By now, in official documents and diplomatic correspondence, a set of terms has developed that characterizes different versions of international peacekeeping operations. Incorrect or inaccurate use of them can lead to confusion and mutual misunderstanding in the implementation of PKOs (peacekeeping operations) and other UN peacekeeping operations. The terminology developed, of course, reflects the essential features of the relevant operations, which play an important role in their planning and practical implementation, but an officially approved and, moreover, a universal glossary-thesaurus relating to various UN peacekeeping operations still does not exist. Its absence aggravates the difficulties of peacekeeping in general, and does not allow certain international standards to be applied to PKOs.

International peacekeeping operations are the collective name for the most different types activities carried out in the interests of resolving conflicts, preventing their escalation, stopping or preventing hostilities, ensuring law and order in the conflict zone, holding humanitarian actions, restoring social and political, as well as life support systems, disturbed by the conflict. A distinctive feature of peacekeeping carried out on behalf of the UN is that it is carried out under the mandate of the UN Security Council, or, according to the UN Charter, under the mandate of those regional organizations whose functions include maintaining peace and international security. Zaemsky, V.F. UN and peacekeeping: a course of lectures / V.F. Zaemsky. - M .: International relations, 2008. - P.78.

Almost all known classifications divide such operations into three blocks:

1) using mainly non-force methods of actions of the armed forces (observation, various forms control) aimed at reinforcing political and diplomatic efforts to end and resolve the conflict;

2) a combination of political methods with the operations of armed peacekeeping contingents that are not engaged in hostilities;

3) the use of forceful methods, including military operations, to enforce peace, in combination with political efforts or without them.

Peacekeeping operations are subdivided into:

1) preventive actions (actions) to preserve peace,

2) peacekeeping operations,

3) peacekeeping operations,

4) peace enforcement operations,

5) post-conflict peacebuilding, humanitarian actions.

Operations to establish peace or induce peace are carried out by mutual consent of the warring parties and, as a rule, at their request at the moment when they, independently or under the influence of international organizations or individual states, decide to end hostilities and need the assistance of the international community for this, and collective international peacekeeping forces. Their purpose is, first of all, to assist in the cessation of hostilities and the organization of a peaceful negotiation process. Zaemskiy V.F. Theory and practice of UN peacekeeping: monograph / V.F. Zaemsky. - M .: MGIMO-University, 2008. - P.158.

Peacekeeping operations are carried out with the consent of all or one of the parties to the conflict and are divided into two groups. The first includes operations that are the logical and practical continuation of peace operations, when, after reaching an agreement on an armistice, negotiations begin for a peaceful settlement of conflicts. The second group is made up of actions carried out to implement the previously reached peace agreement. In this case, the purpose of the peacekeeping operation, including its military side, is to directly ensure the implementation of the agreement by all forces involved in the conflict.

Peace enforcement operations represent the actual use of military forces, or the threat of such use, in order to force the opposing parties to stop fighting and proceed to establish peace. Characteristic feature their is that they can include those military actions of the peacekeeping forces, which are aimed at the separation and disarmament of the warring parties. These hostilities can be directed both against all the belligerent parties and against the one that does not agree to comply with the demands for a ceasefire. After the successful completion of these tasks, that is, after the cessation of hostilities, the peacekeeping forces switch to actions characteristic of the PKO.

In the first 40 years of the existence of the United Nations (1945-1985), only 13 peacekeeping operations were carried out. Over the next 20 years, 47 missions were deployed.

Initially, peacekeeping operations were mainly operations to enforce ceasefires and disengagement of warring parties after interstate wars.

Ending " cold war"Led to a radical change in the nature of UN peacekeeping operations. The UN Security Council has begun to establish larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often designed to assist in the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements between participants in intra-state conflicts. In addition, peacekeeping operations began to include more and more non-military elements. To coordinate such operations, the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) was established in 1992.

The Security Council began to send peacekeepers to such conflict zones where a ceasefire was not reached and the consent of all parties to the conflict to be present was not obtained. peacekeeping troops(for example, the peacekeeping operation in Somalia and the operation in Bosnia). Some of the tasks assigned to these peacekeeping missions proved impossible to accomplish with the resources and personnel they had. These setbacks, the most painful of which were the massacres in Srebrenica, Bosnia, in 1995 and the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, have forced the UN to scrutinize the concept of peacekeeping operations.

DPKO has strengthened the units providing military and police advisers to the mission. He created a new unit, the Peacekeeping Best Practices Unit, to review lessons learned and provide guidance to missions on gender issues; take measures to improve the behavior of peacekeepers; plan disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs; and develop methods of law enforcement and other tasks. To ensure that each new mission has a budgetary availability, a pre-mandate funding mechanism has been established since its inception, and DPKO's logistics base in Brindisi, Italy, has received funding to procure strategic stocks for mission deployments. A system of continuous training for additional personnel in case of rapid deployment was strengthened. DPKO has reorganized the UN Standby Arrangements System (UNSAS), which includes a register of specific resources of member states, including military and civilian specialists, materials and equipment provided for the needs of UN operations. The revamped UNSAS now provides for the provision of forces within the first 30-90 days after the establishment of a new operation. Grishaeva, L. UN Peacekeeping Crisis / L. Grishaeva // Observer - Observer. -2008. -№4, 47-58

In May 2006, the UN DPKO led 18 peace operations around the world, involving a total of nearly 89,000 military, police and civilian personnel. As of October 31, 2006, the top ten countries contributing the most troops to UN peacekeeping operations were Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Jordan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Uruguay, Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa, with a total of accounted for over 60 percent of all UN military and police personnel.

Since 1948, more than 130 countries have contributed military, police and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping operations. Since the establishment of the first peacekeeping operation, more than a million military, police and civilians have served under the UN flag.

Military personnel serving in UN peacekeeping operations receive salaries from their respective governments. Moreover, these countries receive compensation from the UN. All UN member states are required to pay their share of the cost of peacekeeping operations in accordance with a formula they themselves have established. Despite this, as at 31 January 2006, Member States were in arrears in arrears and outstanding contributions to peacekeeping operations of approximately US $ 2.66 billion.

Unfortunately, the experience of UN international peacekeeping is far from always successful, and the existing tools are far from perfect. The reasons this phenomenon are the lack of a clear regulatory framework for peacekeeping, the inability of the UN to effectively use the already established mechanisms to resolve conflicts, and, therefore, to carry out the main functions related to the main goal of the organization aimed at maintaining international peace and preserving collective security.

It should be emphasized that the conflicts of recent years are striking in their particular complexity and multiplicity. In such conditions, the UN's ability to adequately respond to the existing security problems of peoples is greatly hampered. This makes many politicians and statesmen think about either the effective implementation of existing instruments of the peacekeeping process, or the development of new ones.

UN peacekeeping is a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the Organization as a way to help conflict-torn countries create the conditions for a lasting peace. The first United Nations peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, when the Security Council authorized the deployment of United Nations military observers in the Middle East to monitor compliance with the Armistice Agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Since then, a total of 63 United Nations peacekeeping operations have been conducted around the world.

There is no term “peacekeeping” in the Charter of the United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld, Second Secretary-General of the United Nations, suggested that the term should be found in “chapter six and a half” of the Charter, placing it somewhere in between traditional methods of peaceful settlement of disputes such as negotiation and mediation, according to with chapter VI, and more coercive measures as provided for in chapter VII.

Over the years, United Nations peacekeeping activities have evolved to meet the needs of different conflicts and changing political landscapes. The UN peacekeeping goals, which emerged at a time when Cold War rivalries often paralyzed the Security Council, were largely limited to activities to maintain a ceasefire and stabilize the situation on the ground so that efforts at the political level could be made to resolve conflict by peaceful means. These missions included military observers and lightly armed military personnel who performed peace-monitoring, reporting and confidence-building functions to maintain the ceasefire and implement limited peace agreements.

Since the end of the Cold War, the strategic context of UN peacekeeping has undergone dramatic changes, allowing the UN to transform and expand its operations on the ground and to ensure the transition from "traditional" missions associated with purely military tasks to complex "multifunctional" operations aimed to ensure the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements; and to help lay the foundations for a sustainable peace. Today's peacekeepers undertake a wide range of complex tasks, including helping to build sustainable governance and human rights monitoring, security sector reforms and disarmament, and the demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants.

IN last years the nature of conflicts has also changed. The UN peacekeeping activity, initially seen as a means of resolving interstate conflicts, is increasingly being applied to the resolution of intrastate conflicts and civil wars. While the military continues to be the backbone of most peacekeeping operations, it now includes administrators and economists, police and legal experts, sappers and election observers, human rights observers and civilian and management specialists, humanitarian communications and public information officers and experts. http://www.ia-trade.su

UN peacekeeping activities are in constant evolution, both conceptually and operationally, in order to meet new challenges and respond to new political realities. The Organization is committed to enhancing its capacity to carry out and sustain field operations and thereby contribute to the most important function of the United Nations, namely the maintenance of international peace and security.

>> International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces Russian Federation

5.6. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with the conduct military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

As you know, the starting point for the beginning of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the development of the Armed Forces for the period up to 2000.

The military reform is based on a solid theoretical base, the results of calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 90s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of military reform is to ensure national interests Russia, which in the defense sphere consists in ensuring the security of the individual, society and state from military aggression from other states.

At present, in order to prevent war and armed conflicts in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of force has not yet become the norm in international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense.

In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war.

The national interests of the state presupposes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

The long-term goals of ensuring Russia's national security also determine the need for Russia's broad participation in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations is aimed at preventing or eliminating crisis situations at the stage of their inception.

Thus, currently Armed forces the country's leadership is seen as a deterrent factor, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means did not lead to the elimination of a military threat to the country's interests. Fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is viewed as a new task of the Armed Forces to maintain peace.

To implement this law, in May 1996, the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security."

In total, until April 2002, one thousand military personnel from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation performed tasks of maintaining peace and security in two regions - the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, Abkhazia.

The military contingent in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova was introduced on June 23, 1992 on the basis of the Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The total number of the peacekeeping contingent was about 500 people.

On March 20, 1998, negotiations on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict were held in Odessa with the participation of the Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan and Transnistrian delegations.

The military contingent entered the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.

The military contingent entered the conflict zone in Abkhazia on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces. The total number of this contingent was about 1600 people.

Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the RF Armed Forces has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people (insert, photo 36).

Since June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where at the end of the 90s. a serious armed confrontation arose between Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3600 people. A separate sector occupied by the Russians in Kosovo equalized the Russian Federation in rights in resolving this interethnic conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy).

Completion of controls, military units and units of the special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service by contract. The training and equipping of peacekeeping forces is carried out at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.

While serving in a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities accorded to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security Council of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Groups of Military Observers and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992 No.

The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with light small arms... When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances according to the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Preparation and training military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent are carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher officer courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region).

The CIS member states signed an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to the collective peacekeeping forces.

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include holding joint exercises, friendly visits and other activities aimed at strengthening common world and mutual understanding.

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan peacekeeping exercise "Blue Shield" was held.

Questions and tasks

1. The significance and role of the international activities of the Russian Armed Forces in carrying out military reform.
2. The legal framework for the peacekeeping activities of the Russian Armed Forces.
3. The status of a member of the Russian peacekeeping force contingent.

Smirnov A.T., Fundamentals of Life Safety: Textbook. for students of grade 11 general education. institutions / A. T. Smirnov, B. I. Mishin, V. A. Vasnev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Education, 2002 .-- 159 p. - ill.

Help for the student online, OBZhD for grade 11 download, calendar-thematic planning

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In our time, the state of relations between the leading states gives rise to some optimism in the low probability of a global nuclear conflict and another world war. However, the constantly arising small and large military conflicts in Europe and Asia, the countries of the "third world", the claims of many of them for the possession of nuclear weapons, instability political systems in many of these states, they do not exclude the possibility of events developing according to an unpredictable scenario, including a major military tragedy. Unresolved disputes and contradictions, as well as the armed conflicts arising on their basis, affect the vital interests of each state and pose a real threat to international peace and security. In the course of conflicts, often turning into civil wars, massive grave crimes are committed against civilians, the destruction of villages and the destruction of cities, which are a flagrant violation of international conventions. According to official UN data, by the mid-90s, during the major post-war conflicts, the death toll exceeded 20 million people, more than 6 million disabled, 17 million refugees, 20 million displaced persons, and these numbers continue to grow.

From the above, it can be seen that on the present stage global community faced a serious danger of being drawn into the elements of numerous, unpredictable in their consequences, hard-to-control armed conflicts on various bases, which is a destabilizing factor in the progress of society and requires additional efforts of states in the field of internal and foreign policy because any conflict, in its essence, poses a threat to any states and peoples. In this regard, the international peacekeeping In recent years, it has moved forward in a number of priority areas of foreign and domestic policy of many states.

All of the above makes us think about measures to ensure the protection of society from outside military encroachments.

The history of human development knows many examples of the creation of interstate organizations, one of the tasks of which is the maintenance of international peace and security. As practice has shown, special attention was paid to solving this problem after the end of large-scale wars. Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the First World War, the League of Nations was formed, which marked the beginning of the creation of more civilized and multifunctional organizations for ensuring peace and security. At the end of the Second World War, in connection with the actual cessation of the activities of the League of Nations, a new international organization was created, uniting almost all states for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security. the globe- United Nations Organization (UN).

As for Russia, it has never been and will never be "clean" European country... Its duality was well expressed by the Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, who emphasized that Russia is a transitional country, a mediator between two worlds. Culture inextricably linked it with Europe; but nature put on her features and influences that always drew her to Asia, or attracted Asia to her. And therefore, Russia, even if it wants to lock itself on purely internal problems, cannot refuse to participate in the creation of a peaceful order in any way due to its geopolitical position in the center of Eurasia. There is no one to replace it. Stability in the middle zone of Eurasia guarantees stability throughout the world, and this is in the interests of the entire world community. And therefore an integral part of modern international politics Russian state are its carefully weighed consistent actions aimed at preventing possible aggression, preventing threats of the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, strengthening security and stability on a regional and global scale.

It should be noted that essential condition the state's defense capability is the readiness of citizens to defend the interests of their state. The main guarantee of this protection is the achieved balance in the nuclear forces, the military might of the state, which consists of national and military defense capability and the readiness of citizens to defend the interests of their state, including with arms in hand.

Thus, it is clearly seen the need for all members of society, and especially representatives of the younger generation, to understand the importance of mastering military knowledge, methods of armed protection, their preparedness to fulfill the tasks of protecting the interests of the state, including service in the Armed Forces.

The first Soviet peacekeepers.

They appeared a quarter of a century ago.

Today, the participation of Russian military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations is commonplace. Currently, our soldiers and officers as military observers under the auspices of the UN can be found in many hot spots of the planet. But few people know how the participation of Soviet military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations began. In October 1973, by decision of the government of the USSR, in accordance with a UN Security Council resolution, the first group of our officers was sent to the Middle East. They were to monitor the ceasefire in the Suez Canal zone and in the Golan Heights after hostilities ended here. The group was headed by Colonel Nikolay Belik. Commander of the first detachment of domestic "blue berets" President of the Interregional public organization of veterans of the UN peacekeeping missions of the Russian Federation recalls: “The group was formed very quickly. it included officers of the company, battalion level of only twenty-five people. The commander of the troops of the Moscow Military District, General of the Army Vladimir Govorov, said that by the decision of the military council I was approved as the commander of a special group of officers who will act as UN military observers in the Middle East.

At the General Staff, General of the Army Nikolai Ogarkov, then Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR, gave instructions, noting that the peace that came after the end of the Arab-Israeli war in 1973 was rather fragile and that our group had a special responsibility, since the Soviet For the first time, military personnel are participating in UN peacekeeping operations.

In Cairo, senior Egyptian officials were closely watching us. It was explained by another flare-up of tension in Arab-Israeli relations. In their settlement, much depended on Moscow. The urgent arrival of our group in Cairo made it clear that the Kremlin would not allow further escalation of the conflict.

Serious attention was paid to acquaintance with the new region, the history of the country. on one of November days, namely on the 25th, a solemn ceremony was held to present us with blue berets and blue scarves - an indispensable attribute of the uniform of UN servicemen. each of us received a special certificate confirming the status of UN military observers. The day of the ceremony can be considered the starting date for the beginning of the participation of Soviet military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations.

Soon, some of the officers left for Syria. The rest were to serve in Egypt. It should be noted that in accordance with the resolution adopted by the UN Security Council on October 22, 1973, as well as not without the efforts of the Soviet government, hostilities in the Middle East were suspended.

The first months of 1974 were especially memorable. They were the most difficult for us. We had to participate in a number of major peacekeeping operations. One of them - "Omega" - was held from February 5 to March 31. During Omega, 173 search operations were carried out for the remains of servicemen who died during the recent October military conflict, each of which lasted several days. Operation Alpha Line (defining the border between the buffer zone and the zone of a limited number of Egyptian troops) was carried out in an equally difficult situation, since for almost a month they had to operate on a terrain that represented a continuous minefield.

I cannot but say that my comrades in arms were in no way inferior to the experienced “blue berets” from the battalions of the peacekeeping forces of other states. We not only served together, but also were friends, showing the real internationalism that was necessary to maintain peace. Members of peacekeeping organizations after a certain period of service on behalf of general secretary The UN was awarded medals “In the Service of Peace”. Together with military observers from a number of other countries, we, Soviet officers, also received this award. "

Russia's participation in UN peacekeeping operations and activities to maintain peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts in the territories of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states.

The practical participation of Russia (USSR) in UN peacekeeping operations began in October 1973, when the first group of UN military observers was sent to the Middle East.

Since 1991, Russia's participation in these operations has intensified: in April, after the end of the Gulf War, a group of Russian military observers (RVN) of the UN was sent to the Iraq-Kuwait border area, and in September to Western Sahara. Since the beginning of 1992, the scope of our military observers has expanded to Yugoslavia, Cambodia and Mozambique, and in January 1994 to Rwanda. In October 1994, a UN RVN team was sent to Georgia, in February 1995 - to Angola, in March 1997 - to Guatemala, in May 1998 - to Sierra Peone, in July 1999 - to East Timor, in November 1999 - to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Currently, ten groups of Russian military observers and UN headquarters officers with a total strength of up to 70 people participate in peacekeeping operations conducted under the auspices of the UN. Russian military observers can be found in the Middle East (Lebanon), on the Iraqi-Kuwait border, in Western Sahara, in the former Yugoslavia, in Georgia, in Sierra Leone, in East Timor, in Democratic Republic Congo.

The main tasks of military observers are to monitor the implementation of agreements on a ceasefire and ceasefire between the warring parties, as well as to prevent, through their presence without the right to use force, possible violations of the agreements and agreements of the conflicting parties.

The selection of candidates for UN military observers on a voluntary basis is carried out from among the officers who possess foreign languages(in most UN missions this is English), who know the rules for maintaining standard UN documents and have experience driving a car. Features of the UN military observer service, requiring him to have qualities that allow him to make compromise decisions in the most unexpected situations and in as soon as possible, defines a special procedure for the selection and training of these officers. The requirements of the UN for a candidate military observer officer are very high.

Since 1974, the training of UN military observers for participation in UN peacekeeping operations has been carried out on the basis of the former 1st Higher Officers' Course "Shot", now it is the Training Center for the retraining and advanced training of officers of the Combined Arms Academy. Initially, the courses were held once a year for 2 months (from 1974 to 1990, 330 people were trained). In connection with the expansion of the participation of the USSR and Russia in UN peacekeeping operations (PKO), since 1991, courses have been held 3 times a year. In total, from 1974 to 1999, more than 800 officers were trained at the UNO courses to participate in the UN PKO.

In addition to training military observers, staff officers and UN military police officers (organized since 1992), the courses were actively involved in the implementation of the provisions of the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces and Conventional Arms in Europe. In 1990-1991, the course trained more than 250 inspector officers to monitor the reduction of armed forces and conventional weapons in Europe.

The practice of the participation of Russian officers in UN missions has shown that in terms of the level of professional training, moral and psychological state, the ability to make the most appropriate decision in extreme situations, they fully meet the requirements. And the experience accumulated by Russian military observers is actively used in organizing work to prepare for participation in new peacekeeping operations and to improve the methods of their training.

The high level of training of officers of the RF Armed Forces for participation in UN peacekeeping operations, the harmonious training programs and rich experience in improving the educational process at the courses of UN military observers are of interest from foreign specialists and organizations.

Since 1996, the courses have been training foreign military personnel. In 1996-1998, 55 officers from Great Britain (23), Denmark (2), Canada (2), Norway (2), USA (17), Germany (5), Sweden (4) were trained at 1 VOK "Shot" ...

In October 1999, 5 foreign students studied at the courses (Great Britain - 2, Germany, Canada, Sweden - one each).

The training camps for the training of UN military observers are held three times a year according to a two-month program. The timing of the training camp is coordinated with the schedule of replacement of specialists participating in UN peacekeeping operations (PKO). The annual curriculum also provides for one month training camp for UN PKO headquarters officers.

Scheduled training sessions under the UNDP training program are carried out with the involvement of teachers of the main cycles of the training center, as well as seconded instructor officers with practical experience of participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Training of foreign military personnel is carried out according to a one-month program together with Russian military personnel, starting from the second month of each training camp.

Teaching tactical-special and military-technical disciplines is conducted in Russian with the help of an interpreter. Classes in special training, on English language, conducted by instructor officers.

The training and material base provided by the training center for conducting training sessions of UN military observers includes:

Equipped classrooms;

Automotive and other equipment;

Technical teaching aids;

Polygon;

A hotel for students to stay.

The available educational and material base allows the following categories of specialists to be trained in English for participation in the UN PKO:

UN Military Observers;

UN Peacekeeping Force (MF) Headquarters Officers;

The commanders of the UN ICS logistics and technical services;

UN military police officers;

UN civilian police officers.

In April 1992, for the first time in the history of Russia's peacekeeping activities, on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution N743 and after the necessary domestic procedures (decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation) were fulfilled, a Russian infantry battalion of 900 men was sent to the former Yugoslavia, which in January 1994 reinforced by personnel, armored personnel carriers BTR-80, and other weapons and military equipment.

In accordance with the political decision of the Russian leadership, part of the Russian contingent of the UN forces in February 1994 was redeployed to the region of Sarajevo and, after a corresponding reinforcement, was transformed into a second battalion (up to 500 men). The main task of this battalion was to ensure the separation of the parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and to monitor compliance with the ceasefire agreement.

In connection with the transfer of powers from the UN to NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the battalion of the Sarajevo sector in January 1996 ceased its peacekeeping missions and was withdrawn to Russian territory.

In accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council on the completion of the UN mission in Eastern Slavonia from January 15, 1998, the Russian infantry battalion (up to 950 people), which was carrying out tasks to separate the sides (Serbs and Croats), was withdrawn in January of this year. from Croatia to the territory of Russia.

In June 1995, a Russian peacekeeping unit appears on the African continent. A Russian military contingent consisting of seven Mi-8 helicopters and up to 160 servicemen was sent to Angola to solve the tasks of air support for the UN Control Mission in Angola (UNAVEM-3). Russian aviators coped with the tasks in the most difficult tropical conditions in Africa.

In March 1999, the Russian aviation group of the UN Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) was withdrawn to the Russian Federation in connection with the termination of the UN mission.

In August 2000, a Russian aviation unit was again sent to the African continent to join the UN peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone. This is a Russian aviation group consisting of 4 Mi-24 helicopters and up to 115 personnel.

However, Russia bears the main material costs with the participation of a special military contingent of the RF Armed Forces in maintaining international peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts on the territory of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states.

Former Yugoslavia. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have been participating in the operation of the multinational forces since April 1992 in accordance with UN Security Council Resolutions N 743 of February 26, 1992 and of June 10, 1999 ¹ 1244. Currently, the Russian military contingent is taking part in peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and in the autonomous province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The main tasks of the Russian peacekeepers:

Preventing the resumption of hostilities;

Creation of security conditions for the return of refugees and displaced persons;

Ensuring public safety;

Supervision of mine clearance;

Support, if necessary, an international civil presence;

Carrying out, as required, duties on the implementation of border control;

Ensuring the protection and freedom of movement of its forces, the international civilian presence and personnel of other international organizations.

Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The military contingent entered the conflict zone from 23.7 to 31.8.1992 on the basis of the Moldovan-Russian agreement on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova dated 21.7. 1992 year

The main task is to monitor compliance with the terms of the ceasefire and contribute to the maintenance of law and order.

South Ossetia... The military contingent entered the conflict zone on 9.7.1992 on the basis of the Georgian-Russian Dagomys agreement of 24.6. 1992 on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict.

The main task is to ensure control over the ceasefire, the withdrawal of armed formations, the dissolution of the self-defense forces and the maintenance of the security regime in the control zone.

Abkhazia. The military contingent entered the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces of May 14, 1994.

The main tasks are blocking the conflict area, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and their disarmament, protecting important facilities and communications, escorting humanitarian supplies, and others.

Tajikistan. 201 honey with means of strengthening became part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces of the CIS in October 1993 on the basis of the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan on cooperation in military area of 25.5.1993. Agreement of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth Independent States on the Collective Peacekeeping Forces and joint measures for their material and technical support.

The main tasks are assistance in normalizing the situation on the Tajik-Afghan border, protecting vital facilities and others.

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Introduction

The nature of international relations depends on many various factors, one of which is the international activities of the Armed Forces. The main goal of this activity is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and state from military aggression from other states.

The protection of the national interests of the country presupposes both reliable security of citizens and independent peacekeeping activities in order to avoid conflicts, if necessary, being present in strategically important points of the world.

On the this moment The Armed Forces are an extreme measure used in cases where it was not possible to avoid a military threat by peaceful means, since there is constant tension in relations between the leading powers in the world.

International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

armed forces russian federation

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

The military reform is based on a solid theoretical base, the results of calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 90s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

The protection of the national interests of the state presupposes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

Thus, at present, the country's leadership considers the Armed Forces as a deterrent factor, as an extreme measure used in cases when the use of peaceful means did not lead to the elimination of a military threat to the country's interests.

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

1 slide

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International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Presentation of the teacher-organizer of the OSH MOU Lyceum No. 9 in Volgograd Alyoshin Yu.G.

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Peacekeeping Tasks of the RF Armed Forces One of the main tasks of the RF Armed Forces is: participation in maintaining (restoring) international peace and security, taking measures to prevent (eliminate) threats to peace, suppressing acts of aggression (breaking the peace) on the basis of decisions of the UN Security Council or other bodies, authorized to make decisions in accordance with international law Combating terrorism; Combating piracy and ensuring the safety of shipping.

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Ways of carrying out peacekeeping activities of the RF Armed Forces Independently; In collaboration with international organizations... To carry out international peacekeeping operations under a UN mandate or a CIS mandate, the Russian Federation provides military contingents in the manner prescribed by federal legislation and international treaties RF

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The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces. The starting point for the beginning of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept of building the Armed Forces for the period up to 2000. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

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Until the non-use of force has become the norm in international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense. In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war. The protection of the national interests of the state presupposes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

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The main document that determined the creation of the peacekeeping forces of Russia, the principles of their use and the procedure for their use, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted by the State Duma on May 26, 1995 .). To implement this law, in May 1996, the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security."

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In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent with a total strength of 22 thousand people was formed in the Russian Armed Forces, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 paratrooper battalions. In total, until May 1997, more than 10 thousand military personnel from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were performing tasks to maintain peace and security in a number of regions - in the former Yugoslavia, Tajikistan, the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Georgia.

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Regions of peacekeeping missions of the RF Armed Forces Military contingent of 500 people in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova (introduced on June 23, 1992); A military contingent of 500 people in the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) (introduced on July 9, 1992) In the conflict zone in Abkhazia, a military contingent of 1,600 people (introduced on June 23, 1994); Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people.

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Since June 11, 1999, 3,600 Russian peacekeepers have been stationed in the autonomous province of Kosovo (Yugoslavia); Currently, the peacekeeping contingent is carrying out tasks to combat international terrorism and conduct humanitarian operations in Syria. The tasks of the international mission under the UN mandate in African countries (Angola, Somalia, Sierra Leone, etc.)

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The recruitment of command and control bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service by contract. The training and equipping of peacekeeping forces is carried out at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.

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The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with light small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances according to the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The training and education of the military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Central and Western military districts, as well as at the Higher officer courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region). The CIS member states signed an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to the collective peacekeeping forces.