What is an enclave and an exclave
Enclave - This is a geographical term, which is called countries whose territory is completely surrounded by the boundaries of another state.
What is an enclave in geography simple words with examples.
Anclava is called small countries or territories that are fully in the territory of another country. Vatican serve as the best example of the enclave. As you can see in the picture below, the Vatican is located almost in the center of Rome, Italy. Nevertheless, it does not prevent him from being a separate administrative unit with its rules and laws.
For reference: The Vatican is the smallest officially recognized state in the world.
What is the difference between the enclave, an exclave and half-kiss?
Quite often, together with the term "enclave", you can hear two other terms - this is an exclave and half-channel. All these terms are closely related to each other in the main concept and differ only in the details of positioning and affiliation of the territory. To make it easier for us to understand the meaning of these words, it should be considered more details that such an exclave is and what is Polianklav.
- Exclave - This is not independent ( some country belonging) The region, which for some reason is geographically distinguished from the parent state and is completely surrounded by one or more countries. As an example, the Kaliningrad region of Russia can be given. In essence, this territory is part of Russian FederationBut it is far enough from the main part of Russia. It should be noted that the enclaves as general concept, most often and exclaves.
- Polianklaw or half ancussion - This is part of the territory that is not completely surrounded by other states and has its own access to the sea. It follows from this that Russia mentioned as an example of the Kaliningrad region is actually half ancussion, since in the west it is washed by the Baltic Sea.
In cases where the enclave is an exclave, the parent state concludes agreements with the countries around this remote territory. Such agreements contain a guarantee that exclave citizens will not be isolated from the world and will be able to move and foreign trade. In addition, sometimes some military aspects are included in the Agreement, such as the protection of airspace and the like.
Sometimes it happens that if the inhabitants of the enclave or exclave adopted the culture and language of their country around them, then they can lobby their interests on merging with this state to one whole.
How and why appear anklava?
Simple and unambiguous answer to this question simply does not exist. There may be hundreds of different reasons for the formation of enclaves, however, we will try to bring the most common.
Many enclaves were formed when official national borders were drawn up, which sometimes led to the emergence of people of another nationality, locked in the borders of a foreign country. This often led to political upheavals, as people in Anklava could be cut off from their maternal nation. In such cases, decisions were made in favor of allowing such people the opportunity to form their own dwarf State. This method of solving problems has removed the emerging stress between different cultures and peoples.
In many former colonies, the enclaves exist in large quantities. In India, for example, there are more than 80 Bangladesh enclaves. As can be seen from this example, the appearance similar formations served as colonial or glittering wars of the past.
Sometimes there are cases of informal enclaves, which arise for the reasons for the accumulation of emigrants of one nationality at the site of the territory of a certain state. As an example, you can consider the Chinese Quarter in San Francisco, known as Chinatown. In full understanding of the term Anklav, it is impossible to name it, but in rare cases, this definition applies to the designation of cluster religious or ethnic groups within a larger settlement.
Categories: , / / OzQuestion
How correct: Kaliningrad region - enclave or exclave?
- Ankla B. (Enques) (from Franz. enclave., from Late. inclavere. - lock on the key; Lat. clavis - key). IN international Law enclave - the territory or part of the territory of the state, surrounded by the territory of any other state from all sides. For example, the Republic of San Marino in Italy. If the enclave has a seashore, then it is called polianklav. Polvanklav was Eastern Prussia in the period 1919-1939. The Kaliningrad region is also semi-bypass, since from all sides the territory of this area is surrounded by the territory of other states and the area has a seashore (port). In the unprofessional speech, the Kaliningrad region is called an enclave.
- Exclating B. (from lat. eX. - out clavis - Key) - part of the territory of the state, geographically distant from the main and surrounded by the territory of other countries.
To be terminologically accurate, the Kaliningrad region for Russians - exclave, and for other countries (and as an object of international law) - enclave. But in everyday life, the Kaliningrad region is called an enclave.
Cm .
on the Internet: "Kaliningradsky Exclaus; Kaliningradsky Exclave and European Mainland(RG) ;
To whom an enclave, and to whom - an exclave (The title of Article A. Privalov in the journal "Expert" 21.08.2001);
See an interesting discussion on the forum www.2.kaskad-info.ru (06.06.2002):
"Docom in our respected press will be called us exclarative
! This, of course, is not a mat, but you are reading children! Yes, there is no such word in Russian! there is enclave
! To the one who finds in any Russian dictionary word exclave
- Sliding the restaurant! Journalists - Keep the Russian language, and without you there is someone to the cavity. Vasich.
Vasilić, thanks for the restaurant, but it's you, perhaps, drove up, so I do not insist. Both words " enclave
"And" exclave
"There is in any good explanatory dictionary: Exclave
- A separate part of the territory, geographically isolated from the main part of its state and surrounded by someone else's territory. Exclave. Lat. EX. - out +. Clavis - The key Anclave is part of the territory of another state, surrounded by the territory of its state. Enklave Lat.en - inside + Clavis - Key. Accordingly, in relation to Russia, Kaliningrad - precisely exclave
. And it is the journalists who finally helped politicians find our area the correct definition. I, on the contrary, always cobbled when dear Yu.S. Mastecin called Kaliningrad Anklava of Russia in Europe.
Do not argue guys! As a geographer, I note: the main difference Anklav
from exclave
is that exclave
- Not just a territory, surrounded by its state with the territories of other states, but also has access to the sea! That is our area - it is exchange.
In my opinion, this is from the series "Where to look". What is the difference between immigrants and emigrants? Some come, others leave ... maybe here and here - for us it enclave
, and for them exchange.
It seems to me, Julia that enclave
(exclave
), which has access to the sea, is called polianklav
(half ancussion
)»
.
I wonder what the word enclave First recorded in the dictionary of foreign words "ed. I. V. Lechina and F. N. Petrov (M., 1964). In BSE (T. 2) there is also an article enclave, and in volume 30th - sending article enchnoth, but articles exclave No even in this extensive encyclopedia.
For the first time exclavefixed in the "Great Dictionary of Russian Language" ed. S. A. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg., 1998).
Right
as an object of international law and in relation to other countries Kaliningrad region - enclave, or rather - polianklaw. For the Russian side, Kaliningrad region - exclave. In journalism, in use is correct - an enclave.
Enclave (from Lat. Inclavo - lock on the key, FR. ENCLAVE) - the territory or part of the territory of any state, fully surrounded by the land area of \u200b\u200banother state or several states that does not have access to the sea. The enclave is an integral part of the territory of the state to which belongs. If part of the territory of any state is surrounded by partly the territory of another state, and partially maritime territories, i.e. has access to the sea, it is polianklav . The presence of anclays entails certain international legal consequences related, for example, with the right to travel through the territory of another country, as well as with other vital problems of the existence of the anklav and its inhabitants. Such issues are solved on the basis of an agreement between interested states.
Exclave (from lat. Ex - Outside + Clavis - key) - part of the territory of the state that does not have common borders with its main part and completely surrounded by someone else's territory. At the same time, the exclave may have a border with both one and several states.
Anklava and exclaves
Figure 1: C - Anclave of the country A, surrounded by its territory. He is - the exclave of the country B.
Figure 2: D - the exclave of the country B, surrounded by the territory of countries A and C
An exclave, not fully surrounded by someone else's territory, and having access to the sea, is called half ancussion.
An exclave (half ancusslav) can simultaneously be called and an enclave (Polianklav) only if we are talking about a part of the territory, surrounded (in whole or in part) of the territory of only one state.
Russia is surrounded by the Baltic Sea, Poland and Lithuania, and therefore, is a Russian half ancussion, but is not a half-kiss.
Alaska is simultaneously semi-eksklava in the United States and American Polianklava towards Canada, as it only borders with it.
Ceuta and Melilla - Spanish semi-ware and semi-klava towards Morocco.
The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, which is part of Azerbaijan, is surrounded by Armenia, Iran and Turkey, and therefore Nakhichevan is an exclave of Azerbaijan, but not an enclave.
The Ukrainian city of Slavutych with surrounding territories belongs to the Kiev region, being surrounded by the territory of the Chernihiv region from all sides; Thus, Slavutich is the exclusion of the Kiev region and its enclave in the Chernigov region.
The city of Zelenograd is administratively part of Moscow, but from all sides is surrounded by the territory of the Moscow region, and therefore is an exclave of Moscow and the Anclaus of Moscow in the Moscow region.
Moscow itself is an enclave in the Moscow region, but not an exclave.
The Republic of Adygea, from all sides of the surrounded Krasnodar TerritoryAlso is only an enclave on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory.
State-Anklava
(Enclave in Italy)
(Enclave in Italy)
(Anclaw in South Africa)
Brunei (Polianklav in relation to Malaysia)
East Timor (Polianklav in relation to Indonesia)
Gambia (Polianklav in relation to Senegal)
Monaco (Polianklav in relation to France)
Portugal (Polianklav in relation to Spain)
Denmark (Polianklav in relation to Germany, has a naval border with Sweden)
Canada (Polianklav in relation to the United States, has a naval border with the Danish territory of Greenland and the French Islands Saint-Pierre and Miquelon)
Qatar (Polianklav in relation to Saudi Arabia, has a naval border with Bahrain and the UAE)
Republic of Korea (Polianklav in relation to the DPRK, has a naval border with Japan)
Papua - New Guinea (Polianklav in relation to Indonesia, has a naval border with Australia and Solomon Islands)
Dominican Republic - Haiti (Mutual Polianklava)
Ireland - United Kingdom (Mutual Polianklava, United Kingdom has a naval border with France)
Anklava territory
Azerbaijani exclaves
Seek Kyharki, Upper Askiapara, Lower Askiapara, Breasterly, Sofula and Kyzylhajyli (Anklava in Armenia), as well as the village of Zyuguloba (Anklav in Russia).
Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic - Azerbaijan Republican Republic, bordering Armenia, Iran and Turkey.
Akrotiri and Decolery - the territory in Cyprus, which are under the actual jurisdiction of the UK and the military objects engaged in military objects.
Alaska is an American semi-oxclava, washed by the waters of the Arctic Ice and Pacific Oceans; Borders with Canada and is a half-water.
Artswan - Armenian village in Azerbaijan.
Bangladesh Anklava - 92 Bangladesh Sela-exclave in India.
Barak - Kyrgyz village in Uzbekistan.
Busingen-on-upper-rail - German exclave (7.62 km²), fully surrounded by the Swiss territory: from three sides by the Swiss Canton Schaffhausen and from the south - the cantons of Rhine-Zurich and Turgau. It has a population of about 1450 inhabitants. The city is separated from Germany only a narrow jumper, less than 1 km in its narrow part, on which the Swiss village of Dorflingen is located.
Gibraltar - Polianklav on the coast of Spain, belonging to the UK. Separated from the Spanish territory with a neutral zone.
Guantanamo - the territory on the coast of Cuba, over which the sovereignty of the United States is actually installed.
Jaber (Jabber Keslei) - Turkish castle in Syria; In accordance with the Turkish-French agreement, 1921 is considered to be the Turkish territory.
Dubrovnik - a city in the Croatian causing of Dubrovnik-Nretetva, washed by the Adriatic Sea; Borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Indian Anklava - 106 Indian villages in Bangladesh.
Indonesian half-wares: Western New Guinea ( Papua New Guinea), Eastern Small Stern Islands (East Timor), Kalimantan (Malaysia).
Spanish half-wares are Cities of Ceuta, Melilla, as well as Penon-de-Veles de la Gomera Penonov-de-Laera peninsula in Morocco, washed by the Mediterranean Sea.
Cabinda - Halfish Angola, washed by the Atlantic Ocean; bordered by the Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic Congo.
Campiona-D "Italy is an Italian town in Switzerland.
Musandam - Omansky half-screen in the UAE. By the end of the XIII century, Omanites managed an extensive empire. At the peak of its development in the XIX century, during the board of Sultan Said Bin Sultan, Oman controlled Mombasu and Zanzibar and managed the commercial points on the African coast. As a result of the decomposition of the empire in the second half of the XIX century, Oman lost her previous position, but continued to control the Musandam, when the United Arab Emirates were formed there. See also: possessing Muscat and Oman.
Okushi-ambeno - Eastern Timor seed, washing the sea Sava; It borders only with Indonesia, and hence, in relation to her half-channel.
Russian exclaves
Sanko-bear seed in Belarus. The villages of Herakhuba and Ureanoba in Azerbaijan.
Dubki - half ancussion of Russia, separated by the territory of Estonia. In relation to the Estonia itself is a half-kiss.
Kaliningrad region is a Russian half-screen who has access to the Baltic Sea and bordering Lithuania and Poland.
Sababi - Ekslav Bosnia and Hergegovina in Serbia.
The Gaza Strip is half ancussion, the territory on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, highlighted by the UN for the Arab State of Palestine. Borders with Israel and Egypt.
Saint-Martin - Semi-Escislav France in the northern part of the Island of the eponymous island included in the Netherlands Antilles. It is also a half-water.
Tajik exclaves - this village Warm (Anclave in Kyrgyzstan), as well as villages Kairagach and Sarvan (Anklava in Uzbekistan).
Tembourond - Semi-Eurex Brunei, washed by the South China Sea; It borders only with Malaysia, that is, he is a half-kiss in relation to it.
Cheeseumu and Forecom - Malawi Islands, located in the territorial waters of Mozambique.
Used sources:
1. Pioss.net
2. Enc-dic.com.
3. Big Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia 1969-1978
4. Big Economic Dictionary Borisov AB, M.: Book World, 2008
The state or part of it, from all sides, surrounded by the territory of another state. The population and the economy of the enclave states and territories are depending on the political and economic conditions of transit on ter. their neighbors. Geography. Modern encyclopedia
Anclave - What does this concept mean? The word comes from the Latin Inclavo, which is translated as "locking the key". Apply this term to the territory or to a part of a state, which is characterized by the following features:
Does not have access to the sea;
- It is in complete environment of the land territory of another country or several.
Political affiliation
Enclave - What is this territory? It is an integral part of the state to which belongs. Sometimes this territory has a partial way out to the sea. Then it is called half-channel or coastal enclave.
The presence of a separate part of the country's territory implies some of the associated international legal relations. For example, to get into the area, which is an enclave, it is necessary to drive through the territory of another state. In addition, vital problems may appear in such a region to be solved for its normal existence. All issues arising, as a rule, are solved when signing contracts between stakeholders.
Varieties
What is an enclave? The definition of this concept was already given. Speaking easier, it is a piece of one country, which is located inside another. However, there are cases when there is another separate island on any separate territory. This formation is called a second order enclave. In such a situation, in order to get to a part of the country, which is inside, it will be necessary to cross the two borders.
There is another similar concept - an exclave. It relates to an incomplete region, which is separated from the main territory of the state and is surrounded by other countries. At the same time, half ancussia has access to the sea.
The same separated region can be called differently. For the country, which he belongs, he will be an exclave. Other states consider it an enclave. The same terminology exists for half-adhesives and seeds.
Examples
There is a sufficiently large number of territories and settlements, which can be said that this is an enclave. An example of this can serve Sankovo-bearish, located in Belarus on the territory of administratively, it refers to the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation. For Russia, Sankovo-bearish is an exclave, and for Belarus - Anclave.
Another example is Alaska. This territory is considered to be a semi-specialist of the United States and Polianklaw Canada. TO Mediterranean Sea. Melilla and Ceut have access. These are half-klava for Morocco and half-ware for Spain. At Cape is the village of Dubka. It is separated from Russia Estonian territory. Consequently, it is half ancusslav from the point of view of Russia and Polianklav by Estonia.
Country-Anklava
The term indicating the separation of the territory can be applied not only to the part separated from the main state. This concept is used in a somewhat different interpretation. In world practice, there are enclave states. For them, the term "exclave" is not used.
The ambulance state is such countries whose territory is fully surrounded by another country. At the same time, they do not have access to the sea. There are three such states in the world. The list includes San Marino and Vatican. These countries are inside Italy. The third state-Anklava is considered Lesotho. It is located on the territory of South Africa. The Maltese Order is endowed with some signs of statehood. It owns the territory inside Italy.
In world practice there are semi-klava states. They have access to the sea. An example is Brunei. Surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea. Another Polvanklav state is Portugal. It is surrounded by the territory of Spain and has access to the Atlantic Ocean.
Polvanklav is considered to be a certain part of Fort Sant-Angelo, which is located in Malta and belongs to the Maltese Order.
Settlements
What is an enclave? The definition given above refers to this concept not only by the state. It concerns the territory of settlements. Thus, the German Anclav Busingen-on-Upper-Rane city is completely surrounded by the Swiss territory. The number of its population is almost one and a half thousand people. From Germany, the city separates only the land strip, whose width is less than one kilometer. Moreover, on the narrowest part of this jumper is a Swiss village, which is called Dorflingen. In 1918, a referendum was held in Busingen. On it, ninety-six percent of residents voted for the entry into Switzerland. However, this did not happen. Switzerland failed to offer Germany anything instead.
There is a city-Anklav and Ukraine. This is a Slavutych. The locality And the territory adjacent to it is administratively belonging to the Kiev region. However, on all sides, it is surrounded by the lands that are subordinate to the Chernigov authorities.
Administratively, Moscow includes the city of Zelenograd. However, its territory is separated from the capital. Surrounding Zelenograd Moscow region.
Life of Anklavov
Why arise sovereign territories of one state in the other? Enclave - What is it? Anomaly? After all, this is a region, to get to which you can only with the intersection of another state. At the same time, it is uncomfortable for the functioning of the economy and administrative management. In addition, the very existence of an enclave contradicts the idea of \u200b\u200bthe continuity of the national state. It would seem that any country would just be happy to get rid of the territory separated with him. However, this does not happen in practice. The zones of many enclaves are very persistent even before the threat of war, changes in economic systems or borders. In addition, the enclaves of the world are increasing. A large number of such territories appeared after decay Soviet Union. Almost twenty new enclaves arose during that period in Asia and Europe.
From the point of view of the economic sphere, the enclave is torn off from maternal states. In such unusual conditions, one of them succeeds to flourish, and others come into decay. For example, Hong Kong. By the time the transition under the sovereignty of the PRC, he became a bright model of global globalization and free trade.
On the basis of developed trade and tourism, small enclaves are flourished in Western Europe. Among them, Belgian Baarle Hertog, Austrian Jungholz and Italian Campiona. The American Point Roberts has achieved the same success. However, there are other examples.
Practically two hundred Indo-Bangladesh territories-enclaves suffer from poverty and have no electricity. Separate territories in the Fergana Valley, despite the presence of fertile lands and magnificent landscapes, are much worse than those surrounding their neighbors. In an intermediate position there are the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation, as well as Spanish Melilla and Ceut. For its economic well-being, they are endowed with federal subsidies and benefits.
Sea territories
Russia belongs an enclave in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. This territory is fifty-two thousand square kilometers, recognized by the UN part of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation.
This enclave is in the center Sea Okhotsk. Earlier, all the impressive territory was considered the open sea. Here they could freely and move the vessels of all states of the world. In November 2013, Russia has proved its rights to the water area, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is more than the territory of Belgium, Switzerland and Holland. At the moment, this enclave is the inland Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Federation. In its territory, Russia's requirements for the fishery must be carried out ambient, safety, etc.
The concept of ethnic enclaves
There are certain territories on which one people live compactly surrounded by territory inhabited by others. Such places are ethnic enclaves. These territories are usually considered sources of tension. For example, Somali ethnic enclave in Ethiopia.
Causes of appearance
Ethnic enclaves arise over a variety of reasons. Such formations become a consequence of the following processes:
Migration of whole ethnic communities;
- the desire for a compact settlement in alien to her;
- Forced territorial concentration of a certain nationality.
Naukograd
In the Moscow region there is a kind of enclave - Dubna, the city, in the territory of which a special economic zone of a technically embedded type has been created. This status is enshrined for this country in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, which was signed on December 21, 2005.
In the boundaries of the site of this zone, preferential mode is used for taxation in the field of conducting technical and innovative activities.
The history of Dubna, located on both shores of the Great Volga, began in 1956. This settlement is located near Moscow, a hundred and twenty kilometers to the north, at the border with the Tver region. CO is connected by Dmitrovsky highway, water and railway. A hundred kilometers from Dubna is Sheremetyevo Airport.
The city has world fame as a major scientific center. In Dubna, there is a Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. This is an intergovernmental international research institution, which cooperates with almost 200 world scientific centers. Scientists working in JINR, in the entire history of the existence of the Institute, made about forty different discoveries in the field of nuclear physics.
The city has great scientific and production potential. Its institutions there is a modern laboratory testing and scientific base, high-tech production facilities that are serviced by a highly skilled staff. Dubna provides the priority of the Russian Federation in the field of applied and fundamental science, security, defense, instrument making, communications and medical equipment.
