This man said that he put the end of the centuries-old wrestling of the East with the West, and also removed the nuclear threat over the planet, but as it turned out, not forever. Yes, and the price has become too high for all residents of the multi-million and multinational country. The last Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU, as well as the first, and the only president Soviet Union, Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich, undoubtedly, left his indelible mark in the history of our country, and the whole world. Only now he was positive or negative, to judge the descendants.
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich: a brief biography from tractor driver to the Secretary General
The years of the Gorbachev reign, which became the latest for the Soviet Union, cause a truly conflicting reaction in society. Numerous ordinary citizens, and together with them politicians and state figures welcomed what happened. Mikhail Sergeyevich's reforms seemingly leading to the world of totalitarianism and democracy, an example of the unification of Germany, termination of international assistance to Afghanistan to the detriment of their own security, the fall of the iron curtain and complete termination cold WarAll this led people to confusion. However, in spite of everything, experts believe that peace destruction soviet manAnd it was precisely it, more positively accepted in the West than inside the country.
USSR President Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich had his own look at the further development of the country. With all the wishes of the introduction of a market economy, which was not quite suitable for that time and state of affairs, he wanted to preserve the centralized-planned economy and the socialist system. Nikolay Ryzhkov then, and also after the above events, pointed to the main mistake of Gorbachev. He started the economic reform at the time of political upheavals and changes, and it was possible only with a strong guideline, as happened in China.
The country's population, a simple people who unexpectedly ceased to be great and Soviet, suddenly found himself on the side of life. At the simple man of that era, the surname Gorbachev is associated with a massive deficit for all items and products, long-term queues and records for the purchase of sausages for the next quarter, a giant jump on the most donyshko standard of living, when there is no prospects or even the right to work, as enterprises After once, we got up without getting raw materials and means from the agonizing state. Even the publicist Zinoviev wrote that the restructuring put the country, the power on the path of betraying the simple people. So who is Gorbachev, Angel or Demon, Messiah or Bulletin of the last days?
Outstanding research on the issue of the Union of the Union, the Chinese produced, which at first, considered the culprit of all the personally of Gorbachev and anyone more. There is some truth in this, but the roots of all this lies in the absence of any reforms during the Brezhnev stagnation. Andropov tried to make their adjustments to the direction of movement and development of the country, but he did not have enough time, Chernenko was too sick and old, and Gorbachev simply revealed to this word, without manifesting any will, he simply hoped that everything would cost why today and today takes responsibility for the collapse of the mighty superpower on himself. Moreover, about twenty percent of the population are confident that some more and Russia would completely lose their sovereignty, going under the control of the West.
The origin of Mikhaila
The biography of Gorbachev, according to Soviet standards, was not quite both "clean", because both of his grandfather, both in their paternal and the maternal line, were in their time victims of repression. The father of Pope, Andrei Moiseevich Gorbachev, did not want to take part in the collective farm, because he was considered a sole peasant. For late execution of work, he was arrested at the thirty-fourth year of the twentieth century and sent under Irkutsk. Twenty-four months later, he returned, the mistakes realized, joined the collective farm, where faithfully worked until the end of his days.
Grandfather's grandfather, Pants Efimovich Gopkalo, was from Chernihiv region and burned with the ideas of communism, like no one. In the thirteen years, his father died, and the guy moved to the more fused and promising Stavropol. There he became the chairman of the collective farm, however, at the thirty-seventh, someone wrote him a complaint, after which he was arrested with the wording "Suspicion of Trotskyism". He spent in the junctions of the year and two months, but I remembered it for life. However, he could not kill in the camps, the head of the department of the GPU of the Krasnogvardeysky district was shot dead, and the Pants successfully returned home.
Childhood and youth
Father, Sergey Andreevich, living in Stavropol, met Maria Panteleevna, married her and over the second March 1931, first-mentioned - Mishemka's boy, on the forehead of which was conquered a bombing of the wrong shape. It is for this spot that he will later receive a folk nickname Bear labeled. When the great domestic, Gorbachev sank, the senior left to defend his homeland, and his mother with a boy who was barely turned ten, remained in the occupation for a long six months. From the war, he still returned, despite the mistaken funeral in forty-third.
From the forty-fourth or forty-fifth year, the thirteen-year-old Mikhail began to work on the tractor mill and in the collective farm, because it was necessary to somehow live. Two years later, an intended guy was already an assistant combiner, and in forty-ninth even received the most real Order of the Red Banner for Successes in harvesting. After a year, Misha filed documents and due to the presence of a high government award was enrolled without examinations at the Faculty of Law of the Ministry of Internal Affairs named after M. V. Lomonosov. Five years later, he completed his studies with honors and returned to his native Stavropol, where he became the first secretary of the Komsomol State. To sixty-first, he was already the first secretary of the Ishikov VLKSM, and two years later the head of the party bodies of the Stavropol Territory of the Communist Party.
First President Gorbachev: years of government
Further, in the biography of Gorbachev, everything went like oil. With his fate, Dmitry Kulakov, who strongly recommended promoting Mikhail Sergeyevich to promote Mikhail Sergeyevich on the party line, as his hoping. Despite the fact that he did not like the immediate supervisor to Efremov, Misha was still appointed first secretary of the CPSU Hall and in the same sixty sixth first visited Germany (GDR). In parallel, he received the second higher, became an agronomist-economist and even tried to go into science, wrote and even defended his thesis, but did not work out.
Forward on the party line
Twice there was a question about the transfer of Gorbachev to the service at the KGB, but so nothing came out, even by the personal request of Andropov. Meanwhile, Mikhail himself had enough for everything that he was offered, as it was really burning, I wanted to improve my country, make it more comfortable for a person free. He was engaged in ecology, youth, he was even offered to become a propagandist, but Suslov taught him to move in this direction.
At seventy-eighth year, Gorbachev was elected secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and moved to Moscow along with the family. At that time, a forty-semile man was the youngest of party functionaries. Ten years later, at eighty-eighth, he has already combined the state office with the party and was the main contender for the replacement of the patient and old Chernenko, who was simply not able to fulfill his duties.
The real board of Gorbachev began with the fact that the fifteenth of March of the ninetieth year, he was elected first president of the Soviet Union, but it lasts long. In August, the ninety-first-year, the rebellion broke out, which was also called the August couch. After what happened, Gorbachev decided to leave the party post and even to go out of the series of the Communist Party. At the same time, the partbiler decided to leave for memory. It turned out that the party, leading him to power and was actually the president of a huge superpower, turned out to be not upon affairs.
In November, Gorbachev was concretely aumed, as the state prosecutor's office started a deal with the formulation of "treason of the Motherland", as his signature was under the order of the adoption of the release of the Baltic republics from the USSR. The output procedure was not observed, the general referendum of citizens was not spent, but the point still closed, and the prosecutor Ilyukhin himself, initiated this business, flew out of his chair, as if the bottle cork.
The farther, the more terrible, in the eighth of December 1991, three presidents at the time of the Allied Republics, Yeltsin, Kravchuk and Shushkevich, gathered almost secret in Belovezhskaya Forest and signed a criminal agreement on the complete termination of the existence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Education of the Union of Independent States (CIS ). Gorbachev offered to arrest conspirators and save the situation, but there was no political will for this, he hoped that the contract had no legal force, and everything would disappear, which did not happen. It was a rock mistake and he committed it. They rummed as if he was simply afraid that he was accused of trying to keep power by any means.
Doubtful advances Gorbachev?
On December 21, less than two weeks later, the USSR president will have to resign, since no Soviet Union simply did not exist. He personally provided lifelong benefits, the right to receive a special pension, personal protection and use of public apartments and cottages, medical care, and so on. On the twenty-fifth of December, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev spoke on television and the story about the addition of powers. Subsequently he said that all the time from the coup and to this moment Waiting for the reaction of the Soviet intelligentsia, but it did not follow it. In spite of everything, he managed much and not always it was positive, let's remember the most iconic.
- He declared acceleration and restructuring, which was a impetus for the development of a completely new market economy for the country.
- The anti-alcohol campaign led to a completely opposite result from the expected. The alcohol took off in price by almost half, the age-old vineyards were cut down, sugar, spared by moonshoes, became a deficit.
- It was Gorbachev, contrary to the recommendations of Ryzhkov, led to the power of Yeltsin, which will lead the country to the crash of the abyss.
- In May, eighty-sixth, five days after the ejection at the Chernobyl NPP, to prevent panic, in Kiev, Moscow, Minsk and other cities, there were still festive demonstrations, contrary to health hazards.
- Termination participation in the Afghan conflict and the conclusion of Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
- In the same year, Gorbachev returned from the reference of Academician Andrei Sakharov and gave an order to complete the prosecution for dissent.
In addition, it is necessary to recall also about the inter-ethnic conflicts throughout the country, which during the Soviet Union were simply impossible in principle, since internationalism was the main idea. Inflation, a sharp drop in the standard of living, hidden inflation, a tremendous growth of external debt and full impoverishment of the population, with the enormous opportunities to "earn" for units. And this is only a drop in the sea from what was caused by the decay of the state.
Personal life and modern activities of the first and last president of the USSR
Usually in well-known, public individuals, private and family life It does not develop as I wanted, after all, it is always not easy to be in sight. However, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was different, he madly loved his spouse and was ready to go for any concessions for her. It was rumored that many rapid political decisions he did under her influence, but hardly we will already find out the truth, as the woman will never succeed.
Family and Children
Raisa Maksimovna Titarenko was born on January 5, 1932 and was just a year younger than the future husband. Railway engineer and indigenous siberian daughter, she graduated medical University And worked as an oculist in Ufa. But on this, she did not finish his education, he entered the Moscow State University, where he met Misha. The wedding was traditionally played in the canteen, and then in the hostel, there were fun, many songs, dances, "on the ears" stood a whole quarter. True, the bride was weak, because according to the testimony of the doctor, the first pregnancy had to be interrupted due to heart problems. However, one daughter she was able to give her husband.
- Irina Mikhailovna, in Marriage Virganskaya (January 6, 1957). Subsequently, with a vascular surgeon, Wigransky was divided and re-married a businessman, which to this day deals with transportation.
Mikhail Sergeyevich's wife, whom he really almost idolized, died in 1999 from leukemia. From the daughter of Irino, Gorbachev has two charming granddaughters, Ksenia and Anastasia, as well as the grazing of Alexander Pyrchenkov, who was hardly ten years old.
Modern activity
Already being at the head of the country in ninety-fourth, Yeltsin appointed a lifelong content to Gorbachev, which is forty-minimal pensions. After the resignation, he began to complain that he was pursued, blocked performances and books, silent, and in ninety-sixth even put forward his candidacy for the presidential post, but he no longer believed him and to gain no more than half of the percent of the votes. He tried to join the Social Democratic Party, but at the dawn of the new millennium she was dissolved by the court decision. In May 2016, Ukraine banned Mikhail Sergeevich entry into the country for five years, to which he skeptically replied that he had never traveled there for a long time and was not going.
Interesting
Margaret Thatcher before his death amounted to a list of all invited who will have to visit her funeral. Among others there was also the name of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev. However, when in April " the Iron Lady"I ordered a long time to live, the former Russian leader did not come to the farewell ceremony, as he himself was in the hospital at that time.
The last time Gorbachev passed hospitalization in 2015, after which he was discharged. He sold a huge house owned by his family in the Bavarian Alps. In one of the interviews, Vladimir Pozumnor, Gorbachev once said that he had to arrest "conspirators" at one time, as well as to drive Yeltsin to the broomstick, as his comrades advised. But the political will could not show, for which he paid to contempt, distrust and Ostrakism by the people.
In the sixteenth year at a meeting with students, he fully recognized his own responsibility in the collapse of the Soviet Union, and even earlier the joining of Crimea to Russian Federation. In April of the seventeenth year, Mikhail Sergeevich said that he sees the obvious signs of the opening of the new Cold War of the West against the Russian Federation, as well as the arms race, against which, for which they were, the main steps on the reorganization of the country, the state and the party were reorganized.
One of the most popular Russian politicians in the West of the period of the last decades of the twentieth century is Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev. The reign years of him strongly changed our country, as well as the situation in the world. This is one of the most controversial figures, according to the public. Perestroika Gorbachev causes an ambiguous attitude in our country. This policy is called both the Soviet Union's grailer service and a great reformer.
Biography Gorbachev
History Gorbachev begins in 1931, on March 2. It was then that Mikhail Sergeevich was born. He appeared on the light in Stavropol, in the village of delivered. Born and increased in the peasant family. In 1948 he worked along with his father in the combine and received for success in harvesting the Order of the Labor Red Banner. Gorbachev graduated from a silver medal school in 1950. After that, he entered the Faculty of Faculty of Moscow University. Gorbachev was subsequently confessed that at that time quite foggy imagined what the right and jurisprudence. However, he impressed the position of the prosecutor or the judge.
In the student years, Gorbachev lived in a hostel, received one time an increased scholarship for Komsomolskaya work and excellent studies, but nevertheless, bare ends with the ends. He became a member of the party in 1952.
Once at the Gorbachev club, Mikhail Sergeevich met Raisa Titarenko, a student of the philosophical faculty. They got married in 1953, in September. MSU Mikhail Sergeevich graduated in 1955 and was sent to work in the USSR Prosecutor's Office for distribution. However, it was then that the government adopted a decree on which graduates of legal universities in the central prosecutors and the authorities were prohibited. Khrushchev, as well as his associates, considered that one of the reasons for the repression carried out in the 1930s was the dominant of inexperienced young judges and prosecutors in the bodies, ready to obey any instructions of the leadership. So Mikhail Sergeevich, who has suffered two grandfathers from repression, became a victim of the fight against the cult of personality and its consequences.
On administrative work
Gorbachev returned to Stavropol and decided not to contact the prosecutor's office anymore. He settled in the department of agitation and propaganda in the Komsomol - became the Deputy Head of this department. Komsomolskaya, and then party career Mikhail Sergeevich developed very successfully. Political activity Gorbachev brought his fruits. He was appointed in 1961 by the first secretary of the local entity of the VLKSM. Gorbachev next year proceeds to party work next year, and then, in 1966, it becomes the first secretary of the Stavropol City Hospital.
So gradually a career of this policy was developed. Already then, the main disadvantage of this future reformer manifested itself: Mikhail Sergeevich, who was accustomed to work selflessly, could not ensure that his orders conscientiously performed subordinates. This characteristic of Gorbachev, as some consider, and led to the collapse of the USSR.
Moscow
Gorbachev in November 1978 becomes secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. The recommendations of the nearest University of L. I. Brezhnev - Andropov, Souslova and Chernenko played a big role in this appointment. Mikhail Sergeevich after 2 years becomes the youngest of all members of the Politburo. He wants in the near future to become the first person in the state and in the party. It could not even prevent this that Gorbachev, essentially, held a "penalty post" - responsible for agriculture of the secretary. After all, this sector of the Soviet economy was the most disadvantaged. Mikhail Sergeevich still remained after the death of Brezhnev in this position. But Andropov, then he advised him to delve into all the cases to be ready to take all responsibility at any time. When Andropov died and to power came to the short term Chernenko, Mikhail Sergeevich became the second person in the party, as well as the most likely "heir" of this Secretary General.
In the political circles of West, Gorbachev's fame was first brought by him in 1983, in May, a visit to Canada. He went there for a week with the personal permission of Andropov, at the time of the former Gensen. Pierre Trudo, the Prime Minister of this country, became the first major leader of the West, who accepted Personally Gorbachev and with a sympathy to him. Having met with other politicians, Canada, Gorbachev acquired a reputation as a vigorous and ambitious politician in this country, who contrasted sharply with his elderly politburo colleagues. He showed considerable interest in the methods of economic management and moral values \u200b\u200bof the West, including democracy.
Perestroika Gorbachev
The road to power Gorbachev opened the death of Chernenko. The Plenum of the Central Committee on March 11, 1985 elected Gorbachev by the Secretary General. Mikhail Sergeevich in the same year in the April Plenum proclaimed the course to accelerate the development of the country and restructuring. These terms, which appeared still under Andropov, were not immediately widespread. This happened only after the XXVII CPSU Congress, which was held in February 1986. Gorbachev called publicity one of the main conditions for the success of the upcoming transformations. It was also impossible to call the full-fledged freedom of the word Time Gorbachev. But it was possible, at least, to speak in print on the shortcomings of society, without affecting, however, the foundations of the Soviet system and members of the Politburo. However, already in 1987, in January, Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich said that there should be no closed in society to criticize zones.
Principles of External and Internal Policy
The new Secretary-General of the Claus Plan did not have. Only the memory of the "thaw" Khrushchev remained at Gorbachev. In addition, he believed that the appeals of the leaders, if they are honest, and these calls themselves are correct, they can reach in the framework of the party-state system that existed at the time to ordinary performers and thereby change their lives for the better. This was holy convinced Gorbachev. The years of reigning him were noted by the fact that during all 6 years he spoke about the need for cohesive and energetic actions, that it is necessary to act constructively to all and everyone.
He hoped that, being a leader of the socialist state, could be conquered by world authority, based not at fear, and above all on reasonable policies, unwillingness to justify the totalitarian past of the country. Gorbachev, whose reign versions are often called "restructuring", believed that the new political thinking should trust. It should be recognized as priority over the national and class values \u200b\u200bof the universal, the need to unite states and peoples to jointly solve problems facing humanity.
Publicity policy
During the reign of Gorbachev, general democratization began in our country. Political persecution ceased. Gang censorships weakening. Many prominent people were returned from the links and prisons: Marchenko, Sakharov, and others. Publicity policy, which was started soviet leadership, changed the spiritual life of the country's population. Increased interest in television, radio, print editions. Only for 1986, magazines and newspapers acquired more than 14 million new readers. All this is definitely the essential advantages of Gorbachev, who spent their policies.
The slogan of Mikhail Sergeevich, under which he spent all the transformations, was the following: "more democracy, more socialism." However, he gradually changed the understanding of socialism. Back in 1985, in April, Gorbachev on the Politburo said that when Khrushchev to incredible sizes brought the criticism of Stalin's actions, it brought only great damage to the country. Soon the publicity led to another large wave Antistaline criticism, which during the years "thaw" and did not dream.
Anti-alcohol reform
The idea of \u200b\u200bthis reform was originally very positive. Gorbachev wanted to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed in the country per capita, as well as begin fighting drunkenness. However, the campaign as a result of too radical actions led to unexpected results. The reform itself and the further refusal of the monopoly of the state led to the fact that the main part of revenues in this area went into the shadow sector. A lot of starting capital In the 90s, it was cholerated on "drunk" money by private traders. Rapidly empty treasure. As a result of this reform, many most valuable vineyards were cut down, which led to disappearance in some republics (in particular, in Georgia), whole sectors of industry. Anti-alcohol reform also contributed to the growth of moonshine, toxicizing and drug addiction, and multi-billion losses were formed in the budget.
Gorbachev reforms in foreign policy
In November 1985, Gorbachev met with Ronald Reagan, President of the United States. It was recognized as by both parties the need to improve bilateral relations, as well as improving the entire international situation. The external policy of Gorbachev led to the fact that the STAR treaties were concluded. Mikhail Sergeevich from January 15, 1986 put forward a number of major initiatives dedicated to foreign policy issues. There should be complete liquidation by the year 2000 chemical and nuclear weapons, Strict control during the destruction and storage of it. All this is the most important reforms of Gorbachev.
Causes of failures
Unlike aimed at the publicity of the course, when it was only enough to dispose of to loosen, and then actually cancel the censorship, the other undertakings (for example, the sensational anti-alcohol campaign) were a combination with administrative coercion propaganda. Gorbachev, the years of the reign of which were noted as early as freedom in all areas, at the end of the board, becoming president, sought to rely, unlike his predecessors, not on the party apparatus, but on the team of assistants and the government. He was inclined more and more to the social democratic model. S. S. Shatalin said that he managed to turn into a convinced Menshevik General. But Mikhail Sergeevich too slowly refused the dogma of communism, only under the influence of growth in the society of anti-communist sentiment. Gorbachev even during the events of 1991 (Augusta Putch) expecting to still keep power and, returning from Forros (Crimea), where he had a state cottage, said that he believed in the values \u200b\u200bof socialism and would fight for them, heading a reformed Communist Party. Obviously, he could not rebuild himself. Mikhail Sergeevich in many ways remained the party secretary, which is accustomed not only to the privileges, but also to the power independent of the folk will.
Merit M. S. Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeevich in his last speech in the role of the President of the country, he had merged the fact that the population of the state was freedom, spiritually and politically liberated. The freedom of printing, free elections, multiparty, representative bodies, religious freedoms became real. The highest principle was recognized by human rights. Movement began to a new multi-way economy, the equality of ownership forms has been approved. Gorbachev committed finally, with a cold war. During his reign, the militarization of the country and the arms race was stopped, a disheveled economy, morality and public consciousness.
The external policy of Gorbachev, who eliminated the final "Iron Curtain", provided Mikhail Sergeevich Respect all over the world. The President of the USSR in 1990 was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for aimed at the development of cooperation between countries.
At the same time, some indecision of Mikhail Sergeyevich, his desire to find a compromise, which would have arranged radicals, and conservatives, led to the fact that there were never transformations in the state economy. The political settlement of contradictions, interethnic hostility, which collapsed in the end the country was not achieved. Hardly the story is able to answer the question of whether someone else could save the USSR and the socialist system on the site of Gorbachev.
Conclusion
The subject of the supreme power, as the ruler of the state, must have all the full rights. M. S. Gorbachev, the party leader, which focused in his face the state and party power, without being multiodely elected to this post, in this regard, was significantly inferior in the eyes of the public B. Yeltsin. The latter and became, in the end, President of Russia (1991). Gorbachev, as if compensating for this lack during his board, increased his power, tried to achieve various powers. However, he did not follow the laws and did not forced others to do. Therefore, the characteristic of Gorbachev is so ambiguous. Politics - This is primarily the art reasonably act.
Among the many accuses, presented to Gorbachev, perhaps the most significant was accusing him in indecision. However, if you compare a significant scale of the breakthrough implemented by him, and a short period of stay in power, you can argue with this. In addition to the above, the epoch of Gorbachev was noted by the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, holding the first adverse free elections in the history of Russia, the elimination of the monopoly existing before the power of the party. As a result of the reforms of Gorbachev, the world has changed significantly. He will never be the same. Without possessing political will and courage, it is impossible to do this. You can relate differently to Gorbachev, but certainly it is one of the largest figures of modern history.
Soviet party and state, as well as Russian public figure. Secretary General CPSU Central Committee (1985-1991), USSR President (1990-1991).
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931 in the village of Medvezhinsky district of the North Caucasian Territory of the RSFSR (now c) in the family of MTS Sergey Andreevich Gorbachev (1909-1976).
In the village of Kolivannaya M. S. Gorbachev graduated from the school-seventel. In 1946 he joined Komsomol. During the harvest of 1946, he worked a screw-to-combine from the Father-combine. At the age of 16 (1947) for the high mall of grain in the combine was awarded the Order of the Labor Red Banner. In 1950 he graduated from Silver Medal No. 1 in the village.
In 1950-1955, M. S. Gorbachev studied at the Faculty of Faculty of Moscow state University them. M. V. Lomonosov. Actively participated in the activities of the Komsomol organization of the University, in 1952 he joined the CPSU.
In 1955, M. S. Gorbachev was aimed at work in the Stavropol Regional Prosecutor's Office. In 1955-1956, he held the position of deputy head of the agitation and propaganda department of Stavropol Territory VLKSM, then in 1956-1958 he was the first secretary of the Stavropol Gorkom Komsomol, in 1958-1962 - the second and first secretary of the Ishkom VLKSM.
In 1962, M. S. Gorbachev moved to work in the party bodies. His party career began with the post of partnership of Stavropol territorial and industrial agricultural management. In 1967, he graduated from the Stavropol Agricultural Institute in absentia.
In December 1962, M. S. Gorbachev was approved by the head of the department of organizational and party work of the Stavropol rural territory of the CPSU. From September 1966, he served as the first secretary of the Stavropol City Council of the Party, in August 1968 he was elected second, and in April 1970 - the first secretary of the Stavropol Territory of the CPSU. In 1971, M. S. Gorbachev became a member of the CPSU Central Committee. Being at these posts, M. S. Gorbachev met and. With the latter, his relatives and trusting relationships have developed.
In November 1978, M. S. Gorbachev became the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee on the Agricultural Complex, in 1979 - a candidate for members, in 1980, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. After death in March 1985, M. S. Gorbachev was elected by the Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee.
Having headed the Soviet state, M. S. Gorbachev became the initiator of the root reform of the party-state organism. The political course proclaimed by them was called "Perestroika", which had to "improve socialism". In May 1985, speaking at the party and economic asset in, the Secretary-General did not hide that the economic growth of the country decreased, and put forward the slogan "accelerate socio-economic development". Gorbachev received support for its program statements at the XXVII CPSU Congress (1986) and June 19 (1987) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1986-1987, hoping to awaken the initiative of the masses, M. S. Gorbachev and his supporters took a course on the development of publicity and democratization of all parties public Life. Since 1988, the process of creating initiative groups in support of restructuring, folk fronts, other incortive and non-party participants was in full swing. public organizations. With the beginning of the processes of democratization and the reduction of party control in the Soviet Union, numerous interethnic contradictions were exposed, which was exposed to inter-ethnic clashes in some parts of the country.
In March 1989, the election of People's Deputies of the USSR took place. A lot of intellectuals came to the Deputy Corps who critically estimated the role of the CPSU in society. The congress of people's deputies in May 1989 demonstrated a tough opposition of various flows and in society, and in the deputy environment. At this congress, M. S. Gorbachev was elected chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet.
In 1990, the power from the CPSU went to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR - the first in the Soviet history of the Parliament chosen on an alternative basis on free democratic elections. On March 15, 1990, the congress elected M. S. Gorbachev by the President of the USSR.
In international relations, M. S. Gorbachev conducted an active policy of discharging tension based on the principles of "new thinking". Activity in this direction made it one of the key figures of world politics of the end of the twentieth century. For 1985-1991, a radical change in relations between the West and the USSR occurred - the transition from military and ideological confrontation against dialogue and the establishment of partnership relations. M. S. Gorbachev's activities played a decisive role in the termination of the "Cold War" and the race nuclear weapons. In 1989, at the initiative of M. S. Gorbachev, the conclusion of Soviet troops from Afghanistan began, the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany occurred. Contribution M. S. Gorbachev in a change in nature international Development The Nobel Peace Prize was noted (October 15, 1990).
However, in domestic politics, especially in the economy, there were signs of a serious crisis. Erected food deficit and daily demand goods. Since 1989, the process of decay was in full swing political system Soviet Union. Attempts to stop this process with the help of power (in Tbilisi, Baku, Vilnius, Riga) led to directly opposite results, enhancing centrifugal trends. Leaders of the opposition interregional deputy group (, A. D. Sakharov, etc.) were collected in their support of many thousands of rallies. In the first half of 1990, almost all of the Union republics announced their state sovereignty (RSFSR - June 12, 1990).
In the summer of 1991, a new Union Agreement was prepared for signing. The attempt of the state coup in August 1991 not only crossed the perspective of its signing, but also gave a powerful impetus to the state decay. On December 8, 1991, a meeting of managers, Ukraine and Belarus took place in Belovezhskaya Forest (Belarus), during which a document on the liquidation of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was signed. On December 25, 1991, M. S. Gorbachev announced the progress of the President of the USSR.
Since the early 1990s, M. S. Gorbachev is engaged in public activities. Since 1992, and so far, he is the president of the International Fund of Socio-Economic and Political Studies (Gorbachev-Fund).
Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee (1985-1991), President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (March 1990 - December 1991).
Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU (March 11, 1985 - August 23, 1991), the first and last president of the USSR (March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991).
Head of Gorbachev-Fund. Since 1993, the co-founder of CJSC "New Daily Newspaper" (from the Register of Moscow).
Biography Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931 in p. Promotable Krasnogvardeysky district Stavropol Territory. Father: Sergey Andreevich Gorbachev. Mother: Maria Panteleevna Gopkalo.
In 1945, M.Gorbachev began working as an assistant combiner with 
with his father. In 1947, for the high marriage of grain, the 16-Tiene combiner Mikhail Gorbachev received the Order of the Labor Red Banner.
In 1950, M. Gorbachev with a silver medal graduated from school. Immediately went to Moscow and entered the Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov at the Faculty of Law.
In 1952, M.Gorbachev joined the CPSU.
In 1953 Gorbachev Married to Raisa Maximovna Titarenko, a student of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University.
In 1955, they were completed by the University, it was given a direction to the regional prosecutor's office of Stavropol.
In Stavropol, Mikhail Gorbachev first became the deputy head of the agitation and propaganda department of the Stavropol Territory VLKSM, after the 1st secretary of the Stavropol Komsomol City Mountain and finally the 2nd and 1st secretary of the VICHM.
Mikhail Gorbachev - Party Work
In 1962, Mikhail Sergeevich finally moved to party work. He received a parking office of Stavropol territorial and industrial agricultural management. Due to the fact that the reforms of N. Khrushchev goes in the USSR, enormous attention is given to agriculture. M. Gorbachev entered the correspondence department of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute.
In the same year, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was approved by the head of the organizational and party work department of the Stavropol rural clerk of the CPSU.
In 1966, he was elected to the 1st Secretary of the Stavropol Gorkom Party.
In 1967, they received a diploma of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute.
1968 -1970 was marked by the consistent election of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev first on the 2nd, and then the 1st secretary of the Stavropol Territory of the CPSU.
In 1971, Gorbachev was adopted in the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1978 he received the post of secretary of the CPSU on the agro-industrial complex.
In 1980, Mikhail Sergeevich became a member of the Politburo of the CPSU.
In 1985, Gorbachev took the position of Secretary General of the CPSU, that is, became the head of state.
In the same year, annual meetings of the USSR leader with the President of the United States and the heads of foreign countries resumed.
Perestroika Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev's reign period is made to associate with the end of the era of the so-called Brezhnevsky "stagnation" and with the beginning of the "restructuring" - the concept that is familiar to the whole world.
The first event of the Secretary General became a large-scale anti-alcohol campaign (the official start - May 17, 1985). The alcohol in the country has risen in price, the sale of it was limited. Vineyards were cut down. All this led to the fact that the people began to determine the moonshine and all sorts of alcohol surrogates, and the economy carried more losses. In response, Gorbachev puts forward the slogan "accelerate socio-economic development".
The main events of the Board of Gorbachev were such:
On April 8, 1986, at a speech in Togliatti on the "Volzhsky Automobile Plant" Gorbachev uttered the word "restructuring", it became the slogan of the new era in the USSR.
On May 15, 1986, a campaign of strengthening the fight against emerdic income began (the struggle against tutors, sellers of flowers, chasters).
The Anti-Alcoholic Campaign, which began on May 17, 1985 led to a sharp increase in prices for alcoholic beverages, cutting vineyards, the disappearance of sugar in stores and input cards on sugar, an increase in life expectancy among the population.
The main slogan was the acceleration associated with the promises sharply raise the industry and the well-being of the people in a short time.
The reform of the authorities, the introduction of elections to the Supreme Council and local councils on an alternative basis.
Publicity, the actual removal of party censorship on the media.
Suppression of local national conflicts, in which severe measures were taken (overclocking demonstrations in Georgia, the power overclocking of the rally of young people in Alma-Ata, entering the troops to Azerbaijan, unfolding a long-term conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, the suppression of the separatist aspirations of the Baltic republics).
The Gorbachev period of the Management Board had a sharp decrease in the reproduction of the USSR population.
The disappearance of products from stores, hidden inflation, the introduction of a card system for many foods in 1989 as a result of the pumping of the Soviet economy by non-cash ruble occurred hyperinflation.
At M.S. Gorbachev External debt of the USSR reached a record mark. Debts were taken by Gorbachev under high percentages different countries. With debts, Russia was able to settle only 15 years after removing him from power. The golden stock of the USSR decreased tenfold: from more than 2000 tons to 200.
Politics Gorbachev
CPSU reform, cancellation of a one-party system and removal from the CPSU 
constitutional status of the "leading and organizing power".
Rehabilitation of the victims stalinist repressions, not rehabilitated at.
Weakening control over the socialist camp (Sinatra doctrine). He led to the change of power in most socialist countries, the unification of Germany in 1990. The end of the Cold War in the United States is regarded as the victory of the American block.
Termination of war in Afghanistan and the conclusion of Soviet troops, 1988-1989.
The introduction of Soviet troops against the People's Front of Azerbaijan in Baku, January 1990, the result - more than 130 dead, including women and children.
Hiding from the public of the facts of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP on April 26, 1986
In 1987, the open criticism of Mikhail Gorbachev's actions began.
In 1988, on the XIX part conference, the CPSU officially adopted the resolution "On publicity".
In March 1989, for the first time in the history of the USSR, the free elections of people's deputies were published, as a result of which, not party owners were admitted to power, and representatives of various currents in society.
In May 1989, Gorbachev was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In the same year, Soviet troops started from Afghanistan. In October, the efforts of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev destroyed the Berlin Wall and reunited Germany.
In December, in Malta, as a result of the meeting of Gorbachev and George Bush, the Senior Head of State stated that their countries are no longer opponents.
For the successes and breakthroughs in foreign policy, a serious crisis is hidden within the USSR itself. By 1990, the deficit of food products increased. Local performances began in the republics (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia).
Gorbachev President of the USSR
In 1990, M. Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR on the III Congress of People's Deputies. In the same year, in Paris, the USSR as well as the countries of Europe, the USA and Canada signed the "Charter for New Europe", which actually became the end of the Cold War, which lasted fifty years.
In the same year, most of the USSR republics announced their state sovereignty.
In July 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev gave up his post of Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Boris Yeltsin.
November 7, 1990 there was an unsuccessful attempt on M. Gorbachev.
The same year brought him to receive the Nobel Prize of the World.
In August 1991, an attempt was made in the country (the so-called GKCP). The state began to decay rapidly.
On December 8, 1991, the President of the USSR, Belarus and Ukraine was held in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus). They signed a document on the liquidation of the USSR and on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
In 1992, M.S. Gorbachev became at the head of the International Fund of Socio-Economic and Political Studies (Gorbachev-Fund).
1993 brought a new post - president of the International Environmental Organization "Green Cross".
In 1996, Gorbachev decided to take part in the presidential election, a civil and political movement "Civil Forum" was created. In the 1st round of voting, he drops out of elections by typing less than 1% of the votes.
In 1999 she died from cancer.
In 2000, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev became the leader of the Russian United Social Democratic Party, Chairman of the NTV Public Supervisory Board.
In 2001, Gorbachev began to shoot a documentary on the politicians of the twentieth century, who personally took an interview.
In the same year, his Russian United Social Democratic Party united with the Russian Party of Social Democracy (RPSD) K. Titova, the Social Democratic Party of Russia was formed.
In March 2003, the book of M. Gorbachev "The Edge of Globalization" was published, written by several authors under his leadership.
Gorbachev was married 1 time. Spouse: Raisa Maksimovna, nee Titarenko. Children: Irina Gorbacheva (Virganskaya). Granddaughters - Ksenia and Anastasia. Grandmother - Alexander.
Years of the Board Gorbachev - Results
With the activities of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev as head of the CPSU and the USSR, a large-scale attempt to reform in the USSR is connected - restructuring ending with the decay of the Soviet Union, as well as the end of the Cold War. The reign of M. Gorbachev is estimated by researchers and contemporaries ambiguously.
Conservative politicians criticize him for economic destruction, the collapse of the Union and other consequences of the restructuring invented by him.
Radical policies put him in guilt the inconsistency of reforms and attempt to preserve the former administrative command system and socialism.
Many Soviet, post-Soviet and foreign politicians and journalists assessed positively reforms of Gorbachev, democracy and publicity, the end of the Cold War, the unification of Germany. The assessment of the activities of M. Gorbachev abroad for the former Soviet Union is more positive and less controversial character than in the post-Soviet space.
List of works written by M.Gorbachev:
"A TIME FOR PEACE" (1985)
"The COMING CENTURY OF PEACE" (1986)
"Peace Has No Alternative" (1986)
"MORATORIUM" (1986)
"Favorite speeches and articles" (TT. 1-7, 1986-1990)
"Perestroika: new thinking for our country and for the whole world" (1987)
"The August Patch. Causes and consequences "(1991)
"December-91. My position "(1992)
"Years of difficult solutions" (1993)
"Life and reform" (2 tons, 1995)
"Reformers are not happy" (dialogue with Zenek Mlnarge, in Czech Yaz., 1995)
"I want to warn ..." (1996)
"Moral Lessons of the twentieth century" in 2 volumes (dialogue with D. Ikada, in Japanese, German, French Yaz., 1996)
"Reflections by Ob. October revolution"(1997)
"New thinking. Policy policies (co-authorship with V. Zagadin and A. Chernyaev, on it. Yaz., 1997)
"Reflections on the past and future" (1998)
"Understand the restructuring ... why it is important now" (2006)
During his reign, Gorbachev received nicknames "Bear", "Humpback", "Mishka Lyricted", "Mineral Secretary", "Lemonada Joe", "Gorby".
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev played himself in the art film Wim Wenders "So far, so close!" (1993) and participated in a number of other documentaries.
In 2004, he received the Grammy Award for the voicing of the musical fairy tale Sergei Prokofiev "Peter and Wolf" together with Sophie Lauren and Bill Clinton.
Mikhail Gorbachev is marked by many prestigious foreign awards and premiums:
Prize them. Indira Gandhi for 1987
Award "Golden Pigeon for Peace" for the contribution to the case of peace and disarmament, Rome, November 1989.
The Peace Prize them. Albert Einstein for a huge contribution to the struggle for peace and mutual understanding between nations (Washington, June 1990)
Honorary Award "Historical Worker" of an influential religious organization of the United States - "Conscience Conscription Foundation" (Washington, June 1990)
International Peace Prize. Martin Luther King "For World without violence of 1991"
Benjamin Prize M. Cardoso "For Democracy" (New York, USA, 1992)
International Prize "Golden Pegas" (Tuscany, Italy, 1994)
Tsar David Tsar (USA, 1997) and a lot of others.
Awarded with such orders and medals: the Order of the Red Banner of the Red Banner, 3 of the Order of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Honor Sign, the Golden Commemorative Medal of Belgrade (Yugoslavia, March 1988), Silver Medal of the National Institute of Poland for outstanding contribution to development and strengthening international cooperation, friendship and interaction between the Poland and the USSR (Poland, July 1988), a commemorative medal Sorbonne, Rome, Vatican, USA, "Star of the Hero" (Israel, 1992), Golden Medal of Thessaloniki (Greece, 1993), Golden Sign of the University of Oviedo (Spain, 1994), Republic of Korea, Order of the Association of Latin American Unity in Korea "Big Cross Simon Bolivar for Unity and Freedom" (Republic of Korea, 1994).
Gorbachev - Cavalier of the Big Cross of the Order of St. Agatha (San Marino, 1994) and Cavalier of the Big Cross Order of Freedom (Portugal, 1995).
Speaking at different universities in the world, with lectures in the form of stories about the USSR, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev also has honorary titles and honorary degrees, mainly as a good messenger and peacemaker.
And also is an honorary citizen of many foreign cities, among which Berlin, Florence, Dublin, etc.
Born on March 2, 1931 in p. Promotable Krasnogvardeisky district, Stavropol Territory, in the peasant family. Father - Gorbachev Sergey Andreevich. Mother - Gorbachev (Urban. Gopkalo) Maria Panteleevna. Spouse - Gorbachev (Urbattarenko) Rais Maximovna.
Daughter - Irina Mikhailovna, works in Moscow. Granddaughters - Ksenia and Anastasia.
He graduated from the Law Faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (1955) and the Faculty of Economics of the Stavropol Agricultural Institute (in absentia, 1967) in the specialty agronomist-economist.
From the age of 13, periodically combined his studies at school with work in MTS and in collective farm. From 15 years he worked as an assistant combiner of a machine-tractor station. In 1952 he was adopted in the CPSU. From 1955 to 1991 - on Komsomol and party work: 1955-1962 - Deputy Head of the propaganda and agitation department of Stavropol Territory of the VLKSM; First Secretary of the Stavropol Gorkom Komsomol, the second, then the first secretary of the Stavropol Territory VLKSM.
From March 1962 - Porthrag of the CPSU of the Stavropol Territorial and Production Kolkhozoological Council. Since 1963 - Head of the Party Authority of the Stavropol Rural Territory of the CPSU, Head of the Parkanov Department of the Stavropol Territory of the CPSU. In September 1966 he was elected first secretary of the Stavropol City Council. From August 1968 - the second, and from April 1970 - the first secretary of the Stavropol Territory of the CPSU.
In 1971-1991 - Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In November 1978, he was elected secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. From 1979 to 1980 - Candidate of Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, from October 1980 to August 1991 - Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, from December 1989 to June 1990 - Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU, from March 1985 to August 1991 - Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In connection with the August Putch in 1991, there was his authority.
He was elected by the delegate of XXII (1961), XXIV (1971) and all subsequent (1976, 1981, 1986, 1990) CPSU congresses. In 1970-1989 - Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 8-11 convocations. Member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - 1985-1988; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - 1988 (October) -1989 (May). Chairman of the Commission on Youth Affairs Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1974-1979); Chairman of the Commission of the Legislative Assumptions Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1979-1984); Chairman of the Commission for foreign affairs Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1984-1985); People's Deputy of the USSR from the CPSU - 1989 (March) -1990 (March); Chairman of the Supreme Council of the USSR (formed by the Congress of People's Deputies) - 1989 (May) -1990 (March); Deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR 10-11 convocations.
March 15, 1990 M.S. Gorbachev was elected president of the USSR. At the same time, until December 1991 was the chairman of the USSR Defense Council, the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
On December 25, 1991, M.S. Gorbachev opposed the country's dismemberment and resolved the powers of the head of state. From January 1992 to the present - President International Foundation socio-economic and political research (Gorbachev-Fund). At the same time from March 1993 - President of the International Green Cross.
An outstanding state and politician, M.S. Gorbachev marked the beginning of the restructuring, reform of the Soviet society and the improvement of the international situation. In the recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important composite part The life of the international community, October 15, 1990, he was awarded the Nobel Prize of the World.
It is also marked by many other prestigious foreign awards and premiums: Award named Indira Gandhi for 1987 (I was presented on November 19, 1988, India), the Golden Pigeon for Peace for the contribution of the world and disarmament (Pacific organization Italian Documentation Center For disarmament and national League of Cooperatives, Rome, November 1989), the Peace Prize. Albert Einstein for a huge contribution to the struggle for peace and mutual understanding between nations (Washington, June 1990), Honorary Award "Historical Worker" of an influential religious organization USA - "Foundation Conscience Conscription" (Washington, June 1990), International Peace Prize Martin Luther King "For World without violence of 1991" For his outstanding role in the struggle for peace worldwide and human rights (Washington, June 1990), the International Prize "Fiugges" (Fusion Foundation, acting in Italy ) As "man, whose activities in political and social regions can serve as an exceptional example of the struggle for human rights approval" (Italy, 1990), Benjamin Award M. Cardoso "For Democracy" (University of Enshiv, New York, USA, 1992 G.), Prize Sir Winston Churchill as a sign of the recognition of the contribution to the world in the Middle East (United Kingdom, 1993), "La Pleiada" award (Piacenza, Italy, 1993), International Journalist-Literary Prize (Modena, Italy, 1993), "Hero of the Year" Asso Citations of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs of the province of Bologna (Italy, 1993), the International Prize "Golden Pegasus" (Tuscany, Italy, 1994), Genoese University Prize (Italy, 1995), Tsar David's premium (USA, 1997 .), ENROK Award Institute of Baker for outstanding services to society (Houston, USA, 1997), the "Milestone" award of the Weekly "Politics" (Poland, 1997), Budapest Club Prize (Frankfurt am Main, FRG, 1997), Comet Premium (Germany, 1998), Prize of the International Women's Zionist Organization (Miami, USA, 1998), National Prize of Freedom for Combat against oppression (Memphis, USA, 1998).
M.S. Gorbachev was awarded the Order of the Labor Red Banner, three orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the "Honor Sign", medals, as well as numerous foreign awards, including: Golden Memoral Medal Belgrade (Yugoslavia, March 1988), Silver Medal Seimas PNP for an outstanding contribution to the development and strengthening of international cooperation, friendship and interaction between the Poland and the USSR (Poland, July 1988), a commemorative medal of Sorbonne (Paris, July 1989), a memorial medal of the municipality of Rome (November 1989), commemorative Vatican Medal (December 1, 1989), "Freedom Medal Freedom Franklin Delaware Roosevelt" (Washington, June 1990), "Star of Hero" University Ben-Gurion (Israel, 1992), Gold Medal of the Athens National Technical University "Prometause" ( Greece, 1993), Golden Medal of G. Saloniki (Greece, 1993), International award-winning State Affairs Director "Council of Philadelphia for World Problems" (USA, 1993), Golden Sign of the University of Oviedo (Spanish Iia, 1994), the Order of the Association of Latin American Unity in Korea "Big Cross Simon Bolivar for Unity and Freedom" (Republic of Korea, 1994), the Order of the Big Cross of St. Agatha (San Marino, 1994), a big cross Order of Freedom (Portugal, 1995), a commemorative award "Gate of Freedom" in honor of the 10th anniversary of the provision of the Jews of the former USSR opportunity to emigrate freely (Israel Bonds, New York, 1998).
M.S. Gorbachev has titles of Honorary Doctor of Humanitarian Sciences of the University of Virginia (USA, 1993) and an honorary doctor in the field of leadership of the Jipston School of Leadership (Richmond, USA, 1993), Honorary degrees: Madrid Autonomous University (Spain, Madrid, October 1990), University "Compluten" (Spain, Madrid, October 1990), University of Buenos Aires (Argentina, 1992), University of Kuyo (Mendoza, Argentina 1992), University K. Mendez (Brazil, 1992), University of Chile ( Chile, 1992), University Anauak (Mexico, 1992), University Bar-Ilyan (Israel, 1992), University Ben-Gurion (Israel, 1992), University of Emory (Atlanta, USA, 1992), University of Pandion ( Piraeus, Greece, 1993), Institute international law and international relations With Aristotel University (Thessaloniki, Greece, 1993), Faculty of the Rights of Aristotelian University (Thessaloniki, Greece, 1993), University of Bristol (England, 1993), University of Calgary (Canada, 1993), University of Karlton (Canada, 1993), Juoka Gakkai International (VLP. IKED) (Japan, 1993), University of Kung Khi (Republic of Korea, 1995), University of Dongham (England, 1995), Modern University of Lissabon (Portugal, 1995), University of Juoka (Japan , 1997), University of Tromsse (Norway, 1998), as well as an honorary citizen of cities: Berlin (Germany, 1992), Aberdeen (United Kingdom, 1993), Piraenment (Greece, 1994), Florence (Italy, 1994 .), Sesto San Giovanni (Italy, 1995), Kardamila (Chios Island, Greece, 1995), El Paso (key from the city) (USA, 1998).
He is the author of the books: "A Time for Peace" (1985), "The COMING Century of Peace" (1986), "Peace Has No Alternative" (1986), "Moratorium" (1986), " Selected speeches and articles "(TT. 1-7, 1986-1990)," Perestroika: new thinking for our country and for the whole world "(1987)," Augusta Patch. Causes and consequences "(1991 ), "December-91. My position" (1992), "years of difficult decisions" (1993), "Life and reform" (2 tons, 1995), "Reformers are not happy" (dialogue With Zenek Mlnarzhem, in Czech Yaz., 1995), "I want to warn ..." (1996), "Moral Lessons of the twentieth century" in 2 TT. (Dialogue with D. Xadea, in Japanese, German, French Yaz., 1996), "Reflections on the October Revolution" (1997), "New Thinking. Policy policy" (in collaboration with V. Zhagradin and A. Chernyaev, on it. Yaz., 1997 ), "Reflections on the past and future" (1998) and other numerous publications in scientific collections and periodic press.
Lives and works in Moscow.
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich
Date of Birth: 2 March 1931. Place of Birth: Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeisky Dist., Stavropol TerryTory, Russia
Profession: Politician.
Married on: 09/25/1953. To: Raisa Titarenko (NOW GORBACHEVA)
Number of Children: One. Daughter: Irina.
Details of Education: Faculty of Law, Moscow State Univ. 1955, Stavropol Agric. Inst. 1967;
CAREER TO DATE: Machine Operator 1946; JoinD CPSU 1952; Depeuty Head, Dept. Of Propaganda Stavropol Komsomol Territoryal Cttee. 1955-56; FIRST SEC. Stavropol Komsomol City Cttee. 1956-58; SECOND, THEN FIRST SEC. Komsomol Territoryal Cttee. 1958-62; Party Organizer, Stavropol Territorial Production BD. Of Collective and State Farms 1962; Head Dept. Of Party Bodies of CPSU Territoryal Cttee. 1963-66; FIRST SEC. Stavropol City Party Cttee. 1966-68; Second Sec. Stavropol Territoryal CPSU CTTEE. 1968-70, FIRST SEC. 1970-78; mem. CPSU CEN. Cttee. 1971-91, sec. 1978-85, alt. mem. Political Bureau CPSU, Cen. Cttee. 1979-80, MEM. 1980-91, Gen. SEC. CPSU CEN. Cttee. 1985-91; Del. to CPSU Congresses 1961, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1990;
Depety Supreme Soviet of UsSr. 1970-89 (Chair. Foreign Affairs Comm., Soviet of the Union 1984-85), MEM. Presidium 1985-88, Chair. 1988-89; DEPUTY SUPREME SOVIET OF RSFSR. 1980-1990; Elected to Congress of People's Deputies of The USSR. 1989, Chair. SUPREME SOVIET 1989-90; Pres. of USSR. 1990-91, Chair Defence COUNSIL;
Head int. Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies, 1992-; Head int. Green Cross 1993-;
Publications: A Time for Peace 1985, the CENTURY CENTURY OF PEACE 1986, Speeches and Writings (7 Vol.) 1986-90, Peace Has No Alternative 1986, Moratorium 1986, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and The World 1987, The August Coup (ITS Cause and Results) 1991, Deceptber-91. My Stand 1992, The Years of Hard Decisions 1993, Life and Reforms 1995, Reflections on the past and the future 1998, Moscow (in Russian) etc.
Honours and Awards: Nobel Peace Prize 1990; Recipient Indira Gandhi Award, 1987, Peace Award WORLD METH. Coun., 1990, Albert Schweitzer Leadership Award, Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 1992, Hon. Citizen of Berlin 1992; Freeman of Aberdeen 1993; etc., more than 40.
Order of Lenin (Three Times), Orders of Red Banner of Labour, Badge of Honour and Other Medals (USSR).
Honourary Degrees: Of More Than 30 Universities.
Hobbies and Interests: Theater, Music, Cinema, Strolls.
