I categorically welcome! Igor Vasilyevich, good afternoon. Good day. What is today? Today we will talk about the role of Poland in World War II, because this topic is interesting to the fact that there is just a whole garland of myths around it, and such myths that have already become part of the consciousness of our handshake, i.e. They are no longer discussed, perceived ... True, yes? Yes, i.e. This is all true, and terrible truth, or, on the contrary, heroic. Meanwhile, this is all, in general, it was not quite so. But before talking about it all, I here such, you can say, joyful news will inform. Naturally, she is not joyful for everyone, but we think it will make it. The fact is that as we remember, a year ago, more precisely, even more than a year ago, we have such an amateur Vlasov Kirill Alexandrov, he defended his doctoral dissertation in our town, March 1, if I'm not mistaken last year. So, it seems that the dissertation will be abolished. Wow. Suddenly. Well, i.e. Just the situation is such that she was voted 17 for, 1 against, i.e. Naturally, his colleagues decided to support this study of the phenomenon, so to speak, resistance. But as a result, the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education, she decided to send this case to additional consideration. This dissertation was considered in March of this year already in the dissertation council at the Academy of General Staff, and there, oddly enough, the results of the voting were directly opposite. Ie.17 against, 1 for. Those. Our military is not ready joyful ... Yes, the military did not appreciate this matter. And now, literally quite recently, at the end of May, it was already considered on the expert advice of the VAC, and there is also a negative conclusion. Well, you will do. Those. Now there is only the Presidium of Wak, and there, if they already decide, it will not work in a friend, more precisely, by Mr., become a doctor of science. I would say a citizen. Well, let's wait, let's see. So, what are our Poles? So, it is necessary to start where to start. Actually, when we talk about Poland, then you need to understand that, of course, on the one hand, these are not only our neighbors, but in general, we can say our cousins, i.e. We have a lot of even a common story, we are similar in tongue, by origin, i.e. also the Slavic people. But, on the other hand, our relationships over the past 1,000 were overnight years old, so let's say it is very difficult. Those. As a rule, in general, we were hostile to the Polish state. And, in fact, I was unwillingly, we were only in 2 cases - anything when Poland was part of our country, as was the Kingdom of Polish there; Or if we were monitored using some puppet actually leadership, as it was, in fact, to the partitions of Poland for about half a century. Well, then, in the Soviet period, after the Great Patriotic War. Well, the Soviet period cannot be called puppet. In fact, let's say that friendly, but, nevertheless, thanks to, so to speak, our support, they could preserve their power. When the Soviet Union began to destroy, then there, naturally, we have lost their positions pretty quickly. Naturally, this does not mean that we are by myself the Polish people hostility, i.e. We have many friends there and many worthy people from there, they just live and serve our country at different times. But, nevertheless, it is rather, after all, our, let's say, enemies, our rivals. In principle, this is mainly caused by historically by the fact that Russia, then Russia, and Poland, they claimed hegemony in this part of the world, i.e. in Eastern Europe . But today it may be, someone will seem strange, because now Russia is now a superpower, despite all these events of the quarter-century ago. Well, Poland, let's say, also a power, but not over. But, in general, in the former times, somewhere in the Middle Ages, in fact, even, in general, not only that Poland was larger and stronger than our state, but even the same Lithuania, i.e. Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It happened, yes. And then they have yet united, there was a compulsory issue there, and, in general, then the border with Lithuania passed according to the current Moscow region, i.e. All sorts of there Vyazma, Bell, it was all the Lithuanian territory already, but, nevertheless, it is a rivalry, despite the fact that we were in a less profitable position, we were able to win. Accordingly, many Poles are offended, and periodically they have any ideas of revenge. And so, in fact, if you return to the situation that was before the Second World War, then when we are inspired by all such ideas that we betrayed Poland, when the Molotov-Ribbentrop Covenant was concluded that, they could not, so That we just need to remember that at that moment Poland was not in any way another, was not an ally, but on the contrary, it was a country to us, in general, seriously hostile. Moreover, this choice was not made by us in favor of hostility, was made by the Polish leadership during our civil war. Because it was Poland who attacked Soviet Russia, and not vice versa, and before our troops came to Warsaw, to this Poles visited Kiev. Well, then, in fact, again, because of the fact that our future Marshal Tukhachevsky, so to speak, the innocent victim of illegal repression, he distinguished himself under Warsaw, and then then it turned out that we were defeated, and were forced to give such extensive territories Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, whose population was mainly not Polish, and which then in the composition of this revived speech compulculated suspicion was sufficiently oppressed. But at the same time, in fact, this was not enough to the then Polish leadership of this, and they were expected to be able to be reached at the expense of our country. Actually, this is not surprising, since if you recall that in the fall of 38, when this Munich collusion was, then Poland was drowning with Czechoslovakia, there was a very hard piece, the Teamhosh region from her. In principle, after that, they were quite seriously calculated that, again, together with Germany, our country will also solve. Actually, I somehow already quoted the report of the intelligence department of the Main Staff of the Troops of Polish from December 38. There, in general, firstly, the actual document itself begins with references to by that time already the late Jusef Pilsudsky, the head of the Polish state, as he was called that "Russia's dismemberment underlies the Polish government interests in the East." Well, on there, according to the authors of this document, it is at that moment that a good time comes. "Today, during the deepening general crisis in Soviet Russia and increasing interest in the Russian issue by dynamic states, primarily Germany, seeking changes in the current situation, Poland can again conduct its line in great Eastern politics." Well, further it says that "therefore our position comes down to the next formula - who will take part in the section" - our country is meant. "Poland cannot remain passive in this significant historical moment. We must prepare for him in advance both physically and emotionally. " Well, here they can say that this is generally internal document, i.e. This is the report of Polish intelligence to your leadership, therefore, it means that there are few plans that are built. But the fact is that there are as if documents and external, i.e. It is precisely at this time that Polish diplomats are quite actively probed the soil on the subject of our country along with Hitler, so to speak, divide. For example, again, December 38 years, and just on December 28 of the same year, the Counselor of the German Embassy in Poland Rudolf von Shelia with the Messenger of Poland in Iran Karso-sadlevsky took place. So, and here that he, it means, Karsho-sadlevsky told his colleague. Political perspective for the European East is clear. A few years later, Germany will fight with the Soviet Union, and Poland will support, voluntarily or forced, in this war Germany. For Poland, it is better to conflict to be quite definitely to become the side of Germany, since the territorial interests of Poland in the West and the political goals of Poland in the East, primarily in Ukraine, can only be provided by the previously achieved Polish-German Agreement. He, Karsho-sadlevsky, subjugate its activities as the Polish Messenger in Tehran to implement this great Eastern concept, as it is necessary to eventually convince and encourage Persians and Afghans to play an active role in the future war against the Soviets. To fulfill this task, he will dedicate his activities during the next years in Tehran "what a bastard. Only Stalin knew nothing about the war, everyone else was aware, and only Stalin knew nothing. Well, in fact, the fact that we have ever had to introduce troops in Iran and, in fact, Tehran take actually storming, this is largely due to the fact that our benevolers actively acted, setting up Iranian leadership against us. Actually, again, they can say here that this is a small tsha, but, in fact, even when the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany, Ribbentrop talked with his colleague, i.e. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland by Jusef Beck in about a month after that, i.e. At the end of January 39, then, again, as was noted there in German records, "Mr. Beck did not hide that Poland claims to Soviet Ukraine and to enter the Black Sea." Those. In fact, it turns out that the enemy is before us. Accordingly, the enemy is impossible to betray. And therefore, the events of the Second World War, from our point of view, from the point of view of our country can be interpreted unambiguously, that one of our enemy beat another enemy. And therefore there is nothing to be ashamed here. And, in fact, what happened later, again, on September 17, 39, when we introduced our troops into the territory of Western Ukraine, Western Belarus. But in fact, first, at that time, exactly that day, the Polish leadership drew out of the country, but I must say that almost from the very beginning of hostilities, they from Warsaw first fled in the border, then they crossed the Romanian border just on September 17. But, in general, in fact, at the same time, the basic forces of the Polish army were either broken, or surrounded, but, in fact, it is enough to simply estimate the loss ratio, which means that the loss of Poles against the Germans and against us, because if There, actually, against the Germans, the Polish army was then lost somewhere 66,000 killed, and somewhere 133,000 wounded, against the Red Army it is, respectively, 3500 killed, and somewhere 20,000 wounded. Those. In fact, not even at times, but ten times less. Those. In fact, we basically occupied this territory especially without a fight, although there were clashes. Well, in fact, there were already closed, as they say, what remained unlikely. Regarding what someone can speak, they say that it is immoral and everything else. Here, in general, our ... The logic of our liberal intelligentsia is touched, well, and, in fact, in general intelligentsia, because it differs with us with intelligence and smartness. Those. If, let's say, someone will beat our country and take some kind of territory from it, or we will conclude some unprofitable treaty in our stupidity, then this is already everything, with the ends, it is for the century, it is not possible to revise. But back is unacceptable. Those. If, it means, so it turns out that in 20, when our country was weak, Poland could take these territories, i.e. It's all ... right. Yes, this is true, it's all forever and no revision is not subject to. What we decided somewhere in 19 years old, taking advantage of, again, the situation, to return it back, it's all, it is unacceptable, this is a violation of the Lenin regulations of foreign policy or universal values, there you can come up with some kindly, beautifully sound preposition . Actually, this is all constantly observed. Even now, let's say, the same Crimea, the fact that Hrushchev conveyed it is, this is how it means that it doesn't matter whether it is legal - not legal, already accomplished fact, it's all forever. What was taken back there, despite the fact that the referendum was, they gave out without a referendum, it is not interested in anyone. Again, the same question with the Kuril Islands, when there in 56, if I am not mistaken, also Krushchev there, again, announced the declaration that we will give a couple of islands, more precisely, there is 1 small island, in case of conclusion Peace treaty. But this is all believed that it is impossible in any way. Such state minds will not be deceive. But, it means, from the point of view of normal logic here, in general, politics, in general, in fact, it reflects the real ratio of forces, so if the country is weak, then naturally, despite any contracts that she managed to be invincible , unions, in the end, it is just ... will be pushed. Yes, it will either be pushed or put on the place that corresponds to its real force. If the country, on the contrary, is enhanced, then it, in general, again, sooner or later will take a more worthy place in the world, so to speak, the concert of the powers. And therefore there, again, there is nothing to be ashamed here, especially since we have all sorts of fairy tales about the fact that there was a joint parade in Brest, or rather, our most gifted individuals, they even say that there was a bunch of these parades. Well, really there, how to say, this was not with the Germans of the Union, we had according to this Covenant, it was preliminarily distinguished by the spheres of influence. And it's not that this is, they say, everything is already divided, but just that before this line - the sphere of influence of the USSR, there, it means, the sphere of influence of Germany. Accordingly, since the Germans went a little in our zone, respectively, they had to be partially returned, the same Brest. And there was just the withdrawal of German troops and the input of Soviet. But at the same time it is furnished, respectively, in accordance with the rules of military courtesy, i.e. What the German troops are solemnly going out, our masses and welcome them to flags, then, accordingly, our troops are included. Again, this question is discussed in detail, i.e. Wisher can look on the Internet, there is a bunch of photos from this event, it's all, again, if there is a desire to figure out, you can figure out, and no joint parade is observed there. Well, from the point of view of our assholes, it is natural, a solemn march on the occasion of the final illegal section of Europe, a secret conspiracy, something else there. I recently, by the way, came across the photo, as the American fascists gather in New York in Madison Square Gardena, maybe wrongly call, but, in short, some hefty stadium indoor, everyone screams "Zig Khail", the welcomes are famous . And what does it say about? It is probably quite obvious that America was a fascist, Nazi state. What is nonsense in general? It was, yes. Here. Then that, in fact, happening. There, again, again, when we took these territories, as I said, there were, actually, the clashes were, but there were few them, i.e. In fact, we applied a fairly small bloody damage of the Polish army. But there were many prisoners. Those. Here we even actually survived the Germans, i.e. If the Germans have surrendered there somewhere 400 with a small thousand people, and we have surrendered to 457,000. But with which it was connected - in general, with the fact that we actually occupied these captured Poland to this Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, respectively , in military units that were here were, there was a very large number of servicemen from local natives, which, naturally, did not experience their desire to fight for this, the Polish state, which these 20 years have died over them, and, accordingly, they are happy to us Delivered. And, in fact, again, contrary to these ideas about the bloody Gubne, which should be all right if not to shoot, then at least in the Gulag to drive, their fate was, in general, quite normal. Those. Of these 450, more than 2/3 people are more than 2/3, they were immediately released at home. And in hand, so to speak, bloody gabni, was transmitted somewhere about 125,000 people. But, again, over the next month, from this number somewhere about 1/3, i.e. Somewhere 40 with more than thousands of people were, again, they were released at home, apparently after some check. The remaining really were in the camps, but it is necessary, first of all, to some extent to them thank their own Polish government in emigration, which was created just September 30, 39, they were in Paris, this is the government of Sikorsky. Then later they will come to London when, respectively, Paris falls. They thought there before declare war. Those. Despite the fact that Polish allies and patrons, the same England and France, they generally said - what we occupied the territory, they perceived perfectly fine. Those. At the same time, in general, Churchill, he evenly noticed about it so that yes, of course, the tips were not good, but now there is a line of Soviet-German contact, which, apparently, as he hoped, and not unreasonable, then someday will be the front line. Well, then, again, everything, in general, sober-minded politicians, they understood that we took our own. But here are Poles, they had their own special opinion, and therefore, accordingly, these people who remained in the camps, they thus could have been considered as prisoners of war. Especially since it should be noted separately, that, in general, of this Polish officer, and there they were mostly remained, in many ways, these officer's staff were, in general, and those who have noted with us During the Soviet-Polish war. Then, it was known that there was a massive extermination of the prisoners of the Red Army teams, there was a massive extermination and mockery over the civilian population, and after all, in the days of Stalin, the Soviet power was vindictive, and there could well and after 20 years, and even more, recall and, accordingly, There ... bring to justice. Yes, and attract really. And indeed, in general, they found even judged and shot. Actually, it was also in the post-war time. We, in general, the Nazi criminals were caught, in general, in fact, until the very beginning of the completion of the existence of the USSR. But then we, again, according to the beliefs of our handshake, we committed this terrible crime in Katyn. When there, however, again, we now already say that allegedly there are 21,000 officers who were shot, but even on this official version there, in fact, it is said that 21,000 are just shot, of which, about half - officers, the rest - all sorts of representatives, let's say, the police, gendarmerie, also all sorts of money classes, i.e. local bourgeois, etc. But the fact is that it is generally a story with Katyn, she, in general, is clearly shitting white threads. Even ... Naturally, all this deserves a separate conversation. I just touter such a moment that I am in most amused. This is the most notorious suitcase "Walterov", from which these Poles allegedly then, in the spring of 40 years, were shot. The fact is that, of course, yes, it would be necessary to assume if we had a death penalty would be in the wonder that for this you need some special devices, special equipment, etc. Well, there, it means, I do not know, including these pistols German buy. But the fact is that we have a literally a couple of years before that, unfortunately, we had the so-called big cleaning, when in a couple of years it was executed over 600,000 people. Those., In principle, the executions were even more massive than with these Poles, allegedly had a place. And at the same time, for some reason, we didn't buy these "walter", and somehow they cost our domestic revolvers, apparently, i.e. The same nagan, and others, in general, weapons. Then then the moment is so. As you know, at the time of the USSR, we had a state with a planned economy, which means that in general ... Yes, we had a monopoly of foreign trade, introduced, by the way, in Lenin. Accordingly, we have any purchase from outside, it was documented, and with a repeated stock, because there was such a suitcase "Walter" there, in general, a rather extensive bureaucratic correspondence between departments. Those. To begin with the procurement stage, and then, because it's a suitcase of pistols, and, sorry, not suitcase condoms, then there is a weapon, it has a certain account, it should, again, a bunch Paper, and numbers, too, by the way. Gulzotek bullets, if they were then, shoot them. Here. There is a question, and where is all this? Those, in principle, well, it is clear that there we have a bloody Gabnya, then, noticed traces, could clean it there any directly documents related to the execution, if it is implemented by us. But these ... why? I would like to know, why? This is done by law everything was done. Why, if there is a ruling, if there are specific performers, reporting should be, the doctor must be present in the execution of the sentence, to sue everyone that they are dead. Acts must be, all this is becoming a monstrous amount of papers. It is not clear what the point of destruction. They did not make a crime, but performed sentences. Those., In principle, here, in general, and at other points, the documentation should also be deposited. Because, well, for example, even roughly speaking, if you take, for example, if you do not go on the topic of Gulag and Gabni, in the end it is clear that we now have extensive documentation directly on this contingent contained in places of detention, I, by the way . It worked with her in the archive. But rudely speaking, even suppose that if it disappears, that is, the documentation, roughly speaking, indirectly. About the allocation of solders on the whole thing, according to other things, i.e. This, again ... feeding, clothing, production. Yes, i.e. There is a huge flow of documents, and all this can be compared, compared, and detect. And here in this Katyn history, white threads are completely clearly searched. Well, and, in fact, you can only sympathize with the leadership of our country, which, on the one hand, since we have Gorbachev there, he managed to recognize responsibility for Katyn, well, and further it turns out that he finds back - it's somehow uncomfortable. On the other hand, I think that sooner or later play away, because here to take on this imperfect crime here, more precisely, it is not even a crime, but in general, you still need to say that even if we were shot there We would have been in our right, because you can consider all this as a retribution for the same 50 with more than thousands of prisoners of the Red Army, who were destroyed in 20-21 years. But, apparently, we did not do this. Although separate, it means, some of these prisoners of the Poles really were convicted and was executed, i.e. Such moments are. But these are far from those numbers and this, in general, people are specifically guilty. Those. And what else ... I'm sorry, I'll take off. They like 4 places, yes, where the Poles were shot, there is a copper lake, all such. Moreover, again, in general, such an interesting coincidence that for some reason all these places, they are all ... in the territory occupied by the Germans. Yes, turn out to be occupied. There, even about one of these places, it was, which means, doubt, i.e. There, these liberals beat themselves with the heel in the chest, which was not the Germans here, then, with more detailed consideration, it turned out that they were. Those, apparently ... And why, by the way, I apologize, and what they still do not exhum, i.e. If this, I do not know, some mass burial there is excellent, our, probably, the general acquaintance Yuri Gennadyevich Mukhin ran a good book about the book about Katyn Syndrome, shooting, I don't remember how it was correctly called, Katyn tragedy, I do not remember . Well, there he has been reprinted several times with different names, it often do our publishers. There is also a Burdenko Commission, when, first, the Germans dug out, then we dug out, people there with documents in pockets, documents of one person are decomposed into pockets to different corpses. Part of the citizens turned out to be alive, i.e. Despite the fact that they were shot and buried, for some reason they are alive. And why not dig everything else, see what. By the way, now it's literally somewhere ... and newspapers there are still some, newspapers with dates later the date when Soviet troops gone, how does it work so? Well, at least, it is interesting to see what. By the way, it continues to grow, because somewhere just a year with a little back, too, there was such a casus that here on one of these monuments, there is a list of these allegedly shot by Poles, and there are 2 characters from this list suddenly What are they buried at the place of the German execution somewhere in the area of \u200b\u200bLviv. And this is already quite clearly documented that this is the Germans here destroyed, respectively, the local population. They were identified by tokens, because they, in my opinion, were police, they were in the grave there. And Mikhail Sergeevich seems to be handed over to 49 volumes, and they lost them all, Poles, they lost all documents. Something is wrong there. No, of course, there, by a large account, it was necessary to conduct a normal investigation, i.e. With exhumation, and exactly here, again, it is impossible to proceed from such a presumption of trust, because there is ... of course. There may be pushed every garbage. If you tell you that 20,000 people killed there, and the burials were excavated 4, something is wrong here, even if the skulls count. Strange. I thought that this was necessary for us for some political goals - to pave the pipeline through the Polish water in the Baltic Sea, so there are some concessions, something recognize. And then I thought - nothing there is nothing for anything. They could lose all documents only in one case that if they firmly understand that these documents are fake and better not to show them at all. Someone threw someone here, I suspect. Unfortunately, on this at the initial stage, we threw us. But on the other hand, again, if we consider these, as it were, there are really fakes there, but, in fact, as it were, as it were, about this happening ... We with Boris Vitalyevich discussed some kind of stupid lap chalpine or someone ... yes "Yes, where the Central Committee and Politburo is confused, in general, and this is a party official is confused. And nothing else, that's just this piece of paper we have. Cool. But continue, so. Then what happened, it means. Despite this allegedly, the Katynsky shot, nevertheless, the Poles from among these former military personnel in, let's say, the system of places of detention was quite a lot. And therefore, when after the attack of Hitler to our country, England became our ally, respectively, they, mean, held talks with us and, accordingly, prescribed the Polish government in exile, which by that time was already sitting in London, and The result of July 30, 41, an agreement was concluded between the USSR and this Government of the Sikorskoy that we recognize this government in exile, conclude a military union with him, and there I say that the USSR government expresses its consent to the creation in the USSR Army under the command, appointed by the Polish government, with the consent of the Soviet government. The Polish army in the territory of the USSR will act in operational attitude under the leadership of the Supreme Command of the USSR, which will consist of a representative of the Polish army. Those. We create the Polish army on our territory, and here it is important that this army should act in operational attitude under our command. Those. They are in the political sense submitted to their government, but in the military must fight under our command where we say, i.e., in general, on our front. Accordingly, a week after that, the Commander of this Polish army, General Vladislav Anders, was appointed. August 12, i.e. Somewhere after 6 days, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree on the provision of amnesty to Polish citizens and, accordingly, began to free these unfortunate Polish soldiers from the camps, and to form the army of them. Let's just say, not only of them, because after all, we have enough Polish population in the country, both, in general, indigenous and from among the citizens of the former Poland, which, it means turned out to be in our territory. Accordingly, by August 31, i.e. For the month, it was scored somewhere 20,000 people in this military of Polish, and by the end of October already 40 with more than thousands. Moreover, it means here, again, as the Poles themselves noted that, as reported in London's reports, their ambassador in Moscow - "The military admit that the Soviet authorities count food, weapons, and equipment, they supplied, in extremely low prices. Soviet military authorities greatly facilitate the organization of the Polish troops, in practice they completely go towards the Polish requirements, giving the troops of soldiers who are already in the Red Army on the lands of Eastern Poland. " Those. It turns out that these are people who are already called into the Red Army, but Polish nationality, they were transferred there, and even in structures that are not even formally subordinate to us. Due to what this army has been supplied? We then provided this emigrant government a loan of 65 million rubles. Not bad. With the condition that for 10 years after the end of the war, it will be repaid. Since then we have broken with this government, then we created our government in Poland. Naturally, no one returned to us. By the way, saying that an important point, 65 million. It was in 41, and in the next, 42 were given 300 million 300 another 300 year? Yes, rubles. That's, i.e., in principle, the amount is enough, although not too big, but, in general, it is rather big. And now it turns out that since now in Poland believes that, they say, the post-war period is up to the end of the 80s, it's not considered everything, it was a Soviet occupation, they are now successors of this London government that it was legal. Then it would be nice and loans to return. In general, yes, Head. For some reason, again, in all these playing, there everything is always done in the same gate. Those. If we gave something there, it is with the ends, it is impossible to demand for it, it means that they refused so much. But on their parties, they can remember any debts that are there allegedly outstanding, damage from occupation, and something else. Here, again, probably, somehow it makes sense, all the same, in general, when, so to speak, the partner begins to heal too much, it means that they somehow shout, and, in general, remind these Moments. Then, again, what is interesting is that these prisoners of war, which were liberated from our camps, they all received monetary compensation. And there, it turned out that ordinary this compensation was issued in the amount of 500 rubles. In order to understand what it is - at that time, this is, let's say, a good salary for the worker, for the employee. Those., For example, my grandmother, she closer to the end of the 30s received 300 rubles per month, while, in general, it lived quite well. Those. This is ordinary. Officers received, naturally, much more, i.e. There, for example, lieutenant colonels, majors received 3000, colonels - 5000, respectively, to generals - 10,000. Not bad. Well, personally, General Anders, he received 25,000 rubles - compensation for the very suffering that he suffered, can be said in our camps. I.e., again, in general, it turns out that it was pretty generously with them, but these were absolutely in no hurry to make a response courtiness and somehow pay good for good, because sending this army to the front of this Polish command in every way Sabeated. Those, for example, when on December 3, 41, Sikorsky was arrived in Moscow, i.e. The head of the emigrant government, during negotiations with Stalin, he began to insist that in general the Polish army should be sent to Iran, because there, apparently, there will be the main front of the struggle, somewhere in the Middle East. Accordingly, further, apparently, the next Stalin either flashed, or just decided to put his interlocutor, and stated that they would go without you, we can give everyone, we will cope with Poland themselves, then you will give it away. But what do people say to this? Actually, if it was an attempt to cool, she was clearly, so to speak, too naive, and here, as they say, even though we are in the eyes, all God's dew. Maybe he could see that it was useless to talk, he said something in the hearts. And as a result, just when by the end of the summer, 42 years old, when we started the Stalingrad battle, when indeed any armed care would be to the place, still this Polish army, it is at the insistence of the Polish government and, accordingly, their Western patrons was brought to Iran at the disposal of the English command. Those. By the time there were already 80,000 military personnel, respectively, and more plus 37,000, respectively, members of their families, i.e. Peaceful Polish population. By the way, again, really, as I said, it means that I said already a quotation that really the Polish commander of Anders, he stated that the strategic center of the severity of the war moves currently towards the Middle and Middle East. Those. It is clear that there, apparently, the decisive battles of the Second World War took place somewhere near Alamein, while some are sitting in the trenches of Stalingrad, and there was the main one. 3 tank grabbed, yes? Yes. Moreover, again, on the other hand, maybe it's right that these people went there, because the staff were still those. Because it is still clear that when there is such armed formation, even launching it and its army, then, of course, there is security Service, there is a certain agent, which, expressing modern tongue, is monitored. And here, it means, judging by the agent data, there are conversations among the command formulation of Polish troops on the topic, after being broken by Germany, there will be a war with the Soviet Union, because he took Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. So, for example, a Lieutenant Ship, he stated the following: "We, Poles, send weapons to advice. Together with America, we use the weakness of the Red Army, and we will dominate the Soviet territory. " And in the Army Orel, the Army Eagle Army newspaper, the article of Captain Rudkovsky was published, where, among other things, the following was said: "Bolsheviks on the edge of death. We, Poles, just wait when we give weapons, then we will finish them. " But this is just yes, really, on the eve Stalingrad battle, We have a very hard situation, and, accordingly, some kind of bad thoughts arise that whether it is impossible to use it somehow. For a couple with the Nazis, yes. Here, again, you can once again remember the words of Churchill about the Poles, that there are still 2 Poland, i.e. One of them makes miracles of courage, and the other is filled with vysunnia. This in this case, it can be said, was the vile part of Polish society, but not everyone was such, because in the same army of Anders, there was some number of officers who were still ready to fight on our side. Accordingly, among them, in general, some work was conducted, and in the end we really were taken on our territory 2 attempts to create a Polish army, but it was at the beginning, naturally, we created a division, called the first Polish infantry division named Tadeusch Kosyushko. Accordingly, Colonel Sigmund Berling was appointed to command, he held the position of Deputy Commander of the 5 division in the Army of Anders. Well, accordingly, he, together with his like-minded people, refused to go to Iran, i.e. stayed here. Well, in the end, indeed, oddly enough, there was still a sufficient amount, apparently not lost conscience polish officers Because this division, it began to form somewhere in the spring of 43 years, and at the beginning of October she entered into battle. And then, accordingly, already later, there was first formed first the first Polish army at its base, then the second. There, in principle, the third plans were the third, but there was no longer grown. Those. Such, quite numerous forces, which, in general, really fought on our side, i.e. on the Soviet-German front. If you are short - for us more fought than in this army Anders, or not? Perhaps that there is no, because there, it means, it turned out approximately comparable. But at the same time I still need to keep in mind - what is here, although not, lying. Because there it happened - after it came to the Polish territory, there was still an army of Lyudov to this tack of Polish, which was created by local communists. There were also thousands of 60. Then yes, it turned out on our side more. But, again, unfortunately, it is in a pretty degree compensated by the fact that the German side of the Poles was also, as they say, dofiga and more. I.e., it means ... Again, by the way, I remember when we had one of the reconnaissance on these European allies of Hitler, there in the comments someone wrote about the fact that there was so many Poles there turned out in German Service, I called the number somewhere half a million. This is true, in general. There, of course, the people who were, let's say, the nationality of intermediate are included in this figure. It is clear that if a person, he, for example, he is there a middle-like, halfupolation, depending on the circumstances, he can attribute either there or here, somehow it looks profitable there. But, in general, ethnic Poles also came across. Actually, there is such a wonderful book of the Polish author ... "Poles in the Wehrmacht". Richard Kachmarek. Kachmarek, yes. The book is so big, solid, there with illustrations. So, and how did they serve there? How to say. They complained that, again, judging by the poll of the prisoners who came to us during the war, especially in 41-42 years, it means that they complained that the Germans were not related to comrade, i.e. Consider as some unbecked, but, nevertheless, there really, yes, we have a number of divisions on our front were with a fair fraction of the Polish contingent. Those, for example, in the 96 infantry division of the Wehrmacht in 42, the Poles were approximately 40-45% of the personnel, in the 11 infantry division together with Czechs somewhere 30%, in the 57 infantry division, too, about 30%. Well, there, and in a number of such formations, the Poles were a lot. At the same time, again, as I said, it means that the attitude from the Germans was not very good. And so, for example, a certain Pole Ernst Bichkovsky during the interrogation, this is somewhere August 42 years, it means that the following has shown. "Arriving to us at the end of July and in the first days of August, about 8-10 people on the company consisted exclusively from the Poles, they all absolutely did not know the German language, and complained about the rude and tanchard attitude of the Germans." Actually, here it is how to say, the fact that the neuropsychiatric attitude is understandable, because with a German racial point of view it is unbecked. No one, yes. Well, finally, it is necessary to remember about one component, let's say, of the Polish, but not armed forces, but, for example, the armed men who participated in the war, it is natural, the famous Army Craiova, which is now glorified in Poland . In Soviet times, by the way, about it, in general, we also had a well known, i.e. They wrote about them in textbooks, i.e. It was not silent. But naturally, the attitude was not very positive, because it turned out that, in principle, these people, i.e. Here is this Army Craiova, it was created in February 42, formally it was a very numerous structure, i.e. There was about 300,000 people. But at the same time, in general, the partisan struggle, they led very badly. Well, here, again, so that I am not accused of using the Soviet propaganda, I will quote our compatriot, a white emigrant, with such a name as Trubetskaya, which, it means, being a migrant, just found himself in the partisan detachment of the Army Craiova. That's what he describes there: "The detachment lived a peaceful, measured life of a small military unit. Occasionally occupied classes with "recruits". It was felt that there is no constant intense struggle with the Germans, but still every day was still unstuck in different directions of the patrol watch whether the Germans are not equipped with a forest. Sometimes the partisan group went to the "action", mainly for the products, or to make a "suggestion", mainly wearing a braid of some pokcachu or folksdochu. As far as I know, other Polish detachments lived as a measured life, while maintaining their strength and especially non-documenting Germans. But there was no fighting for me. But to say that they were not at all - incorrect. There were attacks on German posts. But all this limited actions. And it can be understood. The Germans brutally revenge for active actions, shooting and taping hostages, destroying the village. How, knowing all this, attack if your loved ones are injured? " Well, I note here that, in general, in our territory, the Germans behaved in the same way, and even much hard. Abruptly, yes. Those. Yes, they had, therefore, punishment for attacks on German garrisons, for all stocks. There yes, they held repressions, destroyed the civilian population, but, nevertheless, in general, it is necessary to fight, because if there, no matter how, then, if you argue from the point of view, I will say that no one would suffer So then it is necessary to just give up, to voluntarily go into slavery, then, in general, exactly ... more precisely, how to say - then you can kill anyway, but, more precisely, you will easily score as a ram, but not resisting. Therefore, this, of course, is actually an excuse, because, thus, it simply turns out that this structure, she or did not want, or could not fight against the Germans. And then what else is interesting that when, in fact, our troops came to the Government line and entered the territory of Poland, then just already the London government and his subordinate Army Craiova decided to play in his game. So, they organized the so-called "storm" operation. It means that it was the essence. They decided to take advantage of the moment when the Germans retreat, the Russians only enter the territory of Poland, and according to their plan it would be very great now to seize a number of settlements, and naturally, preferably such iconic, as the same capital, i.e. Warsaw, the same is true, the current Vilnius, who, in general, was once the capital of the Lithuanian component of the Commonwealth. Let's say the same Lviv, and on these, let's say, the cities trapped in this way, there to proclaim the power of the Polish Emigrant Government. Moreover, it means that they were calculated here that, accordingly, the Red Army will not dare to attack them, because it seems to be all the same allies, although they have already managed to scream with them about Katyn. And the Germans will also perceive this with gratitude, because it is thus created as if barrier, i.e. Between the Red Army and the Wehrmacht, which by the time already tolerates the defeat, arises such a strip of the Polish territory under the rule of the emigrant government. Accordingly, the Germans will be delighted with it, and there will be no special sides of the obstacles. Those. This was the idea. Accordingly, the "storm" surgery plan was developed at the end of 43, but it began to be carried out, in the summer, in the summer of 44, when the units of the Red Army approached these cities mentioned by me. Moreover, it means that it turned out that, in general, there were 3 iconic places, and let's say, in 2 cases it turned out a farce, and in one case the tragedy. Well, then, the tragedy I mean Warsaw. And the farce, he took place, firstly, in the city of Vilna, because there, it means that there was a situation - our troops are suitable there, and there is someone in connection with our command, as he introduced himself, Colonel Vilk, t. e. The wolf is translated from Polish, who announces that here he has a partisan division, they are ready to free the city. Well, our believed, in the end, the Poles crushed there, they got Lulya from the Germans, as a result they ran away, and further, in the further storming of the city did not take part. Well, after our troops have already entered there, Vilnius was released, then there, it means, the Poles were immediately included in them, and as they were reported by the command of the 3 Belarusian front, the following began in the city: "Poles are pregnant, takes extra products, horned Cattle and horses have local residents, stating that it goes for the Polish army. There are also a threat that if the locals of Lithuania will hand over the food of the Red Army, then the Poles for this will punish them. " Those. In fact, it turns out that they could not prove themselves in battle, but in fact they actually took up the fruitfulness and establishing their orders. As a result, that these disgraces stop preventing, the command of the Polish partisan brigade was arrested, well, and, accordingly, then sent to our rear, i.e. Steel, one can say, innocent victims of illegal repression. By the way, this is then put in the guilt that, they say, these are our allies, and we treated treacherously. Well, further, in the city of Lviv, there it happened even more interesting. Those. If here, at least at the Poles, some armed formation showed itself, then there, in Lviv, they did even cooler, there they had a town hall building, there was what the situation was that our raised the Red Flag, but since the staircase inside the building It was destroyed, respectively, our soldiers, they did not risk a climb there, they were out of the windows of 2 floors somewhere. But these are the most Polish patriots, they were able to climb the very spire, and there was a Polish flag there and, accordingly, he was there for several days, thereby symbolizing this, that yes, this is the Polish power here. There were no particular action there. By the way, again, it is interesting to note that when the process happened, I would simply quote one of the Polish leaflets, which was distributed to the local population. It sounded like that - "the enemy left the Lublin Earth. We take the role of a reviving state in your own hands, for no one can replace us with the execution of power in our homeland. " Those. what is there somewhere near Red Army This, apparently, is not considered, i.e. It's just ... gone. Yes, the Germans decided that everything was enough here, we need to leave ... by huts, at home. Accordingly, no one, except for these army of the Craihov and their London leadership, cannot take on the mission to manage this territory. But, unfortunately, the most real tragedy happened in Warsaw. Those. There, it means .. True, again, here, in this case, there really exist different versions, i.e. Including that there was simply betrayal from the same local Polish command that they simply, roughly speaking, substituted their people in fact, threw into a meat grinder. But rather, it's always constantly just nonsense. Those. The situation was what exactly at this time our troops, i.e. Troops 1 of the Belarusian Front under the command of Rokossovsky, by the way, they led a deep offensive. And so they came out just to the Polish capital, and there, as you know, Warsaw has such a suburb with the title of Prague, which is just on our side of the Vistula. His, by the way, in the time of Suvorov, stormed, for which Western propaganda accused us that we had a massacre of the civilian population. And it turned out there that the advanced units of the Red Army came out to Prague, respectively, the local Polish leadership led by General Komarovsky, who is known under the pseudonym "BUB", it means that it solved that the Red Army is suitable, it is time to make this plan for taking authorities. And it turns out that on August 1, that means, i.e. As it turns out, more precisely, on July 25, a decision was made about the uprising, and, accordingly, on August 1 it began. And here, literally the next day, the Germans inflicted Consturdar and from there they were thrown away. Those. And we need to understand something - we have, again, on this occasion, only the lazy does not reproach us, especially our intelligentsia likes to tear up the underwear that, they suggested, they left Warsaw bleeding and the like. First of all, it should be noted that those people who this uprising have implemented, they are, in general, we are not friends. The uprising is organized here by this London government, which is hostile to us, and, in fact, is organized in order to prevent us in the Polish capital to establish their power there. Those. By and large ... And we had to help it, yes? Yes. Those. This, in general, even if we really decided to accomplish such a combination that - and let their Germans will cut out, then we would be in our right, because, I repeat once again, you can betray only your friends. And the enemies cannot be betrayed, the enemy can be deceived, overwhelm, in the end, destroy, but it is impossible to betray. And the second moment, that, in fact, we really, in general, did not have the opportunity right then to enter Warsaw, because, in general, our compounds were very exhausted, especially since there the Germans were delivered to Constur, they Tightening the SEASS divisions "Viking" and "Dead Head". Those. In fact, we were only able to take Prague, the suburb of Warsaw, to go to the Wollen. Then, again, this uprising was completely not agreed with our command, and again, it would seem that if you expect some real help from the Red Army, then you must at least try to break through to the Wist, and there, it means , Provide the possibility of crossing there. Well, this, too, in general, was not done, although, again, after Prague was busy, then by mid-September, it turned out somewhere around September 15, we had an attempt to forcing Vistula, directly break to Warsaw, to the rebel, but at the same time, again, it is still necessary to pay tribute that we used for this just this is the connection from Polish troops, i.e. This is 3 Polish division. In the end, nevertheless, as it is neither cynical, but, probably, the Polish capital should be released, first of all, the Poles. It would be nice, yes. To make them then there was something to be proud of. Well, here really, about these people I won't say anything bad, i.e. They really heroically tried to break through, but in the end there were very significant losses, and were forced to move away in a week from this springboard. Well, accordingly, the uprising was soon suppressed. Germans, yes? Yes. And in fact, that it turned out - that the head of the rebels, the general "Bur" Komarovsky, he, which means, hesitated enough decent conditions for detention. Moreover, by the way, it is interesting that with the German side the suppression of the uprising led, if I am not mistaken, the SSEsovsky rank with a half-ranked surname of Bakzilevsky. Here, by the way, the famous photograph where they and Komarovsky shake hands after surrender. Actually, as they found out in a sincere conversation, it turns out that at one time they really took place both of the shutders, and, accordingly, the founders of their childbirth, they were pleased with the noble dignity of the sore companion, the famous Polish monarch, after the battle near Vienna, those. Such relative souls. Well, what's there, in general, there were enormous losses among the people who have confessed people who, who were there, the people who confessed the London government, who were rebelled there, and the fact that there, in general, Warsaw was separated into the state of her chubby, It seems to be not considered. And they have such a practical question there, a sufficient amount of weapons accumulated, ammunition, or how are they there? There was some arms accumulated, but it was not enough, it means, in principle, we supplied them. But then, again, what situation it turns out that at the beginning of the Supply of the uprising, Americans tried to engage in, and the shuttle raids actually through the front line, i.e. We then provided the Americans with an airfield under Poltava for their bombers, they flew from there to bomb Germany, and, in fact, the Americans turned to our command with a request to allow them to supply Poles in Warsaw. But then it turned out that these Americans, they dumped container from a high height, because it is clear that when the strategic bomber flies, it is undesirable to decline. And the wind took everything to the Germans? Yes, i.e. It turned out, it means that, that there, on September 18, there was such a massive departure, there are about 1,300 containers dropped, of which the rebels are flying 228. Not bad. The rest somewhere either to the Germans or broke and lost. Therefore, after that, we simply refused to allies in further operations that we were again put in guilt, as such a kind of malicious betrayal. But at the same time, again, I must say that the last half months already we flew there with the use of frontal aviation, mostly, these are the same U-2, famous night bombers. Accordingly, naturally, they discharged the load somewhere from the height of somewhere 200 meters and even less. Accordingly, there was rather reset, of course, modestly, but still very necessary weapons, i.e. There is about 150 mortars, 500 anti-tank guns ... Not bad. From Rodkowski something. Also somewhere 120 tons of food. But, again, unfortunately, there was not enough. Actually, it is clear that after all, the rebels, they counted on what everyone, how would the Germans go here, i.e. Because, naturally, according to propaganda, because it apparently decided, i.e. Natural phenomenon, and so, naturally, it is clear that their red army is chasing, and that under the skeins it will be possible to take the capital without a fight. And then I had to keep street fighting ... because after all, it was necessary to fight. And, in fact, again, it is interesting that even the successor of Komarovsky as the commander of the Army of Craiov, General Leopold Okulitsky, if not mistaken, then even became a victim of Stalinist repression. He in a special closed report addressed to the London Government wrote the following. "The fate of the battle for Warsaw was predetermined in the Soviet-German battle on February 4 and 5 ... Incorrectly assumption, as if Soviet troops did not occupy Warsaw because they wanted the death of the whole of Polish independence. The truth is that on August 4 and 5, the advice lost their own battle for Warsaw "i.e. In this case, they all understood well that it was real from our side of evil intent. Those. just so there was a situation, and the situation was formed, again, not in our fault, because I repeat once again that this is a rebellion, it was completely not agreed with our command, and, accordingly, it means that one who is He started, he carries moral responsibility for its outcome. Here one of the two - or full fools planned, not understanding what to do, or they had it necessary. Well yes. Those. This, again, or stupidity, or treason. But, again, if we take into account that in such a situation, it certainly decided not one person, but a group of people, it was possible that it was both. Yes. Wonderful country, wonderful guide. This is yes. By the way, again, here at the same time you can also disassemble the moment, too, too well, mythologized, although not directly, can be said to our, to the Soviet-German front. This is the very assault on Monte Cassino. Monte Cassino is the abbey in Italy, there was a strip of German defense, about whom our allies, in general, looked around for a very long time, trying to break it down, and, accordingly, he had already opened the road to Rome, i.e. to the capital of Italy. There, in fact, 4 assaults were taken, starting from the beginning of 44 years. And who stormed? British? And there, there was such a team Salonka. There were noted, in general ... who was only there. There were also the French from among those formations that are from Degollevts, and Americans there, and there are all the inhabitants of the colonies, even in the end there, oddly enough, Moroccan Arabs played a decisive role. But naturally, the Poles attribute a crucial role, because as it turned out that there was no Poles somewhere until May 12, 44 years old, respectively, the Monte Cassino could not take. Accordingly, the army of Anders comes into battle on May 12, and, it means, they immediately after 3 days, the Germans, respectively, left, the line of defense is broken. Anecdote is immediately remembered, like 2 alcoholic sit, vodka is nalita, they drink all evening already, and 1 cucumber is left in the jar with cucumbers. And one of him in short there for a fork of pokes pokes, pokes pokes, poke numbers, pokes it ... Another says - give you here, sticking your hand, to hug a cucumber, and he says - if I didn't tortured him, you would figure it Caught. Here. Actually, there, on the very basis, the situation, i.e. How to say, they really went into battle, but really, in general, and an attempt to assigrate with the participation of Poles was also repulsed, and with big losses, i.e. There they lost about 4,000 people. Wow. Including about 900 killed. No, and there, indeed, our allies were kneeling there, i.e. It really ... Ferrous Germans. Germans yes, they kept very well. But here the same Arabs, they mentioned, because they may have come into effect, because they may be warriors are not very good, but they could simply bypass the positions of the Germans, which was considered impassable. After that, when the Germans already found that bypass, they were forced to leave this position, well, and formally, it turns out that the Poles participated, the Germans, respectively, were forced to retreat. Moreover, by the way, it is interesting that in this book, one funny episode is just described there that there was one citizen of Polish nationality, which was called back in the German army, which was called back in 43. Accordingly, when he, again, realized that he smelled roasted, hence, he hid somewhere there, and then, when the soldiers of the allies appeared, and he discovered that it was his compatriots, he traced there and shouted - do not shoot I am Polish. And, accordingly, he was gladly welcomed, and he was on the side of the Allies. Those, in principle, here we can say that the story, of course, in general, is ambiguous, and indeed, in general, Poland was originally fought against Hitler, i.e. And in September 39, and there were Polish formations that fought, actually, and in the English army, there were pilot, there they even marked seafarers. It is interesting that it was precisely in September 39, there, the Polish submarine "Eagle", they, it means fled to Tallinn, i.e. The capital of the then independent Estonia, and there Estonian authorities tried to interne this boat. But in the end, that it turned out that Polish sailors, they simply disarmed Estonian security and, accordingly, he drew into Sweden, and then further in England. In this case, they naturally in their right, i.e. they believe that you have to continue armed struggle , In general, here you can only welcome this kind of step. But in general, in general, it is necessary, again, remember that it was still a lot of, let's say, the inhabitants of Poland, including Polish nationality, which served our opponents, i.e. Directly served the Germans, and there, in general, yes ... the thickness of the book speaks about many things. Yes. By the way, again, even with us, in the Leningrad region, there, on the memories of the partisans, at some point there were some, it means, strange formations that spoke Polish, i.e. This, apparently, there are some police battalions. The same Army Craiova was, in general, essentially hostile, and they had to catch them quite quite enough, and, accordingly, to clean our rear. But in general, in general, no matter how many and those who were on our side are quite sincere. Well, here is still not over, we will see how our relations with this people will develop further, with this state. One thing I want to say that when you look at our Duma, where, to put it mildly, some characters perform very strangely, it becomes bitterly in the soul. And then you look at the Ukrainian Rada, and clearly understand that we, in general, people are extinished extinctly well, far from stupid. Yes, there are some cockroaches, but depending on what to compare. Well, these places still twist of our former brothers Ukrainians. Well done, well done. Yes. I did not know about the uprising. I could not understand in any way, what happened there, what we were accused of what we did it wrong there. It turns out, just the opposite, everything is correct. By the way, about more uprisings, as such, an additional latter stroke. Here, again, what is interesting to happen, like about the section of Poland, who was preceded by the Czechoslovakia section, in which Poland took part, and so with this allegedly a devotee. Just about a year before that, in 43 there was a uprising in the Jewish ghetto of Warsaw. There, accordingly, the Jews were specifically rebelled, which Germans there, actually, actually led the sweep. And at the same time, in general, none of the Army of Crairay finger on the finger did not hit these rebel Jews to help. "Schindler List" begins with this. Yes, the communists helped them, but there are no nationalists. Therefore, in fact, the question is that if you betrayed there, it means ... as a nationalist who can help someone at all? He will not help everything to help everything, because you are correct or wrong, and others are all wrong, especially Jews. I remember, they still have in the 70s in the census of the population in the GDR and in Poland, there the Jews were not at all, i.e. They just brought everyone out there, everyone killed, who can only. You can still remember the wonderful escape from the camp Sobibor, where the local population of the raised prisoners caught, killed, passed the Germans. Mass there are heroic exploits. Thank you, Igor Vasilyevich. We will continue to look into these wonderful historical events. And today everything. To new meetings.
Polish army during the years
Assuming the possibility of joint struggle against Germany, on July 12, 1941, the Soviet leadership announced the 1st amnesty to the Poles, who were in the settlement in various districts of the USSR.
On August 12, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree on the amnesties of all Polish citizens held in conclusion in the Soviet territory as prisoners of war or on other grounds. On the same day, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) approved the joint decree of the USSR SCP and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On the procedure for the liberation and direction of Polish citizens amnemic, according to the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet", which were established by the points of formation of the Polish military units of the first stage.
According to the NKVD of the USSR, set forth in the "certificate of the number of sedentary sedimental specialists, refugees and families of repressed (expelled from the Western regions of the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR) as of August 1, 1941" in the territory of the USSR was:
1. Former prisoners of war - 26.160.
2. Semiters and foresters - 132.463.
3. Convicted and follow-and 46.597.
4. Refugees and refressed families -176.000.
TOTAL 381.220.
1. Army General Anders (1941 - 1943)
On July 30, 1941, with the mediation of Great Britain, the USSR and the Polish government in exile signed an agreement on the establishment of diplomatic relations and the beginning of the formation on the Soviet territory of Polish military units.
signing Agreement
As of August 1, 1941, in the USSR, the number of prisoners of war and exile citizens of Poland was 381,220 people. The Polish army should have been formed both by compulsory calling and on voluntary principles. First of all, two infantry divisions of the light type 7 - 8 thousand people each and the backup part were formed. In Gryazovets, the Suzdal, South and Starobel Camps of the NKVD, draft commissions were created for Polish prisoners of war, which included representatives of the Polish command, the Red Army and the NKVD.
On August 6, the former commander of the Novogrudovskaya Cavalry Brigade (1937-1939) General Vladislav Anders (Wladyslaw Anders) was appointed commander of the Polish formations in the USSR.
On August 19, it was decided to deploy Polish compounds in the Totishchevsky camps (in Chkalovskaya, now Orenburg, and Saratov regions, respectively), headquarters in Buzuluk (Chkalovskaya oblast).
By November 30, 1941, 40,961 people were in the Polish army in the USSR: 1965 officers, 11,919 Unter-Officers and 27,077 soldiers. The 5th Infantry Division (14,703 people), the 6th Infantry Division (12,480 people), the spare regiment (8764 people), the army headquarters, the construction part and the prefabricated item were formed. When forming, these parts were kept acute lack of arms and food.
Since December 1941, the rediscordation of Polish compounds and rear parts from the Volga region began Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). The sending to the front of the Polish servicemen was assumed on June 1, 1942. However, the lack of equipment (40% of the soldiers did not have shoes) and the food did not allow to prepare the planned number of compounds (6 divisions) and personnel (96,000 people). The number of solders for the Polish army was reduced from 96,000 to 40,000 with 70,000 Polish servicemen. Poles began to openly accuse the Soviet side in counteracting the formation of their units. In particular, they were outraged by the refusal to enroll them in their army of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Jews who had before 1939. Polish citizenship and residents of Polish territories were rejected in favor of the USSR. Quite often, this ban was violated. In response, the Soviet government began to blame the command of the Polish army in the USSR in the unwillingness to fight against Germany on the Eastern Front.
The Polish government in exile insisted that Polish parts will participate in combat actions only by a single Polish army, and not separate compounds included in the Red Army.
prime Minister Vladislav Sikorsky
March 18, 1942 the Soviet government agreed to the proposal of the Polish side, supported by the United Kingdom, about the conclusion polish pieces Through Iran in the Middle East for further formation based on the supply of their Western allies.
During 1942, 115,000 Polish servicemen and 37,000 members of their families have left the USSR to the Middle East.
2. Polish army (1943 - 1945)
After the parts submitted to the Polish government in exile were evacuated outside the USSR, the Soviet government began to form new Polish parts. The decision was made in February 1943. There was still a significant number of Polish recruits on appeal points. The commanders were appointed Polish officers left in the USSR and included from March 15, 1943 to the Union of Polish Patrioth (Zwiazek Patriotow Polskich) led by Vani Vasilevskaya.
On April 25, 1943, the USSR government announced a rupture of diplomatic relations with the Polish government in exile, accusing the USSR in the execution of Polish officers in Katyn.
On May 6, 1943, the Resolution of the State Committee for Defense (GKO) was published "On the formation of the 1st Polish Infantry Division named after Tadeusch Kostyutko". Colonel Sigismund Hengmunt Henryk Berling, the former head of the military camp for Polish soldiers in Krasnovodsk was appointed commander commander.
SK Berling
From May 14, the formation of the 1st Polish Infantry Division (three infantry shelf, one mild gunlery regiment, one separate fighter anti-tank battalion began in Seletsk Military camps. separate companies - intelligence and communications, mortar division, division of anti-aircraft artillery and part of the rear).
On July 15, 1943, at the disposal of the 1st Polish Infantry Division, the Soviet command was submitted to 325 Soviet officers.
On July 25, 1943, the Military Court of the Polish government in exile declared Colonel Berling Deserter and sentenced to the death penalty.
In August 1943, the 1st Polish Infantry Division, together with the 1st Polish tank regiment. Heroes of Westerplatte and the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment "Warsaw" (32 Aircraft Yak-1) amounted to the 1st Polish Corps (12,000), headed by Major General Sigismund Berling.
1. The Private 1st Infantry Division. T. Koscinchenko, 1945
2. Tankman of the 1st Polish armored brigade "Heroes Westerplatte", Polish army, 1944-1945.
3. Private 1st Infantry Division. T. Koscinchenko, 1945
On October 12 - 13, 1943, the first battle of the 1st Polish division under Lenino Mogilev region as part of the 33rd army of the Western Front took place. Division losses reached 25% of the personnel (502 killed, 1776 wounded and 663 missing). On October 14, the Polish Division was assigned to re-form.
Polish Cross for the fight under Lenino
In March 1944, Polish parts were deployed to the 1st Polish army (90,000 people), where not only former citizens of Poland were credited, but also the Soviet citizens of Polish (and not only) of origin.
In the spring of 1944, about 600 Polish cadets were trained in Soviet flight and aircraft schools.
In July 1944, the 1st Polish Army began martialctions. Operatively, it was subordinate to the 8th Soviet Guards Army of the 1st Belorussian Front and participated in the forcing of Bug. The army became the first Polish compound, crossed the borders of Poland.
On July 21, 1944, the 1st Polish army was merged with the partisan army of human (18 brigades, 13 battalions and a detachment 202) to the United Army of Polish.
army guerrillas
July 26, the 1st Polish was formed tank corps Under the command of Colonel Jan Rupaasova (later Brigadier General Yozf Kimbar (Jozef Kimbar).
At the end of July - early August 1st, the Polish army participated in the liberation of Deblin and the pill. The 1st Polish armored brigade participated in the defense of a student bridge on the West Bank of Vistula South Warsaw. It operated three shelf of fighter aircraft.
On September 14, 1944, the troops of the 1st Belarusian Front, together with the 1st Army of the Polish troops, freed the suburb of Warsaw - Prague. On September 15, all 15 divisions of Polish troops are replied here.
At the end of October 1944, a service of 11,513 Soviet officers was held in the Russian troops. About 40% of officers and nonsense officers of Polish troops were Soviet military personnel of at least nationality.
During the winter, the 1st Polish army remained aimed at Prague, and in January 1945 he participated in the liberation of Warsaw.
Polish's army participated in the breakthrough through Central Poland, on January 28, freed by Bydgoszcz. Then the 1st Polish army was transferred to the north, and she took part in the battles, moving along the Baltic coast. The main forces of the army participated in the storming of Kolberg, and the 1st Polish armored brigade fell on Gdansk. In Szczecin, the 1st Polish army stopped for regrouping, as its losses amounted to 5400 people killed and 2,800 disappeared.
By the beginning of the spring offensive 1945, the 2nd Polish Army was formed under the command of the Lieutenant General of the Soviet Army, and then the troops of the Polish Carol Karolchovsky (Karol Wacław świerczewski).
Kk Sverchivsky
The army consisted of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th infantry divisions and the 1st Polish armored corps. The 2nd Polish army was part of the 1st Ukrainian Front and acted north of the Czechoslovak border.
In 1945, the role of the Polish army increased markedly, since the number of Polish compounds reached 200,000 (1st and 2nd Polish armies, 1st tank corps, 1st air case and other parts), reaching about 10% From the total number of forces of the Soviet army, storming Berlin.
The 1st Polish army forced Oder and Canal of Hohenzollers.
On March 1, 1945, the 1st Separate Warsaw Cavalry Brigade in the Last Polish Cavalry Attack in World War II storm took possession of German positions in the Schonfeld area
IN the last days Wars The 1st Infantry Division participated in street fights in Berlin, in particular, in the region of Reichstag and the Imperial Office.
The loss of Polish troops during the Berlin operation amounted to 7,200 killed and 3800 missing.
The 2nd Polish army fell in the southern direction and went to the surroundings of the capital of Czechoslovakia Prague.
In total in 1943 - 1945 On the East Front, the Polish army lost 24,707 and wounded 44,223 people.
By June 1945, Polish troops numbered about 400,000 people. The Polish army in the east was the largest regular military force who fought together with the Soviet Army, and in the future was the basis of the Armed Forces of the Polish Republic.
Monument to Polish in Zanday
sign of veterans of the troops of Polish
Relations between Russia and Poland over the centuries. States constantly competed for influence in Eastern Europe and repeatedly fought with each other. At the beginning of the XVII century, the Polish garrison was even stood in Moscow, and under the direct authority of Warsaw were all the lands of southwestern Russia - from Carpathians and Brest to Smolensk.
However, after two hundred years, the situation in the root changed. According to the results of the three sections of the Commonwealth and Vienna Congress, Russia returned to itself all of the ever seized by the Poles of the Earth, and also received control over a significant part of Polish territories.
In 1917, the Bolsheviks presented Poland independence, but Warsaw in response tried to seize Ukraine, Belarus and Baltic States. To restore the Commonwealth with Poland, then did not reach, but thanks to the support of Western powers, Warsaw was able to establish his power over Galicia, Volyn and Western Belarus. In the 1920-1921, as a result of extrajudicial executions and due to the harsh conditions of detention, thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were killed in Polish captivity.
- Soviet prisoners of war in Poland
In 1938, Warsaw declared readiness to participate in the war against Soviet UnionIf Moscow tries to send troops to assist Czechoslovakia, whose Hitler's Germany tried to rejected the sudans. As a result of the Munich Cort, Poland together with the Third Reich and Hungary took part in the Czechoslovakia section. However, already in 1939, after the Polish state was defeated by Germany, the Soviet troops occupied Western and Ukraine and Belarus, which were captured by Poland as a result of the war of 1919-1921.
The Government of Poland in exile, which operated on the territory of France and the United Kingdom, since 1939 believed that he was in a state of war from the USSR. However, in the summer of 1941, it restored diplomatic relations with Moscow and expressed its intention to provide the Soviet Union in the war against Hitler's Germany.
"Anders Army"
The agreement signed between the Polish authorities based in London and the Soviet leadership provided for the creation on the territory of the Soviet Union of Polish military units in operational submission of the Red Army. In August 1941, all Polish citizens against whom criminal cases were conducted in the USSR, as well as those who were in reference in the territory of the Soviet Union, including Polish prisoners of war were amnestied.
For the formation of Polish national military units, the Soviet authorities allocated the Polish side of 300 million rubles of an interest-free loan, 15 million rubles to free assistance, weapons (including artillery tools), ammunition and food. For family members of the Polish servicemen, several hundred canteens, kindergartens and schools were opened. The commander of the Polish army became captured by the Soviet troops in 1939 by General Vladislav Anders.
However, in early 1942, the decision to participate in the "Army of Anders" in hostilities was constantly postponed at the initiative of the Polish side. The Soviet authorities were asked to send a fully formed and trained 5th infantry division to the front, but Anders said that only his entire army would be completely directed to the front.
In the spring of 1942, 73 thousand trained and armed servicemen were already under the command of Anders. At the same time, leaving the directives to London, Anders promised to the British authorities to transfer the Polish army to their command.
In March 1942, a conversation was held between Anders and Stalin, during which the Soviet leader stated directly: "If the Poles do not want to fight here, then let them say straight and say: yes or not. I know where the army is formed, so it will remain there. Wake up without you. We can give everyone. We will cope. We get Poland and then give you to you. But what do people say? "
- Military exercises in the Polish camp in the USSR, 1942
- Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain
As a result, Moscow and the Polish side agreed to evacuate the Polish troops to Iran, under the command of the British. Already at the end of March, the territory of the USSR was left over 31 thousand Polish servicemen. Subsequently, they carried the service in the Middle East, and in battle with the Nazis entered only in 1944 in Italy.
After the completion of the war, Anders expressed the hope that the West would attack the USSR with the use of weapons mass lesion. However, this did not happen. Part of the Anders soldiers in the late 1940s returned to live on the territory of Poland, the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR. However, the majority remained in emigration.
"It's a shame that the Soviet leadership allocated huge resources to create an" Army of Anders "in the most difficult period for our country - during the defense of Moscow, and they were simply" frozen. " Fortunately, Anders's views were shared by all the Poles in the USSR, "Andrei Koshkin, Head of the Rau, Head of the Department of Rea, said in an interview with RT. G.V. Plekhanov.
Polish army
Despite the unsuccessful attempt to put the "Soviet" Poles under the gun, in March 1943, in the USSR, the Union of Polish Patriots (SPP) began to operate, which united in its ranks of Polish public workers and representatives of the intelligentsia with left views. The Union was engaged in the involvement of Poles to anti-fascist activities, social, agitation and cultural and educational work.
On May 6, 1943, the State Committee for Defense of the USSR on the initiative of the NGN issued a decree "On the formation of the 1st Polish Infantry Division named after Tadeusch Kostyshko". The combat unit received its name in honor of the military and politician of the Commonwealth and the United States, the head of the Polish national uprising against the Russian authorities.
Creating a division began under Ryazan. On the cokard of the soldiers of the division was depicted by the Pythhio Eagle.
"We need to pay tribute to Stalin, who went to meet the Poles and called the division in honor of Kostyutko - a military leader who fought against Russia," said Senior Researcher in an interview with the Senovyanov Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vadim Volobuev.
According to the expert, soviet leadership It was important that the Polish forces participate in the liberation of Poland from the Nazis, but relations with the Polish government were spoiled by this time.
The Kostysitko division division included three infantry shelf, a separate female battalion, artillery, anti-tank and mortar divisions.
On May 14, 1943, a separate tank regiment was also started to form on May 14, 1943, expanded later in the brigade. This unit has gained wide fame after the release of the film "Four Tankers and Dog".
- Frame from the movie "Four Tanker and Dog"
By the beginning of July, the Personal Composition of the Kostysusko Division has already numbered 14,380 people. July 15, her servicemen brought oath and got martial banner.
On August 10, on the basis of the division, the 1st Polish Corps was formed, which also included the 1st Polish Tank Regiment named after Heroes Westerplatte and the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment "Warsaw". The commander of the division, and then the corps became the Polish General Zygmunt Berling.
In September 1943, Polish parts went to the front.
"The debut of the Divisian named after Koscucheko took place under the village. - RT) Lenino in extremely harsh conditions. And the Polish military showed itself as a whole very worthy, "said RT candidate of historical sciences Alexey Isaev, the author of the book on the history of the Great Patriotic War.
Under the Lenino village in Eastern Belarus, a division as part of the 33rd army occurred on a swampy terrain on well-fortified German positions, and the Nazis initially occupied dominant heights. The situation was complicated by the fact that several Polish soldiers moved to the German side before the start of the battle, where among the servicemen of the Wehrmacht were Folksdoch, who had previously lived in Poland. At first they tried through the loudspeakers to lean the Poles to the surrender, and then sat against the division sabotage fragments.
- Soscucheko Division Fighters, 1943
- Andrzej Leszek Szcześniak, (1980)
Despite all the difficulties, the Poles managed to master the first line of German positions and retain them. Fully break through the defense of the enemy Soviet troops in October 1943 under Lenino's village could not - the Nazis were so well entrenched that they were able to displace them only in the summer of 1944 during the operation "Bagration".
For October 12-13, 510 Polish soldiers and officers were killed in battles with the Nazis. 1776 were injured, 652 were missing, 116 were captured. Division lost almost a third of personnel.
In March 1944, on the basis of the 1st Corps, the 1st Army of Polish Troops was deployed, whose divisions were actively involved in the liberation of Poland from the Nazis and tried to assist the participants of the Warsaw uprising.
"The Polish parts have shown well during the East Pomeranian operation as well. By the way, under the German capital, the Poles survived their "small 41st year". They found themselves under a powerful Hitler Kontrudar, but survived. Under Berlin, by the way, the largest battle in which Polish troops participated in 1939, "said Isaev.
The Polish's army accounted for about 10% of the Soviet forces who took part in the Berlin Operation. Under the German capital, the Poles lost 7.2 thousand killed and 3.8 thousand missing.
Further fate
The Emigrant Government responded negatively to the activities of the Polish troops. From London officers struggling with Nazism, declared the departures of the Motherland and contributed to the court.
However, in July 1945, the United States and the United Kingdom have ceased to officially recognize the Government of Poland in exile. In the 1950s, European Catholic countries stopped diplomatic relations.
Polish military troops took an active part in the restoration of Poland, the formation of a civil administration and Armed Forces Polish People's Republic.
On the basis of the Kostysheko division in 1955, the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division of Polish Troops was created. On September 1, 2011, it was disbanded, but now, judging by the information of the Polish media, the issue of restoring the unit is considered - already for action on the eastern direction.
"By the Division named after Koscucheko in modern Poland are cold. It is believed that she brought Stalin's regime in Warsaw. However, at the same time in Poland, the participation of Polish troops in the capture of Berlin is in every way. Even urban legends about climbing the Poles of the banner over Reichstag, "said Volobuev.
According to the expert, the memory of the courageous warriors was dependent on the modern political situation.
"Polish army was a serious strength that took part in the victory over Nazism. And today, the memory of him can play an important constructive role. Relations between Moscow and Warsaw are not the best. However, in Russia and Poland they live veterans, shoulder to the shoulder in the Red Army and the troops of Polish, their children and grandchildren. I would very much like this fact to be used by popular diplomacy in order to normalize relations between our peoples, "the military historian Yuri Knutov said in a conversation with RT.
Fighters of the Division named after Koscucheko go to the front (1943)
Seventy years ago, May 6, 1943, the State Committee for Defense of the USSR issued a Resolution No. 3294 "On the formation of the 1st Polish Infantry Division named after Tadeusch Kostyshko".
It was the third in two years attempted to create Polish Armed Forces in Soviet territory.
A combat baptism Division took Lenino Village in the Mogilev region on October 12, 1943.
The authorities of the USSR and Socialist Poland subsequently did not hide that the place for the first battle was not chosen by chance.
During the two-day offensive, the division took the village of Trigubovo and the Poloshino, having lost a quarter of personnel (502 killed, 1776 wounded, 663 missing), and on October 14, was reserved in rear for re-formation.
Three fighters were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 247 - orders and medals.
So began the path of the famous part that existed 68 years.
Cargo past
Russian and Poles were natural allies in the fight against Nazism. In both countries, then they talked a lot about the "Brotherhood of Arms, Bonded Blood."
Memorial Sign of the Division named after Tadeusch Kostysheko with the inscription "Lenino - Berlin"
In the past 20 years, it turned out (and Poles remembered it always) that the brotherhood was overshadowed by previous bloody events.
With Poland, Stalin had special scores.
During the Soviet-Polish war of 1920, he was a member of the South-Western Front (political committee) of the South-Western Front.
The Bolsheviks considered the "Polish campaign" as the beginning of the world revolution, and tied great hopes with him.
"Through the corpse of white Poland lies the way to the world fire. In the bays we will suffer happiness and the world of working humanity. To the West!" - wrote in the order No. 1423 of July 2, 1920, the commander of the Western Front Mikhail Tukhachevsky.
"Give Warsaw! Dai Berlin!" - called on the rallies of fighters.
"The boundaries of the front are determined by the limits of the whole continent of the old world," said the decisions of July 19 - 2 August in Petrograd II Congress Comintern.
In the midst of the offensive, Lenin considered the Polish question already solved and wrote Stalin: "Zinoviev, Kamenev, and also I think that it would be necessary to encourage the revolution immediately in Italy. My personal opinion is that it is necessary to advise Hungary for this, and the Czech Republic and Romania" .
Did not come out.
Many historians explain violence over the Tukhachevsky and the former commander of the south-western front Alexander Egorov in 1937, among other things, the desire of Stalin to get rid of the witnesses of his shame.
"The Red Marshals" was required to declare enemies who survived the Soviet power yet with a civilian to explain to the people why the campaign, one of the key roles in which the "brilliant leader" played.
The neighboring country, with which the world had to conclude, paying five million gold rubles of contributions, was not called in the USSR, no other than the "Pansk Poland" and vinyl in all troubles.
As followed from signed by Stalin and Molotov, in the midst of the beginning of the 1930s of the decision to combat the migration of peasants in the city, people, it turns out, did it, not trying to escape from the hungry death, and being incited by the Polish agents.
Up until the mid-1930s, Poland was considered by the main potential opponent in the Soviet Military Plans.
"Komsomolka, from Nagana goals and think: in front of you Lords and Panya," Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote, calling young people to engage military preparation In Osoviahim.
Repressions against those who lived in Moscow, the leadership of the Polish Communist Party in 1937-1938 were ordinary practice, but the fact that she was declared "pest" as such and dissolved the decision of the Comintern, the fact is unique.
During the Polish Operation, 143810 people were arrested, 143810 people were arrested, 1,110,9835 were convicted and shot 111091 - every sixth of the ethnic Poles lived in the USSR.
August 23, 1939 leaders of the USSR and nazi Germany Signed Poland sentence
After the events of September 1939, which in Poland consider the "fourth section", Vyacheslav Molotov in speech at the session of the Supreme Council called Poland, "the ugly brainchild of the Versailles Treaty", and the Narc of Defense Clement Voroshilov in the festive order of November 7 claimed that she "figured out, As the old and rotting the cart. "
Newspapers published mockery caricatures, on one of which, for example, a sad teacher declared a class: "On this, children, we finish studying the history of the Polish state."
In the press and documents, the country was called either the "former Poland" or, to the Nazi Lad, "Governor-General".
At the newly attached territories with a population of 13.4 million, 107 thousand were arrested in two years old, approximately half of them are the Poles by nationality, and exiled to Siberia 391 thousand, of which about 10 thousand died during the deportation and in the settlement.
By the number of victims before these tragedies, even press katynsky strut Although it was she who became known to the world.
Forced turn
On June 4, 1941, the People's Commissar of Defense Semen Tymoshenko signed an order for the formation rifle Division From among the persons of Polish nationality and those who own the Polish language, which for known reasons has not implemented.
Researchers express different assumptions about the fact that Stalin, it was at this moment to be urgently needed by the Polish Division. As you know, a similar order for the creation of the Finnish division was published shortly before the "Maynile provocation", according to the official version, having bungled for the USSR as a thunder among the clear sky.
On July 30, 1941, the USSR, with the mediation of Britain, restored the diplotes with the Polish emigrant government in London.
On August 14, an agreement was signed on the formation of Polish military units on the Soviet territory.
General Vladislav Anders.
By the spring of 1942, the army consisted of 73 thousand people. She was headed by the Division General Vladislav Anders, in the past the captain of the Russian General Staff and the Kavaler of the Order of St. George IV degree, on September 24, 1939, the Soviet troops under Mamolem and captured by the wounded. From the camera on Lubyanka, he was freed by Beria personally.
Sympathy and confidence in the USSR Andersovtsy, naturally, did not experience. Britain needed reinforcements on the African front. On July 31, 1942, Anders and his people were allowed to go through Iran, Iraq and Palestine to Egypt.
During the last meeting, Stalin promised Anders to continue the set to the Polish army and direct people to the Middle East, but it was not done.
Since in accordance with the Agreement of August 14, 1941, all Polish parts obeyed the government in exile, the Soviet authorities in the creation of "their" Polish army were associated before the time before the time.
On April 13, 1943, the Germans actually played against the Kremlin, declaring a terrible find in the forest near Smolensky.
In addition to declassified documents from a special policy of politburo, in historical science there are still nine direct and indirect evidence of the responsibility of the USSR for Katyn. One of them is that if the Poles were shot by the Germans, then "to arrange an anti-Soviet provocation" and "to drive a wedge between the allies" it would be politically advisable in summer and in the fall of 1941.
About the mountains of corpses in the courtyards and basements of the Lviv and Drohobych prisons Goebbels notified the world immediately. In the spring of the 43rd scandal was, rather, in the arm of Moscow.
On April 25, the Government of Sikorsky demanded official explanations from the USSR. The answer was the rupture of diplomas with the legal successors of the authorities of the pre-war Poland, which in the USSR since then was called not otherwise as "London Poles".
More than on March 1, 1943, the Central Committee of the Polish Workers Party, established in the USSR instead of the Poland's dissolved Communist Party and who had a small-awakening existence, suddenly reminded himself by opposing the declaration "What are we fighting for?".
Five days later, it was announced that the "Union of Polish Patriots" headed by the writer Vandoy Vasilevskaya, who appealed to the Soviet government to begin the formation of the army, was announced in the USSR.
May 6 - less than two weeks after the gap with the London government - the petition was satisfied.
Battle way
Division named after Kostysheko was formed on the states of the Soviet Rifle Division and included three infantry regiments, an easy artillery regiment, anti-tank and mortar divisions, a separate female battalion, reconnaissance, communication service, anti-aircraft and rear parts are only about 11 thousand people.
Colonel Zygmunt Berling formed a division in Military camps near Ryazan
The commander was appointed Colonel (later General) Zygmunt Berling, back in October 1940, refused by the obligations to the Government of the Sikorsky and did not leave with Anders, Deputy Commander - Soviet General Karol Schurchavsky, Ethnic Pole, who participated in the 1920 War on the side of the Red Army, the boss Politicalotel - Alexander Zavadsky.
Most Polish servicemen who have captured in 1939 and avoiding Katyn, by that time left the USSR. The division was gained mainly by the Soviet citizens of Polish nationality or by the language, and the civilians of pre-war Poland, for various reasons found in Soviet territory.
By July 5, 1943, the division was associated with a separate tank shelf and two aircadrylons numbered 14380 servicemen, of which 13520 Poles, 439 Jews, 209 Ukrainians, 108 Belarusians and 112 Russians.
July 15, 1943, on the day of the 543th anniversary of the Grunwald battle, in which the Poles, Lithuanians and Russians together fought against the Teutonic Order, they accepted the oath. The "Union of Polish Patriots" presented the Division of the Red and White Martial Banner with the motto "for your and our freedom!".
The most acute problem turned out to be a noncomplex of team frames, which reached 62.4%, since the Pole officers in the USSR by that time almost left.
By order of July 15, 1943, 325 Soviet officers communicated with subordinates through translators were enrolled in the division. At the same time, the 920 most capable fighters sent to short-term commander courses at military schools in Ryazan, Kostroma and Rybinsk.
Among them was the 20-year-old Wojcih Yarazhelsky, the future president of Poland, who fell to the Kostysitko division from the Altai forest, where the graduate of the Vilen gymnasium was exhibited in 1940 with their parents.
The division was armed and supplied by the Soviet command of ordinary standards. Training was carried out according to the charters of the Red Army. Personal composition wore a pre-founded Polish form, but with new signs of differences.
As a cokard at the suggestion of the writer, Yanina Bronvorskaya and art historian Pavel Ettinger approved the "Pyththic Eagle" (coat of arms of the first royal Dynasty, founded the Polish state and ruled in the 960-1370), taking the image carved in the stone niche with the sarcophag of King Bolevlav III in Plock.
Divisians assigned the name of the popular national hero, although Tadeusus Kosciuschko fought against Russia. In addition to participating in the American War for independence, he became famous for the leader of the armed resistance to the third section of Poland in 1792-1794, was captured by the wounded and sat in Petropavlovsk FortressFrom where he freed his emperor Paul I.
Called with the religious feelings of Poles. The chief chaplain of the division received the rank of Colonel, and the head of the politicalotel - to the step below.
Already in August 1943, on the basis of the division, the deployment of the 1st Polish Corps began, and in March 44th - the 1st Army of the Polish troops, but the Division named after Kostysusko continued to be considered as elite.
Symbol of the Division - "Pythhio Eagle"
On January 16-17, 1945, it, together with other parts of the troops of the Polish and Soviet 47th and 61st armies, participated in the liberation of Warsaw and entered the capital of the first one, after which she was assigned the honorary name "Warsaw". In August 1944, Americans were similarly given the opportunity for the de Gaulle's troops first to join Paris.
On July 21, 1944, Polish army was officially united with the partisan army of human. On August 15, the Soviet Polish National Liberation Committee issued a decree on mobilization into the Polish army, where about 100 thousand people were called into the first months.
To the Soviet Union, these people who have already known by the time of the Katyn probably treated ambiguously, but they moved the desire to free their country from the Nazis and hopes for post-war independence.
Up to the end of the war, about 40% of officers and UNTER-Officers of the Polish troops constituted Soviet citizens of at least nationality. At the end of October 1944, it consisted of 11,513 Soviet officers.
Political communists were prescribed by political communists. The Deputy Commander of the 1st Army by Politchasti was the future Prime Minister of Socialist Poland Peter Yaroshevich.
By the end of the war, the number of Polish's troops reached 330 thousand people enrolled in two armies. It was the largest and most efficient foreign military formation, fought at the Soviet-German front.
180 thousand fighters participated in the Berlin operation (approximately 10% of the total number of forces from the Soviet side), and the Division named after Kostysusko stormed the city center.
Polish losses in the battle of Berlin amounted to 7.2 thousand killed and 3.8 thousand missing.
The Polish flag was the only raised in the defeated capital of Reich, along with Soviet.
Polish divisions met with the Americans on the Elbe.
In total, about 27.5 thousand Poles were killed in the Soviet-German front.
Division named after Kostysheko was awarded by the Soviet orders of the Red Banner and Kutuzov of the II degree and the Polish Golden Cross of the Order of Virti Militari.
Wojca Yarzelsky began military service In the Divisus name
The combat merits of Poles were evaluated high in the USSR, but on the household levels were called chauvinistic ridicule. A joke arose: "Polish Berlin's army took, Rajesco's army [Soviet] helped!". Popular in the 1970s Polish television series about the exploience of Captain Closer's exploience also generated ironic comments: IS, think that they won it!
Poland and GDR up to the collapse of the Warsaw Agreement were the key military allies of the USSR. Czechoslovak and Hungarian army both Soviet and NATO strategists were not taken into account in their calculations.
In 1949-1956, the post of Minister of Defense of Poland held the Soviet Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky, who was also assigned the title of Marshal Poland - the case in modern history unprecedented. According to his people near his people, the only one in history twice the Marshal with bitterness said that in Russia all his life was considered a Pole, and in Poland - Russian. During the work, two attempts were committed on his life.
In 1955, the 1st Warsaw Infantry Division named after Tadeusch Kostysheko was transformed into a mechanized and several decades continued to be considered as a kind of guard.
Artem Kchechtnikov
During the Great Patriotic War in the Red Army, several national military formations were fought, in battle under the flags of other states - France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Yugoslavia. The decision to allow the creation of foreign military formations on the territory of the USSR from Czechs, Slovaks, Yugoslavs and Poles was made on July 3, 1941. The first Czechoslovak infantry battalion became the first, the formation of which began on January 5, 1942. The second is the famous Squadron "Normandy", whose pilots were made on April 1, 1943, made the first combat departures in the Orlovskoye Bridgehead. The following were the 1st Polish Infantry Division (May 6, 1943) and the 1st Romanian Volunteer Infantry Division (October 4, 1943). On October 15, the military personnel of the former Yugoslav army turned to the formation of the National Military Part, which became the bones of the 1st Separate Yugoslav Infantry Brigade, which entered into battle in the summer of 1944 and came from the battles to the Austrian border. In September 1944, many military units of the former Bulgarian army were transferred to the side of the Red Bulgarian. And February 1945, from the soldiers of the Hungarian army switched to the Soviet side, a volunteer regiment "Buda" was formed, fighting near Budapest.
For the preparation of foreigners' officers in the Ryazan Infantry School - the future of airborne - organized Polish (August 1, 1943), Romanian (December 1943) and Czech (April 9, 1944) of 500 cadets. In total during the war in the USSR, two general-official army, three army, tank and aviation corps and other foreign military formations of the total number of over 550 thousand people were formed and armed. The most notable trace in the history of the Great Patriotic War left Polish, Romanian, French and Czechoslovak units. For courage and heroism, manifested during the battle with the German troops, 42 of them - 29 Polish, 11 Czechoslovaki, one Romanian and one French - awarded by Soviet orders and awarded honorary items.
1st separate fighter airlock "Normandy-Neman"
Soviet awards: Order of a combat red ban (awarded on February 19, 1945), Order of Alexander Nevsky (awarded June 5, 1945) Honorary Name: Neman (Awarded November 28, 1944)
In March 1942, with a proposal for the formation of a French regiment as part of the Red Army, on behalf of General Charles de Gaulle, a representative of the military command of the Framing France "General Ernest Petit was addressed to Joseph Stalin. In April 1942, the USSR Ambassador to the Union Governments in London, Alexander Bogomolov sent a telegram to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs that he "received from Dejan (Head of Political Frames" Professor Maurice Dejan. - Approx. Auth.) Note which contains a proposal to send 30 French pilots and 30 people serving personnel to the Soviet-German front. " On November 25, 1942, an agreement was signed in Moscow that "the command of the fighting France sends an aviation squadron in the USSR, equipped according to the staff approved by the Commander of the Red Army Air Force, for joint actions with the Red Army Air Force against the General Enemy." The state is 14 pilots and 58 technicians. As the Count Roland de la Puap wrote - one of the most famous pilots "Normandy" and one of the four, awarded title Hero of the Soviet Union, "We were only fourteen. A drop in the sea. Fourteen French pilots, which were thrown into the thick of millions of other people.<…> Rather, the symbol than the military machine. "
On March 14, 1943, the squadron graduated from combat training, and the 22nd went to the front as part of the 303rd air traffic police of the 1st air army of the Western Front. The first victories of the "Normandy" pilots won on April 5, and in just over the war years, French pilots recorded 273 confirmed and 36 unconfirmed victories. On November 6, 1943, a squadron was taken to re-formation, and by February 25, 1944 she became a regiment. After the victory, he returned to France on the USSR-3 fighters presented by the USSR government and to this day continues to serve, getting ready to celebrate the 75th birthday.
1st Czechoslovak Infantry Brigade
Soviet awards: Order of Suvorov II degree (awarded on November 6, 1943), Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky I degree (awarded January 4, 1944) On January 3, 1942, the State Committee for Defense of the USSR issued a Resolution No. GKO-1096SS "On the Czechoslovak Brigade on the territory Union of SSR" Here is a quote from it: "... Allow the Czechoslovak command to form the first queue: a) one motorized battalion - 1.100 people. b) one spare company - 150 people. Total: 1.250 people. Battalion and spare company deployed in the mountains. Buzuluk. 3. To entrust the NKVD of the USSR to free the Czechoslovak citizens contained now in conclusion in the Soviet territory as prisoners of war internized or other sufficient grounds.<…> 4. Allow citizens of the Union of SSR Czechoslovak Nationality to enter into a voluntary basis in a Czechoslovatsky brigade. " Two days later, the formation of a part that was headed by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwik Freedom began.
On October 28, 1942, the battalion took the oath, and on March 1, 1943 arrived at the front, under Kharkov. After the first battles in which battalion fighters have proven their courage and readiness to fight the fascists, on May 10, the formation of a brigade, which received the first Order for the liberation of Kiev, and the second - for the liberation of the White Church. Then, on the basis of the Brigade, the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps was formed, six of whom the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded. The combat path of the Corps ended in Prague, and after the war he became the basis of the 1st Army of the Czechoslovaksky People's Army.
1st Infantry Division named after Tadeusus Koscusheko
Soviet awards: Order of the combat red banner (awarded January 19, 1945), the Order of Kutuzov II degree (awarded on May 4, 1945) Honorary Name: Warsaw (assigned on January 19, 1945)
The first experience in the creation of Polish parts in the USSR failed: Assembled by General Vladislav Anders in Krasnovodsk Corps in the spring of 1942 went on a connection with the English troops to Iran. But part of the anti-fascist officers did not go beyond the commander, but supported the idea of \u200b\u200bits fellow countrymen to create in no way associated with the Emigrant Government of Poland in London "Union of Polish Patriots". Over the initiator of the formation of the 1st Infantry Division. Resolution No. 3294ss on this occasion of the USSR GKO adopted on May 6, 1943, and the first officers and soldiers arrived at the Seletsk military camps under Ryazan after eight days. The division received the name of General Tadeusch Kostyshko, head of the Polish uprising of 1794, and who fought in its composition a unique 1st separate female infantry battalion - the name of Emilia Duchet, participants of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831.
On the front, the division went on September 1, 1943 and accepted the first fight on October 12 under the village of Lenino Mogilev region. In January 1945, she dismissed Warsaw, for which the warsaw and the Order of the Red Banner was honored, and finished the war in Berlin, fighting as part of the 1st Army of the Polish troops.
1st Tank Brigade named after Heroes Westerplatte
Soviet awards: Order of the combat Red Banner (awarded on May 4, 1945)Honorary Name: Warsaw (assigned February 24, 1945)
This military unit Well known for the popular once novel of the writer Janusha Pshimanovsky (who fought as part of the Brigade) and the "four tanker and dog" television series. She began with a tank regiment that was forming at the 1st Polish division named after Kostyshko, but already on August 19, 1943, after the beginning of the formation of the Polish army, he was deployed to a two-bedroom brigade: 71 T-34 tank, 14 light tanks T-70 and over 2000 soldiers and officers.
The brigade joined the Big, together with the 1st Polish infantry division named after Tadeusus Kostyshko under Lenino, and finished the war in Eastern Prussia, participating in the capture of Danziga - Polish Gdansk. For the brigade fighters, it was especially symbolic: She wore the name of Heroes Vesterplatte, that is, the defenders of the eponymed Peninsula under Gdansk, the seven-day defense of which was one of the symbols of the courage and perseverance of Polish soldiers during the German attack on Poland in September 1939.
1st Romanian Volunteer Infantry Division named after Tudor Vladimirsku
Soviet awards: the Order of the Combat Red Banner (awarded on November 20, 1944)Honorary Name: Debrecenskaya (assigned on November 20, 1944)
Appeal to allow the formation of the National Military Unit Romanian Prienigrators contained in Soviet camps took on February 2, 1943. Eight months in Moscow decided whether soldiers could fight on the side of the Soviet Union, who still recently participated in the siege of Odessa, Sevastopol and Stalingrad and the occupation of Moldova. And after all, on October 4, 1943, the USSR GKO adopts Decree No. 4227ss "On formed on the territory of the USSR of the Romanian Infantry Division from prisoners of war." The location of the division, which was appropriated by the name of the National Hero of Romania - a member of the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 and the inspirational of the antiturique uprising of 1821 Tudora Vladimirsku, became Seletsky camps, freed after the departure of Poles.
The formation ended in March 1944, but the division received its first fight only on 29 August. The next day, she entered the liberated Bucharest and soon became a kind of model to create new Army Romania, the basis of which the Romanian parts switched to the side of the USSR. At the end of 1944, Division participated in Debrecen operation in the east of Hungary, manifesting himself with best side and having honored the honorary name and orders. During these battles, she lost almost half of his fighters and went to the rear for re-formation, which was dragged to the end of the war.
Anton Trofimov
