Most of the twentieth century, Russia has lived under the red flag. And the answer to the question why he was so color, many seemed unequivocal. Even when Soviet children were taken to the pioneers, they clarified them: the pioneer tie is a particle of a red banner, the color of which symbolizes blood, spilled in the fight against oppression, for the freedom and happiness of the labor nation.
But is the origin of the Kumachi panels associated with the blood of fighters and heroes?
Symbol of power
Since ancient times, red was a symbol of power and power. And after Julius Caesar first put on a purple tower, it became mandatory for the Roman emperors with a rush (as we remember, the governor of the emperor in the province - the prosecutor was pleased with the "white cloak with a bloody approach"). And it's not by chance: the red dyes were exclusively expensive.
The same was in the second Rome "- in Byzantium. So, the sons of the emperor, born during his reign, had a prefix to the name of a buggernogenic, or a porphyurogeneous, unlike Caesary's entry to the throne (Byzantine Emperor Konstantin VII Baghrynogenic became the godfather of Princess Olga during her baptism in Constantinople in 955) . This tradition remained and later, for centuries, the red color was still the prerogative of monarchs and the highest nobility. Recall the front portraits of the Royal Persons: their heroes appear if not in red closure, then necessarily on a red background.
Symbols of the departed era - a constant attribute of military parades
Only red surguachi has always been used for royal seals, the use of such a press by individuals was strictly forbidden. In Russia, red was also considered the color of the royal authority, the "downstream", and the sovereign was placed only on Red Surgome. The Cathedral Code of 1649 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich first introduced the concept of "state crime". And one of his first types is to use anyone, in addition to the king and his orders, red prints. For this, only one kind of execution - quarters.
French heritage
The revolution in all previous orders and customs brought the Great French Revolution of the late XVIII century. From the first of her days, when the crowds of urban employment gathered on the stormy gatherings from the royal palace, someone came up with swinging a piece of red matter over his head. The bold gesture was happy to picked up: it was a rebound sign, unpleasant to the king. "The protesters" as it were, they told him: "Well, here is your red color ... and that you can do with us?" In addition, simpolars have a fashion for red - "Frigian" - caps, similar to those in Ancient Rome worn slaves released on the will. So people wanted to show: Now we are free.
And the most radical group, Jacobinians, led by Robespierre, made the Red Flag with his "branded sign." They collected the inhabitants of Parisian slums under him, raising them on their political opponents. However, when the Jacobinians themselves seized power, they abandoned a separate "ultravolute" flag and adopted the already existed blue-white tricolor.
It is from the time of the French revolution that the Red Flag became a symbol of the action illoshared, the struggle against existing orders ...
By the way, with the easy hand of the English writer Robert Lewis Stevenson, it is believed that the pirates always attacked under the black flag with the skull and bones. But this is not the case - the sea robbers most often raised the red cloth, thereby throwing the challenge to everything and everything! And his name "Cheerful Roger" itself comes from French Joyeux Rouge (bright red). And it was long before the French revolution!
One way or another, the French themselves remembered the "rebellious" kumache only after half a century, in 1848, when the next revolution broke out in the country. Industrial bourgeoisie came to power, but the Paris "Street", primarily armed workers, persistently tried to dictate their demands - to ensure the right to work, eliminate unemployment, etc. And one more thing: change the national flag: instead of a tricolor - red. And almost everything was fulfilled.
But when it came to, it would seem, the most insignificant - flag, the authorities left. And only after stormy debates, under the powerful pressure of the rebels managed to agree: the old banner remained, but the red circle was sewn on the blue strip - the socket. The workers considered it their big victory, the bourgeoisie is the sign of the danger, the emblem of socialism, to accept the one who could not. The revolution was soon suppressed, and the socket was eliminated. But from this time the red color was not just a symbol of the rebellion, but a social revolution. That is why in March 1871, the Paris Commune has already unconditionally made a red banner with his official symbol ... for 72 days.
Under the banner of the revolution
However, genuine recognition of the scarlet cloth found in Russia, although it was quite late - Russian Buntari never used red flags. After all, no folk performance was formally directed against the king - the masses of people would never rise against the "Anointed Goggy". Therefore, every leader declared himself either "miraculously saved" king or Tsarevich, or the "big governor", which the sovereign himself sent to shiver the oppressants of the people. And only at the beginning of the 20th century, after discrediting the royal power as a result of a bloody Sunday, January 9, 1905, "Red Bunty" began in the country.
Multiplinary rallies, demonstrators columns during the first Russian revolution that began the first Russian revolution turned out to be red tightened and transparamonians. In this, a double meaning was laid: they symbolized the blood of innocent victims, spilled by the royal punishers on January 9, but also the challenge of official power from those who rose to the struggle for social justice.
Two sides of the legislatively approved banner of the Armed Forces Russian Federation. Figure from the official website of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
The red flag was raised and the sailors who rebelted in June 1905 on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky" (for this, the monarchical press immediately dubbed them with "pirates").
And during the December armed uprising in Moscow, which is considered the highest point of this revolution, almost all barricades fluttered red twigs. And the Presnya began to be called red - even before the bloody defeat of workers friends of the government troops.
From the first days of the February Revolution of 1917, Petrograd became "red" - transparencies, bows, bandages, flags ... Even the front grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich demonstratively appeared in the State Duma with a red rosette in a pettice. And the icon was released with the state coat of arms, on which the double-headed eagle kept the red flags in the paws!
Soon they went to the political arena and the Bolsheviks. They immediately began to create armed troops of the Red Guard - mostly from workers, as well as soldiers and sailors. Their fighters had a red twisted bandage with the inscription "Red Guard" and a red ribbon on headdresses. It was the Red Guards and amounted to the main shock force of the October armed uprising. Another powerful strength that took an active part in the new Russian smoothie was revolutionary sailors. They considered themselves the heirs of "Potemkintsev" and most often performed under the red banners, although they were mainly anarchists.
For the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, there was no doubt about the color of the new banner of Soviet Russia: only red - the symbol of the revolution! Hence the Red Army, the Red Star, the Order of the Red Banner ...
According to the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of April 8, 1918, the Red Flag of the Soviet Republic was approved as a state and as a combat banner of its armed forces. However, in size, shape, slogans on the panels he did not have a single sample. The inscriptions were taken mainly from the appeals of the Bolshevik Party: "For the power of the Soviets!", "The world of huts - the war of the palaces!", "Forward to the bright kingdom of communism!" and etc.
The Constitution of the USSR of 1924 approved the state flag of the country, which was a red cloth with the image of a sickle and hammer and a five-pointed star "As a symbol of the unrealistic Union of workers and peasants in the struggle for building a communist society." This symbolism remained "in force" until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. At all official and informal events of the country of the Councils - congresses and conferences, demonstrations and parades, solemn meetings - the red color dominated. Red was the Banner of Victory, licked by Soviet soldiers over Reichstag in 1945.
In the end, even the name of the main "parade" square of the country - red - it became unwittingly rethought in the same, Soviet-revolutionary, key, and had to specifically explain that in this case the name is old and denotes "beautiful".
On the eve of decay Soviet UnionWhen the press began in the press of the "exposure" of everything related to the history of the Soviet period, they became increasingly repeated and calls to abandon the Red Flag as the personification of the communist power. Then even the cliché "Red-brown" appeared, which was used to all who opposed the "Democratic renewal of the country" ...
Some radical democratic movements (not to mention the monarchists) since 1988 began to use the pre-revolutionary tricolor at their events, gradually he began to be approved in public consciousness as a symbol of future Russia. All "Red" should have stayed in the past.
August 22, 1991, after the defeat of the GCCP, the emergency session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR decided to consider the official flag of the Russian Federation "Historical" White-blue-red - the one that was the official flag of the Russian Empire from 1883 to 1917 (the decision was approved on November 1 V Congress of people's deputies). Red banners were canceled and in the armed forces, they were withdrawn from all parts and replaced with tricolor. However, not all in our country accepted such changes, especially in the army. They were not going to refuse red flags left political forces.
On December 29, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin approved the law on the banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (in the USSR there was no such thing, the banner). The main military banner of Russia was the symbolic - uniting - meaning, including heraldic elements from different eras of Russian history: red, five-pointed stars and a double-headed eagle. At the same time, the military units were returned to their oversized glory red banners.
After the formation of the USSR, the Red Army continued to use old banners with the symbols of the RSFSR. The single sample of the banner did not exist. But all the banners were red.
The sample was approved by the CEC and SCC of the USSR in 1926 (CEC and SCA and SCA of the USSR approved the provision on the revolutionary red banners of the RKKK parts on June 11, 1926 (without a description of the banner), the chairman of the Revoensovet K. Voroshilov approved on December 14, 1926). On the front side upper corner Astra - a star with a sickle and a hammer in the center.
In 1937, instead of the "CEC USSR", the Supreme Council of the USSR began to write on banners.
The coat of arms of the USSR was depicted on the back of the head, the motto above him, the name of the part
The same document (11.6.1926) found that previously obtained by the union of the Red Army from the Revoensuit, the governments of the Union and the republics of the banners, not corresponding to a new model, are nevertheless recognized by the "revolutionary red banners of parts".
On November 23, 1926, the Presidium of the USSR CEC with its decree approved a sample of an honorary revolutionary red banner and an honorary revolutionary naval flag. Here is a description of the honorary revolutionary red banner:
"The honorable revolutionary red banner consists of a colored panel (facial and back of the sides), cross-tipped along the edges and a tip.
The banner of the banner is made of red silk or red silk velvet, in exceptional cases - from the red velvet of the highest quality.
The cloth of the banner, wound and attached to the antifreeze, has the shape of a square with a side of 1.25 m. At the edges of the cloth, it is trimmed by a border of a blue color of 11.25 cm in the same quality of matter as the cloth itself: the border is finished on the edges of the gold braid width 1 cm. On the Blue Field of Kaima, the Agranta, the drawing of which represents crossed sickle and hammer and is repeated 11 times on each side of the panel. In the four corners of the Kaima, creeps from the golden sution wide in 1 cm circle with a diameter of 10 cm with inscribed framed also a gold sort of 0.5 cm with a red star facing one end up.
A. Facial side of the panel. In the middle of the panels placed an image of state coat of arms Union of SSR. Picture globe It has a diameter of 27.5 cm and framed with a gold soutout, 0.2 cm wide with images of continentally from red (raspberry) silk, and seas - from light blue, meridians and parallel circles with a sketch. Both continents and the sea are shaded along the edges to give the whole image of relief. Sickle and hammer of the coat of arms - from a golden fusion and a length of 20 cm each.
The drawing of the globe of the coat of arms is placed on 55 gold, different lengths, rays of the rising sun, made of golden brocade. The image of the sun towers over crossed ears of 10 cm, the range of the Sun with a radius of 15 cm, the distance between the images of the globe and the sun is 7.5 cm.
Stems from a gold-and-suthed stone, 0.4 cm wide and the width of the crossing ends at the bottom - at 5 cm.
At the top of a wreath of seals, between their ends, there is a red five-pointed star, bordered by the golden sort of 0.5 cm wide. The dimensions of the stars are such that the vertices are located on the circle, with a diameter of 9 cm.
The width of the raspberry ribbon, spawning spikes - 6.5 cm. Earls themselves from the Golden Silka, with a mustache from the golden liner with a width of 0.2 centimeters. The width of the wreath from the sections, in its widest part, counting with a ribbon - 67 cm, the height of the wreath from the end of the stems to the top of the berths of the coal - 67 cm.
Above the image of the coat of arms horizontally, symmetrically the midline of the square of the panels, is placed in two lines. The inscription is ocherized by a gold band, a width of about 1 cm, the height of the letters 4 cm. The length of the upper line (the word "proletaria") is 39 cm, and the bottom (words: "All countries, connect") - 61 cm, the distance between lines 1 cm, the lower line is located but the stars of the coat of arms at a distance of 5 cm.
On the four corners of the panels, the banner placed red five-pointed stars, bordered by the golden sort of 0.5 cm wide and intertwined with cross-mounted sickle and hammer; Each star is located so that one point is directed to the center of the panel, the top of the star is located around the circumference with a diameter of 22 cm, the sickle and hammer - from the sution of black silver with a corresponding tinge and sizes: Sickle - 19 cm, hammer - 22 cm.
B. back side
. On the side of the panel attached to the antifreeze, in its upper corner, one edge up, a five-pointed star is placed, bordered by silver sort of 1.2 cm wide. The star is located at a distance of 52.5 cm from the top and 22.5 cm from the side sides. Pointers, tops of the stars lie on the circle, with a diameter of 27 cm.
From the gaps between the episodes of the star are five beams of diverging rays of 16 rays in each (rays of silver suture, intermittent). The width of the beams of the rays and the star is 7 cm, and the bottom and the opposite of the sides are 50 cm.
In the lower, the right corner of Nutta, part of the image of the globe at the pole, framed by the golden sort of 0.2 cm wide, the mainland (Sweden, Norway, the European and Asian part of the Union of the SSR) of the globe - from the raspberry slaughter, and the sea from the light blue silk, and Both the mainland and the sea are fired at the edges to impart relief, mergedians and parallel circles are applied by a gold story.
The sizes of the image of the globe: on the bottom side of the cloth 50 cm and side by side - 33 cm. In the corner of the image of the globe, the crossed sickle, hammer and bayonet. The hammer is facing an angle in an angle and has a length of 17 cm, the sickle - the handle of the book, vertically, 20 cm long, a bayonet, parallel to the bottom side of the cloth 37 cm long.
In the upper right corner of the panel, there is an inscription in 3 lines, made of a gold braid width of about 1 cm. With a distance between lines 4 cm. Length of the 1st line (the word "central") - 55 cm, 2nd (words "Executive Committee" ) - 60 cm, and the third (the words "SSR Union") - 45 cm. The height of the letters of the first and second strings is 5 cm, the third - 6 cm.
Along the outdoor outline of the part of the globe, there is an eloquent gold braid, about 3 cm wide, in two lines, the name of the military unit, awarded the banner; The height of the lettering letters is 4 cm, the distance between rows is 2 cm. The banner is oak, polished, round, accurate, length - 2.85 m, with a diameter of 5.5 cm. "
Text Description Banner by Book V.A.Sokolova "Flags Russian Empire and the USSR in the documents "
On November 27, 1932, the Presidium CEC of the USSR approved the provision on the honorary revolutionary red banner and the honorary revolutionary naval flag. A description of the honorary revolutionary red banner in this position repeated the sample of 1926.
In July 1941, the Moscow City Committee decided to celebrate the battle banners of the regiments and divisions of the Moscow national militia. In the text of the decision it was said: "The fighting banners are a symbol of revolutionary loyalty to the Motherland, the Soviet government, the Bolshevik party, the symbol of victory over the enemy."
During Patriotic War There were new banners, a decree of December 21, 1942 set a sample of a red banner for the military units of the Red Army, on June 11, 1943 - for the Guards Army and Corps, and on February 5, 1944 - Naval Red Znamed and Guards Naval Red Znamon ( Regulations on the red banner in parts of the Navy). These banners existed before the collapse of the USSR.
The red banner of the part (sample 1942; since 1975 - a combat banner of part) was a square cloth 145x115 cm made of red silk fi with a golden fringe, with an image on the front side of gold sickle and hammer and inscriptions: "For our Soviet homeland!" (The height of the letters is 7.5 cm), and on the back side, the image of the star of the bordeaux color with the golden radiant border and the title of the part. The banner had a dark brown tree, twisted cord with two brushes.
In the Red Army in 1941, the Guard was created - the honorary name of selected, showing a special heroism of military units.
The banner of the Guards part had a portrait of Lenin, the motto "for our Soviet homeland" and "USSR" on the front side.
Banner size: 145 cm x 115 cm. It is decorated with a golden fringe. The tree has a length of 250 cm and a diameter of 4 cm. The banner was supplied with two brushes on the twisted cords (in each particular part to the ancient, the Order of the ordinance ribbons were attached, and to the cloth the signs of the orders).
On the back there was a small red star with a sickle and a hammer in the middle, the name and number of the part and the motto (for example, the "death of the German invaders!", On banners issued during World War II).
From the history of the combat red banner
From the first days of the existence of the Red Army, which was created in February 1918, the rusting of the military unit (detachment, regiment, division) was a revolutionary red banner. The Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted in July 1918, legislatively consolidated the importance of the revolutionary red banner not only as state, but also as the military flag of the Soviet Republic.
During the civil war and foreign military intervention, military units received banners from command, from party and Soviet organizations, from collectives of workers and employees, agricultural workers. That is why they were diverse in shape, emblems and inscriptions.
"For the power of the Soviets!"; "The world of huts - war palaces!", "Forward, to socialism!", "Long live communism!" - We read such inscriptions on the banners of that time (Fig. 1). On the banners of the first years of Soviet power, as a rule, the coat of arms of the RSFSR and the coat of arms of other Soviet republics, the emblems of childbirth of the troops and, of course, the emblem of the Red Army, approved by the Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) in May 1918, - a five-pointed star with a plow And the hammer in the center of it.
In the first battles for the Young Soviet Republic, many military units of the Red Army showed unprecedented mass heroism. In August 1918, by decision of the Soviet government, the first combat reward was introduced for the particularly distinguished part of the Red Army - the honorable revolutionary red banner (Fig. 2). Already on August 20, 1918, the 5th Latvian Rifle Regiment was first awarded an honorary revolutionary red banner. This regiment heroically defended Kazan, reflecting many opponent's attacks.
Then an honorary banner was awarded one of the regiments of V. I. Chapaeva, the 1st summary Symbirsk Iron Division and other parts.
In December 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. Changed the names of the highest government agencies, was
the State Emblem of the USSR and the State Flag (see pp. 197- 198) was established. In 1924-1928 Was held military reformwhich largely changed the structure of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
It was necessary to establish a single official sample of a combat banner.
In June 1926, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the "Regulations on the revolutionary red banners of the parts of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army (RKKKA) and a sample of the banner" (Fig. 3).
On this banner, we see the coat of arms of the USSR, a five-pointed star with a sickle and a hammer and the inscription "CEC USSR". Such a banner was awarded each military unit, connection.
In November 1926, an honorary revolutionary red banner was again established. It was a government award that was awarded to parts particularly distinguished in battles with the enemies of the Socialist Fatherland or who showed high successes in combat training in peacetime (Fig. 4).
In honor of the tenth anniversary of the Red Army on February 23, 1928. For the first time, this high awards of 19 compounds and parts of the Red Army were awarded. Among the awarded were: the 3rd cavalry Bessarabskaya named after G. I. Kotovsky and the 25th Chapaev division.
In December 1936, the new Constitution of the USSR was adopted, and the Supreme Council of the USSR became the supreme body of state power. Therefore, on the banners instead of the inscription "CEC USSR", a new inscription - "Supreme Council of the USSR" appeared.
The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 He was a harsh test for the Soviet people and its armed forces.
In the stubborn fierce battles of summer and the fall of 1941, the Soviet Guard was born.
The first order of renaming 100, 127, 153, 161st in 1, 2, 3, 4th guards Divisions He was signed on September 18, 1941. The order said that these "divisions showed samples of courage, courage, disciplines and organizations. In difficult conditions of the struggle, these divisions have repeatedly applied cruel defeats by the German-fascist troops, they turned them into flight, they were horrified on them. " Then it was said: "In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, these divisions give special guards banners." The guards banners were actually established by this order, which were a sign of combat differences and a combat part of the part (Fig. 5).
In December 1942, the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was approved by a new one for the Armed Forces of the USSR, a sample of a red banner (Fig. 6), and in June 1943, the banners of the Guards Army and the Guards Corps were established (Fig. 7).
The Red Banner is a symbol of military honor, it reminds the Soviet warrior about his sacred debt to serve the Soviet Motherland, without gentle and his own life.
The Red Banner is awarded to the military unit for its formation on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR representative of the Ministry of Defense.
The banner is always under part, and during the battle - in the area of \u200b\u200bher fighting. The internal service charter requires every soldier, sergeant, officer and general "as a zenitsa of an eye to protect the banner of its part." Loss of banner in battle is not only an imbued shame, but also a grave crime to the homeland.
In the Soviet Armed Forces there was a wonderful tradition - loyalty to the military banner. Many can be given examples of the inspirational role of the Red Banner and how, without sparing their lives, Soviet warriors saved the banner of their part in battle.
In honor of the 50th anniversary of the Great October, many military units and compounds for excellent indicators in combat and political training They had a memorable banner. They were presented in a solemn atmosphere representatives of the Ministry of Defense.
Now, under combat red banners, the Soviet Armed Forces reliably protect the peaceful labor of the Soviet people.
Red Army in the years of foreign military intervention and civil war
I. Krasnogvardeysky patrol.
II. Two-bored machine-gun armored car.
III. Red Army and Red Partizan (center)
with carbines. 1918
IV. Red cavalryrs during the civil war.
V. Machine gunner.
Vi. Samples of uniforms of the Red Army and the Red Army commanders in 1919-1922.
VII. Emblem of the Red Army, samples of signs differences:
1st row (left right) - Krasnoarmeysky
badge, Cocardic Icons on Head
releases introduced in 1918 -1922.
2nd row - a coloring of the loovers on collars of shoes for various types of troops, introduced in January 1919: infantry, cavalry, artillery, aeronautical, engineering, border troops.
3rd row - broken signs of team composition differences: Army Commander, Head of Division, Regiment Commander, Rota Commander, Starshine, Departed Commander.
4th row - buttercups on the collar of overweights with coloring for the birth of troops introduced in April 1919
5 and 6rd rows - the color of the loop with edging on the collar of overcoats and shoes by the birth of troops. Introduced in January 1922: infantry, cavalry, artillery, aviation and aeronautic parts, engineering troops, armored parts.
7th row - twisted signs of labor of troops introduced in 1920
8th row - broken signs of team composition. Introduced in January 1922 1. Glerk. Ј. Army Commander, Assistant Commander of the Army, Corps Commander. 3. Brigade commander. 4. Shelf commander, assistant regiment commander, commander of a separate battalion, assistant commander of a separate battalion. 5. Commander company, assistant commander of the company. 6. Assistant commander of the platoon. (The color of the valve field is determined by the native troops.)
Jolio George »Weapons and ammunition for Belopolds. "Nobody touched the ship," said in a newspaper message. "The movers decided to throw away coal from the bunkers so that the ship could not load the weapon in another port."
Heavy unemployment was tested by French doctors at this time. But neither hunger, nor needs could force the dors of Brest and Gauring, Bordeaux and Marseille to ship equipment for Denikin, Yudenich, Kolchak.
About its solidarity with the port workers of England, France, America said the railway workers of Italy: to prevent the carriage of military materials to combat Soviet Russia, they declared an universal strike. And in August 1920, the International Congress of Sailors and the International Union of Transport Workers decided to prevent the transport of military cargo.
Increased dissatisfaction with an unfair war and in the army of the interventionists. All more decisive, soldiers and sailors refused to perform against the Red Army, all persistently demanded sending home. Cases of britany with redarmeys. The disobedience of command, excitement in parts of the interventionists has been overwhelmed into real uprisings.
In Odessa, they refused to fight against the Red Army three infantry, sperm and machine gun french shelves.
The 310th American regiment lured in the Far East was also accepted. The interventory had to send it back, in the USA.
In early 1919, excitement broke out in the English part arriving in Arkhangelsk from Murmansk. By order of the English command of the organizers of these unrests shot. Nevertheless, fermentation in the arms troops continued.
Dissatisfaction with Japanese troops. Soldiers of one of the Japanese mouth cut off her epaulets from their uniforms and put on red bows. They were taken to the battleship in the sea and they shot there. Until now, in the Far East lives the memory of the Japanese soldier named Sato, the former working and printer, which passed on the side of the revolutionary people. Fighting in one of the partisan detachments, he died by the death of the hero. Comrades solemnly buried him in Khabarovsk.
The mood among the soldiers became so openly revolutionized that the interventory had to withdraw their troops from Russia. "We took away from her (Ententes. - Ed.)her soldier, "said V. I. Lenin in connection with this. Sympathy, support from the working people of capitalist countries was, in the expression of Lenin, the most important "causes that all the invasions opposed us were killed."
One of the bright manifestations of international proletarian solidarity was the organization of international detachments that fought in Russia against the White Guards and the Interventory. These detachments entered the former prisoners of war and foreign workers.
Shoulder to shoulder with their brothers - the peoples of Russia fought in the Red Army of 70-80 thousand Hungarian Prisoners of War, 30-40 thousand Chinese workers, thousands of Koreans, Chekhov, Poles, Serbs, Germans, Romanians and representatives of other peoples of the world. They committed wonderful feats in the struggle for the case of the socialist revolution!
For a long time, after the revolution, the united sample of the banner of the working and peasant red army did not exist. All used flags did not have certain sizes and installed drawings or inscriptions, combined them only red. As a rule, such an example military units were awarded party and Soviet organizations or work factories and factories that participated in their formation. The symbolism applied to them was the most different, right up to a double-headed eagle, though without a crown and power with a scepter (1st Chernihiv Soviet regiment 1918). Banner of the 159th rifle regiment (1919) on one side there was an inscription: "Northern eagles will fulfill their duty to the revolution! They will take Arkhangelsk! They are carved by the Red Banner of Labor in the snow far from the North! "The star was depicted on the other and the inscription:" The Red Army Liberator of Labor Humanity. 159 Rifle regiment. Political Department of the 6th Army. "
The first official military banners - honorary revolutionary red banners - appeared in August 1918 at the proposal of a member of the College People's Commissariat. According to the military and maritime affairs of the RSFSR N.I. Vodvsky. Initially, a single sample of an honorary revolutionary red banner did not exist. However, on each of them, the inscription "from the WTCIK" was made - on behalf of which they were awarded as a sign featuring for special combat merits and, in fact, were the first Soviet state award. The decision on their institution was brought to the troops by order of the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs of August 3, 1918 for №608 shelter: "Declares to the attention of all fighting for the strengthening of the revolution and socialist building, which the most distinguished regiments and rotes will be given as a combat award from the Russian Federal Soviet Republic. Special banners of the revolution. Order to read in all rotations, batteries and squadrons ».
On August 20, 1918 received this award on August 20, 1918, became the 5th Zemkali Latvian Rifle Regiment "For the dedicated and brave protection of Kazan." This regiment not only defended Kazan from White Guards, but also under enemy fire was able to remove the entire gold reserve of the republic, previously evacuated there from Moscow and Petrograd.
On October 4, 1918, a second decree was taken to award the honorary revolutionary red banner of the Central Executive Committee, the Nikolaev Regiment under the command of V.I. Schapayev, and the 1st Sumbish Infantry Iron Division and the first peasant communist regiment of red eagles and the first peasant communist regiment of red eagles are honored. This regiment was formed in the Yekaterinburg district in June 1918 from the Ural volunteers. Leaving the heavy battles along the Gornozavodskaya railway, the regiment held back the enemy's significantly superior to the enemy. He showed particular durability with the defeat of the enemy grouping under the lower tagil. According to the memoirs of one of the fighters of this shelf: "The Red Banner of the WTCIK has become a sidden part. It entered our friendly family not only as a symbol of recognizing the combat merit of the regiment, but also as a reward that each of us obligated a lot ... ". It is appropriate to notice that in the shelf of red eagles began their combat activities Ural writer-writer P.P. Bazhov, 16-year-old Philip Golikov, subsequently Marshal of the Soviet Union, and a number of other prominent military, party and Soviet workers.
Later, for military differences in the Civil War of 1918 - 1920, the honorary banner were awarded: the Baltic Fleet, the 5th and separate Caucasian (former 11th) army, 36 divisions, 263 and parts and military educational establishments, Cities - Petrograd (Resolution of the VII Congress of the Soviets of the RSFSR, 1919) and Orenburg (Decree of the Central Executive Committee on October 8, 1920). (Total parts and compounds of the worker-peasant Red Army were awarded 314 banners, 124 of them are now stored in the CMVD of the Russian Federation).
After establishing on September 16, 1918, the Order "Red Banner" in a special decree it explained that the parts awarded the honorary revolutionary Red Banner of the WTCIK, for a repeated difference in the fight against the enemies of the RSFSR awarded by this order, the sign of which is attached to this banner, and such parts are already called twice red-known. And in October 1918, given the need to more quickly celebrate military units, distinguished in battles, the Central Executive Committee granted the right to award with honorary revolutionary red banners to reviable councils.
On March 18, 1920, the Regulation on awarding was approved by the VTCI military formations Honorary revolutionary red banners. It was indicated that military units of all kinds of troops may be awarded and military units that showed outstanding differences in battles with the enemies of the RSFSR, and the award was carried out by the RTCEC Resolutions.
Order of the RVSR of May 13, 1920 No. 860 approved "Rules on the procedure for the submission of individual military units to awarding the honorary revolutionary red banners." Order of the RVSR No. 846 (847?) Of May 17, 1920, finally, "Description of the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner" was approved:
- on the front side of the coat of arms of the RSFSR, under it the motto "Proletarians of all countries, connect!", In the rectangle at the top of the letter of the letter "RSFSR".
- On the back side, a red star with a hammer and a plow in the center, at the top of the inscription "from the WTCIK", downstairs it is written to anyone and for what - a banner is handed.
 |
Subsequently, the decoration of these premium banners was repeatedly modified, but the inscriptions on them mostly remained standard. The part of the Red Army of Honorary Red Banner continued to enjoy diverse flags, often having several different flags. Only on June 11, 1926, the CEC and SCA of the USSR approved a single sample banning for the Red Army, which were awarded each military unit or compound. The same document found that those previously obtained by the structures of the Red Army from the Revoensuit, the governments of the Union and the republics of the banners are not corresponding to a new model, they are not less recognized by "revolutionary red banners" and the replacement is not subject to.
On approval of the Regulation on Revolutionary Red Banners Parts
The Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of the SSR are resolved:
1. To approve the Regulations on the revolutionary red banners of the parts of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army.
2. Banners assigned to parts of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army by the Resolution of the Government of the SSR Union, the Government of the Union Republics or the Revolutionary Military Council, to the publication specified in Art. 1 provisions, to recognize the revolutionary red banners of the corresponding parts with the fact that the revolutionary military council of the SSR Union is obliged to enter the submission to the Central Executive Committee of the SSR for the issuance of relevant dimensions, according to Art. 4 positions.
Regulations on revolutionary red banners of parts
Worker-peasant Red Army.1. Revolutionary red banner assigned part, expresses the inner spike of fighters of this part, combined constant readiness To speak at the first request of the workers' and peasant authorities to protect the conquests of the revolution and the interests of the workers.
2. The revolutionary red banner is in the part and accompanies it in all the circumstances of her hiking and peaceful life. The order of storage, bringing and taken by revolutionary red banners is regulated by the relevant charters of the working and peasant red army.
3. Each individual building part of all types of troops and service of the working and peasant red army has its revolutionary red banner.
4. A revolutionary red banner is presented by part on behalf. Central Executive Committee of the Union Sor with a special diploma.
5. Awarded with individual parts, on the grounds stipulated by the special position, the Order of the Red Banner are attached to the revolutionary red banners of these parts.
6. Revolutionary red banners are awarded with military units for all the time of their existence and are saved by them in all cases of changes in the names and numbering of these parts.
7. Rules on the transfer of the revolutionary red banner of a part that is subjected to reform or coagulation is established by the Revolutionary Military Council of the SSR Union, and for the military of the United States Political Administration - the Collegium of the United States Political Department of the SSR Union.
8. When re-formation, coagulation or deployment of part, there is a mark in the letter (Article 4).
9. In the final disbandment of part of the working and peasant Red Army, the banner is transferred to storage in the relevant museum on the resolution of the revolutionary military council of the Union of the USSR, and for the military of the United States Political Administration - according to the United Nations Decision of the United States Political Administration of the SSR Union.
SZ USSR, 1926, №41.
 |
The Regulation on the revolutionary red banners was announced by the Order of the Russian Federation of the USSR No. 606 of October 5, 1926, and the Order of the USSR No. 57 of February 3, 1927 was put into effect the instructions for applying the specified CEC Regulation, a picture and description of the Red Banner were announced. According to the description, on one side of the panel, the coat of arms of the USSR was located, over it the slogan of "the proletia of all countries, join". In the upper left corner - the Red Army Star. Under the coat of arms - the name of the part. On the other side - a red star with a sickle and hammer and the words "CEC USSR".
On November 23, 1926, the Presidium of the CEC USSR approved with its decree and a new sample of an honorary revolutionary red banner, and introduced the honorary revolutionary naval flag.
Resolution of the Presidium CEC Union SSR
from November 23, 1926"On the establishment of an honorary revolutionary red banner and an honorary revolutionary naval flag."
Approve according to the accompanying drawings and descriptions honorary revolutionary red banner and honorary revolutionary naval flag.
Description of the honorary revolutionary red banner.
The honorable revolutionary red banner consists of a colored panel (face and revolving sides), stitched along the edges and a tip with a tip.
The cloth of the banner is made of red silk or red silk velvet, in exceptional cases - from the red velvet of the highest quality.
The cloth of the banner, wound and attached to the tree, has the shape of a square with the party in 1.25 m. At the edges of the cloth, it is trimmed with a border of a blue color of 11.25 cm. The same quality of matter as the cloth itself: the border of the bridge on the edges of the gold braid width 1 cm. On the Blue Field of Kaima, the Agranta, the drawing of which represents crossed sickle and hammer and is repeated 11 times on each side of the panel. In the four corners of Kaima, creeps from the golden liner in 1 cm wide. 10 cm circle with an inscribed alone framed by a gold sort of 0.5 cm. A red star facing one end to the top.
A. Facial side of the panel. In the middle of the panels, an image of the state coat of arms of the SSR Union is placed. The drawing of the globe of the coat of arms has a diameter of 27.5 cm. And framed by a gold story, a 0.2 cm wide. Moreover, images of continents from red (raspberry) silk, and seas - from light blue, meridians and parallel circles are applied with gold stern. Both continents and the sea are shaded along the edges to give the whole image of relief. Sickle and Hammer of the coat of arms - from the golden suture and a length of 20 cm. Each.
The drawing of the globe of the coat of arms is placed on 55 gold, different lengths, rays of the rising sun, made of golden brocade. The image of the Sun rises above crossed spikes by 10 cm., Sun circle with a radius of 15 cm., Distance between the images of the globe and the sun is 7.5 cm.
Stems from a gold-stroke of a gold line, 0.4 cm wide. Moreover, the width of the crossing ends below is 5 cm.
At the top of a wreath of seals, between their ends, there is a red five-pointed star, bordered by a gold stern of 0.5 cm. The dimensions of the star are such that the vertices are located on the circle, with a diameter of 9 cm.
The width of the raspberry ribbon, spawning spikes - 6.5 cm. Evoras themselves from gold silk, with a mustache from the golden fusion width of 0.2 centimeters. The width of the wreath of ears, in its widest part, counting with a ribbon - 67 cm, the height of the wreath from the end of the stems to the top of the berths of the sections -67 cm.
On the image of the coat of arms horizontally, symmetrically the middle line of the square of the panel, is placed in two lines of the inscription, nasty the gold band, about 1 cm wide, the height of the letters 4 cm. Length of the top line (word: "proletaries") - 39 cm, and lower (Words: "All countries, connect") - 61 cm., Distance between lines 1 cm. The lower line is from the star of the coat of arms at a distance of 5 cm.
On the four corners of the panels, the banner placed red five-pointed stars, bordered by a gold soutout 0.5 cm wide. And intertwined with cross-mounted sickle and hammer; Each star is located in such a way that one point is directed towards the center of the panel, the top of the star is located around a circle with a diameter of 22 cm., Sickle and hammer - from the SUN for black silver with a corresponding shade and sizes: Sickle - 19 cm. Hammer - 22 cm.
B. Reverse side. On the side of the panel attached to the antifreeze, in its upper corner, one edge up, a five-pointed star is placed, bordered by silver sort of 1.2 cm wide. The star is located at a distance of 52.5 cm. From the top and 22.5 cm. From The side of the panels, the tops of the stars lie on the circle, with a diameter of 27 cm.
From the gaps between the episodes of the star are five beams of diverging rays of 16 rays in each (rays of silver suture, intermittent). The width of the beams of the rays and the star is 7 cm, and the bottom and the opposite of the sides are 50 cm.
In the lower, the right corner of Nutta, part of the image of the globe at the pole, framed by the golden sort of 0.2 cm wide, the mainland (Sweden, Norway, the European and Asian part of the SSR Union) of the globe from raspberry silk, and the sea of \u200b\u200blight blue silk and Both the mainland and the sea are shaded along the edges to impart relief, meridians and parallel circles are applied by a gold story.
The sizes of the image of the globe: on the bottom side of the cloth 50 cm. And on the side - 33 cm. In the corner of the image of the globe, the crossed sickle, hammer and bayonet. The hammer is handled into the angle and has a length of 17 cm., Sickle - handle book, vertically, 20 cm long, bayonet, parallel to the bottom side of the panel length 37 cm.
In the upper right corner of the panel, there is an inscription in 3 rows, made by a gold braid width of about 1 cm, from the distance between the rows 4 cm. Length of the 1st line (the word "central") - 55 cm., 2nd (words "executive The Committee ") - 60 cm., And the third (the words" SSR Union ") - 45 cm. The height of the letter first and second rows - 5 cm., Third - 6 cm.
Along the outdoor outline of the part of the globe there is a sour gold braid, about 3 cm wide, in two lines, the name of the military unit, awarded the banner; The height of the lettering letters is 4 cm., The distance between the rows is 2 cm. The anti-dubbed bay, polished, round, accurate, length - 2.85 m. diameter - 5.5 cm.
Tsagar USSR, f. 331, op. 25, 223, l. 150..
Description of the honorary revolutionary naval flag.
The honorary revolutionary naval flag for the ships of the worker-peasant red fleet is the Naval Flag of the SSR Union, in the upper left corner of which there is a white roof. The edge of the root bends part of the circumference of the white circle and runs around the middle of the two white rays of the flag, in the middle of the cock there is a drawing of the Order of the Red Banner.
The entire flag is made of silk dense matter, and the flag is sewn, and the star and drawing of the red banner are embroidered with silk.
Note 1. For the daily service, ships awarded by the honorary revolutionary flag are supplied with flags of the same pattern, stitched from fladhum or printed on fladh.
Note 2. Flag size depends on the class class.
Tsagar USSR, f. 3316, OP. 25, 223, l. 100.
It is appropriate to add that the first Naval Flag of the USSR (he is the forage flag of the navy ships) was established on August 24, 1923 by the Presidium of the USSR Sun. The flag was designed by the captain of the first rank of N.I. Idynsky, which took the basis of the Naval Flag of Japan. The ruling said: "The naval flag is red, rectangular, in the middle of the flag - the white circle (sun) with 8 diverging white rays to the corners and middle sides. In the circle, a red five-pointed star, inside which the sickle and hammer facing one end up. Dimensions: the ratio of the flag length to its width as 3 × 2; The circle has a size - half of the width of the flag; The star has a diameter - 5/6 of the diameter of the circle; The width of the rays in the circle of 1/24, in the corners and middle of the sides of the flag - 1/10 width of the flag. " For the first time he was raised in the fifth anniversary October revolution - November 7, 1923. Later flag changed several times.
The first question arose immediately after the Naval Forces of the Far East on April 21, 1932, transformed on January 11, 1935 in the Pacific Fleet. Since the existing naval flag was very similar to the Naval Flag of Japan, it could lead to possible problems. This situation was understood for several years, until, on May 27, 1935, the decision of the CEC and SCA of the USSR was not established a new naval flag. From the ruling: "The USSR Naval Flag - is a white cloth with a blue stripe running along the bottom edge of the flag. On the white cloth placed: in the center of the left half (at the charter), a red five-pointed star facing one cone; In the center of the right half of the panels - crossed sickle and hammer of red. The diameter of the star is 2/3 of the width of the entire flag, and the largest diameter of the crossed sickle and hammer - 2/3 of the width of the white cloth. The ratio of the width of the white cloth to the blue strip 5: 1. The ratio of the flag length to 3: 2 width. ".
On November 27, 1932, the USSR CEC adopted a decree on awarding the honorable revolutionary red banner and honorary revolutionary naval flag of military units and units for military merit or for high success in combat training in peacetime. A description of the honorary revolutionary red banner in this position repeated the sample of 1926.
On February 17, 1934, the Presidium of the USSR CEC was an addition to the Regulations on the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner and the Honorary Revolutionary Naval Flag, which stained:
Presidium CEC USSR Decides:
Complete art. I section I provisions on the honorary revolutionary red banner and an honorary revolutionary naval flag, approved by the Presidium of the USSR CEC on November 27, 1932 (meeting of the laws of the USSR 1932, Art. 492) notes as follows.
"Note": military units, ships, as well as their compounds, awarded an honorary revolutionary red banner or honorary revolutionary naval flag, when changing their initial items or numbering, retain these banners (flags). Military units, as well as their compounds (parts or ships), awarded with honorable revolutionary red banner or honorary revolutionary naval flag, when re-forming, transmit these banners (flags) to the military unit or compound (parts or ships in which the largest part of all military unit or compound. In case of disbanding the military units, ships, as well as their compounds, the honorary revolutionary red banner and the honorary revolutionary naval flag are transferred to the RKKKA Museum (RKKMF), with the exception of parts of the wholesale that the banners (flags) are transmitted to the museum OGPU.
Tsagar USSR, f. 3316, OP. 25, 223 (i), l. 208.
In 1964, all previously adopted decisions and provisions on honorary revolutionary red banners were canceled.
 |
However, let us return to the usual signs of military units. Since 1937, "Supreme Soviet of the USSR" began to write "Supreme Council of the USSR" on all banners instead of the "CEC", and the number of tapes in the wreath of the coat of arms have changed.
After the start of the Great Patriotic War, in July 1941, the Moscow City Committee decided to present the military banners of the regiments and divisions of the Moscow national militia. The text of the decision said: "The battle banners are a symbol of revolutionary loyalty to the Motherland, the Soviet government, the Bolshevik party, a symbol of victory over the enemy."
September 18, 1941, after the first successful offensive operation Soviet troops of Salney (August 30 - September 8) in which the 100th, 127th, 153rd and 161th rifle divisions of the 24th army, and the decision of the TGK rate and the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR I.V. Stalin For No. 308, the named divisions were renamed respectively in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Guards Rifle Divisions. In the same order, it is said: "In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the specified divisions give special guards banners." This was the beginning of not only the revival of the guard, but also by the introduction of a special kind of banners.
On December 24, 1942, new samples of banners are approved and for the rest, non-Guards, military units and navy.
Order with the announcement of the declaration of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
"On approval of a new sample of the Red Banner of the Military Unit of the Red Army"1. I declare dated December 21, 1942. "On approval of a new sample of the Red Banner of the Military Units of the Red Army."
2. Orders of the RVS of the USSR 1926 No. 606, 1927 No. 57 and the Circular NKVM 1926 No. 70 - to cancel.
Deputy People's Commissar Defense of the USSR Colonel-General E. Schadenko
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
On approval of a new sample of the Red Banner of the Military Units of the Red ArmyThe Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decides:
1. To approve a new sample of a red banner to present the parts of the Red Army in their formation and its description.
2. To approve the Regulations on the Red Banner of the Military Units of the Red Army.
Regulations on the Red Banner of the Military Unit of the Red Army
1. The Red Banner is the symbol of military honor, valor and glory, it is a reminder to each of the fighters and commanders of the military unit about their holy duty to serve the Soviet Motherland, to defend her courageously and skillfully, defend each other native landwithout sparing his blood and life itself.
2. The Red Banner is awarded by the military unit for its formation on behalf of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet representative of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR.
3. Red Banner is saved for military part For all the time, regardless of the change in the name and numbering of the part. Changes in the name and numbering of the military unit are recorded in the certificate issued when a red banner is present.
4. The Red Banner is always with its part, and on the battlefield - in the area of \u200b\u200bhostilities part.
5. In the loss of the Red Banner due to the facilitates of the military unit, its commander and the entire team make-up, guilty of such a shame, are subject to the court of the military tribunal, and the military unit is disbanded.
Description of the Red Banner of the Military Unit of the Red Army
The red banner consists of a double-sided panel, agun and cord with brushes.
The banner of the banner is rectangular, sizes: in length - 145 cm, in width-115 cm, made from a folded halve of red silk fi and is trimmed from three sides with a golden silk fringe.
On one side of the panels in the center, the sickle and a hammer of colored silk size in a height of 36 cm. In the upper and lower edges of the panels are embroidered with golden silk slogan "for our Soviet homeland". The height of the lettering letters is 7.5 cm.
On the other side of the panel in the center - Application: a five-pointed star from a bordeaux color silk with an embroidery of golden silk along the edges and color silk in the form of a ray on the surface of a star having a size between opposite vertices of 56 cm. Under the star with golden silk, the number and name of the military unit are embroidered under the star. Golden silk. The size of the numbers in height is 10 cm, the size of the lettering letters is 7.5 cm.
The banner is wooden, round-section, 4 cm diameter, 2.5 meters long. Anchor painted in dark brown, lacquered and has a metal hoop at the lower end, and on the top - nickel-plated tip.
The cord of the banner is twisted, made of golden silk with two brushes at the ends. Length of the cord - 270-285 cm.
f. 4, op. 12, 106-A, l. 566-568. Script.
 |
Additionally, it was said that: "The combat banner is awarded, divisions, brigades, shelves, individual battalions (divisions, squadrons) and them equal to military units and connections, as well as military educational institutions vocational education. Disciplinary military units, military units of service and other similar military units, the combat banner is not awarded, with the exception of those that it was presented earlier. "
Parts of the Moscow national militia, as already mentioned, had their banners who were issued by the Moscow City Committee of the Party. Separately, it is worth mentioning assault flags. As a rule, modest, homemade and not approved by anyone, they were awarded before the fight the best of the best. They celebrated the busy frontiers during the battle. Actually such an assault flag of the 150 rifle Order of Kutuzov II degree Idritsky Rifle Division, licked on May 1, 1945 at the dome of Reichstag in Berlin and is the official banner of victory.
In June 1942, red 3Names were established for the Guards buildings and the army.
Exhibits№ 141
Order of Deputy People's Commissioner Defense
With the declaration of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
"On approval of samples of red banners for
Guards Army and Guards Corps "I announce the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet of June 11, 1942. "On approval of samples of red banners for the Guards Army and the Guards Corps".
Deputy. People's Commissar Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasilevsky
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
On approval of samples of red banners for the Guards Army and the Guards Corps1. To approve samples and descriptions of red banners for the Guards Army and the Guards Corps.
2. To approve the Regulations on the Red Banners of the Guards Army and the Guards Corps.
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M. Kalinin
Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR A. GorkinPOSITION
On the red banners of the Guards Army and the Guards Corps1. The Guards Red Banner is awarded to armies and buildings when appropriating the guards name. The Guards Red Banner obliges the entire personnel of the Guards armies and buildings to be a model for all other parts and compounds of the Red Army.
2. The Guards Red Banner is awarded on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by the representative of the People's Commissariat of the USSR Defense.
3. The Guards Red Banner remains behind the Guards Army and the Guards Corps for all time, regardless of the change in the name and numbering of the army or the case. Changes in the name and numbering of the army or hull are recorded in the certificate issued when a red banner is given.
4. The Red Banner of the Guards Army or the Guards Corps is always with the army headquarters or headquarters.
5. In the loss of the Guards Banner due to inorganization, facilitating and instability in combat, the team composition, guilty of such a shame, is subject to the court of the military tribunal, and the army or the corps are deprived of the Guards title and are subject to reform.
DESCRIPTION
Red Banner Guards ArmyThe banner consists of a double-sided panel, astand and a silk bow with brushes.
The banner of the banner is made of a folded halve of a red silk fi; The length of the pin -175 cm, width - 115 cm. On the edges of the panels, from three sides, embroidered with golden silk figured pattern with five-pointed asterisks and the emblem "Sickle and hammer". The cloth is covered with golden silk fringe.
"Vedomosti Supreme Soviet of the USSR" 1942 № 46
Designed Foundation
Among the monuments of world history, the banners occupy a special place. With antiquity, they exist as a sign of the military association and have a deep symbolic meaning: the banner is a military shrine, the sign of unity, courage and honor of fighters, patriotism and readiness for the feat. From here - a special attitude to the banner as a historic relic.
The central museum of the Armed Forces has the only one in the world, unique in its composition and the volume collection of banners. She was laid in December 1921, when, by order, the banners of the disbanded military units were transferred to the museum. This provision was enshrined by order of the RVS No. 1982 of August 18, 1922, and to the present, in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the banners of the disbanded parts are transmitted to the CMP. The collected collection includes more than 28 thousand combat, revolutionary, chef, gift, trophy banners, reflecting the various stages of the history of our country from the XIX century to today.
1. Collection of banners of the Russian army.
One of the relics of the museum collection is the regimental banner of the Life Guard of the Finnish regiment of the 1900 sample, presented in the century of the regiment in 1906. Created in 1806 the regiment participated in the battles against Napoleon's troops - fought on the Borodino field; In the battle of the village of Red One of the battalions of the regiment under the command of the headquarters-captain Ushakov seized among the trophies a rod of Marshal Davu. The regiment distinguished himself under Leipzig, when taken Paris, the first broke into Montmartra heights. The regiment participated in the First World War with the new anniversary banner. The officers of the regiment carried the banner on the fronts of the civil war, and after the defeat of the troops of General P.N. Wrangel at the end of 1920 was taken to France. In 1949, the last keeper of the banner of V. Usakov through the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs handed him to the museum.
2. Banner of the revolution - they are not much, but every one of its kind.
The banner of the red guard of the Oktinate Shipbuilding Plant. Under this banner, the Red Guards participated in the storming of the Winter Palace in October 1917, they were guarding the headquarters of the revolution in Smolny and the Cabinet V.I. Lenin, and then fought at the fronts of the Civil War.
3. Banners of the period of the Civil War and Military Intervention, the Peaceful period of 1922-40.
Honored historical value represents the honorary revolutionary red banners of the USSR of the USSR sample of 1920 and honorary revolutionary red banners of the USSR CEC sample of 1926. Of 314 banners who were awarded parts and connections of the working and peasant Red Army as awards, 124 are stored in CMVS.
The first in the history of the Red Army, the 5th Latvian National Rifle Soviet Regiment (September 9, 1918) was awarded the first revolutionary red banner of the Central Army. In heavy and stubborn battles, his glory originated for Kazan. The regiment under the command of I.I.Vacelyis was heroically defended the city, reflected many enemy attacks, which made it possible to evacuate Soviet institutions and values \u200b\u200bfrom the city.
One of the premium banners was awarded to the cavalry brigade of the 45th Rifle Division - the former detachment of Kavalirist-partisans under the command of G.I. Kolovsky - for outstanding exploits in operations against Petlyurovsky forces in Ukraine.
His banners were in white traffic. A banner belonging to the center of General V.O. Kappel who commanded the first Volga Corps was kept in the CMD. The banner was captured with the defeat of the detachment under the command of Colonel Malitsky in February 1920. Under the city of Bratsk Irkutsk region.
The banner of the armored train "to Moscow!", Which was part of the troops under the command of A.I. Denikin. The armored train was built in the fall of 1919 for the means of industrialists of the south of Russia, participated in the battles.
In the interwar period in the Red Army, a single sample of a part of the part of the part was introduced. With the adoption in 1936, the new Constitution of the USSR changed the name of the highest body of Soviet power, the Supreme Council of the USSR was established. Now the battle banners were awarded parts from his behalf.
The 124th Infantry Division was formed in September 1939 in Kirovograd. Part of the personnel of the division participated in battles with Belofinnam in 1939-1940. The banner was awarded to divisions in 1940. The fighters and communities of the Division in 1941 entered into battle with the German fascist invaders and reached Berlin.
4. Combat banners of the period of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.
Together with the appearance in September 1941, the Soviet Guard was created and a banner for the guards parts. It is also a high combat state award of particularly distinguished military units and compounds. In December 1942, a sample banner was approved for the Black Parts and Connections. A special place is occupied by the battle banners of battalions, regiments, divisions, buildings, armies, ships, partisan detachments participating in the battles near Moscow, Stalingrad, at the Kursk Arc, in the liberation of our country and European countries from fascism. Many banners are decorated with ordinal tapes, honorable items in honor of the liberation of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Moldovan, Bulgarian, Polish, Czechoslovak cities are embroidered - evidence of the validity of Soviet soldiers. Each of the banners stored in the museum, the fate of dozens, hundreds, thousands of people. Some of the banners are punched by bullets, fragments of shells, they are ordered by blood bannamers. The banner of the 9th Guards Ministry of Mortar Shelf is dejected in several places. In battles near Budapest in March 1945, it was saved from a burning machine under fire and bombing thanks to the courage of the guard of senior sergeant N.A. Sazhina.
Special place belongs collections storm flagscollected in CMVS. Modest, homemade, not approved by anyone, they were awarded before the fight the best of the best, they celebrated those engaged in the rank during the battle. The assault check box with the inscription "Forward to Berlin" was watered by Sergeant A.I. Bartenyev, fighter of the 1283rd Rifle Regiment, January 15, 1945 in the village of Flegel Tours in the breakthrough of the enemy's defense on the Vistula River.
Stored in the collection of a bannyal fund Flag of the parliamentant N.S.Steinmets. With this white flag captain Steinmec on December 29, 1944, he was sent by the Soviet command for awarding an ultimatum with the need to surround the surrounded German fascist troops in Budapest. Rejointing the ultimatum, the Nazis opened fire on the Soviet parliaments N.S.Steinmetsu and I.A. Ostapenko. The flag is called the blood of the dead warriors.
The most honorable place in the ranks of the banners occupies a red banner, hoarse on the Reichstag on the night of April 30 as of May 1, 1945, the warriors of the 150th Rifle Idrice Division - the Banner of Victory. After the banner was solemnly sent to Moscow and a special order of the Main Political Department Soviet army Of July 10, 1945 was transferred to eternal storage at the Central Museum of the Soviet Army.
5. The honorable place occupies a collection of standards with the names of fronts, specially made in the workshop of the Bolshoi Theater and solemnly swept ahead of each column of troops at the historical parade of the victory on June 24, 1945.
6. Shefish banners.
The collection of the chef banners stored in CMVS is very interesting, it testifies to the inseparable communication of the armed forces with the people.
In 1920, several cities and areas of the country expressed a desire to take patronage over the divisions of the Red Army, who were especially distinguished in battles for Soviet homeland. Soviet people With pride and admiration, the fighting cases of the famous 51st Rifle Division under the command of the legendary hero of the Civil War V.K. Blucher. On October 20, 1920, the representatives of the Moscow Council of Workers and Peasant Deputies of the Division were handed a red banner. Before the frozen rows of fighters, the banner was fluttered in the wind, and everyone read the fiery words: "Destroy Wrangel." And this obligation fighters of the 51st division fulfilled with honor. Wrangel was broken, Crimea became Soviet.
7. Trophy banners.
This collection includes 200 combat banners and standards of the German-fascist troops abandoned by Soviet soldiers to the completion of Mausoleum V.I. Lenin on June 24, 1945, the battalion battalion of the SS Labstandard Adolf Hitler, Flags of Militarist Japan, Armed Forces of Afghan Dushmanov.
A lot in the foundation of the banners donated to the soldiers-liberators on behalf of the peoples of Europe and Asia, there are gift flags and banners from the delegations of the armies of other states.
The museum contains a collection of banners given by military units for differences and creative work.
