Jan Amos Komensei - Great Czech teacher, writer, humanist and public figure. Brief Biography Kamensky Yang Amos Komensky Biography

1884-1961

Born in 5 (17) of April 1884
At eleven years, Kamensky began writing poetry.
According to family circumstances, Vasily had to leaving their studies to get a job in the accounting department of Perm railway.
In 1902, Kamensky, fascinated by the theater, decided to try himself as an actor.
The acting path led Kamensky to Nikolaev, in the troupe V. Meyerhold. Once Vasily, finding that the poetic monologue in one of his roles is not good, wrote poems that he read at rehearsals. After that, Meyerhold advised him to quit the theater and devote himself to literature.
After following his advice, Kamensky went home, where in 1904 began to cooperate in the newspaper " Perm region", Publishing poems and notes. In the newspaper, he met local Marxists who had determined his further left beliefs. He led the campaign work in the railway workshops and led the strike committee, for which it was in prison. Freeding, went on a trip to Istanbul and Tehran.

In 1907, he passed the exam at the certificate of view in St. Petersburg, studied agronomy, and from 1908 he worked as deputy editor-in-chief in the journal "Spring", where he met prominent metropolitan poets and writers, including with futurists (Burlukuk who studied painting, breadpad and others).
In 1911 he went abroad, Berlin and Paris, for learning a latched case, visited London and Vienna on the way back, then there was a short time by the aviators, one of the first in the country mastered the Blerio XI monooplan. Introduced a new meaning of the word "aircraft".
In 1913, he moved to Moscow, where he joined the group "Cubobuturists" and actively participated in its activities (in particular, in the publication of a collection of poems "Sadok judges").
In 1914, he became the editor of the "first magazine of Russian futurists", which published David Burlyuk; Together with Burluk and Mayakovsky, actively traveled around the country with speeches and in the future often played with readings of their futuristic works. One half of the poetic collections go into the world.

October Revolution Kamensky perceived with delight, like most other futurists.
In 1919, he began to work in the Higher Military Inspectorate and went to the South Front as a cultural worker. There he was captured to the White Guards and to take the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe Red Army in the Yalta prison. Then he went to the Caucasus, in Tiflis, where he went to work by an accountant, but soon returned back to Russia.
Member of the Lef Group.
In the 1920s, the book "Summer on Kamenka", the story "27 Adventures of Horta Joyce" and others in the 1930s - the poems "Emelyan Pugachev", "Ivan Bolotnikov". Memoir books - "path of enthusiast", "Life with Mayakovsky".

In 1934, the poet was headed by the Central Theater of Water Transportists and kept the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a "floating" theater. At the same time, he handed his farm Kamenka with all property to the property of a collective farm.
In 1944-1945 G. In the Tbilisi Hospital, his legs amputated. On April 19, 1948, the poet struck stroke, last years He spent his life paralyzed.
On November 11, 1961, Vasily Kamensky died. Urn with his dust rests on the Novodevichy cemetery.

The fate scattered the Kamensky and his friends, those whom "soldered together the love of the poetry of the Great Friendship" and who "fraternally walked about the hand in the name of Futurism." After the Kamensky revolution, it remained in Russia, his "Brothers-Friends" Burluk, Jelebov, Grigoriev, Sudyikin was in emigration.
For several years, Kamensky did not part with the hope of once again to see friends; If you do not eat yourself in America, then you can call them back to Russia. He did not think about emigration, he just wanted to "see what's the point there." He often wrote to his friend to his friend, DPAMATUPU and the theochiku of theater Nikolai Nikolayevich Jerinov (1879-1953), talking about his life in Soviet Russia, about problems and successes.

In 1926, V.V. Kamensky visited Baku, about this trip and unforgettable moments of unprecedented literary success in this city, he wrote N.N. Jewinov.

In March 1926, Kamensky writes to Jerinov:

Here, in Penza, we will prosecurate until March 20th and will leave in Baku for 10 days, and from there to the Kamenka, on the summer holidays ... What am I doing? ... as the poet is obliged by June (for fre. Ed-Va) to hand over the book poems-poems. In the meantime, I read lectures as a lecturer. It will be in Baku.

In early October, I will go to Penza for 2 weeks. Then in Baku for 2 weeks ...

And only at the end of 1926 it was possible. Kamensky get to Baku.

THE USSR. Azerbaijan. Baku.
Street Saratovtsa Efimova, d. 7.
O. P. Schiltsova. For.
December 1926.
My native sick friend
your last letter (sent to Perm) was held there 2 weeks, because They did not know exactly where I stay. And I live in Baku, and here the other day I only sent your letter. However, no there business card (what you wrote) did not turn out. I am addressed to the envelope. I suppose comes.
I am glad to successes with your artistic and dollar, but I do not enjoy your overall fatigue. Health is too important thing to spend it so American. Do not break. It's time to you, brother, take up rest, and then burn before the deadline. I advise you to recover, rejoice, reborn. You dressed, hearty, stray.
Boria Grigoriev was added to your New York Co. - one of those three of my friends brothers (i.e. you, Grigoriev, Burluk), a cat. I love. More than these three I have no one in the world. And all of you are three in New York. Are not ashamed to you that I don't have among you. After all, it is clear: I have to be with you.
But you are distant, but close, somehow weirdly show a little desire, an effective desire to find a way to quickly attract me to America. I understand, you are not up to me, and I'm not offended. It would be stupid to hit me offense. However, I do not lose me and I'm still waiting, I wait, I am waiting that you are about to you and I will take your daodium and I will finally come.
In essence, the case is only for money to leave at least 750 dollars. I will leave my wife in Paris, and himself in New York Ahna until the summer. So I am aimed and configured. Make these 750 dollars here. I am immediately impossible, and earning in parts by months, I will not copy a damn, for it is necessary to live, you have to eat, it is necessary at all. The time is coming.
Doodia does not write anything. However, Boria Grigoriev writes that he spoke with his detect and my great friend-brother assured, as if someone was going to write me in New York. That would be brilliant. Otherwise it is difficult. I just have to get there, and there my head will make my own business: I will be poems and lecture to read, play on the harmonica, the focuses to show, put the plays, walk on the head, sword swallow. I will find something suitable. With Ford, for example, airplanes will wrap.
I bet that, despite your intimidation of competition, not a disappearance. Maybe For the whole life was engaged in competition and not complaining of fate. On the contrary, I feel very thoroughly. And I think your victory is a natural. As you can see, I still have a good opinion about my "ingenious opportunities."
In Baku in the dram. The theater will go to my "Pushkin", in the circus "Emelyan Pugachev", in 2 club theaters of the comedy "Scandalous Dead" and "Strengthening Service".
This will all delay me here 1 month or one and a half.
And in Baku live, brother, amazing. Today is December 4, and I go without a coat. Heat, seascape, grape, easy and hints. Only one of our universal sadness: there is little money in the country. With their own power, I would have to earn a bunch, and this is not. Only on life and grabs. I live, of course, not bad.
Baku, colic, now you can not find out. There is a tram, there is electric. jerk road. Square turned in warred gardens. Many grand buildings. The population doubled. Life hits fountain oil.
Art. I have a huge success here. Admitted I read now even better. And the voice has become even more, musical. From me there is a composer of word of wording-sounding. The farther I read, the success is growing more, and at the end of your feet, demanding repetition. And I say to the audience: But you, cute, tired of listening, because I already have a bisiting hour, damn it. And I scream: even though you die, and also, more! Trouble with this success: a lot of noise, there is little money. Nausea.
In New York, perhaps, you should come, to bring me as a wizard of reading. Well, for the sim whole anichka, the whole Caspian woman with love.
Vasya
R.S. The accompanying poems "Chervonna Autumn" use everywhere exceptional success. And, of course, the "juggler" and the super-a "Fire Pugachevsky", huge, ahova, fiery poem.
All of this boast so that you take actual measures to waters in New York, at least two months. Horror how to see and show yourself. You write what you have to get on the part of the entrance to the New York "Several of My Friends." Do not forget about me sin. I assure that I will be useful to you for the sympathetic digestion and the refreshment of the Spirit in general. Kohl, because I am a talented guy and not a hard man. Damn you still need, my mother is yawned.
Support valve Vasily

Apparently, the impressions of the hot admission by the admirers of his talent were so deep that Kamensky in May 1927, being already in Sukhum, writes about this again to Jewinov:

Jan Amos Komenský, 1592-1670) - Czech teacher, writer, public figure and bishop of the Czech-working church. It is the founder of a class-paper system, systematizer and innovator in the field of pedagogy and teaching activities.

Childhood

Jan Komensei was born on March 28 in the small town of Nivnice. His parents were very religious people and fully devoted themselves to the church, so the little Yang was almost from birth, it was sought to be like her parents and effect himself.

As soon as the child turns 7 years, he is going to school with a religious bias. However, in 1602, the tragedy happens in a small town - an epidemic of plague occurs, which pumps half a healthy population. The little Yang becomes a witness to the monstrous death of both parents and sisters, after which for many years closes. Nevertheless, he continues his learning, because he wanted his dead parents, and by 1611 his sacred, after which he receives the second name - Amos.

Youth

After the end of the religious school, the Yang decides that he simply needs to go to the Hernborne Academy to achieve something significant in the future. Having studied a bit there, he throws the Academy and enters the University of Heidelberg, which in those days was one of the most famous educational institutions. Noting for itself the fact that this university produces excellent teachers and professors, Yang decides also to go to teaching activities.

Its first labor is the most complete and very useful dictionary called the "Treasury of Czech language", where he not only gives the translation of many incomprehensible to that time of words, but even indicates the scope of their use and features of consumption. By the way, the dictionary is immediately included in universal use, and subsequently not once is noted by historians and linguisers as the most complete Encyclopedia of the Czech language of the XVII century.

After that, in 1614, Jan Komensesky leaves for prerov, where he becomes a teacher in one of the fraternal schools. By the time he decides to write a book about the traditions and customs of his native country - Moravia. By 1618, the book is completely ready and even possesses a detailed map of the country.

Creating pedagogical work

However, the Writing of books Komensky is long stopped, as a man begins to be subject to religious persecution because of his convictions. Despite the fact that Yang was exclusively a believer person, his pedagogy classes were questioned by his views on life that the most nervous fanatics nervously. As a result, Komensky is forced to flee to Poland, where he continues to write and publish books.

Methods and school reforms of Komensky

From the desire to teach children at once to several sciences, Janu comes to mind the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating Pansfia - learning all everything. Speaking more simple languageThe man decides to introduce several items into school education at once, which students will be trained in order for them to have a sustainable and expanded vision of the world.
The first city, where Komensky is allowed to open the so-called "pansic school", is Charospak. Thanks to the accumulated knowledge and skills, it not only successfully starts the learning process, but also demonstrates positive results Its activities in the form of stakeholders who crave for learning from such sciences as mathematics, physics, astronomy.

Among other things, Yang comes up with another no less interesting and useful pedagogical innovation - dramatization of educational material. And if earlier knowledge was taught by teachers exclusively in the format of the usual lecture, then with the arrival of Komensky schools, the scenes begin to put scenes and spend creative evenings, exciting students from students even more knowledge.

Personal life

Working by the school teacher in the city of Psherov, Jan Amos Komensky meets his first wife Magdalina, Padderitsa Burgomistra. A year later, two children are born in the pair, but in 1622 the plague will carry the life of his wife and both children, as a result of which Yang remains alone.

Two years later, Yang falls in love with the daughter of the bishop Maria, but unfortunately, and she soon dies, again leaving the unfortunate man in full solitude. And in 1649, Komensky marries for the third time. Now already at Yana Gajusova. This time a happy couple spends together the rest of his life.

Jan Amos Komensesky is an outstanding Czech teacher, a humanist thinker, founder of scientific pedagogy, didactics, writer, public figure. It was born in the Protestant family, which was included in the community of Czech brothers (his entire further biography will be connected with it). It happened in the Czech Town Nivennni on March 28, 1592. The epidemic of the plague early made the boy round orply.

Original education Yang received a school in the fraternity, then from 1608 to 1610, - in Latin. Extremely boring learning process awakened the first thoughts about the need for reforms in this area. Next educational institutions For the young Komensky, the Great Academy became, from 1613 - Heidelberg University, where he studied theology. In 1612, he is taken for the fundamental work on the preparation of the full dictionary of the Czech language to devote the "Czech Treasury" 44 years of life. After graduating from the university, he is briefly sent on a journey through the Netherlands, and on return to the Czech Republic, in the city of Psherov, is arranged in the teacher's fraternal school, teaching Latin on his own method.

In 1616, Komensky becomes a priest of the Family community of the Czech brothers, then the Governing Council of the Bratsk Community, a preacher teacher, and in a few years it becomes one of the prominent leaders of the Brotherhood. In the biography of this great person, an important role was played by the intervention of external hostile circumstances, more than once he had to lose the most valuable thing that he had, wander outside the Czech Republic because of wars, religious and political persecution. So, his first spouse and two small sons were the victim of the plague. Because of the persecution of Protestants, Komensky was forced in 1628 to emigrate to the Polish city of Leszno.

There he worked in the gymnasium, was a rector national SchoolIn parallel working on the writings, which subsequently brought him fame and huge authority. One of them is "didactics" in the Czech language, which he will later turn back to Latin called "Great Didactics". In the same period, they were written a number of textbooks, as well as the "Mother's School" (1632) - a guide to family education, which became the first in history.

From 1650 to 1654, Yang Amos Komensky at the invitation of Prince Sigismund Rakcytie lives in Hungary, where he is engaged in reforming school education, teaches in the city of Sharosh-Pak new system, after which it returns to Leszno. In April 1656, the Polish city destroys, betraying fires, Swedes. Everything that was acquired by Komensky for almost three dozen years, including the house and most of the manuscripts burned down, and he himself was forced after the defendant's extermination began to run once again.

As a new place of residence, Yang Amos Komensesky chose Amsterdam among numerous proposals, where he was invited by the Senate, where he lived from 1657 to death. There, he was financially supported by the son of a long-standing patron, thanks to which the teacher-thinker could safely work on writing and publishing work. In 1657-1658 Long-written 4 volumes of the "Great Didactics", which produced a real extension. In 1658 he saw the light "The world of sensory things in pictures", which was the first textbook in history, equipped with illustrations.

Ya.A. Komensky did not stop scientific activity almost to death recent Works He was written under his dictation. The pedagogical heritage of the scientist has greatly influenced the world pedagogy and the practice of school work; In modern theory of learning, you can find a lot of didactic postulates. November 15, 1670 Jan Amos Komensesky died.

Biography

Vasily Vasilyevich Kamensky

In one of the autobiographies of V. V. Kamensky, it was written that he was born in the cabin of a Kamal steamer, whose captain was his grandfather on the maternal line. In another embodiment, this fact is somewhat specified: "Born in the village of Ust-Borovsky (now the northern part of Solikamsk) in the Middle Urals. Grandfather walked on the chamber on the steamers of the captain. "

Early remaining orphan, V. V. Kamensky brought up in the family of aunt in Perm. All childhood it passed on Kame. But the husband of aunt died, and the young Kamensky had to go to the service in the accounting department of the Perm Railway. In 1901, his first publication appeared in the Perm Territory newspaper - an article about a national dining room. Energy beat in it key, demanded output. In 1902, he enters the theater group, goes to Moscow, then Tambov, Sevastopol ... Turkey. At this time, he meets the director V. E. Meyerhold. But Soon, V. V. Kamensky leaves the stage and returns to the Urals, it comes to work on the Nizhnya Magilsky plant, but for participation in the strike (1905) it is arrested and after a few months they are published under the supervision of the police. And V. V. Kamensky leaves, first in Perm, then to Sevastopol, Persia. Returning to Russia, he stops in St. Petersburg for a while. Here comes to higher agricultural courses. In these years, he falls into a professional literary environment. He writes a lot, printed.

In 1910, the passion for aviation comes to him. Kamensky rides to Paris to study with a flying case, then in London, in the city of Italy and return to St. Petersburg. Indicative flights on their own airplane. First fall. Makes in 1911 flights in Perm, Lower Courier. In 1912, in Warsaw, one of the flights ends catastrophically, the airplane crashed, the pilot received serious injuries. To fly after that Kamensky stopped, but, living after that in Perm, he invents and experiencing an aircraft on the chamber.

In 1913, he climbs with futurist poets (V. Mayakovsky, D. Burluk, etc.). Rides with them in the country, writes a lot. 1913-1917 - In the creative plan for the poet this time is a very fruitful period.

The October Revolution of V. V. Kamensky meets enthusiastically, enters the Red Army. Kamensky became one of the organizers of the poets Union. In the 20s, he writes his most significant works, including prose: "27 Adventures Horsta Joyce", "Enthusiast path", "Summer on Kamenka", the poem "Emelyan Pugachev", collections of poems "His biography of the Great Futurista, "significantly modifies and reissues the poem" Stepan Razin ".

But starting from the second half of the 30s. V. V. Kamensky no longer created a single new significant work. The disease came, and then forced immobility. V. V. Kamensky died in Moscow. The monument was established on his grave with the inscription "Vasily Kamensky. Poet. Aviator".

Vasily Vasilyevich Kamensky (1884-1961) was born in the village of Ust-Borovskoye. Early orphaned and brought up with aunt of Perm. Served as an accountant of the Perm Railway. The first work of Kamensky was an article dedicated to the folk dining room printed in the Gazeta Region.

In 1902, he entered the theatrical group and travels with her first by the cities of the Motherland, and then went to Turkey. Leaving the scene, Kamensky goes to the Urals, where he works at the plant in the city of Nizhny Tagil. As a member of the strike of 1905, arrested, then released. Having been in Persia and returning to Russia, stopped in St. Petersburg and entered the highest agricultural courses. Once in a professional literary environment, writes a lot and is actively printed.

Since 1910 he became interested in aviation. Summer skill is studying in Paris, London and the cities of Italy. Returning to Petersburg, flies on his airplane, is experiencing the first fall, and then the second catastrophe with serious injuries. Kamensky no longer flies, but is experiencing airstrike in Perm.

Brospopriceing with futurist poets in 1913, Kamensky charts with them in the country and writes a lot. It is this period in his work is considered the most fruitful. Having met with the delight of the revolution, Kamensky joined the ranks of the Red Army, then becomes the organizer of the poets Union.

The thirties did not give such a result, since the writer fell ill and became stationary. Death overtook him in Moscow in 1961. On the gravestone gravestone inscription: "Vasily Kamensky. Poet. Aviator".

cache. Jan Amos Komenský.lat. Comenius.

czech teacher-Humanist, writer, public figure, bishop of the Czechpool church, the founder of scientific pedagogy, systematizer and popularizer

short biography

- Outstanding Czech teacher, Thinker-Humanist, founder of scientific pedagogy, didactics, writer, public figure. It was born in the Protestant family, which was included in the community of Czech brothers (his entire further biography will be connected with it). It happened in the Czech Town Nivennni on March 28, 1592. The epidemic of the plague early made the boy round orply.

Original education Yang received a school in the fraternity, then from 1608 to 1610, - in Latin. Extremely boring learning process awakened the first thoughts about the need for reforms in this area. The Great Academy for the Young Komensky Academy, since 1613 - Heidelberg University, where he studied theology. In 1612, he is taken for the fundamental work on the preparation of the full dictionary of the Czech language to devote the "Czech Treasury" 44 years of life. After graduating from the university, he is briefly sent on a journey through the Netherlands, and on return to the Czech Republic, in the city of Psherov, is arranged in the teacher's fraternal school, teaching Latin on his own method.

There he worked in the gymnasium, was the rector of the National School, in parallel working on the writings, which later brought him fame and huge authority. One of them is "didactics" in the Czech language, which he will later turn back to Latin called "Great Didactics". In the same period, they were written a number of textbooks, as well as the "Mother's School" (1632) - a guide to family education, which became the first in history.

From 1650 to 1654, Jan Amos Komensky, at the invitation of Prince Sigismund, Rakcytsi lives in Hungary, where he is reforming school education, teaches in the city of Sharosh-Patak on the new system, after which it returns to Leszno. In April 1656, the Polish city destroys, betraying fires, Swedes. Everything that was acquired by Komensky for almost three dozen years, including the house and most of the manuscripts burned down, and he himself was forced after the defendant's extermination began to run once again.

Ya.A. Komensky did not stop scientific activity almost to death, the last essays were written under his dictation. The pedagogical heritage of the scientist has greatly influenced the world pedagogy and the practice of school work; In modern theory of learning, you can find a lot of didactic postulates. November 15, 1670 Jan Amos Komensesky died.

Biography from Wikipedia

Activity

Jan Komensei Born in Moravia, in the town of Nivenice. Son Martin Komense (Martin Komenský) and Anna Khmelová. Martin Komense was a native of the neighboring village of Komna. Martin's father - Jan Segesh (Jan Segeš) - moved to Moravia from Slovakia, and took himself the name of Komensky - in honor of the village of Komna, which settled. Martin and Anna Komensky were members of the Religious Community of Czech (Moravian) brothers.

Original education Yang received in a fraternal school. In 1602-04 From the plague, his father, mother and two sisters died. In 1608-10 Yang studied at the Latin school of the city of Preverted. In 1611, Jan Komensky, in accordance with his church dogmas, passed the rite of baptism and received the second name - Amos.

He then studied at the Herborn Academy, at the University of Heidelberg, where he began to create a peculiar encyclopedia - "Theater of all things" (1614-27) and began work on the full dictionary of Czech language ("Czech Treasury", 1612-56). In 1614, Komensky - a teacher of a fraternal school in Prerov. In 1618-21 lived in Fulnek, studied the works of Humanists of the Renaissance - T. Campanella, H. Vives, and others. In Fulnekiy period, Komensky wrote the book "Moravian Antiquities" (1618-1621) and amounted to detailed map Native Moravia (1618-1627).

In 1627, Komensky began creating labor on didactics in Czech. In connection with the persecution of Catholic fanatics, Komensky emigrated to Poland, to the city of Leszno (where in 1626 the Moravian brothers founded their gymnasium). Here he taught in a fraternal gymnasium, finished his "didactics" in Czech language (1632), and then reworked it and transferred to latin languageBy calling the "Great Didactic" (Didactica Magna) (1633-38), prepared several textbooks: "Open door to languages" (1631), "Astronomy" (1632), "Physics" (1633), wrote the first guide in history for family education - "Mother's School" (1632). Komensky has worked hard by developing the ideas of Panixfia (learning all of everything), which caused the majority of European scientists.

In the 40s. Published a number of textbooks. In 1651, Transylvanian Prince Dieurdi II Rakocy suggested Komensky to reform schools in his lands. Teaching on a new system began in the city of Solovpakatak. Komensky managed to partially implement the idea of \u200b\u200bthe device of pansphic school. Scientific justification Her principles, a curriculum, the routine of the day were set forth by Komensky in the composition of the Panixophical School (1651).

Soon Komensky returned to Leszno. In 1655, the Swedes were taught - the allies of Zaporizhia Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky, who fought with the responding speech. Both local Lutherans and Jan Amos Komensei and Moravian brothers, which previously undergoed from Catholic fanaticism, have welcomed the Protestant (Lutheran) army.

In 1656, Komensky went to Amsterdam through Hamburg.

In an effort to revive the teaching and awaken in children interest in knowledge, Komensky applied the method of dramatizing educational material and on the basis of " Open door To the languages, "wrote a number of plays, who made the book" School-game "(1656). In Hungary, Komensky finished the first in the history of the illustrated textbook "The World of Sensual Things in Pictures" (1658), in which the drawings were an organic part of educational texts.

Having moved to Amsterdam, Komensky continued to work on started in 1644 by the capital labor of the "Universal Council of Correction of Human Affairs" (LAT. DE RERUM HUMANARUM EMENDATIONE CULSULTATIO CATHOLICA), in which the reform plan of human society has gave. The first 2 parts of labor were published in 1662, the manuscripts of the remaining 5 parts were found in the 30s. 20 c.; Fully work is published in Latin in Prague in 1966. The result of his long life Komensky led in the composition "the only necessary" (1668).

A family

1618 - Marries Psherov Magdalene Visovskaya.
1622 - the wife and two children died from the plague.
1624 - In Brandis, Komensky marries the daughter of the bishop Mary Dorothea.
1648 - the second wife of Komensky died.
1649 - Komensky marries Yane Gausovaya.

Philosophical views

In his philosophical views, Komensky was close to materialistic sensualism, which Komensky himself was presented by the philosophy of a simple people. Recognizing three sources of knowledge - feelings, mind and faith, the Komenian major importance attached to the senses. In the development of knowledge, he differed 3 steps - empirical, scientific and practical. He believed that universal education, the creation of a new school would help educate children in the spirit of humanism.

At the same time, in determining the goal of education at Komensky, the influence of religious ideology is clearly felt: he speaks about the preparation of a person for eternal life.

Based on the cognition of the world, Komensky considered it also all phenomena associated with the pedagogical process, making a conclusion about the possibility to manage it. Since a person is part of nature, then, according to Komensky, he must obey its general laws and all pedagogical funds must be naturally like. Together with this, the principle of the naturelikeness of education, according to Komensky, involves the study of the laws of the spiritual life of a person and coordinate with them all pedagogical impacts.

Pedagogical system Ya. A. Komense

Sources of developing worldview: antique philosophy, F. Bacon, F. Rabl. Pedagogical ideas: Universal training, ideas of discipline, the concept of school year, didactic principles, a class-grade system. Comansky believed that learning should be carried out at school with: common Plan, cool-time organization, studies from 6 years, knowledge checks, ban missing lessons, textbooks for each class.

Didactic principles: naturalness, clarity, sequence, consciousness, spice, strength, systematically.

Questions of education and training Komensky considered in an inseparable unity. He interpreted didactics as the theory of education and training and as a theory of upbringing. Komensesky urged to give all the youth wide universal education, considered it necessary to associate all educational work with learning languages \u200b\u200b- first native, then Latin - as the language of science, culture of that time.

In the educational method, which Komensky interpreted expansion, he considered the most essential order and naturalness. From here, Komensky has emerged and basic training requirements: to start learning whenever possible earlier, the educational material must correspond to the age of students. Komensesky was convinced that a person's mind is able to embrace everything, only for this in training it is necessary to observe consistent and gradual promotion forward, following from close to a distant, from a familiar to an unfamiliar, from the whole to private, seeking students learned the knowledge system , not fragmentary information. Komensky believed that it was necessary since childhood to produce positive moral qualities (justice, moderation, courage, and under the latter he understood, in particular, perseverance in labor, etc.). An important role in moral education he took the example of adults, systematiclying children to useful activities and to fulfill the rules of conduct.

In an effort to make education accessible to all children, Komensky has developed a cool-upstream training system that replaced individual. Komensky developed a single school system: mother's school (Education in the family under the guidance of the mother up to 6 years), school native language for children from 6 to 12 years old (learning native language, arithmetic, geometry elements, geography, environmental education, reading scripture, acquaintance with the most important crafts), in major cities for the most capable students from 12 to 18 years old - latin school or gymnasium (In the curriculum of gymnasium, Komensky introduced along with traditional "seven-free arts" natural science, history, geography). Komensky changed the contents of the "free arts" themselves, linking them with practical needs and raising to the level of modern science. Finally, in each state should be academy - high school For young people from 18 to 24 years old. This system, described by "Czech Didactics", was expanded by Komensei in Pampedia, adding "School of Mature Age and Older" to it, in which life "teaches".

In most pedagogical works, Komensky contains statements about the teacher, and in Pampedia there is a special chapter. Teacher, according to Komensky, should own pedagogical skills and love his business, awaken an independent thought of students, prepare from them active peopletaking care of the general good.

Komensky had a huge impact on the development of world pedagogy and school practice. Many of his didactic provisions entered the current theory of learning.

Great didactics

Via Lucis ", 1668

The most famous theoretical work Komensky on pedagogy "Didactics", that is general Theory learning. Initially, he was written in Czech, and then in the recycled form translated into Latin, at that time international language Science, entitled "Great Didactics".

Chapter 16. General requirements of training and teachings, that is, how to learn and learn.

Health 1.

The formation of a person should be started in the spring of life, that is, in childhood.
Morning clock for classes is most convenient.
Everything to be studied must be distributed according to the steps of age - so that it is suggested for studying only what is available to perception at this age.

Health 2.

Preparation of material: books, etc. tutorials - in advance.
Develop a mind earlier.
Real learning objects to prevent formal.
Examples to pass rules.

Health 4.

In schools, a procedure must be installed, in which students at the same time would be engaged in only one subject.

Health 6.

From the very beginning, the young people who need to give education should be given the basis of general education (to distribute the training material so that the next lessons will not contribute anything new, but were only some development of knowledge gained).
Any language, any sciences should be first teaching in the simplest elements so that students have formed general concepts They are as a whole.

Health 7.

The whole set of training sessions should be carefully divided into classes - so that the preceding always opened the road to the subsequent and covered him.
The time should be distributed with the greatest accuracy - so that for every year, month, day and hour has had its own special job.

Chapter 17. Fundamentals of Lightness of Training and Teaching

Health 1.

Education of youth should begin early.
At the same student, only one teacher should have a subject of the same subject.
By the will of the educator, first of all, should be brought into harmony of morals.

Health 2.

All possible methods It must be argued in children a hot desire for knowledge and teachings.
The training method should reduce the difficulties of the exercise so that it does not initiate displeasure in disciples and does not distinguish them from further occupation.

Head of 3.

Each science must be enclosed in the most compressed, but accurate rules.
Each rule must be identified by a few, but the most clear words.
Each rule must be accompanied by numerous examples, so that it becomes apparently how diverse its application.

Chapter 18 Basics of Training and Teaching Strength

It is thoroughly considered only those things that can benefit.
All subsequent should rely on the previous one.
Everything should be fixed by permanent exercises.
Everything needs to be studied sequentially, focusing on something one.

Chapter 26 About School Discipline

"School without discipline has a mill without water"
To maintain discipline guided:
Permanent examples, the educator should show an example.
Instructions, admonitions, sometimes and recovery.

9 Rules of Art Training Sciences

Everything that should know should be trained.
Everything you teach, you need to present students like a thing that really exists and certain benefits.
Everything you teach, you need to train directly, and not by the neighboring paths.
Everything, what we teach, you need to teach the way it is and is happening, that is, by studying the causal connections.
All that is subject to study, let first be offered in generaland then in parts.
Parts of the thing should consider everything, even less significant, not missing any, taking into account the order, position and connection in which they are with other parts.
Everything needs to be studied consistently, focusing in every this moment Only on any one.
At each subject you need to stop until it is understood.
Differences between things should pass well to understand everything is distinct.

16 art rules to develop morality

Virtues should be implemented by the youth without exception.
First of all, the main, or, as they are called "cardinal" virtues: wisdom, moderation, courage and justice.
The wisdom of the young man should hand with a good instruction, studying the true difference between things and their dignity.
May Let be trained throughout the entire training time, is used to abide by moderation in food and drink, sleep and wipe, in work and games, in conversation and silence.
Let the courage, let them learn, overcoming themselves, holding back their attraction to an excessive running or game outside or outside of the prescribed time, in curbing impatience, ropot, anger.
Justice learn, not offending anyone, rewarding with each of their own, avoiding lies and deception, showing execution and courtesy.
Especially necessary at the versions of the courage: noble straight mats and endurance in labor.
Noble straight diffuse is achieved by frequent communication with noble people and the execution in their eyes of all sorts of instructions.
The habit of working for young people will be acquired if they constantly be occupied by any serious or entertaining business.
Especially it is especially necessary to inspire children related justice virtue - willingness to serve others and hunting for this.
The development of virtues should be started from the most young years before the shower will master.
Virtues learn, constantly carrying out honest!
Let them constantly shine examples of the decent life of parents, Kormilitz, teachers who are arguing.
However, examples must accompany the instructions and rules of life in order to correct, supplement and strengthen imitation.
The most thorough way to protect children from the community of spoiled people so that they are not infected from them.
And since it is hardly possible to be so angry in such a way so that some evil can do to children, then there is absolutely necessary discipline to counteract evurgeons.

Bibliography

The world of sensual things in pictures, or image and the name of all the most important items in the world and actions in life \u003d "Orbis Sensualium Pictus" / lane. from Latin Yu. N. Dreizin; Ed. And CO will enter. Article prof. A. A. Krasnovsky. - ed. 2nd. - M.: Stockedgiz, 1957. - 352 p. - 20,000 copies. (in per.)
Dílo, SV. 1-2, 17, Praha, 1969--1971 (ed. Continues): Listy Přátelům A Přiznivcům, Praha, 1970: in Rus. per .- Film Op., Part 1-3, Revel, 1892-1897
Election Pedagogical writings, 2 ed., Part 1-2, M., 1902-1911
Election Pedagogical writings, t. 1-3, M., 1939-1941
Election Pedagogical Works, M., 1955
Visible light in Latin, Russian, German, Italian, French is represented with the register of the most necessary Russian words, M., 1768
Maternal school / lane. with it. C-PB., 1892 (Reprint M., 1992, circulation 100000)
Labyrinth of light and heaven of heart. M.: Publishing House Mick, 2000
Komensean Yang Amos: Teacher Teacher (Maternal School, "Great Didactika" and others. Mot. With Redf.). M.: Karapuz, 2009, 288 p.

Aphorisms

Argued with nature is a vain case (Great Didactic, Ch. XXIII).
Virtue is cultivated by means of affairs, but not by chatter (Great Didactic, Ch. XIII).
Without an example, nothing will be learned.
Eternal law will be: to learn and learn everything through examples, instructions and applications in practice.
Children willingly always do something. This is very useful, and therefore not only should not be interfered, but you need to take measures to always have something to do.
The study of wisdom elevates and makes us strong and generous.
Books are a wisdom plant tool.
Education must be true, full, clear and durable.
There is nothing harder how to re-educate a person badly brought up.
Do not hunt for praise, but try to act like all my strength.
Wise time distribution is the basis for activity.
The mind illuminates the path of the will, and the will commands actions.
The one who knows little can be small and learn.
Nothing feigned can not be long.
Read and not understand - the same thing to do not read at all.
The happy one school that teaches zealously learn and do good, still rursing is the best, and everything is jealous - the best.
It should be taken as much as possible to implement the present morality to be put properly in schools so that the schools are as they call them, "masterfully people."