first productive force, creating conditions for the development and use of science and technology, and for this it is necessary to turn a planned economy into a market economy, to move from a highly centralized power to political democracy. This is clearly seen in the reforms being carried out in all socialist countries. But Russia began its reforms by building political democracy, while China made building a market economy and developing production as its primary task. China is not only building a market economy in its country, but also actively entering the large world market. Back in the 80s. of the last century, using the experience of Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and a number of Southeast Asian states, choosing as his clear goal the creation of an economy based on the model of "borrowing two from the outside" (capital, technology and the market from abroad), became forces to strive to enter the large network of the world market.

Finally, the third side of the influence of the new scientific and technological revolution on the modern world is the emergence of a wave of globalization. As we have already noted, the new scientific and technological revolution that took place in the twentieth century has significantly deepened the knowledge of mankind about nature, which significantly increased the possibilities for its transformation. The continuous emergence of new sources of energy and new materials, a high degree of automation of the worldwide information network, the continuous renewal of vehicles, the landing of people on the moon, etc. - all this increases human capabilities, the globe becomes small, even the concept of a "world village" has appeared. In concentrated terms, these changes represent revolutionary progress in relation to the productive forces of humanity. As noted above, capitalist states based on a market economy have created favorable conditions for the application of scientific and technological innovations and new achievements in the field of science and technology. They used the historical chance provided by the new scientific and technological revolution, as a result, the material productive forces began to develop rapidly. In order to find space for highly developed productive forces, these states have given rise to a wave of economic globalization. At the same time, the former socialist states began, one after another, to turn to a market economy, in the interests of their own development, they needed to connect with a large international market, and they actively joined the wave of economic globalization. As a result, the need and mutual interest that existed in the capitalist and former socialist states have led to the fact that the creation of a single world large market economic system has become an irresistible historical trend. Currently, the wave of economic globalization has swept the whole world, it determines everything. At the same time, the ties between different states of the world in political, cultural and other fields are also becoming closer.

The problems of globalization have attracted the interest of people from different countries. There are many reasons for its appearance, but ultimately it all comes down to a new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century.

III... New scientific and technological revolution and zigzags (breaks) of human civilization

The globalization we are talking about today is fundamentally global economic integration, this is the creation of a single market economic system throughout the world. We are dealing with an unprecedented spread of a market economy on a global scale, and the role of the main manager in this world market economic system is played by the capitalist states led by the United States. It is well known that for a long period of time they put an equal sign between market economy and capitalism. Therefore, many people believe that globalization is a victory for the entire world of the capitalist system, according to the American scientist of Japanese origin Fukuyama, this means the end of history. However, in reality, such a view is superficial. The wave of modern globalization to a large extent goes beyond the ideological confrontation between capitalism and socialism, it is a sign of a turn in human civilization, symbolizing that the industrial civilization that has existed for more than seven hundred years since the Enlightenment has come to its historical end. Both capitalism and socialism - both systems pay attention to the development of science and technology, to their use for the development of industrial production and increase in material wealth. The values ​​denied by the wave of globalization are the values ​​of industrial civilization.

Until now, the main creative force of industrial civilization has been the bourgeoisie, whose fate is closely linked with the capitalist system. The peculiarity of this system is that everything here is subordinated to the needs of capital, the essence of which is growth, unlimited self-growth. Only because of this, industry, replacing agriculture, becomes the main form of material production of mankind, and the unlimited expansion of material production becomes the main feature of the capitalist system and the entire industrial civilization. Why can the capitalist system have such properties? This is determined by the basic value orientations of people in bourgeois society.

Arisen in the XIV century. The Enlightenment movement criticized the suppression of human nature by Christianity in the Middle Ages, it proclaimed that man is the center of life, put forward the ideas of humanism. Humanism was inherent in the affirmation of justice and reasonableness of a person's material desires and aspirations to obtain material pleasures in order to satisfy them. Satisfaction of material pleasures requires the availability of a sufficient amount of money, for which it is necessary to develop production. Therefore, individual handicraft production is gradually being replaced by handicraft workshops and industrial production with extensive use of machines. The difference between industry and agriculture is that on the basis of knowledge of nature, using machines, it consciously transforms it. Therefore, the formation and development of industry strongly stimulated the development of science and technology, as a result of which the role of the scientific reason of rationality increased significantly, which led to the emergence in the 18th century. educational movement represented by French materialism. Under the influence of rationalistic enlightenment and bourgeois political revolutions, the history of mankind entered a new era. From the point of view of politics and ideology, it was the era of capitalism, from the point of view of the mode of production - the era of the birth of industrial civilization. The replacement of an industrial civilization with an agrarian one is also called the era of modernization. In short, the entire history of mankind - from the Renaissance to the present day - can be viewed as an era of industrial civilization. It appeared after the birth of the bourgeoisie, so it should be said that in Russia before the October Revolution, industrial civilization was practically also a capitalist civilization.

The history of capitalist civilization is the history of people inspired by material desires, who, with the help of scientific reason, strive to use the development of industrial production to obtain material wealth and material pleasures. The main value orientations of the humanism of the capitalists were the pursuit of material wealth and material pleasures. The bourgeoisie and the capitalist system did not care about anything except personal gain, all their interests were connected only with it. Inspired by material desires, the pursuit of money, artisans, merchants and the entire class of capitalists that emerged then continuously developed science and technology, expanded production, engaged in fierce competition, scoured everywhere, they had a great influence on the development of productive forces, and invariably for several centuries the path of capitalism accompanied by a triumphal march. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in the "Manifesto of the Communist Party" Marx and Engels, speaking of the bourgeoisie, first of all give a high assessment to the revolution of thinking it has accomplished in history, that is, its preaching of individualism and egoism.

As Marx and Engels said, the bourgeoisie and capitalism played a revolutionary role in history, including the fact that they stimulated a new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century and the emergence of a wave of economic globalization. However, the new scientific and technological revolution is precisely the consistent denial of the value orientations of the capitalist system and the capitalist industrial civilization, since under the influence of these orientations, capitalism approached its natural border, having faced an insurmountable obstacle for the first time.

Human desires have no limits. Self-expansion of capital, its unlimited expansion does not have any framework. However, such expansion inevitably meets obstacles in its path, it is certainly accompanied by resistance and crisis phenomena. From a historical point of view, this expansion gave rise to the third crisis of the capitalist system.

The first crisis was associated with the fact that the expansion of capital and its reproduction met with the resistance of the working class, at the same time this gave rise to conflicts between the capitalists themselves. A clear demonstration of the resistance of the working class was the rapid growth of the labor movement in Western countries in the nineteenth century. and a fierce struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Conflicts between capitalists were mainly manifested in free competition in the market, which led to economic crises. The class struggle and economic crises showed that the capitalist system was becoming fetters for the development of productive forces and that it had already trained its gravedigger. Then, for the first time, the capitalist system found itself in crisis. Marxism was the product of this very crisis.

Under the pressure of the class struggle of the workers, the bourgeoisie was forced to change its tactics, which resulted in a softening of class contradictions; thanks to the emergence of Keynesianism, she found effective methods of countering the economic crisis, and it was gradually resolved within the framework of capitalism.

The second crisis of the capitalist system is associated with two world wars caused by the movement of national capital outside their state borders and the emergence of imperialism. Before the transformation of science and technology into the first productive force, the increase in the wealth of the capitalists rested mainly on exploitation and seizure: domestically, on the exploitation of workers, outside it, on the seizure of colonies. The greedy desire for material wealth forced the capitalists, following the development of the productive forces, to expand the framework of national states, go to the outside world and pursue various imperialist policies. The associated expansion of capital inevitably leads to conflicts between imperialist states over space for their development. Both world wars were precisely the manifestation of these conflicts. One after the other, they showed that the expansion of capital met with new obstacles and restrictions and that capitalism entered a new crisis. However, the creation of the UN and the emergence of such an international organization as the WTO testify to the fact that the bourgeoisie of various states agreed to certain general rules of the game, thanks to which this crisis was also resolved within the framework of capitalism.

The third crisis arose under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, it is associated with the crisis in the existence of mankind itself. This crisis is well known and manifests itself in the following three points. First. The revolutionary development of the productive forces caused by the new scientific and technological revolution has significantly increased the possibilities and scale of human activity to transform nature. As a result, we have today a constant deterioration of the ecological situation, a decrease in natural resources, therefore, the very further possibility of the existence of mankind and production is a serious problem. Second. The economy is rapidly globalizing, but humanity still does not have an appropriate mechanism for consciously responding to world problems of economic and political life, therefore, in the process of globalization, numerous conflicts constantly arise between different states and regions. On the one hand, this causes a large number of economic crises of a global nature, damages the productive forces; on the other hand, there is a constant renewal of weapons of mass destruction, the destructive power of which is constantly increasing. These two facts together lead to the fact that international conflicts are a true threat to the existence of humanity. The third. Simultaneously with the development and use of science and technology, the acceleration of the development of productive forces and the increase in material wealth, the general alienation of man is significantly increasing. Material wealth is accompanied by tension in the spiritual sphere, monotony and monotony of life.

The above-mentioned changes inevitably lead to the idea of ​​whether the further existence of mankind is possible, whether it is necessary to look for a new path of development - this becomes a real, very serious problem. The further, the more people begin to show concern for the fate of mankind, reflect on the industrial civilization and its values. In comparison with the two previous crises, this - the third - crisis cannot be resolved within the framework of capitalism. The cause of this crisis is not related to any specific technical things or specific political measures. It is rooted in the values ​​that the bourgeoisie has held since the Renaissance: the unlimited increase in material wealth in order to satisfy the continuously increasing material desires. It is the basis of the way of life of the capitalist civilization, as well as of the entire industrial civilization, including the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. If one day these value orientations are discarded, then, not to mention capitalism, the entire industrial civilization will end its existence. But does humanity have any other choice? Not. If we do not want the disappearance of humanity, we should discard the old values, complete the industrial civilization. The facts support this.

Industrial civilization is based on science and technology, their development leads to the fact that it reaches its historical peak, and this causes a wave of globalization and a threat to the existence of mankind. This is the self-denial of industrial civilization. An understanding of globalization should be combined with an understanding of the threats that currently pose a threat to the existence of mankind, which, in turn, should be based on a deep understanding of the development of science and technology, especially the new scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century. The emergence of industrial civilization is associated with the Renaissance, therefore the completion of this civilization will mean the same turn in the history of mankind as the Renaissance. If we cannot raise the study of the problems of globalization to the proper level, it will be purely external and superficial. Evidence shows that this is not easy to do. In the West, many people oppose globalization because it promotes the movement of capital around the world, which leads to fewer opportunities for people to find work in their countries; in a number of developing countries, for example in China, some scholars welcome globalization, because it presents a chance for the development of their own economy, they seek to find useful arguments in it for their theoretical conclusions.

There are, of course, a large number of people seriously contemplating this significant turn in history. The end of industrial civilization from the point of view of Marxism means the replacement of capitalism with communism; from the point of view of the leaders of China, this means the implementation of the scientific concept of development and the building of a harmonious society; from the point of view of Academician V. Stepin - the end of the technogenic civilization; from the point of view of the Russian scientist V. Inozemtsev - the arrival of a post-economic society. Essentially speaking, the description of the tendencies in the development of human civilization has long been given by the Russian philosophy of the Silver Age, among them the deepest, most brilliant work is the great work of N. Berdyaev "The Meaning of History". Although it was published over 80 years ago, what it says is directly related to the facts of today. This is the most precious contribution of the Russian nation to the history of human thought. This work should be read by every person of the modern era.

Translation by V.G. Burov, Doctor of Philosophy

Marx, K., Engels, F. Poln. collection Op. - M., 1958. - T. 12. - S. 3. (Marx, K., Engels, T. The complete works. - Moscow, 1958. - Vol. 12. - P. 3).

When studying the problems of globalization, the scientific community of the Soviet Union used the concept “ global problems", in modern Russia it has been replaced by another concept taken from Western literature - "global studies". From a certain point of view, this is a step backward. The first concept focused on "problems", that is, on the problems brought by globalization that have a negative impact on the existence of mankind, which he needs to solve; as for the second concept, it views globalization as a neutral, technical issue. The first concept is specifically Russian, the concept of the socialist Soviet Union, the second is in circulation in the Western capitalist world, it is imbued with the spirit of pragmatism. The facts show that globalization, while promoting the development of material production, has simultaneously caused many serious problems, and therefore also has a serious negative effect. We must pay attention to this very effect, as it poses a serious threat to the very existence of mankind.

Scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a period of time during which a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology takes place, which radically transforms the productive forces of society. The beginning of the scientific and technological revolution falls on the middle of the XX century, and by the 70s it had increased the economic potential several times. The achievements of scientific and technological revolution were primarily used economically, which turned them into an accelerator of scientific and technological progress.

The constituent parts of scientific and technological revolution are science, technology, technology, production, management.

The most important features that characterize the scientific and technological revolution are as follows.

1. Exceptionally rapid development of science, its transformation into a direct productive force. R&D expenditures (research and development) are becoming an extremely important economic indicator of the scientific and technological revolution era. A huge share of them falls on developed countries:,. At the same time, the US costs significantly exceed the costs of other countries. In Russia, R&D costs are significantly lower than not only in the United States, but also in other countries, which, of course, is a consequence of the low technical level of production. It is obvious that the development of science cannot take place without modern system education. The significant successes of Japan in the development of science-intensive industries and in the implementation of the results of scientific and technological revolution in industry are directly related to the education system - one of the best in the world.
2. Fundamental changes in the technical base of production. It is on the widespread use of computers, robots, the introduction of new technologies and the intensification of old methods and technologies, the discovery and use of new sources and types of energy, increasing labor efficiency due to a highly qualified workforce.
3. Scientific and technological revolution affects the sectoral structure of material production, while the share of industry in it sharply increases, since the growth of labor productivity in other sectors of the economy depends on it. Agriculture in the era of scientific and technological revolution acquires an industrial character. In the industry itself, the share of the manufacturing industry has increased, which accounts for 9/10 of the value of all production. Among the industries, chemical, electric power, on which scientific and technological progress primarily depends, and machine building began to stand out. The current state of scientific and technological revolution is usually judged by what is the share of science-intensive products in the total volume of production. NTR has made big changes to the. The share of the railway in the total volume of traffic has decreased, as its role has diminished. Most of the international trade is provided by sea transport, but it almost does not participate in passenger traffic, which is "entrusted" to air.
4. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the problem of managing modern production is of particular importance. Production management has become unusually complicated and is associated with the coordination of the development of science, technology and technology and production. Management in the era of scientific and technological revolution requires special training. They are especially widely represented in the USA and Japan. Graduates of these schools - production managers - are called managers. In recent years, their preparation has also begun in Russia.

1. Resource factor.

He determined the location of production with late XIX century to the beginning of the XX century. Many resource pools have become centers of industry. For example, the Urals are the first industrialization base in Russia. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, such a "tie" of the industry to the mineral resource bases is manifested much less often, but for the location of the extractive industries, the resource factor continues to be the main factor. Since many of the old basins and fields are severely depleted, it is in the extractive industry that the shift to areas of new development, often with extreme conditions, has been outlined in the first place.

The resource factor still continues to play an important role in industrialization and influences the location of production.

2. The science-intensive factor.

One of the important factors in the location of production in the era of scientific and technological revolution is the attraction to the centers of science and education. First of all, this circumstance determines the knowledge-intensive industries, and they gravitate towards scientific centers and educational institutions. Some countries are characterized by a strong territorial concentration of scientific research, while others, on the contrary, are scattered. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, many Western countries are characterized by the integration of science and production. As a result, scientific and industrial complexes or technopolises appear. So, in Japan in the 80s they began to create technopolises, selecting for them science-intensive areas: aerospace technology, robotics, computer production. Similar technopolises are found in the United States.

3. The Gravitation Factor for a Skilled Workforce.

This factor has always influenced and continues to influence the location of production. Now any country needs not just highly qualified people capable of operating modern technology.

4. Environmental factor.

It existed earlier, but during the scientific and technological revolution it acquired special significance. Taking into account the environmental factor in the construction of economic facilities has become mandatory. The legislation provides for serious sanctions against persons who neglect this factor.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, such factors as consumer, energy, and territorial factors have not lost their importance. Individual states also continue to play a significant role.

Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the presentation options. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Purpose: Show the features of the development of scientific and technological revolution, its characteristic features and components.

Teaching and educational tasks:

• Form the concept of scientific and technological revolution; to acquaint with the features and parts of scientific and technological revolution.
• To form the ability to listen and highlight the main thing in the content, to make a schematic summary.
• Show the scale of scientific and technological achievements of mankind.

Lesson type: study of new material, lesson-lecture.

Lesson steps:

1. The outline of the lecture, consisting of blocks and their parts, placed on an A4 sheet, to distribute to the students. During the lesson, students will be able to make notes on it.
2. The same diagram fits on the board. In the course of the lecture, we will return to it, noting what has already been passed.
3. During the lesson, students get acquainted with the keywords-terms:
   • Geoinformatics;
   • Geographic information systems.
4. Listening to the lecture is accompanied by drawing up a detailed summary.
5. At the end of the lesson, students formulate short conclusions.

Equipment: textbooks, wall " Political Map world ”, atlas maps, handouts, computer, projector, screen, presentation.

During the classes

I. Organization of the class.

II. Learning new material.

Introduction to the topic.(Slide 1)

Defining goals.

Today we must clarify the characteristic features and components of the scientific and technological revolution, show that the scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system.

Epigraph. (Slide 2)

Acquaintance of students with the stages of the lesson and with the assignment for the lesson. (Slide 3)

Lecture plan: (Slide 4)

• Scientific and technological revolution
• Specific traits NTR.
• Components of scientific and technological revolution.
• The concept of geographic information systems.

1. Working with the concept of scientific and technological revolution. (Slides 5-6)

Teacher: When studying this topic, we have to turn to one of the most significant, global development processes of the entire modern world - to the scientific and technological revolution.

The entire history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with scientific and technological progress. But there are periods when rapid and profound changes in the productive forces of mankind take place.

This was the period of industrial revolutions in the 18th-19th centuries. in a number of countries around the world, when manual labor was replaced by machine labor. In the 19th century, the steam engine was invented in England; the invention of the conveyor played a huge role in the development of industrial production. It was first used in the United States in the manufacture of automobiles.

The steam engine became the “primary” cell of the industrial revolution in the century before last, and the computer became the “primary” cell of the modern scientific and technological revolution. The modern scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century. In all countries, it manifests itself in different ways and therefore we can say that it is still far from complete. But a new industrial revolution is already brewing in the world. What it will be - the future will show.

Conversation with the class

Questions:

• The word "revolution" in various dictionaries has the following interpretation. (Students cite the definition of "revolution" from various vocabularies)
• What do all these definitions have in common?
• How would you define scientific and technological revolution?
• What is the difference between the concepts of scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress?

Answer:

The task: Analyze the two formulations, compare them and find what is the main difference between the two phenomena?

Answer:

Modern science has become an industry of discovery, a powerful stimulator of the development of technology.

2. Characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution. (Slide 7)

1) Versatility, all-inclusiveness. (Slides 8-10)

Scientific and technological revolution affected all countries of the world and all spheres of the geographic envelope, outer space. Scientific and technological revolution transforms all branches of production, the nature of labor, everyday life, culture, and psychology of people. Scientific and technological revolution symbols: rocket, TV, computer, etc.

The comprehensiveness of scientific and technological revolution can be characterized geographically, since thanks to the scientific and technological revolution, the words satellite, atom, robot have appeared in our lexicon.

Question: Name a new technique that has appeared in your home over the past 10 years. What technique does your grandmother, mother do not know how to use?

2) Acceleration of scientific and technical transformations. (Slide 11)

It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its introduction into production. Obsolescence occurs earlier than physical deterioration, so for some classes it makes no sense to repair cars (for example: computers, camcorders, televisions, etc.)

Working with the tutorial

The task:

• Find an example in the supplementary text (p. 103) that would support this feature of the NTR.
• Analyze the table, draw conclusions.

3) Increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications of labor resources. (Slide 12)

In all spheres of human activity, the share of mental labor has increased, and its intellectualization has taken place.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, workers with higher education, the share of knowledge workers has increased. This also applies to you. After graduating from a university, you can more easily find an interesting and highly paid job.

4) Military-technical revolution. (Slide 13)

It originated during the Second World War. Its beginning was announced by the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, after which an arms race began between the two powerful powers of the USA and the USSR. Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was focused on the use of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. But after the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, many countries are doing everything to direct the scientific and technological revolution towards achieving peaceful goals.

3. Components of scientific and technological revolution.(Slide 14)

Scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system, the parts of which closely interact with each other.

1) Science and science intensity . (Slides 15-17)

Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution has turned into a complex complex of knowledge. Science is both a complex of knowledge and a special sphere of human activity. For many countries, the development of science is task # 1.

There are from 5 to 6 million scientific workers in the world. At the same time, the USA, Germany, Japan, France and Great Britain account for more than 80% of scientific workers, more than 80% of all investments in science, almost all inventions, patents, licenses and awarded Nobel Prizes.

• In developed countries, in terms of the number of scientists and engineers, they are: 1st place - USA, 2nd place - Japan, Western European countries (this group includes Russia).

The connection between science and production is especially growing, which is becoming more and more science-intensive(Science intensity is measured by the level (shares) of costs for Scientific research and development in the total cost of production of a particular product).

However, the differences between developed and developing countries in the field of science are especially great:

• Spending on science in developed countries is 2-3% of GDP;
• In developing countries, spending on science does not, on average, exceed 0.5% of GDP.

2) Technique and technology. (Slide 18)

Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries.

The purpose of new technologies is to increase the environmental activity of production, labor productivity, resource conservation and environmental protection.

The Federal Republic of Germany and the United States stand out for the production of environmental technology and the introduction of the latest environmental technologies. In addition to the fact that these countries are leading in the production and use of environmental technologies, Germany is also the main country supplying them to the world market.

Two ways of developing technology technology in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution:

1. Evolutionary path
2. Revolutionary path

(Slide 19)

a) Evolutionary path (Further improvement of technique and technology)

(Slide 20)

Question to the class: Give examples of the evolutionary path of development of technology and technology.

Answer:

Improvement of the technique that was produced at the beginningXXcenturies - cars, airplanes, machine tools, blast furnaces, ships.

For example, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker held up to 50 thousand tons of oil, in the 60s - 100, 200, 300 thousand tons, in the 70s. tanker ships with a carrying capacity of over 500 thousand tons appeared. The largest marine tankers are built in Japan and France.

However, such gigantomania does not always justify itself, since not all seaports can accept and serve such large transport. After all, the length of the vessel reaches 480 m, the width is about 63 m, and such a tanker has a draft with cargo of up to 30 meters. The propeller is equal to the height of a three-story house, the deck occupies - 2.5 hectares)

b) Revolutionary path (Transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology).

It finds its most vivid expression in the production of electronic equipment. If earlier they talked about the "century of textiles", "the century of the automobile", now they are talking about the "century of electronics".

The breakthrough to new technologies is also of great importance. The "second wave" of scientific and technological revolution, which manifested itself in the 70s. called the microelectronic revolution, because the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can be compared to the invention of the wheel, steam engine or electricity. (Slides 21-26)

The task: Analyze the text of the textbook on page 94, and additional material on page 115.

Output(students do it on their own): The revolutionary path is the main path in the development of technology and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

3) Manufacturing: six main directions of development.(Slides 27-29)

Question: What are the main directions of production development? (Students have handouts to answer the teacher's question)

a) Electronization means the saturation of all areas of human activity with EWT. Electronics industry- the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution.

For example:

• in education - computerization of schools, their connection to the Internet;
• in medicine - ultrasound, computed tomography, development of microsurgery, computed radiography;
• in communications - cell phones.

The electronic industry is, in the full sense, the brainchild of the scientific and technological revolution. It will largely determine the entire course of scientific and technological revolution.

This industry has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, NIS Asia.

b) Integrated automation. (Slides 30-34)

It began in the 50s with the advent of computers. A new round of development fell on the 70s of the XX century, and it is associated with the emergence of microprocessors and microcomputers. Robotics is developing rapidly, Japan has achieved particular success in this area. In the country, for every 10 thousand workers employed in the automotive industry, there are 800 robots, while in the United States there are 300. The scope of application of robots in our time is limitless.

c) Restructuring of the energy sector. (Slides 35–37)

The restructuring of the energy economy is associated with the constantly growing needs of the countries of the world for electricity. The existing traditional power plants can no longer cope with the load. Therefore, the greatest attention in the world is paid to the construction of nuclear power plants.

By the beginning of the 21st century, more than 450 nuclear power units were in operation in the world. Leading countries: USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine. However, in recent years, due to the difficulties in using nuclear power plants, many countries are afraid of environmental consequences, and the developed countries of the world have paid attention to alternative energy.

d) Production of new materials. (Slides 38, 39)

The requirements of modern production for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as for chemical industry, which produces synthetic polymers, is steadily increasing. But it gave rise to fundamentally new composite, semiconductor, cermet materials. In the chemical industry, the production of optical fiber is being mastered.

A special role in the production of new materials is assigned to the "metals of the 20th century": beryllium, lithium, titanium. Titanium is currently the # 1 metal for the aerospace industry, nuclear shipbuilding, as it is a light and refractory metal.

e) Accelerated development of biotechnology. (Slides 40–42)

The direction emerged in the 70s and is developing at an outstripping pace. Biotechnology applies traditional knowledge and modern technology to alter the genetic material of plants, animals and microbes in order to create new products.

Biotechnology makes a significant contribution to improving health care, increasing food production, reforestation, increasing industrial productivity, disinfecting water, cleaning hazardous waste.

The results of biotechnology can already be seen. This is the creation of clones and modified products. Increasingly, we hear about the discoveries of medical scientists in the field of genetic engineering.

Biotechnological programs that are used in the extraction of mineral resources are of great importance. Biotechnology is developing especially successfully in the USA, Japan, Germany, France.

f) Cosmization. (Slide 43)

The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another newest science-intensive industry - the aerospace industry. The use of space for military purposes only ended with the Cold War.

Space is increasingly becoming a place where countries of the world cooperate. It is used for exploration of the Earth, in fisheries, in agriculture, for obtaining new materials under vacuum conditions.

It was space images that confirmed Wegener's theory "On the movement of lithospheric plates." The results of space research have a huge impact on the development of fundamental sciences.

4) Management: on the way to high information culture. (Slide 44)

The modern stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for the management of modern production. It has become incredibly complex and requires special training.

For example: in the implementation of space programs, such as landing a lunar rover on the moon, research and landing of descent vehicles on planets Solar system The landing of a man on the moon is sometimes tied to several tens of thousands of different companies, which must work in a coordinated manner.

Only people who are fluent in the science of management can manage such programs. At the end of the 20th century, a special science of management appeared - cybernetics ... At the same time, it is the science of information.

The information flow is growing every day. This is why the transition from paper to machine information is so important. New specialties that did not exist before appeared: programmer, computer operator and others.

We live in the era of the "information explosion". Today, there is already a global information space. The Internet plays an important role in its creation.

This is a real telecommunications "web" that has enveloped the whole world. The use of the Internet is in full swing in education. She did not bypass the geographic science, in which a new direction arose - geographic informatics .

4. Geoinformatics contributed to the creation of geographic information systems.

(GIS is a complex of interconnected means of obtaining, storing, processing, selecting data and issuing geographic information.)

Geoinformatics is one of the main directions of combining geographical science with achievements modern stage NTR.

III... Lesson summary:

1) Checking the schematic diagram.

2) Anchoring:

Assignment on the topic of scientific and technological revolution: Locate the locations listed below in the table:

1. Production of new materials.
2. Comprehensive automation.
3. Restructuring of the energy sector.
4. Accelerated development of biotechnology.
5. Accelerating scientific and technological transformation.
6. Cosmization.
7. Increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications.
8. The origin of scientific and technological revolution as a military-technical revolution.
9. Versatility and inclusiveness.
10. Electronization.

There should be time for questions at the end of the lecture. Questions received at the lecture must be written down, collected, systematized and studied.

IV... Homework

• Topic 4, §1 in the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky "Economic and social geography of the world"
• Prepare presentations on topics:
• "Using the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in geography",
• "Development of biotechnology in the modern world", "Space and scientific and technological revolution"

Interesting Facts

In the first half of the 20th century, the amount of scientific information doubled every 50 years, in the middle of the century - 10 years, in the 70-80s - 5-7 years, in the 21st century - 3-5 years.

In 1900, 10 thousand magazines were published all over the world, and at the beginning of the XXI century - more than 1 million.

Only in geography today, 700 journals are published and 10 thousand titles of books are published a year.

In total, 800 thousand titles of books and brochures with a total circulation of more than 16 billion copies are published annually in the world.

The modern scientific and technological revolution has entailed fundamental changes in human society, in production, in the interaction of society with the environment.

However, it should be noted that scientific and technological revolution is developing most successfully in the developed countries of the world, while most countries in Africa, Oceania, some countries of Asia and Latin America are still far from developing the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in their country.

Literature

1. Gladkiy Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Economic and social geography of the world. - M.: Education, 2006.
2. Gladkiy Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Global geography. - M.: Education, 2001.
3. Maksakovsky V.P. Methodological manual "Economic and social geography of the world" - M .: Education, 2006.
4. Maksakovsky V.P. New in the world. Figures and facts. - M .: Bustard, 1999