The term "reform" comes from the Latin word REFORMO - we transform.
Reform is a transformation, change, reorganization of any parties public Life (orders, institutions, institutions) that do not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure.
Formally reform are changes in any content. However, they are usually progressive.
Military reform is a significant transformation of the military system of the state, held by the decision of the highest bodies of state power.
Military reforms are always caused by the new political objectives of the state, the emergence of new types of weapons, economic considerations, changes in the level of production, means and methods of armed struggle.
Military reforms find their legal consolidation in laws, military charters and other documents.
Military reforms in Russia in the Doparer Epoch.
The origins of the origin in our family of a qualitatively new military organization underlie the events associated with the prince of Ivan III. The new state of the state at the time became serviced nobility. It was Ivan III that began a massive distribution of land plots and places the servants of the Princely Court, as well as free people, subject to carrying service.
During the reign of Ivan III, Moscow was attached. Yaroslavl, Rostov, Novgorod and Tver Principality.
The association of Russian lands occurred in severe and complex foreign policy conditions. A significant role in the issues of protecting the fatherland from the external enemy during this period was played:
civil uprising;
stitching;
artillery outfit;
rear troops.
Thanks to the efforts of Ivan III:
the base of the local troops is expanded;
the border defense system began to develop (powerful stone fortresses Zaraisk and Tula were built;
clearly solved military management issues;
the recruitment of troops, the supply of weapons, the provincial, was ordered.
Qualitative changes in the life of the Moscow state in the middle of the XVI century, during the reign of John IV, caused the need for transformations in Russian troops.
The composition of the troops to reform:
1. "Foods",wars armed with manual peaks (handcots), appeared as a walking rail at the very beginning of the XVI century. It was a city militia, who was focused on the war under the decree of the sovereign. For example: Novgorod residents have been equipped with one "food" with 3-5 yards, which made him a single-order or Sermya, acquired a manual food, powder, lead and provided for the specified food term. After the end of the war, the militias diverged at home. Having traveled to Rati from Moscow distant from Moscow has always been associated with a significant time loss.
"Noble Local Connection."The service in it was held by the boyars ("on the Fatherland" - by origin). The service began with 15 years and was performed before death, posts were inherited. This category was the main part of the armed forces - the horse militia and was provided with a salary and land (salaries ranging from 150 to 450 decishes of the Earth and from 4 to 7 rubles per year).
"Outfit artillery".Published by professional guns, consisting on the royal service constantly.
The need for reform was called:
Lack of severe centralized power;
Weak reinforcement of borders;
The need to create a permanent army.
This was proved by unsuccessful Kazan hikes 1547 -1548 and 1549 - 1550, since there was no in Moscow troops a large number of For firearms armed with firearms and a lot of time went on collecting militia.
It was carried out:
Streamlining the system of the recruitment and military service in the object of time. In 1550, the highest decree was issued on the creation of a new troops from "elected firing seals".
The army was originally shared on the "Articles" (orders) of 500 Sagittarov. The article included hundreds, fumes, dozens. The army was gained from the Posh Population, subsequently from the Streethesky families and "free hooys" of people.
The state represented by Tsar-self-adjustment ruled the army through: a discharge order, the Streetsky order, a weapon order, an order for collecting Streletsky bread, the order of money distribution - at the head of which the governors stood.
The troops included Sagittarius:
"Strengthened",who carried the guard of the royal court and accompanied the sovereign during the departure.
"Moscow"served in metropolitan orders.
"Cities",which served in the garrisons of other cities, primarily in the South and Western borders. The composition of Garminones
in addition to Sagittarov, Pushkari, carpenters, blacksmiths, collars and city Cossacks were included.
The form was carried uniform for each order. In various orders, the form differed in color of kaftans, boots and caps. For example, the Archers of the Moscow order were red caftan with raspberry butter and dark gray hats. Every order had his banner.
Armament:
Manual smooth-bore food;
Each Sagittarius was provided:
Weapons, porokhnitsy, lead, powder (in wartime 1-2 pound per person).
Monetary complaint: Private Archers received 4-7 rubles per year.
Bread complaint: 12 quarters of rye and oats (1 quarter is 96 kg).
Beddown contentment: caps, ready-made upper and lower booths, ports, boots, gloves, susaki.
Land putors were assigned to the cities of 4-quarters of arable land in the field (1 quarter - 360 square meters. Sedna).
Archers lived in special approximations. They were allowed to engage in crafts and crafts, trafficking, gardening, as sorry was issued not regularly and did not provide a life proper level.
The total number of troops was originally 3,000 people.
In the battle, Sagittars acted "the right" military system. A combat order consisted of several Shero, a volley shooting at the beginning of the fight simultaneously was two advanced ranks.
In 1571, the first regulatory service of the document was developed - "Boyarsky verdict about the Static and Watchdog Service". Developed under the guidance of Voevod M.I. Vorotnsky.
During this military reform, the largest army in Europe was created in the Moscow kingdom, which had 250-300 thousand people, (approximately 3% of the total population of the then Russia).
On January 19, 1998, the Russian Organizing Committee for the preparation and conduct of measures in connection with the memorable events of the Military History of the Fatherland and the Affairs of Veterans recommended to use the date October 1, 1550,announced the beginning of the creation of permanent Russian state troops with elements of a regular army, to establish Day of the creation of the Russian army.
Creating a regular army.
By the beginning of the 18th century, political, economic, managerial, cultural, domestic, and, of course, military reforms are objectively nominated in Russia.
The need for reforms was associated with the fact that it was necessary to ensure compliance between the political superstructure and the changed economic basis.
Basis is the economic structure of society, a set of production relations.
The add-in is political, legal, moral, aesthetic, philosophical, religious views and the corresponding institutions.
Peter I's military reforms were the first to go to the transformation, since, without strong army and the fleet, it was impossible to create a powerful power.
The main content of Peter's military reforms I. :
The noble militia and the Streetsky army is eliminated, and remains only as part of the Armed Forces Ukrainian, Don, Yailsk and Teresk Cossacks, as well as irregular national formations: Bashkirs and Kalmyks.
The army and fleet are completed only from recruits. Decree of February 20, 1705: Annually one recruit was exhibited from 500 souls of the applied population.
The young men from the nobles began service in the Guards shelves, which were peculiar officer schools.
On the Baltic and the navy was created on Don. 105 ships were built, 28 frigates, 13 bombing vessels, 9 branders, 16 yachts, 199 brigantine, 305 gallery and 220 small ships. In the document dated October 31, 1717, it was indicated that it should be in a fleet of non-Officers, Pushkur and Sailors of 13,280 people and such a number must be kept annually.
The army and the fleet are equipped with more modern armaments (this is due to the rapid development of domestic metallurgy). Artillery is improved, which has played a significant role in Poltava battle and during Ganguch.
Combat training is conducted at the military charter of 1716 and the Maritime Charter of 1720.
Pushkarskaya and mathematical navigation schools opened in Moscow. The latter served as the basis for the creation of the Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.
Since 1721, the Cossacks are subordinated to the military department, and not foreign policy, as before.
By the end of the reign of Peter I, regular troops were represented by regular infantry and the Connection of the Dragun type. Parts of regular cavalry, artillery and engineering troops of permanent composition was not envisaged. The service was lifelong, stopped only in case of disability.
The management of troops and their provision was concentrated in three independent central military authorities: the military board, the artillery office and the Commissioner. At the same time, the President of the Military College in accordance with the regulations did not have the right of sole decision.
In the course of Petrov's military reforms, there were only the foundations for creating a regular army in Russia. The next step in creating a regular army was made by the President of the Military Collegium, General Field Marshal Minich. As a result of its reforms, central military authorities were transformed. Previously, Independent Commissariat, the Provider and Artillery Office were subordinated to the Military Collegium, which included executive bodies (office) on all issues of management and supply. Since 1733, the formation of a regular cavalry, consisting of the Kirassir, Connokarabarabainer and Hussarian regiments, begins, in addition, in 1731, the Shchaytsky Cadet Corps was opened, which was the first military-educational institution in Russia.
Elizabeth Petrovna, with general, the desire to restore Petrovsky institutions canceled all innovations of miniha in the military board, which led to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the entire military management system and fifty-five years old suspended the construction of a regular army in Russia.
The main content of military transformations in the times of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II was the improvement of the combat use of the forces and funds that were inherited from previous reigns. The most important place in the development of military art took the maneuverable strategy that came to the change, tied to communications and the fortresses - a strategy aimed at the general battle and the defeat of the living force of the enemy. The only innovation in military administration was an institution in 1763 at the Military Collegium of the General Staff.
Almost remained unnoticed until now the unexplored construction experience in the heir to the throne of the Grand Duke Pavl, Petrovich Gatchina troops. Historians behind Prussian uniforms and fright from the detailed regulation of the service in Gatchina and Pavlovsk did not see the most important thing: these troops became for the future emperor of that military laboratory, in which the basic principles of the construction of a regular army were developed, maintaining its combat readiness, centralized management and supply.
Gatchina troops were formed in 1786 - 1796 in Gatchina and Pavlovsk. The management of these troops was carried out by infantry, cavalry and artillery inspections. By November 1796, Gatchina troops included: 6 infantry battalions, 1 Hector Rota, 3 cavalry regiments, 1 Cossack escadron, 1 artillery company and a small flotilla of a small composition. There are only about 25 thousand people and about 60 guns. Based on the experience of managing Gatchina troops, Tsesarevich during this period, statutes were written for the infantry and cavalry regiments. The regular states are defined for all types of troops.
Started by Emperor Paul I reform, ultimately led to the completion of the creation of a regular army.
The statutes introduced in 1796 have secured a number of measures aimed at maintaining the combat readiness of the army in peacetime:
Functional duties have been identified for all
In the work in officers, knowledge and skills were largely taken into account, as well as attitudes towards military service, love for shape and their weapons;
The procedure for maintaining the combat readiness of the regiments is established (from single preparation through a rotary and battalion teaching to generally-racc);
In order to bring to the permanent service of all the Ushstartov General Field Marshals produced in the reign of Catherine II, full generals And the lieutenant-General was established by the charters of inspectors, and the positions of the regiments were commissioned in the regiments of the regiments in the states of the regiments. On the inspectors and chefs of regiments, the charters were responsible for the staffing of subordinate inspections and regiments and for the state of their combat readiness. Generals who are unsuitable for the service by age and in their military illiteracy, fired from military service;
Canceled for officers indefinite leave. According to the Charter for all generals, the headquarters and the obur-officers were installed vacation duration of 30 days from November to April.
In the military collegium, the decision of all issues of management and ensuring troops was concentrated.
To improve the quality of military governance instead of the General Staff, a retinue of its imperial majesty in the apartment departments was established. To control the daily activities of troops and military collegium in 1797, the military-camping of its imperial majesty of the office was established. These two central military management organs in the subsequent basis for the formation of an effective general staff as part of the Military Ministry.
The next stage of the construction of the regular army came to the activities of the General from Artillery A. A. Arakcheev. With it, large transformations in artillery were carried out, which became regular. 23 artillery brigades were formed, artillery statutors and permanent states of artillery compounds and parts were introduced. During the stays of Arakcheev, the recruitment and training of a building line was improved as a military minister, recruited depot, the corpus and divisional organization of the army was introduced, provisions were published on various parts of military management.
The honorable task to complete the creation of the Russian regular army fell to the share of Field Marshal General
M. B. Barclaya - de Tollya is beating his military minister. In the course of the reforms conducted in 1812, a radical reorganization of the entire military system was carried out. The first regulations on the field management of the troops - "an institution for managing the Great Acting Army" were developed. The Military Ministry, focusing in itself the management and comprehensive provision of regular troops, has become the true central authority of military administration, and the headquarters of corpses and divisions were established in the troops.
Thus, at the beginning of the XIX century, the creation of a full-fledged regular army has been completed in Russia, which has regular regions of troops and a single central military management body.
Military transformation of the Russian army.
(Military reform 1862-1874)
Military reforms of that period were an integral part of bourgeois reforms in Russia and were conducted under the direct leadership of the Military Minister D. A. Milyutin.
The purpose of these reforms was to create a mass army, in the elimination of military retardation of Russia, revealed in the Crimean War of 1853-1856.
The main content of the reform:
Replacing the recruitment service of the all-known military service, the creation of a trained reserve of the stock (all men have been attracted to the service to reach 20 years of age);
Education of the Military District Management System (13 districts: Petersburg, Finland, Vilensky, Warsaw, Kiev, Odessa, Moscow, Kazan, Caucasian, Turkestan, Omsk, Irkutsk, Amur and Special Military-Territorial Unit is the component of the Don Troops);
Introduction of a new "Regulation on the field management of troops in wartime";
Re-equipment of the army with rifle rifle weapons (adopted a single-charge rifle of the Berdan system, and in 1891 Rifle S. I. Mosina).
The transition from sailing to the steam armadid fleet (107 combat vessels);
Reorganization of military training troops (development and introduction of new military charters in the troops);
Reorganization of the system of training officers: replacement of cadet corps on military gymnasiums, institution of military and UNCERSK Schools; Military judicial reforms.
The military ministry apparatus decreased by a thousand people, and the number of incoming and outgoing documents from 1863 to 1872 decreased by 2 times.
According to the new "Regulations on the field management of armies, corps and detachments in wartime", the role of headquarters as authorities were elevated, the position of the headquarters of the division was introduced, in the hands of which all compound control focused, the structure and function of field controls and headquarters was simplified, a significant part The work was entrusted to the rear institutions - Military District Offices. At the same time, the greater independence of the internal authorities put the military heads dependent on them and deprived of the opportunity to influence the quality of supply subjects.
Thus, as a result of reforms, a slim system of central and local military administration was created, which raised the efficiency of the management of troops, eliminating excessive centralization, which entered the "administrative mechanism a new vitality, which gave all its actions to the speed and energy in military managing."
Increased attention to the Armed Forces in Russia led to a qualitative improvement in the military management system, a significant increase in the specialization of management activities and professionalism of command personnel.
These measures contributed to the strengthening of the Russian army, supported it at the level of one of the most efficient army of MiraWhat was confirmed in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. However, despite the progressiveness as a whole, the reforms carried on themselves the printing of incompleteness, inconsistency. Their carrying out to life was pushed into strong resistance from the opponents of reforms.
Military transformation of the Russian army in 1905-1912
The conversion of 1905-1912 was carried out according to the plan of the military minister A. F. Redigra. A feature of those reforms were that they were carried out in the conditions of complete disorder of the entire national economy caused by, on the one hand, the Russian-Japanese war and the rise of the revolutionary movement - on the other. These reasons led to a two-step reform. The first stage was held from 1905 to 1908, the second from 1909 to 1912.
The main content of reforms:
strengthening the centralization of military administration (the territorial system of the acquisition) is introduced;
adopted a new law on military service;
the service life is reduced, the officer corps is rejuvenated;
new programs for military schools are adopted;
new statutes were approved (in which the experience of wars of the end of the XIX - early XX century was generalized).
there are new samples artillery guns, Corps and field heavy artillery has been created, engineering troops have been strengthened (in 1909-1910, 122 and 152-mm leaders were adopted for weapons, 107-mm guns), machine-gun teams for 8-machine guns were formed in the shelves, radio was introduced, the radio was introduced in the housings aircroids.
since 1906, the restoration of the Russian military fleet began.
improved financial position of the officer.
All these reforms significantly raised the combat capability of troops, although they did not eliminate many shortcomings generated by the internal political state of the Russian Empire.
In 1914, Russia had the most numerous army in the world - over 1.4 million people (in August 1914, after mobilization - 5,338,000). There were 7088 guns on its weapon, of which 240 heavy, 4157 machine guns of the Maxim system, 263 aircraft, 4000 cars. The armed forces consisted of ground troops and navy. Ground troops included three kinds of troops: infantry (70%), artillery (15%), cavalry (8%) and special troops (engineering, communications, rail). After disbanding the backup and fortress parts and the reorganization of the infantry, the land army began to have a homogeneous composition. The highest tactical compound was the Army Corps of 2-3 infantry divisions (21 thousand people). Corps and field heavy artillery was created. In the shelves, machine-gun commands were formed. Airways appeared in the housings. In the railway troops, car companies were introduced. Formed radio telegraph companies. The highest operational association was the army (3-5 buildings), the management of the Army Groups was created - the front.
Machine gunners of the Maxim Systems were applied, the car fleet, there were armored vehicles and aircraft in a small quantity.
The sea power of the country was restored, the system included new ships of all classes: Linkors type "Sevastopol", first-class Esming type "Novik" Submarines of the BARS type, which were considered the best in the world, surveyors of the Amur type, the world's first underwater barrage Crab "and Maunder" Mintp ".
First world War Changed the ratio and role of childbirth forces. The main native of the troops remained infantry, but its share decreased from 70% to 50%. At the same time, firepower increased by 2-3 times due to an increase in the number of machine guns and receipts of new fires: manual machine guns, mortars, etc. Cavalry lost its role and decreased by 2-3 times.
Artillery became the main means of fire lesion. Her freakue grew, new types of ammunition were created - chemical, smoke, armor-piercing. An anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery appeared. Significantly increased the role and number of engineering troops, communication troops.
Rapid development received new types of troops - armor forces and aviation. The main weapon of armored troops was the tank. As part of aviation, reconnaissance, fighter, bombardment and naval, encompaired in the squadron appeared. Created automobile and chemical troops, military air defense (air defense) is born.
Wide use in the Navy found minno-torpedo weapons, appeared torpeda boats and torpedo airplanes. Sea aviation has become a powerful nuclear powerful forces, the progenitors of aircraft carriers - air transport, such as "Alexander I" and "Nicholas II" with hydrosapol, entered the system.
The First World War in practice has improved the military organization and the structure of the Armed Forces of Russia, giving impetus to the development of new generics of troops and technical re-equipment of the army and fleet. But the country was waiting for serious tests.
The creation of the Red, Soviet Army and the way to improve its existence in the existence of the USSR.
The Red Army, the creation of which began in January 1918, according to its goals and tasks, it was fundamentally different from the old army. In addition, the 20s were a period of starting a new turn in the qualitative development of military equipment and weapons.
All this led to the fact that by the mid-20s, the urgent need for military reform of the Red Army and the RKKF was abandoned. At the same time, both the experience of the First World and Civil Wars and the needs of peacetime were taken into account. The reform was conducted by the Commission led by MB. Frunze.
Two stages were viewed in the reform:
The first 1921-1923
The second 1924-1926
On the first stagea radical reduction in the armed forces was carried out. By the end Civil War In the ranks of the Red Army, citizens of seventeen recruiting ages were served (1885 - 1901 of birth), and its number was 5.3 million people. By the summer of 1923, the personnel army was brought to 562 thousand people (that is, it was reduced almost 10 times).
On the the second stagea mixed system of the device of the armed forces was adopted, allowing at lower costs to have a small personnel army capable of quickly to quickly mobilize the soldiers and equipment from the national economy; There was a wide military training of workers from the number of military-service;
organizational standard structure of the Red Army and RKKF is ordered, the recovery system is regulated; The team composition was updated qualitatively; reformed system of supply; The planned system of combat training was introduced; rebuilt system of political and political training; New statutes have been created and introduced; The technical re-equipment of the Armed Forces has begun;
changed the training system (short-term courses were replaced by 3-4 - annual military schools, 6 academies were created); The uniqueness is introduced; Advanced military authorities.
As a result of the reforms, the armed forces were aligned with the new conditions for the development of the state, the possibilities of its economy and the levels of development of military science and technology.
The new stage of reforming the Red Army refers to the mid-30s:
introduced new system picking troops; The restructuring of the leadership of the highest leadership of the country's defense and directly managing the armed forces (the Council of Labor and Defense is abolished, the Defense Committee has been established instead of the USSR SCC); measures taken to strengthen the socio-political and material and technical base;
in 1939, the law on the general military duty, which determines the principles and standards for the construction of uniform armed forces of the country, legally fixing the transition to the personnel system of the army device, were formed by 16 military districts, 4 fleets and 5 flotilla.
Military reform of the 60s.
Essentially, it was reduced to a reduction in the army and the "emission of" unnecessary people without any benefits and guarantees of 1200 thousand people.
The achievement of that period was very rapid technical re-equipment of all types of troops, including troops PVAcountries.
In the military air defense troops, the main births of troops were: troops of rocket-space defense, anti-aircraft rocket troops, air defense aviation, radiotechnical troops, as well as special troops.
Ground troops remained the most numerous type of armed forces. Cavalery fully lost its meaning. The infantry has turned into motorized rifle troops, armored and mechanized troops are renamed tank. Artillery and rocket troops amounted to the main firing force of the land forces. The airborne troops and air defense troops appeared in their composition. Special troops continued to develop.
Air Force consisted of aviation of the Supreme Commands (Far and Military Transport), front and army aviation, special forces.
The Navy became the ocean, equipped with rocket-nuclear weapons. Compounds of submarines and sea aviation were created as part of the fleets, the organizational structure of the surface forces, coastal rocket-artillery troops was improved, marine infantry, coastal defense troops, fleet air defense forces and special troops.
A fundamentally new direction in the construction of the Armed Forces in the 80s G.G. It became the creation and development of military-cosmic forces. Their composition included means of launch, management and orbital groups of military-purpose spacecraft. They were part of the special troops and were intended to ensure the combat activities of the Armed Forces.
Special troops also included: reconnaissance, engineering, chemical, communications, radioelectronic struggle, aeronautical, technical support, automotive, rail, road and pipeline, rear protection, engineering and aerodrome and air-technical, search and rescue service, topographic, hydrographic, hydrometeorological, military-building and other parts of the organization.
Considerable attention was paid to equipping the armed with equipment and weapons, which was responsible for the requirements of modern war, both in quantitative and in qualitative parameters.
1947-1950. Serial production and mass arrival in the Air Force of Jet Aviation.
1952 - air defense troops are equipped with rocket and anti-aircraft equipment.
1955 - for the first time the ballistic missile from the submarine was launched.
1957 - the first tactical teaching with the forcing the rivers on the bottom was held in the USSR sun.
1962 - the Nuclear Torpened Submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" made a campaign to the North Pole.
Reform 1987-1991.
The reform, and started in the late 80s, the reform did not take place, more precisely, was interrupted. But there was a significant work and experienced experience developing a concept, planning, preparation of reform and even practical measures in some of its directions.
New military-political concept assumed:
termination of nuclear tests;
eliminate nuclear and space weapons;
preventing the arms race in space;
preservation of a contract for pro;
reducing the total military potentials of the United States and USSR, ATS and NATO to reasonable sufficiency;
the dissolution of military political blocs and the reduction of military budgets.
During military reform, it was envisaged to solve the problem of tasks directed:
to limit budgetary military spending, for defense construction as a whole, for military production;
to bring the composition, the orcline structure and equipping the armed forces in accordance with the principle of reasonable sufficiency;
to solve the defense problems of the parties, combat readiness of the troops and forces of the fleet, their combat training with an emphasis on qualitative parameters;
on the comprehensive and deep democratization of the mistake of military life, on a radical change for the better position of all categories of military personnel and their families.
What was done:
Military spending reduced;
the structure of the Armed Forces is changed;
reduced, rejuvenated and updated the central office of the Ministry of Defense and the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces;
the implementation of a comprehensive system of measures to improve the quality of the educational process in military-educational institutions has begun;
a housing problem is developed;
adopted law on pensions of military personnel;
political structures in the army and fleet are abolished.
The collapse of the USSR did not led to the collapse of the armed forces. Them structural elements Preserved by turning under the jurisdiction formed sovereign states.
Reform lessons:
in confirmation of the historically natural communication of transformations in the military sphere with changes in society as a whole;
in the dialectical unity of the total (military reform) and the private (reform of the armed forces), in vulnerability, the information of military reform only to the reform of the Sun;
the need to make the commensurability of reform actions with the real possibilities of the country;
military reform, especially large-scale, comprehensive is not only urgent military-reform steps, but also the vision of prospects for deep change in the near and remote future. Therefore, the concept of military reform should provide for the phase of transformation. And reforming should not be accompanied by a decrease in the combat capability of troops;
talk to the question of the subject of reform. The role of the subject cannot only be given to the military department. The management of the reform should be the prerogative of representative and executive bodies, which the bodies of the military department are accountable. Control and verification of execution on their part, the maximum possible publicity is designed to beneficially affect the course of military transformations.
2. Lessons of Russian military reforms.
Appeal to the historical past, honoring its historical traditions is not just a tribute to fashion or a way of formal adoption before the memory of the ancestors. The study of its own military history is of great practical importance. Through a number of centuries in Russia, a vast experience of military construction has been accumulated, which is rich in both positive and negative examples.
Accounting for historical experience of Russian military reforms is very important today when choosing the main directions of the reform of the Armed Forces Russian Federation. It will help not only the most correctly defining the priorities of modern military construction, avoid the most characteristic mistakes of the past, but also appears the foundation of the spiritual and moral revival of our army and fleet.
1. Military reforms in the history of Russia.
The presentation of the material is advisable to start with clarification of the essence of the term "military reform" and "military transformations".
Military reform are the decision-making state power significant transformations of the military system, in order to bring it to a qualitatively new state corresponding to the realities of internal and international situation countries.
Military reform is a complex of cardinal changes in the military-political, military-economic, military-legal, military-scientific, military-technical and actually military spheres.
The military transformations affect, as a rule, only individual sides of the military. Based on this approach in domestic military history and allocate a number of military reforms: Ivan Ivan's military reform (1550-1571), Peter I (1698-1721), Military reforms D.A. Mimilyutina (1862-1874 .), Military reforms 1905-1912, military reform in the USSR (1924-1925).
Military reform Ivan IV (1550-1571).
Before proceeding to the consideration of the military reform of Ivan IV, which led to the formation of a permanent army, will result in the logic of military transformations that have historically preceding this reform.
IN ancient times We see the initial division of the people on military and non-military, husbands and men; Military people in relation to the leader of their, prince, are the name of the squad. This name from which root did not produce it, concludes the concept of the partnership, the company. In the Moscow state, the concept of a squad disappears. What is it gradually replaced? Because of the squad, first serves the courtyard and the nobleman derived from it. First, the boyars and children of Boyars retain relative to the nobles of their own independent paraborn position, the position of the warriors; But then with the elevation of the value of the sovereign and his yard, the name of the nobleman takes the top above the name of the son of Boyarsky. With the disappearance of the concept of a partnership, the leader performs throughout the concept of service by the sovereign. And the name of serve people appear for military people, in contrast to the rest of the population.
But there was another name, which marked the fee for the service, the name of the landowner. If the name serve man determined the relationship to the sovereign, the name of the landowner determined the relation to the Earth, to the population, which was to contain a military man. So Change in the status of the Grand Duke, which became a sovereign and determined his attitude towards the Earth, became its owner, the manager, led to a change in the system of recruiting troops. She became the placed. The legislatively local system of the acquisition was enshrined during the military reform of Ivan IV ("Consolidation of Service" (1556)).
The transition to this cleaning system was due to both economic reasons, since as armed forces increased, and everything more persistently demanded permission to make this armed mass. "There was a strong need," said V.O. Klechevsky, - in new economic means. But the Moscow association of Northern Russia did not give such funds, was not accompanied by a noticeable rise in folk well-being; trade and industry did not make significant success. Natural economy continued to dominate. Successful Gathering Russia's Moscow Sovereign - the owner acquired one new capital: they were extensive spaces of land, empty or residential, inhabited peasants. Only this capital he could put into circulation to ensure his servants. "
In militarily, the local system of the recruitment had a number of disadvantages, the main of which was a non-permanent character of the troops.
This is what S.M.Solovyev writes about this: "Thus, the proposal of serving people destroyed the character of an ancient squad: instead of constant troops, which was a squad with a military spirit, with the awareness of military duties, with the prompting of military honor, it created a class of civilian citizens -Howers, who only randomly, at the time of the war, have been carrying the heavy service for them. "
Therefore, in the middle of the XVI century. In Russia, a permanent shooting army was created, completed by recruiting ("instrument") of free ("hoooi") of people from free peasants and land, non-taxable and other contesions. Their service was lifelong, hereditary and constant. Sagittarius carried military service and in peaceful, and in wartime. They had a gunshot weapon (singing) and cold (saber, birdish), uniform clothing. The Sagittarius were on public security, received money and grain salary from the treasury, they lived in special approximations, had their own yard and a nursery, could engage in gloomy, craft and trade. Organizationally Streletsky Army consisted of orders of 500-1000 people who were divided into hundreds of, fiddles and dozens. The formation and management of Streletsky troops conducted the Streletsky order.
In the late XVI century. Streletsky army represented an impressive combat power. It consisted of 20-25 thousand people.
In xvi century The central military authorities consist - the orders are discharged, the director, Streletsky, Pushkarsky. The central military state institution was a discharge order. He conducted serunel people, their provision of land and monetary salary, led the book on the appointment of nobles and boyars for military, civil and courtesy posts. In wartime, a discharge order for the royal command was collected by the army, distributed serial people in the regiments, prescribed the governor and their assistants. His jurisdiction also contained the management of southern ("Ukrainian") cities and the organization of the border service.
In xvi century - Significant changes occurred and in service with the Russian army. Along with cold mass application Gets a firearm: manual (peeling, guns and guns) and artillery ("outfit"), which is distinguished from the type of weapon into an independent genus of troops. Artillery shared on the fortress, siege and regimental. At the end of the century there were up to 5,000 different guns.
In the course of the reform, an attempt is made to develop a single order of military service in various settings and consolidate it in the charters. The first military charter in Russia was developed under the leadership of Voevod M.I. Vorotansky in 1571 and had a name: "Boyarsky verdict about the Static and Watchdog Service."
Military reform, held under the direct control of Ivan the Terrible, gave a tangible result. The Russian army became much more organizer, the discipline strengthened, the combat skill strengthened, due to the development of artillery on its firepower, it became one of the strongest armies of Europe of the time.
Thus, the Armed Forces of Russia in the XVI century. Developed towards the regular army. In the XVII century This process was continued. With the formation of the "New Building" regiments, the number of hiking troops increased 5-6 times and significantly increased its combat capability. In the 70-80s, the government could immediately send to a campaign to 200 thousand people. The Russian army was the most numerous in Europe.
At the same time, the Armed Forces of Russia to the outcome of the XVP in. Have and serious shortcomings. They represented an extremely militant picture. In their composition were the "new building" regiments, the noble cavalry and the Strettsky infantry. Completion, weapons, training and supply of all these discharges were heterogeneous. The significance of the noble militia and the Streethesky troops fell steadily. They all lagged behind the requirements of time.
A significant disadvantage was the absence of a single central administration of the armed forces.
Despite the significant increase in the production of firearms and improving its quality, due to the economic retardation of Russia, the army experienced a large drawback in guns, muskets, pistols and ammunition. I had to buy large parties of weapons, powder, lead, iron, copper abroad.
All this testified to that existed at the end of the XVP. The military system could not properly ensure the successful decision of the domestic and foreign policy objectives of the Russian state. It was necessary to have its root reorganization.
Military reforms of Peter the first (1698-1721).
According to V.O. Klychevsky: "Military reform was the priority conversion work of Peter, the longest and most difficult for him both for him and for the people. It is very important in our history; it is not just a question about state defense: reform I had a deep action and the warehouse of society and for the continued course of events. "
The military reform of Peter I included a set of state measures to reorganize the system of the recruitment of the army and military management, the creation of a regular naval fleet, improving the weapons, developing and implementing a new training system and the upbringing of military personnel. The need to conduct it flowed out of those flaws in the development of the armed forces, which were considered above.
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How did Ivan Grozny spent the first military reform in Russia?
The first large-scale military reform is associated with Ivan IV (Terrible). With the association of Russian lands around Moscow, the specific princes were forced to go to the service to the Great Prince, taking positions in the State Administration. Together with them we went to Moscow and the courtyard with a friend who merged with the Moscow nobility. Already under Ivan III begins to develop significant serverThe basis of which was the warriors of the objective troops who receive land for the service of land with the peasants living on them. On the local army and made Ivan IV bid. At the "Cathedral of Reconciliation" in 1549, a 18-year-old king declared the need for change in the country and determined their focus. His ideas picked up the noble publicists Ivan Peresvetov, Yermolay Eram and others (in Russia, there were a lot of enlightened people) and returned the king in the form of "petitions" with a proposal of specific transformations. He headed the "batch of reforms" Alexey Adashev. Under his leadership, the service of the nobles was streamlined and the combat readiness of the army was significantly increased.
A centralized control system and troops are created. Through special bodies - orders (discharge, shooting, director, powder, etc.). All functions under the leadership of the local army were assigned to Discharge orderwho led the records of the warrigs, painted them (discharged) them in the regiments, conducted an observation and determined the shelf life to carry service, participated in the appointment of the governor. In case of war, the main ranks of the discharge order were at the king and created a kind of "General Staff". In the early 50s, the king banned local disputes during the battle. And to the governors from the princes and Bohr Boyar began to appoint "deputies" from the less noble, but more experienced in the urgency of the nobles. Serious measures were taken to streamline the acquisition and passage of the service in the local army. The service has become a lifelong and hereditary that he consolidated "deposits about the service" of 1556. If necessary, make a campaign, the owners of Votchin and the places arrived at the national teams "Equestrian, ledged and weapon."
After the reviews, they were painted on the shelves for their campaigns, they were prescribed on the protection of the border crossings or to carry the garrison and siege service. A control system was created, now it became dangerous to shy away from service, not only the estate, but also lives. Children of serving people at the achievement of the 15 years have been recorded in the "Boyar Children" - the lowest rank of provincial nobility, they were fixed behind them the land for "feeding", and from that time a long-term military service began for them. In the interests of the small nobility, the system of post-seamless support was rebuilt and "Equal in Lands" was carried out depending on the ranks. When there were not enough free lands, they were made of prince, boyars and monastic possessions. The distribution of the estate conducted a local order, which was closely related to the discharge. The local army made a significant contribution to the defense of the states of the state and the expansion of its borders. In the middle of the XVI century, it reached 50-80 thousand people (without armed courtyards who went hiking with landowners and could have another 100-150 thousand).
In connection with the rapid expansion of the rules of the state of the forces of the network forces, it was not enough, and the shooting shelves began to be created. In 1550, the chronicler noted: "he learned the king of elements of the Sagittarius and came with three thousand people." Sagittarius is the first permanent army in Russia with clearly pronounced elements of the regular army: the constant structure of the regiments, the presence of military ranks, regular salary, uniform weapons and uniforms, carrying out combat training. Sagittars were gained on a voluntary basis, military service for them became a permanent profession (for many - hereditary). The management of them was carried out in the conduct of the Streetsky order. It is noteworthy that during this period, artillery (outfit) is distinguished into independent humanity. It began to be divided into serf, siege and field. A regimental artillery was introduced, each shooting shelf began to give up to four small guns. A special elite formation with pronounced military punitive functions was an oprichnin, which the king created as a political counterweight to the princes and the "cramole" boyars. The main goal of Ochrichnina is the protection of the king, the approval of the autocratic power and the physical destruction of unwanted. Initially, the squadride squad numbered a thousand people, but then increased to six thousand, and according to the estimates of some historians - up to 20 thousand.
Oprichnina had a rigid hierarchy, a complex system of recruitment and checking for the loyalty of the king. Even the appearance of the oprichnikov should have been horrified on people, a special form and attributes were used for this. Contrary to the current opinion, the Ochrichniki, the main mass of which amounted to small noblemen, "became famous" not only bloody terror and inconsistencies, but also showed high battle qualities in Livonian war, battles S. crimean TatarsEspecially in the Battle of Militan in 1572. An important direction of the military transformations of Ivan Grozny was the creation of a system for the protection of the border crossings of Russia. The first was created on the coastal service - every year five regiments began to send to the shore: a large regiment - to Serpukhov; right hand - to Kaluga; Left hand - to Kashira; advanced to Kolomna; Watchdog - to Alexina. For intelligence, a strong mobile squad was highlighted - Ertoul. When an alarming news, the shelves appeared to the border with the steppe, overlapping the directions of possible raids.
In the second half of the XVI century, the creation of a reliable system of protective fortifications (die-cast dams) was completed on the southern borders of Russia. It consisted of a chain of cities and crucifixes, acquired by chopped walls or a tight of pointed logs in combination with Rips, shafts, trees from trees. For the state of die-cast damn it watched the permanent guard. Completed the border guard system Watchdog and the Static Service, the legislatively enshrined in 1571 "Boyarsky verdict about the Stalnie and Watchdog Service". "Border Shapes" were created - Stores, which controlled up to 40 kilometers of the border and consisted of 4-10 watchmen - children of Boyar and Cossacks. A part of the watchmen was on places with a good overview and convenient entrances, and the rest of the 2-3 people went to the steppe to search for the traces of the Crimean Corna. The villages carried out the role of moving guard, they consisted of 4-6 people and went deep into the steppe for early detection of the enemy cavalry for several weeks. It is possible to evaluate the identity and activities of Ivan IV in different ways, but one is undoubtedly - during his reign, a military organization was created, capable of solving complex foreign policy tasks, and the states of the state moved out for the Urals and the banks of the Caspian Sea.
The results of the military reform of Ivan the Terrible:
- Streamlining the recruitment system and military service.
- Organization of centralized management of the army.
- Creating a permanent shooting troops, the foundation of the future regular army.
- Unified Centralized Army Supply Systems.
- Organization of the border service.
Military reforms of Peter the first
Like a military actor Petr I stands in a number of the most educated and talented builders of the Armed Forces, Commander and Flotovodians of the Russian and World History of the XVIII century. The whole of his life was the strengthening of the military power of Russia and the increase in its role in the international arena.
According to the comment of the prominent Russian historian Vasily Kuevsky: "The military reform was the prolonged conversion case of Peter, the most extended and the most difficult for himself, and for the people. It is very important in our history; it is not just a question about state defense: the reform has had a deep action and the company's warehouse And on the further course of events. "
The military reform of Peter I included a set of state measures to reorganize the system of the recruitment of the army and military management, the creation of a regular naval fleet, improving the weapons, developing and implementing a new training system and the upbringing of military personnel.
During the military reforms of Peter, the former military organization was abolished: the noble and shooting army and the "New Building" regiments (military units formed in the XVII century in Russia according to the Western European armies). These shelves went on the formation of a regular army and amounted to her core.
Peter I introduced a new system of recruiting regular army. In 1699, a recruitment service is introduced, legalized by Decree Peter I in 1705. Its essence consisted that the state was enforced annually into the army and on the fleet from the supplied classes, peasants and citizens, a certain amount of recruits. From 20 yards took one person, idling aged 15 to 20 years (however, during the Northern War, these deadlines were constantly changed due to the lack of soldiers and sailors).
By the end of the reign of Peter, the number of all regular troops, infantry and cavalry was from 196 to 212 thousand people.
Along with the reorganization of the land army, Peter began to create a navy. By 1700, the Azov fleet counted more than 50 ships. During the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet was created, which by the end of the reign of Peter I had in its composition 35 large linear outdoor ships, 10 frigates and about 200 galleries (rowing) ships with 28 thousand sailors.
Under Peter I, the army and the fleet received a one-type and slender organization, in the army were formed shelves, Brigades and Divisions, on a fleet - squadron, divisions and detachments, a cavalry of a single dragoon type was created. To manage the current army, the position of Commander-in-Chief (General Feldmarshal) was introduced, on the fleet - Admiral General.
Military reform was carried out. Instead of orders, Peter I established in 1718 by the military collegium, in which the field army was conducted, "garrison troops" and all "military affairs". The final device of the Military Collegium was determined by decree 1719. Alexander Menshikov became the first president of the Military Collegium. The collegiate system was different from the order primarily by the fact that one body was engaged in solving all matters of a military nature. In wartime, the head of the army stood the commander in chief. With it, a military council (as a deliberative body) and the field headquarters led by the apartment general (assistant commander-in-chief) were created.
In the course of reforming the army, a single system was introduced military ranks, I finally addood in the table of ranks of 1722. The service staircase included 14 classes from Feldmarshal and Admiral General to the ensign. The basis of the service and chin-production of the table of ranks was not laid, but personal abilities.
Paying a lot of attention to the technical re-equipment of the Army and Fleet, Peter I has established the development and production of new types of ships, new samples of artillery guns and ammunition. With Peter I, the infantry began to arm a guns with a shock-flint lock, a bayonet of a domestic sample was introduced.
The government of Peter I attached particular importance to the education of the National Officer Corps. Initially, all young nobles were obliged to go through the soldiers' service in the Preobrazhensky and Semenov Guards shelves, for 10 years, starting from the 15th age. With the receipt of the first officer, the noble children were sent to army parts, where they served life. However, such a system of training officers could not fully satisfy the growing needs of new personnel, and Peter I established a number of special military schools. In 1701, an artillery school of 300 people opened in Moscow, and in 1712 in St. Petersburg - the second artillery school. Two engineering schools were created to prepare engineering personnel (in 1708 and 1719).
Peter I opened the school of mathematical and naval sciences in Moscow in Moscow, and in 1715 in St. Petersburg, the Marine Academy in St. Petersburg.
Peter I forbade people to produce in officers who did not receive appropriate training at military school. There were cases when Peter I personally examined "inexpressible" (kids noble). Those who could not stand the exam, sent to serve on the fleet ordinary without the right to produce officers.
Reforms introduced a unified system of training and troops. Based on the experience of the Northern War, the instructions of the instructions and the Charters were created: "Articles of Military", "Institution to battle", "For the Field Battle of Rules," Maritime Charter "," Charter of Military 1716 ".
Taking care of the moral spirit of the troops, Peter I awarded distinguished by the generals established by him in 1698 by the Order of St. Andrew of the First-Called, soldiers and officers - medals and an increase in ranks (soldiers also money). At the same time, Peter I introduced a harsh discipline in the army with corporal punishments and the death penalty for serious military crimes.
The military system created by the Government of Peter I was so stable that without significant changes lasts until the end of the 18th century. In subsequent after Peter I decades of the 19th century, the Russian armed forces developed under the influence of Petrov military reforms, the principles and traditions of the regular army continued to be improved. They found their continuation in the combat activities of Peter Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov. Proceedings of Rumyantsev "Rite Services" and Suvorov "Regimental institution" and "Science to win" were an event in the life of the army and a large contribution to the domestic military science.
Results of the military reforms of Peter I:
- Creating a regular army and fleet based on the recruit system system.
- The abolition of previously existed and the creation of new unified, clearly divided into the kind of troops of compounds, dressed in the same form, armed with the same weapon, etc.
- The emergence of the army charter and the introduction of a unified system of military training and education.
- Centralization of military management.
- The establishment of the post of commander-in-chief, creating a field headquarters.
- Opening military schools to prepare officer personnel.
- Conducting military judicial reforms.
Alexander II military reform
Alexander II military reform is one of the "great reforms" conducted during the reign of Alexander II in the 1860s - 1870s. Envisaged transition from recruit sets to universal military service. The main provisions of the reforms were developed by the Military Minister D. A. Milyutin. They can be conditionally divided into two parts: organizational and technological.
Organizational reforms
The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War clearly demonstrated the dilapidation of its military machine and the need for a comprehensive reform. The report of the Military Ministry dated January 15, 1862 set the following tasks:
Turn backup troops in a combat reserve, to ensure the replenishment of the composition of the current troops and freeing them from the obligation to train in wartime recruits.
Preparation of recruits impose on spare troops, ensuring their sufficient personnel.
All the reserved "lower ranks" of reserve and spare troops, in peacetime, read on vacation and call only in wartime. Recruitments to replenish the decline in the current troops, and not form new parts from them.
For peacetime, frames of spare troops for peacetime, putting on them a garrison service, disband the battalions of the internal service.
It was not possible to quickly implement this organization, and only from 1864 the systematic reorganization of the army and the reduction of the numerical composition of the troops was launched.
By 1869, troops were completed for new states. At the same time, the total number of troops in peacetime compared to 1860 decreased from 899 thousand people. up to 726 thousand people (mainly due to the reduction of the "non-combat" element). And the number of reservists in the reserve increased from 242 to 553 thousand people. At the same time, with the transition to the states of military time, new parts and connections are no longer formed, and parts unfolded at the expense of reservists. All troops could now be recycled to the states of wartime for 30-40 days, while in 1859 it was required for 6 months.
The new system of the organization of the troops contained a number of shortcomings:
The organization of infantry retained the division on linear and rifle companies (with the same armament there was no point in this).
Artillery brigades were not included in the infantry divisions, which adversely affected their interactions.
Of the 3 team of cavalry divisions (Gusar, Ulanskaya and Dragoon), only Dragunski were armed with the Karabins, and the rest had no gunshot arms, while the entire cavalry of European states was armed with guns.
In May 1862, Milyutin presented Alexander II sentences under the title "The main foundations of the intended device of military department for districts". The following provisions were based on this document:
Destroy division in peacetime on the army and the corps, the highest tactical unit to consider a division.
Divide the territory of the whole state into several military districts.
At the head of the district, put the boss, which is to impose supervision of the current troops and the command of local troops, as well as to entrust him with all local military agencies.
In the summer of 1862, the Warsaw, Kiev and Vilensky Military District were established instead of the first army, and at the end of 1862, Odessa.
In August 1864, the "Regulations on military districts" were approved, on the basis of which the commander of the district obeyed all military units and military institutions located in the district, so he became the sole boss, and not an inspector, as it was planned earlier (all artillery Parts in the district submitted directly to the head of the district artillery). In the border districts on the commander, the responsibilities of the Governor's general and his face focused on all military and civil authorities. The structure of the district control remained unchanged.
In 1864, another 6 military districts were created: Petersburg, Moscow, Finnish, Riga, Kharkov and Kazan. In subsequent years, Caucasian, Turkestan, Orenburg, West Siberian and East Siberian Military District were formed.
As a result of the organization of military districts, a relatively slender system of local military administration was created, eliminated the extreme centralization of the military ministry whose functions were now in the implementation of general guidelines and observation. Military districts ensured the rapid deployment of the army in the event of war, if available, it became possible to proceed to the preparation of a mobilization schedule.
In parallel, the reform of the Military Ministry itself was. According to a new state, the composition of the military ministry was reduced by 327 officers and 607 soldiers. Significantly reduced the volume of correspondence. As a positive one can note the fact that the military minister focused in his hands all the threads of military governance in his hands, but the troops were not in complete subordination, as the heads of military districts depended directly from the king, which was headed by the High Command by the Armed Forces.
Together with this, the organization of the Central Military Department contained a number of other weaknesses in itself:
The structure of the main headquarters was built in such a way that the functions of the general headquarters actually took a little space.
Submission of the Chief Military Court and the prosecutor to the military minister meant submission judicial bodies Representative of the executive power.
The subordination of therapeutic institutions is not the main military medical department, but the heads of local troops, adversely affected the formulation of the medical case in the army.
Conclusions of organizational reforms of the armed forces conducted in the 60-70s of the XIX century:
During the first 8 years, the military ministry managed to implement a significant part of the planned reforms in the field of army organization and the management of troops.
In the field of organizing the army, a system was created, capable of increasing the number of troops, without resorting to new formations.
The destruction of army corps and the preserved division of infantry battalions on small and linear companies had a negative value in the sense of military training of troops.
The reorganization of the Military Ministry ensured the relative unity of military administration.
As a result of the military-district reform, local governments have been created, excessive centralization of management has been eliminated, operational management of troops and their mobilization were provided.
Technological reforms
In 1856 was developed the new kind Infantry weapons: 6-linear, charged with a blow, rifle rifle. In 1862, more than 260 thousand people were armed. A significant part of the rifles was produced in Germany and Belgium. By the beginning of 1865, all the infantry was re-equipped with 6 linear rifles. At the same time, work continued on improving the rifles, and in 1868 the rifle of Berdan is adopted, and in 1870 its modified version. As a result, by the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, the entire Russian army was armed with the latest casnosnostable rifles.
The introduction of rhinestones, charged from the blowing point, was started in 1860. Field artillery was adopted by 4-pound rifle guns with a 3.42-inch caliber, superior to the previously produced both by firing and accuracy.
In 1866, weapons for field artillery were approved, in which all batteries of walking and horse artillery should have rhinestone, charged from the treason part of the gun. 1/3 of foot batteries must be armed with 9-pound guns, and all other paths of walking and equestrian artillery - 4-pounds. 1200 guns were required for re-equipment of field artillery. By 1870, the re-equipment of field artillery was fully completed, and by 1871 there were 448 implements in stock.
In 1870, the anti-firing 10-trunk caskets of Gatling and 6-trunks of Baranovsky with a speed of 200 shots were adopted for arming artillery brigades. In 1872, a 2.5-inch rainflash gun of the Baranovsky was adopted, in which the basic principles of modern rapid tools were carried out.
Thus, for 12 years (from 1862 to 1874), the number of batteries increased from 138 to 300, and the number of guns from 1104 to 2400. In 1874, there were 851 instruments in the reserve, a transition from wooden flaws to Iron was carried out. In the years of reign Alexander II Russian fleet first received armovers and other metal ships instead of wooden sailboats and vertical gallery.
Results of the military reforms of Alexander II
Military reform in 1905-12.
Military reform in 1905-12. It was carried out on the basis of the conclusions made after Russia's defeat in the Russian-Japanese war. At the heart of the activities of the Military Minister V.A. Sukhomlinova for 1907-10 lay a report: "On the defense activities of the state to be implemented in the near 10th anniversary."
FirstlyMilitary reorganization was carried out: established (1905) independent of the military ministry ch. Management of the General Staff (from 1908 as part of the military. Ming-BA), created the highest attests. Commission (1906), Sea General Staff (1906), subordinate to the sea minister.
The functions of the central bodies are clarified. In 1905, institutions Council of State. Defense As the central governing body (until 1909). In 1909, the management of art., Ing. and military studies. departments, gene. The inspector are subordinate to the military. Minister
In the central, field and local military. The control intensified centralization.
Russia was divided into military districts. Reserve and serfs are abolished, which constituted the HB.15% of the total number of army.
Corps of aircroids (3 each), cabinet and field heavy artillery are created.
7 new feeds were formed. Div. and 1 shooter. Brigade. In the state of the pen. Div. ART entered. Brigade (48 OP). In the state of the pen. The shelf introduced a machine-gun command (8 steel. Maxim machine guns).
In 1907 in Kav. Restored regiments Ulan and Gusar. Enhanced Ing., J.-D., communication troops.
Created first aircraft., Avtobreyeva, J.-D. and chemical. Parts. In 1912, a form was started. 67 Depth. Aviators. detachments of 6 itself. in each.
Car. Subsistence. appeared in 1906 as a car. teams at J.-D. battalions. In 1910, the first car is formed on their base. Rots are created by a car. Teams.
In 1910-13. sapper battalions Included in Arm. Cases based on one battalion on the body.
Secondly, a transition to the territorial system of the acquisition and the refusal of extraterritorial is carried out. Corps, divisional and regimenting rters are created. From 1911, pre-examinary military training was introduced.
Adopted new law on Warrior. Meal, reduced service deadlines in infantry and artillery from 5 to 3 years, in other types of troops - from 5 to 4, on a fleet - from 7 to 5 years and privileges from calling family Regulations, but expanding education benefits. The stock divided into 2 discharge by age. Persons of young age were intended to replenish the field troops, senior-rear.
Thirdly, measures have been taken to improve the quality of training officer personnel. In 1910, new programs for military programs were introduced. Vehicles, their specialization intensified. A significant place was allocated to work out practical skills and techniques. Created 8 new cadet buildings, 6 military. I'm learning, 2 avtors. Schools and other specials. V.-U. s. Junker schools are equivalent to military. schools. In 1911, the intennant Acad was opened, to prepare officers of the rear institutions.
V.-U. s. divided into 4 categories:
1) higher and cf. Type to prepare officers of validity. Services (7 academies, 3 MOR. higher Schools, Rifle, Kav., Electrotech., aeronautical and other officer. schools);
2) Middle Specials, who were preparing Ober officers, team and Inzh.-tech. Frames (ensigns, lieuverants and pursuers) from graduates Cadet. Cases and cf. general education. Schools (11 Pech., 3 Kav., 2 Cossack, 2 art., 1 Inzh., 1 Military-Topogr., 4 Mortar Morning, 2 Aviators. Schools, School for the preparation of military. Inzh. Communication School and others. Schools, officer. Classes of the Page Corps to prepare officers in the guard);
3) Medium general education (28 cadet. Cases, 7 will prepare. Schools and general classes of the PJing Corps);
4) lower specials. Schools (technical., Pyrotechic., Nautical, weapons, mine and others) who were preparing those. specialists (Ober-Officer. and Unter-Official.).
Fourth, somewhat improved combat training forces. In 1909-12, new statutes were adopted (including field) and instructions. Combat training was encouraged financially. In class in the Nikolaev Maritime Acade. Since 1909, the use of aviation in the sea was considered. In 1911, on the maneuvers of Petrograd, the Warsaw and Kiev military districts, the task was raised not only to conduct exploration and maintenance of communication, but also on the destruction of balloons and opponent aircraft. In 1911, a provision on the aviation service in the Russian army was adopted.
Fifth, an important role was assigned to the economic and financial block of problems. Russia has a powerful military industry: over 20 large stately and a number of private plants. An important role was played by the accumulation of free funds and the creation of a gold reserve, as well as the achievement of a deficit state budget in 1910 and 1911.
Sixth, the army was equipped with new types of equipment and weapons. In 1909-10, 122-mm and 152-mm leaders were enrolled, 107-mm rainflash guns. Created in 1909 the first sound-proof station capable of determining the location of the shooting guns. In army corps adopted by radio station. From 1910 Russia began to acquire aircraft abroad. The first dirling "Grades" was built in the period from 1908-10.
Seventh, since 1906 the restoration of the navy began. In 1907, the king approved the "small shipbuilding program", allowing the maritime ministry to shipbuilding for four years to 31 million rubles. annually. A new provision is introduced about the Admiralty Council. Linear ships come to replace armaduses. Throughout 1912-15, a series of 24 submarines of the BARS type was built. Developing and exercising shipbuilding programs related to the activities of the Maritime Minister I.K. Grigorovich (1911 and 1914 for the Black Sea Fleet, 1912-for Baltic). In 1908-12, the construction of the world in the world of travelers began. The Marine Ministry before the I World War spent four shipbuilding programs through the legislative bodies. The total cost of them reached 820 million rubles. The king approved the "Fleet Law".
In the eighth, during military reform, the financial situation of military personnel grew. In 1908, additional money was made. Adopted new Tired About pensions. Military historian A.M. Zaisonchkovsky so characterized the state of the Russian army: "In general, we entered into a war with good shelves, with mediocre divisions and corps and bad armies and fronts."
"Revolutionary" Military reforms 1917-18 g.
The birth of the "messenger and legendary" red army on the wreckage of imperial. This reform affected mainly organizational moments, and seriously overshaded both the officer corps and the self-control system itself. Many elements of the "revolutionary reform" from a modern point of view seem complete absurdity, and soon its authors themselves were convinced. In itself, the "military" plan of the Bolsheviks did not invent anything new and continued to have a line already formed before them. Military reforms 1917-18 g.:
- Cancellation of military ranks and signs of differences, equalization in the rights of officers and ordinary composition.
- The army is managed by solutions of soldiers 'committees and the councils of soldiers' deputies. Commanders - up to the regiment commander - are elected by the general meeting of parts of their direct subordination, commanders above the regimental level - at meetings and congresses of the Committees of the compounds.
- The army is disbanded and is re-created, according to the principle of voluntariness and recommendations from military committees, party and trade union organizations.
Already less than a year after the designated reforms, in April-May 1918, from the principle of voluntary call, they refused to organize the universal military service, and the commanders began to appoint "top", and not to elect.
Military reform of 1924-1925 and the Red Army
The completion of the Civil War, the transition to the restoration of the national economy destroyed by military unbelievings was put in front of the young Soviet Republic, including the tasks of ensuring the defense capability and organization of the new army. Therefore, broad transformations were put on the agenda to strengthen the armed forces, reduce their numbers in accordance with the conditions of peacetime and the economic possibilities of the country. A complex of such events directly affected by the military organization of the USSR is known as a military reform of 1924-1925. Its preparation and implementation was engaged in a special commission under the guidance of a prominent state and military figure of those years, an active participant in the civil war M.V. Frunze.
Military reform included measures to restructure and strengthen the Armed Forces Soviet Union. The so-called mixed system of the device of the armed forces was adopted, which allowed at that time at a lower cost to have a small personnel army, able to ensure the security of the boundaries of the country, and in the case of the war, the major armed forces quickly dismake. The mixed system of the device of the armed forces envisaged a combination of personnel and territorial principles of the recruitment of the Red Army. She initially spread to rifle and cavalry divisions. Her entity was to give the necessary military training The maximum number of workers with minimal distraction from productive labor. In divisions, approximately 16-20% of the states were personnel commanders, political workers and redarmeys, the rest was temporary, annually called (for five years) on military fees first for a period of three, then - for one month a year.
The rest of the time the fighters worked in industry and agriculture. Such a system of wide training of military-ridicated, if necessary, ensured the rapid deployment of a sufficiently prepared combat composition around the personnel composition of divisions. At the same time, the costs of teaching the military case of one fighter in the territorial part for five years were much less than in the personnel part for two years. This system, of course, was inferior in terms of combat training to the traditional personnel principle of the recruitment of the army, however, in the face of the post-war difficulties of restoring the national economy and the implementation of the tasks on its indigenous reconstruction, the creation of a fully personnel army capable of securely to ensure the defense of the country, it was not yet possible. Military reform involved measures to streamline the organizational-staff structure of the Armed Forces, according to the quality update of the command staff.
As it was implemented, the system of supplying the armed forces was reorganized, the planned system of combat training was laid. In the Red Army, new statutes were introduced, its technical re-equipment began, a system retraining system was changed, while short-term courses were replaced by 3-4 annual military schools. For the purpose of professional training of the highest level of command in the country, 6 military academies were created. The army introduced the uniqueness that came to replace the collegial method of command and the management of troops, widespread after October 1917 and reflecting not only the essence of the socialist coup, but also the then mood of the masses who defended in the ranks of the Red Army to conquer the revolution. However, the experience of civil war and the beginning of socialist construction showed the inevitability of the transition to unique in the army, which certainly contributed to its strengthening. During the military reform of 1924-1925, the management bodies of the Armed Forces were improved. Central and local military administrations were reorganized.
The new headquarters of the Workers' and Peasant Red Army (RKKA) became its main organizing center. The control of the troops has simplified, increased efficiency in the work. The People's Commissar for Military and Maritime Affairs and the Chairman of the Revoensuit in January 1925 became Frunze. Military reform events were enshrined in the Law on military serviceAdopted in September 1925. It was the first all-Union law on the mandatory mission of military service by all citizens of the country, at the same time identifying the organizational structure of the Armed Forces.
Military reforms 1937-39.
The reforms of this period, under the time of time - they are again reduced to the organizational moments, mainly relating to the "tightening of nuts", that is, an increase in the responsibility of military personnel.
- The Chief Military Council of the Red Army and the Chief Council of the Navy, engaged in military construction issues.
- Increasing the number of military districts and commissariators, the creation of military departments in local party bodies.
- The Institute of Military Commissars is found, which existed until August 1940 (after - Deputy Commander for Political Part, Politruk).
- The term of military service was increased, reduced asking age, elongated the stay in the reserve.
- The entire personnel of the Armed Forces is obliged to take the oath.
- More stringent punishments for desertion and unauthorized beams from the part.
Military reforms of the period of the Patriotic War 1914-1945
- Changes in the system of organizing the highest command, the creation of operational associations and army buildings.
- Universal mobilization of all men from 19 to 55 years.
- A more efficient structural organization of armed now is: front, army, corps, division, brigade, regiment, battalion, company, platoon, separation.
- Published the fighting charter of infantry (1942).
- The division of military personnel on ordinary, sergeant, officers and generals.
- Introduction of new signs of differences.
- The main control of the rear was established.
- Republican, regional and district committees of the Party were obliged to deploy in the rear of the enemy resistance.
- Complete and increased the system of military tribunals.
Abstract lecture.
Educational questions:
Objectives:
Lecturer - A.Evstigneev.
Military reforms of the XVI-XVIII centuries.
Appeal to the historical past, honoring its historical traditions is not just a tribute to fashion or a way of formal adoption before the memory of the ancestors. The study of its own military history is of great practical importance. Through a number of centuries in Russia, a vast experience of military construction has been accumulated, which is rich in both positive and negative examples.
Accounting for historical experience of Russian military reforms is very important today when choosing the main directions of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It will help not only the most correctly defining the priorities of modern military construction, avoid the most characteristic mistakes of the past, but also appears the foundation of the spiritual and moral revival of our army and fleet.
The presentation of the material is advisable to start with clarification of the essence of the term "military reform" and "military transformations".
Military reform is the significant transformation of the state military system to solve the highest state authorities, in order to bring it to a qualitatively new condition, corresponding to the realities of the domestic and international situation of the country.
The military transformations affect, as a rule, only individual sides of the military.Based on this approach in domestic military history and allocate a number of military reforms: Ivan Ivan's military reform (1550-1571), Peter I (1698-1721), Military reforms D.A. Mimilyutina (1862-1874 .), Military reforms 1905-1912, military reform in the USSR (1924-1925).
The main results of the military reform Ivan IV
| Causes of BP | External and internal military threats. Lack of strong centralized power. |
| 1550g.-Decree on the creation of shooting groups. 1556 -Ukaz "Code of Service" Local army. | |
| Streletsky army -40t.ch.Tomstable army -100t.c. Cossacks-40T.Ch. Pushkari (outfit). Management through the system of military orders. | |
| Admission of new weapons | Sagittari-peek, pistols, Birdish, Sabli. Artillery: Siege guns, serfs. The Armory Chamber is formed. |
| No military education systems. Preparation is carried out directly in troops and in the form of military fees. | |
| Results of BP and main problems | The beginning of the creation of a regular army. Strengthening the safety of the borders of Russia. Countering the specific princes and boyars. |
The main results of Peter's Military Reforms 1
| Causes of BP | External military threats - Northern War. Conduct state reforms. |
| Reforms in the system of recruiting army | 1705g.- Recruitment Decree. Annual compulsory call was introduced. from 20 yards. The officer was formed from the number of nobles. |
| Reforms in the field of management and structure | Svet three types of troops-120t. Navy-up to 30t.ch. Military college. Sea Board. Commanders of childbirth troops (army, division, regiment) new military statutes. |
| The arrival of new weapons samples and military equipment | Infantry rifle, bayonet, Grenada. Cavalry - Carabiner, Pistol, Saber, Palash. Artillery: Guns, Gaubits, Mortira. As part of the Navy: 35 LK, 10 frigates, 200 gallery. |
| Military education reforms and combat training troops | Military schools were created: 2-artillery; 2-engineering; 1-sea. The basics of military science are laid. |
| Results of BP and main problems | Created regular army and fleet. Centralized military administration. A single learning system has been introduced. Victory in the Northern War. |
The main results of the military reform D.A. Milutina
| Causes of BP | Defeat in the Crimean War. Military backwardness. Conduct state Reforms (Cancel Cl.Pr.) |
| Reforms in the system of recruiting army | 1874 "The Charter of the military service" Cancel the recruitment system of the recruitment. Mixed military service was introduced. Terms of service: SV-6let; Navy-7 years. |
| Reforms in the field of management and structure | Division of the territory of Russia for 15 military districts. Appointed commander in. The concept of mobilization readiness of troops for wartime is introduced. New military statutes. |
| Admission of new samples of weapons and military equipment | Re-equipment of the army with rifle rifle weapons and artillery. New samples of guns: cassendable, rifle trunks, charges of smokeless powder. Transition from sailing fleet to steam, armored. |
| Military education reforms and combat training troops | New 4-bit system of training officers. Military Academy, Military and Juncakers, Military Gymnasiums, Military Schools. |
| Results of BP and main problems | A new type army has been created with a trained mass reserve. Russia's victory in the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. Insufficient financing of BP. |
The main results of military reform 1905-1912gg.
| Causes of BP. | Defeat in the Russian-Japanese war. Increasing external threats. |
| Reforms in the system of recruiting army. | A new edition of the "Charter of Military Meament" was adopted: SV-3 years; Navy-5 years. |
| Reforms in the field of management and structure. | New kind of troops are being created: automobile, aviation, rail, radio telegraphers. New military statutes. |
| Admission of new samples of weapons and military equipment. | New samples of small arms: Mosine rifles, Maxim machine guns. Heavy artillery: 107mm, 122mm, 152mm, mortars. Navy: battleships, destroyers, pl. |
| Reforms of military education and combat training of troops. | The number of military educational institutions has been increased. 7th, 7th VMU, 19th and Yuu, 28-CC. |
| Results of BP and main problems. | Enhance the combat readiness of the Sun in front of the 1st World War. Insufficient financing of BP. Re-equipment is incomplete. |
Abstract lecture.
Topic number 2 Military reforms and days of military glory in the history of the Russian state
Lesson number 1 Military reforms in the history of Russia
Educational questions:
1. The reforms of the XVI-XVIII centuries:
Military reforms of Ivan IV Grozny in the middle of the sixteenth century;
Military reforms Peter I. Creating a regular army and fleet.
2. Military reforms of the XIH-XX centuries:
Military reforms of 1862-1874 in Russia;
Military reforms of the Russian government in 1905-1912;
The main content of the military reform of 1924-1925.
3. Historical experience and lessons of military reforms in Russia, their importance for military construction and reform of the Armed Forces on modern stage.
Objectives:
Familiarize students with basic military reforms in the history of Russia. Examine the historical experience and lessons of military reforms, their importance for military construction and reform of the Armed Forces at the present stage. Bring up a sense of duty and patriotism.
Type of classes - lecture. Venue - lecture audience.
Methodical and logistical support: Plan for conducting lessons, lecture abstract, media projector, laptop, educational video.
Lecturer - A.Evstigneev.
Experience and lessons. "
Lesson number 1: "Military reforms in the history of the Russian state, experience and lessons. Modern problems of the armed forces and ways to solve them. "
Educational questions:
1. Military reforms in the history of the Russian state, experience and lessons.
2. Modern problems of the armed forces and ways to solve them.
1.
Military reforms in historyRussian states, experience and lessons
The term "reform" comes from the Latin word REFORMO - we transform.
Reform is a transformation, change, reorganization of any parties to public life (orders, institutions, institutions) that do not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure.
Formally reform are changes in any content. However, they are usually progressive.
Military reform is a significant transformation of the military system of the state, held by the decision of the highest bodies of state power.
Military reforms are always caused by the new political tasks of the state, the emergence of new types of weapons, economic considerations, a change in the level of production, means and methods of armed struggle.
Military reforms find their legal consolidation in laws, military charters and other documents.
Military reforms in Russia in the Doparer Epoch.
The origins of the origin in our family of a qualitatively new military organization underlie the events associated with the prince of Ivan III. The new state of the state at the time became serviced nobility. It was Ivan III that began a massive distribution of land plots and places the servants of the Princely Court, as well as free people, subject to carrying service.
During the reign of Ivan III, Moscow was attached. Yaroslavl, Rostov, Novgorod and Tver Principality.
The association of Russian lands occurred in severe and complex foreign policy conditions. A significant role in the issues of protecting the fatherland from the external enemy during this period was played:
civil uprising;
stitching;
artillery outfit;
rear troops.
the base of the local troops is expanded;
the border defense system began to develop (powerful stone fortresses Zaraisk and Tula were built;
clearly solved military management issues;
the recruitment of troops, the supply of weapons, the provincial, was ordered.
The composition of the troops to reform:
1. "Foods",wars armed with manual peaks (handcots), appeared as a walking rail at the very beginning of the XVI century. It was a city militia, who was focused on the war under the decree of the sovereign. For example: Novgorod residents have been equipped with one "food" with 3-5 yards, which made him a single-order or Sermya, acquired a manual food, powder, lead and provided for the specified food term. After the end of the war, the militias diverged at home. Having traveled to Rati from Moscow distant from Moscow has always been associated with a significant time loss.
"Noble Local Connection."The service in it was held by the boyars ("on the Fatherland" - by origin). The service began with 15 years and was performed before death, posts were inherited. This category was the main part of the armed forces - the horse militia and was provided with a salary and land (salaries ranging from 150 to 450 decishes of the Earth and from 4 to 7 rubles per year).
"Outfit artillery".Published by professional guns, consisting on the royal service constantly.
Lack of severe centralized power;
Weak reinforcement of borders;
The need to create a permanent army.
It was carried out:
Streamlining the system of the recruitment and military service in the object of time. In 1550, the highest decree was issued on the creation of a new troops from "elected firing seals".
The army was originally shared on the "Articles" (orders) of 500 Sagittarov. The article included hundreds, fumes, dozens. The army was gained from the Posh Population, subsequently from the Streethesky families and "free hooys" of people.
The state represented by Tsar-self-adjustment ruled the army through: a discharge order, the Streetsky order, a weapon order, an order for collecting Streletsky bread, the order of money distribution - at the head of which the governors stood.
The troops included Sagittarius:
"Strengthened",who carried the guard of the royal court and accompanied the sovereign during the departure.
"Moscow"served in metropolitan orders.
"Cities",which served in the garrisons of other cities, primarily in the South and Western borders. The composition of Garminones
in addition to Sagittarov, Pushkari, carpenters, blacksmiths, collars and city Cossacks were included.
The form was carried uniform for each order. In various orders, the form differed in color of kaftans, boots and caps. For example, the Archers of the Moscow order were red caftan with raspberry butter and dark gray hats. Every order had his banner.
Armament:
Manual smooth-bore food;
Saber;
Berdysh.
Weapons, porokhnitsy, lead, powder (in wartime 1-2 pound per person).
Monetary complaint: Private Archers received 4-7 rubles per year.
Bread complaint: 12 quarters of rye and oats (1 quarter is 96 kg).
Beddown contentment: caps, ready-made upper and lower booths, ports, boots, gloves, susaki.
Land putors were assigned to the cities of 4-quarters of arable land in the field (1 quarter - 360 square meters. Sedna).
The total number of troops was originally 3,000 people.
In the battle, Sagittars acted "the right" military system. A combat order consisted of several Shero, a volley shooting at the beginning of the fight simultaneously was two advanced ranks.
In 1571, the first regulatory service of the document was developed - "Boyarsky verdict about the Static and Watchdog Service". Developed under the guidance of Voevod M.I. Vorotnsky.
During this military reform, the largest army in Europe was created in the Moscow kingdom, which had 250-300 thousand people, (approximately 3% of the total population of the then Russia).
On January 19, 1998, the Russian Organizing Committee for the preparation and conduct of measures in connection with the memorable events of the Military History of the Fatherland and the Affairs of Veterans recommended to use the date October 1, 1550,announced the beginning of the creation of permanent Russian state troops with elements of a regular army, to establish Day of the creation of the Russian army.
Creating a regular army.
By the beginning of the 18th century, political, economic, managerial, cultural, domestic, and, of course, military reforms are objectively nominated in Russia.
The need for reforms was associated with the fact that it was necessary to ensure compliance between the political superstructure and the changed economic basis.
Basis is the economic structure of society, a set of production relations.
The add-in is political, legal, moral, aesthetic, philosophical, religious views and the corresponding institutions.
Peter I's military reforms were the first to go to the transformation, since, without strong army and the fleet, it was impossible to create a powerful power.
The main content of Peter's military reforms I. :
The noble militia and the Streetsky army is eliminated, and remains only as part of the Armed Forces Ukrainian, Don, Yailsk and Teresk Cossacks, as well as irregular national formations: Bashkirs and Kalmyks.
The army and fleet are completed only from recruits. Decree of February 20, 1705: Annually one recruit was exhibited from 500 souls of the applied population.
The young men from the nobles began service in the Guards shelves, which were peculiar officer schools.
On the Baltic and the navy was created on Don. 105 ships were built, 28 frigates, 13 bombing vessels, 9 branders, 16 yachts, 199 brigantine, 305 gallery and 220 small ships. In the document dated October 31, 1717, it was indicated that it should be in a fleet of non-Officers, Pushkur and Sailors of 13,280 people and such a number must be kept annually.
The army and the fleet are equipped with more modern armaments (this is due to the rapid development of domestic metallurgy). Artillery is improved, which has played a significant role in Poltava battle and during Ganguch.
Combat training is conducted at the military charter of 1716 and the Maritime Charter of 1720.
Pushkarskaya and mathematical navigation schools opened in Moscow. The latter served as the basis for the creation of the Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg.
Since 1721, the Cossacks are subordinated to the military department, and not foreign policy, as before.
The management of troops and their provision was concentrated in three independent central military authorities: the military board, the artillery office and the Commissioner. At the same time, the President of the Military College in accordance with the regulations did not have the right of sole decision.
In the course of Petrov's military reforms, there were only the foundations for creating a regular army in Russia. The next step in creating a regular army was made by the President of the Military Collegium, General Field Marshal Minich. As a result of its reforms, central military authorities were transformed. Previously, Independent Commissariat, the Provider and Artillery Office were subordinated to the Military Collegium, which included executive bodies (office) on all issues of management and supply. Since 1733, the formation of a regular cavalry, consisting of the Kirassir, Connokarabarabainer and Hussarian regiments, begins, in addition, in 1731, the Shchaytsky Cadet Corps was opened, which was the first military-educational institution in Russia.
Elizabeth Petrovna, with general, the desire to restore Petrovsky institutions canceled all innovations of miniha in the military board, which led to a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the entire military management system and fifty-five years old suspended the construction of a regular army in Russia.
The main content of military transformations in the times of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II was improved combat application Forces and funds that were inherited from previous reigns. The most important place in the development of military art took the maneuverable strategy that came to the change, tied to communications and the fortresses - a strategy aimed at the general battle and the defeat of the living force of the enemy. The only innovation in military administration was an institution in 1763 at the Military Collegium of the General Staff.
Almost remained unnoticed until now the unexplored construction experience in the heir to the throne of the Grand Duke Pavl, Petrovich Gatchina troops. Historians behind Prussian uniforms and fright from the detailed regulation of the service in Gatchina and Pavlovsk did not see the most important thing: these troops became for the future emperor of that military laboratory, in which the basic principles of the construction of a regular army were developed, maintaining its combat readiness, centralized management and supply.
Gatchina troops were formed in 1786 - 1796 in Gatchina and Pavlovsk. The management of these troops was carried out by infantry, cavalry and artillery inspections. By November 1796, Gatchina troops included: 6 infantry battalions, 1 Hector Rota, 3 cavalry regiments, 1 Cossack escadron, 1 artillery company and a small flotilla of a small composition. There are only about 25 thousand people and about 60 guns. Based on the experience of managing Gatchina troops, Tsesarevich during this period, statutes were written for the infantry and cavalry regiments. The regular states are defined for all types of troops.
Started by Emperor Paul I reform, ultimately led to the completion of the creation of a regular army.
The statutes introduced in 1796 have secured a number of measures aimed at maintaining the combat readiness of the army in peacetime:
Functional duties have been identified for all
In the work in officers, knowledge and skills were largely taken into account, as well as attitudes towards military service, love for shape and their weapons;
The procedure for maintaining the combat readiness of the regiments is established (from single preparation through a rotary and battalion teaching to generally-racc);
In order to bring to the permanent service of all those produced in the reign of Catherine II of superstand general-Field Marshals, full generals and lieutenant generals, the posts of inspectors were established by the posts, and the positions of the regiments were introduced in the states of the regiments. On the inspectors and chefs of regiments, the charters were responsible for the staffing of subordinate inspections and regiments and for the state of their combat readiness. Generals who are unsuitable for the service by age and in their military illiteracy, fired from military service;
Canceled for officers indefinite leave. According to the Charter for all generals, the headquarters and the obur-officers were installed vacation duration of 30 days from November to April.
To improve the quality of military governance instead of the General Staff, a retinue of its imperial majesty in the apartment departments was established. To control the daily activities of troops and military collegium in 1797, the military-camping of its imperial majesty of the office was established. These two central military management organs in the subsequent basis for the formation of an effective general staff as part of the Military Ministry.
The next stage of the construction of the regular army came to the activities of the General from Artillery A. A. Arakcheev. With it, large transformations in artillery were carried out, which became regular. 23 artillery brigades were formed, artillery statutors and permanent states of artillery compounds and parts were introduced. During the stays of Arakcheev, the recruitment and training of a building line was improved as a military minister, recruited depot, the corpus and divisional organization of the army was introduced, provisions were published on various parts of military management.
The honorable task to complete the creation of the Russian regular army fell to the share of Field Marshal General
M. B. Barclaya - de Tollya is beating his military minister. In the course of the reforms conducted in 1812, a radical reorganization of the entire military system was carried out. The first regulations on the field management of the troops - "an institution for managing the Great Acting Army" were developed. The Military Ministry, focusing in itself the management and comprehensive provision of regular troops, has become the true central authority of military administration, and the headquarters of corpses and divisions were established in the troops.
Thus, at the beginning of the XIX century, the creation of a full-fledged regular army has been completed in Russia, which has regular regions of troops and a single central military management body.
Military transformation of the Russian army.
(Military reform 1862-1874)
Military reforms of that period were an integral part of bourgeois reforms in Russia and were conducted under the direct leadership of the Military Minister D. A. Milyutin.
The purpose of these reforms was to create a mass army, in the elimination of military retardation of Russia, revealed in the Crimean War of 1853-1856.
The main content of the reform:
Replacing the recruitment service of the all-known military service, the creation of a trained reserve of the stock (all men have been attracted to the service to reach 20 years of age);
Education of the Military District Management System (13 districts: Petersburg, Finland, Vilensky, Warsaw, Kiev, Odessa, Moscow, Kazan, Caucasian, Turkestan, Omsk, Irkutsk, Amur and Special Military-Territorial Unit is the component of the Don Troops);
Introduction of a new "Regulation on the field management of troops in wartime";
Re-equipment of the army with rifle rifle weapons (adopted a single-charge rifle of the Berdan system, and in 1891 Rifle S. I. Mosina).
The transition from sailing to the steam armadid fleet (107 combat vessels);
Reorganization of the system of training officers: replacement of cadet corps on military gymnasiums, institution of military and UNCERSK Schools; Military judicial reforms.
The military ministry apparatus decreased by a thousand people, and the number of incoming and outgoing documents from 1863 to 1872 decreased by 2 times.
According to the new "Regulations on the field management of armies, corps and detachments in wartime", the role of headquarters as authorities were elevated, the position of the headquarters of the division was introduced, in the hands of which all compound control focused, the structure and function of field controls and headquarters was simplified, a significant part The work was entrusted to the rear institutions - Military District Offices. At the same time, the greater independence of the internal authorities put the military heads dependent on them and deprived of the opportunity to influence the quality of supply subjects.
Thus, as a result of reforms, a slim system of central and local military administration was created, which raised the efficiency of the management of troops, eliminating excessive centralization, which entered the "administrative mechanism a new vitality, which gave all its actions to the speed and energy in military managing."
Increased attention to the Armed Forces in Russia led to a qualitative improvement in the military management system, a significant increase in the specialization of management activities and professionalism of command personnel.
These measures contributed to strengthening russian army, supported it at the level of one of the most combat-ready armies of the world, which was confirmed in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. However, despite the progressiveness as a whole, the reforms carried on themselves the printing of incompleteness, inconsistency. Their carrying out to life was pushed into strong resistance from the opponents of reforms.
Military transformation of the Russian army in 1905-1912
The conversion of 1905-1912 was carried out according to the plan of the military minister A. F. Redigra. A feature of those reforms were that they were carried out in the conditions of complete disorder of the entire national economy caused by, on the one hand, the Russian-Japanese war and the rise of the revolutionary movement - on the other. These reasons led to a two-step reform. The first stage was held from 1905 to 1908, the second from 1909 to 1912.
The main content of reforms:
strengthening the centralization of military administration (the territorial system of the acquisition) is introduced;
adopted a new law on military service;
the service life is reduced, the officer corps is rejuvenated;
new programs for military schools are adopted;
new statutes were approved (in which the experience of wars of the end of the XIX - early XX century was generalized).
new samples of artillery guns appeared, a cabinet and field heavy artillery was created, engineering troops were strengthened (in 1909-1910, 122 and 152-mm leaders, 107-mm guns were adopted for weapons), machine-gun commands for 8-machine guns were formed Radio, airways appeared in the housings.
since 1906, the restoration of the Russian military fleet began.
improved financial position of the officer.
In 1914, Russia had the most numerous army in the world - over 1.4 million people (in August 1914, after mobilization - 5,338,000). There were 7088 guns on its weapon, of which 240 heavy, 4157 machine guns of the Maxim system, 263 aircraft, 4000 cars. The armed forces consisted of ground troops and navy. Ground troops Three types of troops included: infantry (70%), artillery (15%), cavalry (8%) and special troops (engineering, communications, rail). After disbanding the backup and fortress parts and the reorganization of the infantry, the land army began to have a homogeneous composition. The highest tactical compound was the Army Corps of 2-3 infantry divisions (21 thousand people). Corps and field heavy artillery was created. In the shelves, machine-gun commands were formed. Airways appeared in the housings. In the railway troops, car companies were introduced. Formed radio telegraph companies. The highest operational association was the army (3-5 buildings), the management of the Army Groups was created - the front.
Machine gunners of the Maxim Systems were applied, the car fleet, there were armored vehicles and aircraft in a small quantity.
The sea power of the country was restored, the system included new ships of all classes: Linkors type "Sevastopol", first-class Esming type "Novik" Submarines of the BARS type, which were considered the best in the world, surveyors of the Amur type, the world's first underwater barrage Crab "and Maunder" Mintp ".
The First World War has changed the ratio and role of childbirth forces. The main native of the troops remained infantry, but its share decreased from 70% to 50%. At the same time, firepower increased 2-3 times due to an increase in the number of machine guns and receipts of new fire facilities: manual machine guns, mortars, etc. Cavalry lost its role and decreased by 2-3 times.
Artillery became the main means of fire lesion. Her freakue grew, new types of ammunition were created - chemical, smoke, armor-piercing. Appeared anti-aircraft anti-tank artillery.. Significantly increased the role and number of engineering troops, communication troops.
Rapid development received new types of troops - armor forces and aviation. The main weapon of armored troops was the tank. As part of aviation, reconnaissance, fighter, bombardment and naval, encompaired in the squadron appeared. Created automobile and chemical troops, military air defense (air defense) is born.
A wide application in the Navy found minno-torpedo weapons, a torpedo boats and torpedo aircraft appeared. Sea aviation has become a powerful nuclear powerful forces, the progenitors of aircraft carriers - air transport, such as "Alexander I" and "Nicholas II" with hydrosapol, entered the system.
The First World War in practice has improved the military organization and the structure of the Armed Forces of Russia, giving impetus to the development of new generics of troops and technical re-equipment of the army and fleet. But the country was waiting for serious tests.
The creation of the Red, Soviet Army and the way to improve its existence in the existence of the USSR.
The Red Army, the creation of which began in January 1918, according to its goals and tasks, it was fundamentally different from the old army. In addition, the 20s were a period of starting a new turn in the qualitative development of military equipment and weapons.
All this led to the fact that by the mid-20s, the urgent need for military reform of the Red Army and the RKKF was abandoned. At the same time, both the experience of the First World and Civil Wars and the needs of peacetime were taken into account. The reform was conducted by the Commission led by MB. Frunze.
Two stages were viewed in the reform:
The first 1921-1923
The second 1924-1926
On the first stagea radical reduction in the armed forces was carried out. By the end of the Civil War in the ranks of the Red Army, citizens of seventeen cravings were served (1885 - 1901 birthday), and its number was 5.3 million people. By the summer of 1923, the personnel army was brought to 562 thousand people (that is, it was reduced almost 10 times).
On the the second stagea mixed system of the device of the armed forces was adopted, allowing at lower costs to have a small personnel army capable of quickly to quickly mobilize the soldiers and equipment from the national economy;
there was a wide military training of workers from the number of military-service;
organizational standard structure of the Red Army and RKKF is ordered, the recovery system is regulated; The team composition was updated qualitatively; reformed system of supply; ; rebuilt system of political and political training; New statutes have been created and introduced; The technical re-equipment of the Armed Forces has begun;
changed the training system (short-term courses were replaced by 3-4 - annual military schools, 6 academies were created); The uniqueness is introduced; Advanced military authorities.
As a result of the reforms, the armed forces were aligned with the new conditions for the development of the state, the possibilities of its economy and the levels of development of military science and technology.
The new stage of reforming the Red Army refers to the mid-30s:
a new recruitment system has been introduced;
the restructuring of the leadership of the highest leadership of the country's defense and directly managing the armed forces (the Council of Labor and Defense is abolished, the Defense Committee has been established instead of the USSR SCC);
measures taken to strengthen the socio-political and material and technical base;
in 1939, the law on the general military duty, which determines the principles and standards for the construction of uniform armed forces of the country, legally fixing the transition to the personnel system of the army device, were formed by 16 military districts, 4 fleets and 5 flotilla.
Military reform of the 60s.
Essentially, it was reduced to a reduction in the army and the "emission of" unnecessary people without any benefits and guarantees of 1200 thousand people.
The achievement of that period was very rapid technical re-equipment of all types of troops, including troops PVAcountries.
In the military air defense troops, the main births of troops were: troops of rocket and space defense, anti-aircraft missile troops, air defense aircraft, radio equipment, as well as special troops.
Ground troops remained the most numerous type of armed forces. Cavalery fully lost its meaning. The infantry has turned into motorized rifle troops, armored and mechanized troops are renamed tank. Artillery and rocket troops amounted to the main firing force of the land forces. The airborne troops and air defense troops appeared in their composition. Special troops continued to develop.
Air force consisted of aviation of the Supreme Command (Far and Military Transport), Front and Army Aviation, Special Forces.
The Navy became the ocean, equipped with rocket-nuclear weapons. Compounds of submarines and naval aviation were created as part of the fleets, the organizational structure of the surface forces, coastal rocket and artillery troops, marines, coastal defense troops, fleet air defense forces and special troops were improved.
A fundamentally new direction in the construction of the Armed Forces in the 80s G.G. It became the creation and development of military-cosmic forces. Their composition included means of launch, management and orbital groups of military-purpose spacecraft. They were part of the special troops and were intended to ensure the combat activities of the Armed Forces.
Special troops also included: reconnaissance, engineering, chemical, communications, radio electronic struggle, aeronautical, technical support, automotive, rail, road and pipeline, rear protection, engineering and aerodrome and air-technical, search and rescue service, topographic, hydrographic, hydrometeorological, military-building and other parts of the organization.
Considerable attention was paid to equipping the armed with equipment and weapons, which was responsible for the requirements of modern war, both in quantitative and in qualitative parameters.
1947-1950. Serial production and mass arrival in the Air Force of Jet Aviation.
1952 - air defense troops are equipped with rocket and anti-aircraft equipment.
1955 - for the first time the ballistic missile from the submarine was launched.
1957 - the first tactical teaching with the forcing the rivers on the bottom was held in the USSR sun.
1962 - the Nuclear Torpened Submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" made a campaign to the North Pole.
Reform 1987-1991.
The reform, and started in the late 80s, the reform did not take place, more precisely, was interrupted. But there was a significant work and experienced experience developing a concept, planning, preparation of reform and even practical measures in some of its directions.
New military-political concept assumed:
termination of nuclear tests;
eliminate nuclear and space weapons;
preventing the arms race in space;
preservation of a contract for pro;
reducing the total military potentials of the United States and USSR, ATS and NATO to reasonable sufficiency;
the dissolution of military political blocs and the reduction of military budgets.
to limit budgetary military spending, for defense construction as a whole, for military production;
to bring the composition, the orcline structure and equipping the armed forces in accordance with the principle of reasonable sufficiency;
to solve the defense problems of the parties, combat readiness of the troops and forces of the fleet, their combat training with an emphasis on qualitative parameters;
on the comprehensive and deep democratization of the mistake of military life, on a radical change for the better position of all categories of military personnel and their families.
Military spending reduced;
the structure of the Armed Forces is changed;
reduced, rejuvenated and updated the central office of the Ministry of Defense and the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces;
the implementation of a comprehensive system of measures to improve the quality of the educational process in military-educational institutions has begun;
a housing problem is developed;
adopted law on pensions of military personnel;
political structures in the army and fleet are abolished.
Reform lessons:
in confirmation of the historically natural communication of transformations in the military sphere with changes in society as a whole;
in the dialectical unity of the total (military reform) and the private (reform of the armed forces), in vulnerability, the information of military reform only to the reform of the Sun;
the need to make the commensurability of reform actions with the real possibilities of the country;
military reform, especially large-scale, comprehensive is not only urgent military-reform steps, but also the vision of prospects for deep change in the near and remote future. Therefore, the concept of military reform should provide for the phase of transformation. And reforming should not be accompanied by a decrease in the combat capability of troops;
2. Modernproblems armed forces and ways to solve them
On December 29, 2008, Russian President signed a decree "On some issues of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation". According to the Decree, it is planned by January 1, 2016 to establish a staff number of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the amount of 1,884,829 units, including 1,000,000 military personnel.
The goal of military reform:bringing the armed forces in accordance with the modern military-political situation and the possibilities of the state, to increase them combat readiness and combat capability due to the optimization of the structure, composition and numbers, the rise of the qualitative level of technical equipment, preparation and ensuring the social status of the serviceman.
The main directions of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:
Optimization of the structure, combat composition and the number of armed forces.
Qualitative improvement of the composition, preparation and support of the officer corps.
Rising the efficiency and quality of operational and combat training, the upbringing of troops, strengthening the rule of law and military discipline.
Improving the high-quality level of the technical equipment of troops.
Creation of economical, rational systems of recruitment, training of military personnel, military education, military science and military infrastructure.
Ensuring legal and social protection of servicemen and dismissed from military service, their families.
Reform priorities:
Phased translation of all combat compounds and military units in the category of constant combat readiness. Ground troops will be transferred to the brigade basis, air force - on aviation bases and brigades of aerospace defense.
In each strategic direction, a grouping of troops will be formed, which should be able to localize and neutralize the possible armed conflicts of peacetime composition (to analyze and understand each proposed structure, locations of dislocation, composition and solved tasks up to the battalion). Rapid response teams will be created in each military district. They will enter the structure of airborne troops, but they will be promptly submitted to the commander of military districts and will perform the most operational and acute tasks.
It is planned to optimize the ratio of officer's posts and bring its number to 150 thousand people (about 15% of the total number of personnel of the Russian Armed Forces).
Currently, more than 1,100 generals serve in the Russian army, it is planned that by 2012. They will be about 900. Senior lieutenants are now about 50 thousand, it is planned to increase this figure to 60 thousand.
Special attention will be paid to the reform of the military education system. On the basis of the existing 65 educational institutions of the RF RF, 10 system-forming universities will be created.
The transition to the recruitment of professional sergeants is one of the priorities for the formation of a new appearance of the armed forces. In the army and the fleet will have to complete 250 thousand military posts of sergeants + 50 thousand military posts that are currently replaced by ensign.
The preparation of the sergeant composition, depending on official purpose, it is planned to be implemented as follows:
without changing the level of education - in training military units From the number of servicemen by call. Learning time - 5.5 months;
with the receipt of medium vocational education - In military-educational institutions from the number of contract servicemen, military personnel who are in stock, as well as civilian youth. In accordance with state educational standards, the learning time must be, as a rule, 2 years 10 months.
By 2010, to complete the implementation of the federal reform program of the system of military education in the Russian Federation.
Many problems that faced military schools have been resolved for many years. First of all, this concerns issues of logistical and information and methodological support for the educational process, preserving and strengthening the scientific and pedagogical potential of military-educational institutions. The results of scientific research conducted within the framework of the program will be used in the formation of a new appearance of the military education system.
Further work will be carried out in accordance with the strategic plan for improving the vocational education and training of military personnel and civil servants of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020. It was approved at the Special Commission of the Ministry of Defense on December 3 last year.
The plan defines a set of main events that includes:
Improving the professional selection system;
Optimization of a network of military educational institutions;
Improving the educational and material base of universities;
Increasing the scientific and pedagogical potential of military school;
Achieving compliance of the level of military training training of university graduates with modern requirements;
Improvement of organizational and economic mechanisms for managing a system of military education;
Providing targeted support for the best universities, listeners and cadets, doctoral students and adjuncts, teachers and scientists.
All of the above are aimed at achieving the main goal - to enter the quality of military education, adequate to the requirements of the XXI century.
Much of the planned is already implemented.
As a strategic military school Ambitious, but achieving the task: By 2020, enter the number of five leading military educational systems of the world.
The fundamental documents in the military sphere are the Federal Law of May 31, 1996 No. 61-FZ "On Defense", the Federal Constitutional Law of January 30, 2002 No. 1-FKZ "On Military Position", Federal Law of March 28, 1998 No. 53-FZ "On Military Duty and Military Service", Federal Law of February 26, 1997 No. 31-FZ "On Mobilization Training and Mobilization in the Russian Federation", Law of the Russian Federation of April 1, 1993 No. 4730-1 "On State border. " In addition, they should include military doctrine (approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 21, 2000 No. 706).
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The most important part of the history of the Russian state is its military History. In all a century, the armed forces remained force capable of combining and maintaining our land. "In Russia, there is only one organized force - the army, and in her hands the fate of Russia," the famous commander MD emphasized. Skobelev.
It is they who, armed defenders of our Fatherland, personified his power and international authority, rose insurmountable obstacles on the path of numerous conquerors, with fire and a sword of those who came to our land.
"Military genius of the Russian people is great and mighty - all the conquered capital of Europe and those who smalleled on Russia conquering that they were then loyal than the White Tsar ... cost only any European army to qualify for the title of the first in the world as Whenever in his way she met the non-merging Russian regiments and became "second in the world," the Military Historian A. Kershnovsky wrote.
The basis of the valor and heroism of the Russian army was not only an unstable moral spirit of troops and love for their homeland, but also a well-established strong military organization created by many generations. In its development, she passed a difficult and long way, its history is closely related to the economic and political development of Russia, with the centuries-old struggle of its peoples with foreign invaders, with the historical and national characteristics of the country.
In various periods of the history of the state, with the development of the material and technical, socio-economic and political conditions of the life of society, the armed forces changed their organizational structure, the composition, methods of recruitment, weapons, receptions of the armed struggle. These changes were usually carried out during military reforms that became the most important milestones in the history of the construction of the Army and the Fleet of Russia.
In general, it can be stated that large-scale changes in the armed forces associated with their root restructuring within the framework of the main provisions of military reform are completed. On the agenda, the new stage - it is necessary to start the construction of modern armed forces on the basis of the legal, political, organizational and structural premises created in the process of reform based on repaid meaningful national Interests, Russia's seats in the world and the degree of reality of threats to the national security of the country.
