The fighters of these units envied and - at the same time they sympathized. "The trunk is long, the life is short," "Double salary is a triple death!", "Goodbye, Motherland!" - All these nicknames hinting at high mortality went to the soldiers and officers who fought in the fighter-anti-tank artillery (ITT) of the Red Army.
The calculation of the anti-tank gun of Senior Sergeant A. Golovna is fire on German tanks. In recent battles, the calculation destroyed 2 tank of the enemy and 6 firepoints (the battery of senior lieutenant A. Medvedev). The explosion on the right is a retaliatory shot of a German tank.
All this is true: and elevated one and a half - two times the salaries for ITTA units, and the length of the trunks of many anti-tank guns, and the extraordinarily high mortality among artilleryrs of these parts, whose positions are often located nearby, and even before the front of the infantry ... But the truth and the fact that 70% of destroyed artillery accounted for the share of the anti-tank artillery german tanks; and the fact that among artillerymen who was honored during the Great Patriotic War of the title of Hero Soviet Union, Every fourth - soldier or officer of fighter-anti-tank units. In absolute figures, it looks like this: out of 1744 artilleryrs - the heroes of the Soviet Union, whose biographies are presented in the lists of the "Heroes of the country" project, 453 people fought in the fighter-anti-tank units, the main and the only task of which was shooting direct vendor in German tanks ...
Hug out for tanks
In itself, the concept of anti-tank artillery as a separate type of this kind of troops appeared shortly before the Second World War. During the First World War II, the usual field weapons were quite successfully conducted, for which armor-piercing shells were quite quickly developed. In addition, the reservation of tanks until the beginning of the 1930s remained mainly against the opposite and only with the approach of the new World War began to grow. Accordingly, specific means of combating this type of weapons were also required, which was the anti-tank artillery.
In the USSR, the first experience in creating special anti-tank guns fell at the very beginning of the 1930s. In 1931, a 37mm anti-tank gun appeared, which presented a licensed copy of a German gun, intended for the same purpose. A year later, a Soviet semi-automatic 45-millimeter gun was installed on the yard of this gun, and thus the 45-millimeter anti-tank gear of the 1932 sample - 19-k appeared. After five years, it was modernized, having received the 45-Millimeter anti-tank gun of the 1937 sample - 53-k. She became the most massive domestic anti-tank gun - the famous "Sorokatka".
Calculation of the anti-tank gun M-42 in battle. Photo: Warphoto.ru.
These guns are the main means of dealing with tanks in the Red Army of the Pre-Period. It was from 1938 that anti-tank batteries, platforms and divisions were armed, until the autumn of the 1940s, which were part of rifle, minor-rifle, motorized rifle, motorized and cavalry battalions, regiments and divisions. For example, the anti-tank defense of the rifle battalion of a pre-war state provided a platoon of 45 mm tools - that is, two guns; Rifle and motorized rifle regiments - the "Sorokatok" battery, that is, six guns. And in the rifle and motorized divisions since 1938, a separate anti-tank division was provided - 18 guns of a 45 mm caliber.
Soviet artilleryrs are preparing to open fire from a 45-mm anti-tank gun. Karelian front.
But how began to unfold martialctions The Second World War, began on September 1, 1939, from the invasion of Germany to Poland, quickly showed: anti-tank defense at the divisional level may be insufficient. And then the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating anti-tank artillery brigades of the main command reserve appeared. Each such brigade would be a formidable force: the standard armament of the human number 5322 consisted of 48 guns of 76 mm caliber, 24 guns of 107 mm caliber, as well as 48 anti-aircraft guns of 85 mm caliber and another 16 anti-aircraft guns of 37 mm caliber. At the same time, there were no anti-tank guns in the staff in the staff, however, with their tasks, non-specialized field guns, received regular armor-piercing shells, were more or less successfully successfully.
Alas, to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, to complete the formation of anti-tank brigades of the RGC Country did not have time. But both undeformed, these units received by the Army and Front Command, allowed maneuvering them much more efficiently than anti-tank units in the state of rifle divisions. And although the beginning of the war led to catastrophic losses in the entire Red Army, including in the artillery units, due to this, the necessary experience was accumulated, which was quite soon and led to the emergence of specialized anti-tank units.
Birth of artillery special forces
It became very quickly understood that regular divisional anti-tank agents are not able to confuse the tank wetcht tank wedges, and the lack of anti-tank guns of the desired caliber is forced to roll out the lightweight field guns. At the same time, their calculations, as a rule, did not have the necessary preparation, which means that sometimes they were not effective enough even in conditions beneficial for them. In addition, due to the evacuation of artillery plants and mass losses of the first military months, the lack of major guns in the Red Army became a catastrophic, so they needed to dispose of them much more careful.
Soviet artilleryrs roll up 45-mm anti-tank guns M-42, following in the ranks of the coming infantry on the central front.
In such conditions, the only correct decision was the formation of special reserve anti-tank parts, which could not just put in the defense on the front of the divisions and armies, and maneuver them, throwing on concrete tankers. The experience of the first military months also said. And as a result, by January 1, 1942, there was one anti-tank artillery brigade at the disposal of the Command of the Army and the Supreme Command, which operated on the Leningrad Front, 57 anti-tank artillery regiments and two separate anti-tank artillery divisions. And they really had, that is, actively participated in the battles. Suffice it to say that the five anti-tank shelves, according to the results of the battles of 1941, was assigned only to the title "Guards" in the Red Army.
Soviet artilleryrs with a 45-mm anti-tank gun in December 1941. Photo: Museum of Engineering Troops and Artillery, St. Petersburg
Three months later, on April 3, 1942, a decree of the State Defense Committee was published, which introduced the concept of a fighter brigade, whose main task was to fight the tanks of the Wehrmacht. True, her state was forced to be much more modest than that of a similar pre-war unit. At the disposal of the command of such a brigade was three less people - 1795 fighters and commanders versus 5322, 16 guns of a 76 mm caliber against 48 on a pre-war state and four 37-millimeter anti-aircraft gunners instead of sixteen. True, twelve 45-millimeter cannons and 144 anti-tank guns appeared in the list of standard weapons (they armed two infantry battalions, which were part of the brigade). In addition, for the sake of creating new Brigades, the Supreme Commander ordered during the week to revise the lists of the personnel of all kinds of troops and "to withdraw the entire junior and ordinary composition, which previously served in artillery parts." It is these fighters, passing a short retraining in spare artillery brigades, and made the backbone of anti-tank brigades. But they had to dowcompleting them all equal to fighters who do not have combat experience.
Crossing the artillery calculation and 45mm anti-tank gun 53-K across the river. Crossing is carried out on Ponteon from A-3 landing boats
By early June 1942, there were already twelve new-formed fighter brigades in the Red Army, which, in addition to the artillery units, there were also a mortar division, an engineering-mine battalion and car gunners. And on June 8, a new GKO RESOLUTION appeared, which reduced these brigades into four fighter divisions: the situation at the front required the creation of more powerful anti-tank fists capable of stopping German tank wedges. Less than a month, in the midst of the summer offensive of the Germans, who quickly moved to the Caucasus and to the Volga, came out of the famous order No. 0528 "On the renaming of anti-tank artillery units and units into fighten-anti-tank artillery parts and the advantage of the advantages of the bunch and ordinary composition of these parts".
Pushkin Elita
The appearance of the order was preceded by a large preparatory work regarding not only calculations, but also how many tools and what caliber should have new parts and what advantages their composition will be used. It was quite clear that fighters and commanders of such divisions, which will have to risk life daily on the most dangerous areas of defense, is required powerful not only material, but also a moral incentive. Assign new parts in the formation of the title of Guards, as was done with the divisions of Katyusha's reactive mortars, did not, but they decided to leave the well-proven word "fighter" and add "anti-tank" to him, emphasizing the special significance and purpose of new parts. At the same effect, how much can be judged now, the introduction of a special twist sign for all soldiers and officers of fighter-anti-tank artillery - black rhombus with crossed golden trunks of stylized Shuvalovsky "unicorns" was calculated.
All this was spelled out in the order with individual items. Special financial conditions for new parts, as well as the norms on the return of injured fighters and commanders, were prescribed by the same individual points. Thus, the bunch of the composition of these parts and units was set by one-time, and younger and ordinary - double salary of money content. For each tank, the calculation of the gun was also relying a cash premium: a commander and anema - 500 rubles, the rest of the calculation numbers - 200 rubles. It is noteworthy that initially in the text of the document appeared the other amounts: 1000 and 300 rubles, respectively, but the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of Joseph Stalin itself has reduced the prices. As for the norms on returning to the system, the entire commanding of the fighter-anti-tank parts up to the division commander had to be kept on special accounting, and at the same time the whole composition after treatment in hospitals was required to return only to the specified parts. It did not guarantee that the soldier or officer would return to the very battalion or division, in which he fought before the injury, but also to be in any other units, except for fighter-anti-tank, he could not.
A new order instantly turned anti-tankists in the elite of the artillery of the Red Army. But this elitism was confirmed by an expensive price. The level of losses in the fighter-anti-tank units was noticeably higher than in other artillery parts. It is not by chance that the anti-tank parts became the only sublist of artillery, where the same order No. 0528 introduced the position of the deputy gunner: in battle, the calculations that have rummaged their tools for unequipped positions before the front of the defending infantry and the firewood, the direct vending, often dressed earlier than their technique.
From battalions - to divisions
New artillery units quickly gained a combat experience, which also spreads it quickly: the number of fighter-anti-tank parts grew. As of January 1, 1943, the anti-tank artillery of the Red Army consisted of two fighter divisions, 15 fighter brigades, two heavy fighter-anti-tank shelf, 168 anti-tank shepherds and one fighter-anti-tank division.
Division of fighter-anti-tank artillery on the march.
And to the Kursk battle, the Soviet anti-tank artillery received a new structure. The order of the People's Commissariat of Defense No. 0063 dated April 10, 1943 introduced as part of each army, first of all of the Western, Bryansky, Central, Voronezh, South-Western and South Fronts, at least one fighter-anti-tank regiment of military time: six batteries of 76-millimeters guns, that is, there are only 24 guns.
The same order in the Western, Bryansk, Central, Voronezh, South-Western and South Fronts was organized by one fighter-anti-tank artillery brigade with a number of 1215 people, which included a fighter-anti-tank regiment of 76 mm cannons - only 10 batteries, or 40 guns, and a regiment of 45-millimeter guns, which in armaled 20 guns.
The guards artillery rush 45-mm anti-tank gun 53-K (sample 1937) in the prepared trench. Kursk direction.
Relatively quiet time, separating the victory in the Battle of the Battle of the Battle of the Kursk Army, the command of the Red Army used to fully profuse, pre-reducing and retrieving the fighter-anti-tank parts. No one doubted that the upcoming battle will largely rely on mass application Tanks, especially new German cars, and this was required to be ready.
Soviet artilleryrs in 45 mm anti-tank gun M-42. In the background T-34-85 tank.
The story has shown that the fighter-anti-tank parts have time to prepare. The battle on the Kursk Dug became the main check of the artillery elite on strength - and she asked her with honor. BUT invaluable experienceFor which, alas, fighters and commanders of the fighter-anti-tank units had to pay a very expensive price, soon it was comprehended and used. It is after the Kursk battle of the legendary, but unfortunately, already too weak for the armor of new German tanks "Sorokovyatkov" began to remove from these units, replacing them with 57-millimeter anti-tank GS-2 guns, and where they lacked these guns, On well-proven divisional 76-millimeter GS-3 guns. By the way, it is the versatility of this tool that has well who who who visited himself and as a divisional gun, and as an anti-tank gun, along with the simplicity of construction and manufacture, allowed him to become the most mass artillery gun in the world in the history of artillery!
Masters of "Fire Bags"
In the ambush "Sorokapyatka", 45-mm anti-tank gun of the 1937 sample (53-K).
The last major change in the structure and tactics of the use of fighter-anti-tank artillery was the complete re-formation of all fighter divisions and brigades in fighter-anti-tank artillery brigades. According to the fighter-anti-tank artillery, such brigades, as part of the fighter-anti-tank artillery, are already fifty, and in addition to them, another 141 fighter-anti-tank artillery regiment. The main weapons of these divisions were the same 76-millimeters of the ZIS-3 guns, which the domestic industry produced at an incredible speed. In addition to them, the brigades and regiments were the 57 mm ZIS-2 and a number of "fortyatocks" and a 107 mm caliber instruments.
Soviet artilleryrs from the part of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps are fire on the enemy from the disguised position. In the foreground: 45 mm anti-tank gun 53-K (sample 1937), in the background: 76-mm regimental gun (sample 1927). Bryansk front.
By this time, the principal tactic was fully worked out combat application Fighter-anti-tank parts. The system of anti-tank districts and anti-tank reference points was developed and tested before the Kursk battle. The number of anti-tank guns in the troops has become more than sufficient, there was enough experienced personnel for their application, and the fight against Wehrmacht tanks managed to be made as flexible and efficient as possible. Now the Soviet anti-tank defense was built on the principle of "firing bags", arranged on the ways of movement of German tank parts. Anti-tank guns were stationed by groups of 6-8 guns (that is, two batteries) at a distance of fifty meters from each other and masked with all thoroughness. And they opened the fire in no way when the first line of enemy tanks turned out in the zone of confident defeat, and only after it was actually all the attacking tanks.
Unknown Soviet girls-ordinary out of the fighter-anti-tank artillery part (ITT).
Such "fighter bags", given the characteristics of the guns of fighter-anti-tank artillery, were effective only on medium and short distances of battle, which means that the risk for artilleryrs increased repeatedly. It was necessary to show not only the short-lasting excerpt, looking at the German tanks almost nearby, it was necessary to guess the moment when to open fire, and lead it so quickly as soon as the possibilities of technology and the forces of settlements were allowed. And at the same time, to be prepared for any minute to change the position as soon as it turned out to be under fire or tanks left the distance of confident defeat. And it was necessary to do this in a battle, as a rule, literally in the hands: to fit horses or cars most often simply did not have time, and the process of loading-unloading guns occupied too much time - much more than allowed the conditions of the fight with the upcoming tanks.
The calculation of Soviet artillery officers leads from the 45mm anti-tank gender of the 1937 sample (53-K) in the German tank on the village of Village. The calculation number supplies the charging of the 45-mm sub-caliber projectile.
Heroes with black rhombus on the sleeve
Knowing all this, no longer surprised by the number of heroes among fighters and commanders of fighter-anti-tank units. Among them were real artillery-snipers. Such as, for example, the commander of the gun of the 322nd Guards Fighter-Anti-Tank Regiment of the Guard Senior Sergeant Zakir Asfandiyarov, whose account is almost three dozen fascist tanks, and ten of them (including six "tigers"!) He fell in one battle. For this, he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Or, let's say, gunner guns of the 493rd of the fighter-anti-tank artillery regiment Sergeant Stepan Hopdhar. He fought from the very first days of the war, passed with the battles to the Volga, and then - to Oder, where four German tank destroyed in one battle, and in just a few January 1945 - nine tanks and several armored personnel carriers. This feat was assessed by the country: in April of the victorious forty-fifth Hopdard, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was assigned.
Hero of the Soviet Union Commander of the gun of the 322nd Guards Fighter-Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment of the Guard Senior Sergeant Zakir Lutfurahmanovich Asfandiyarov (1918-1977) and Hero of the Soviet Union Pressure gunner of the 322nd Guards Fighter-anti-Tank Artillery Regiment Sergeant Veniamin Mikhailovich Permyakov (1924-1990) read a letter. In the Far Plan, Soviet artilleryrs in the 76 mm divisional gun of the ZIS-3.
Z.L. Asphandios at the front of the Great Patriotic War since September 1941. Especially distinguished in the liberation of Ukraine.
On January 25, 1944, in the battles for the village of Tsibulev (now the village of Monastyrshchensky district of the Cherkasy region), an instrument under the command of the Guard of Senior Sergeant Zakira Asfandiyarova was attacked by eight tanks and twelve armored personnel carriers with an opponent infantry. Putting the attacking column of the enemy to the distance of a direct shot, the calculation of the gun opened the targeted sniper fire and burned all eight enemy tanks, of which four tiger tanks. Guard himself Senior Sergeant Asfandios Fire from a personal weapon destroyed one officer and ten soldiers. At the exit of the instrument, the brave Guardsman moved to the instrument of a neighboring unit, the calculation of which was out of order and reflecting the new massive attack of the enemy, destroyed two tiger tanks and up to sixty Hitler soldiers and officers. In just one fight, the calculation of the Guard of the Senior Sergeant Asphandiyarov destroyed ten tanks of the enemy, of which six types of "Tiger" and over one hundred and fifty soldiers and opponent officers.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Medal "Golden Star" (No. 2386) Asphandios Zakiru Lutfurahmanovich was assigned by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 1, 1944.
V.M. Permyakov was drafted into the Red Army in August 1942. In the artillery school received a specialty of the gunner. Since July 1943, on the front, fought as part of the 322rd Guards Fighter-Anti-Tank Regiment of the gun. Combat baptism took on the Kursk arc. In the first battle burned three German tank, was injured, but the battle post did not leave. For courage and resistance in battle, the accuracy of the tanks was defeated by the Permyakov Sergeant was awarded the Order of Lenin. Especially distinguished in the battles for the liberation of Ukraine in January 1944.
On January 25, 1944, in the area on the road forces not far from the village of Ivakhna and Tsibulev, now the monastery district of the Cherkasy region, the calculation of the Guard of the Senior Sergeant Asphandiiyarova, in which Sergeant Permyakov was, among the first, he met an attack of enemy tanks and armored personnel carriers. Reflecting the first Natisk, Permovakov destroyed 8 tanks, of which four tiger tanks. When an enemy landing arrangement approached the positions of artilleryrs, entered the hand-to-hand fight. It was wounded, but did not leave the battlefield. By beating the attack of car guns, returned to the tool. At the exit of the instrument, the guardsmen moved to the tool of the neighboring unit, the calculation of which was out of order and, reflecting the new massive attack of the enemy, destroyed two more tiger tank and up to sixty Hitler soldiers and officers. During the rotation of enemy bombers, the tool was broken. Permyakov wounded and contusedly sent to the rear unconscious. On July 1, 1944, the Guard Sergeant Permyakov Veniamin Mikhailovich was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Medal "Golden Star" (No. 2385).
Lieutenant-General Pavel Ivanovich Batov presents the Order of Lenin and the Medal of the Golden Star to the commander of the anti-tank gun Sergeant Ivan Spitzina. Mozyrian direction.
Ivan Yakovlevich Spetzin at the front since August 1942 distinguished himself on October 15, 1943 during the forcing Dnieper. Direct vendor Calculation of Sergeant Spitzina destroyed three enemy machine guns. Crouching at the bridgehead, the artillerymen led the shelling of the enemy until the direct hit was broken by the gun. The artillerymen joined the infantry, during the battle seized enemy positions along with the guns and began to destroy the enemy from his instruments.
On October 30, 1943, for the exemplary fulfillment of combat assignments of the command at the front of the fight against the German-fascist invaders and the courage and heroism, Sergeant Sergeant Spetsina Ivan Yakovlevich, was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Golden Star Medal (No. 1641).
But even on the background of these and hundreds of other heroes from the number of soldiers and officers of the fighter-anti-tank artillery, the feat of the only one among them twice the hero of the Soviet Union of Vasily Petrova is distinguished. Called to the army in 1939, he graduated from the Sumy Artillery School, right on the eve of the war, and Great Patriotic met Lieutenant, the commander of the platoon of the 92nd separate artillery division in Novograd-Volynsky in Ukraine.
The first "golden star" of the Hero of the Soviet Union Captain Vasily Petrov deserved after the forcing of the Dnieper in September 1943. By that time, he was already deputy commander of the 1850th Fighter-Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, and on his chest, he had two orders of the Red Star and the Medal "For Cook" - and three stripes for injured. The Decree on Petrov's highest degree was signed by the 24th, and published on December 29, 1943. By that time, the thirty-year-old captain was already lying in the hospital, having lost in one of the last fighting of both hands. And if it were not for the legendary order No. 0528, prescribing to return the wounded in fighter-anti-tank units, the freshly baked hero would hardly be a chance to continue to fight. But Petrov, always distinguished by hardness and perseverance (sometimes dissatisfied subordinates and bosses said that stubbornness), achieved his. And at the very end of 1944, he returned to his regiment, which by that time was already called the 248th Guards Fighter-anti-tank artillery regiment.
With this regiment Guard, Major Vasily Petrov and reached the Oder, forced him and distinguished himself, holding the bridgehead on the West Bank, and then participating in the development of the offensive on Dresden. And it was not out of attention: by decree of June 27, 1945 for the spring feats on Oder Guard Major Artillery Vasily Petrov was a second time awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. By this time, the regiment of the legendary major was already disbanded, but Vasily Petrov himself remained in the ranks. And remained in it until the death - and he died in 2003!
After the war, Vasily Petrov managed to finish Lviv State University and military Academy, I received a degree of candidate of military sciences, it was reached by the title of Lieutenant Artillery, which was received in 1977, and held the position of Deputy Head of Rocket Forces and Artillery of the Carpathian Military District. As the grandson of one of the colleagues, General Petrova, recalls, from time to time, choosing for a walk in the Carpathians, as far as the commander managed to literally to drive his adjutants, who did not sleep after him ...
Memory is stronger than the time
The post-war fate of the fighter-anti-tank artillery completely repeated the fate of all the Armed Forces of the USSR, changed in accordance with the changes in time calls. Since September 1946, the personnel of parts and units of fighter-anti-tank artillery, as well as units of anti-tank guns, ceased to obtain increased salaries. The right to a special vicious sign, the anti-tankists were so proud of that, preserved for ten years longer. But it also disappeared with time: the next order for the introduction of a new form for the Soviet army canceled this stripe.
Gradually disappeared and the need for specialized anti-tank artillery parts. Anti-tank driven missile shells came to replace the guns, parts armed with this weapon appeared on the state of motorized rifle units. In the mid-1970s, the word "fighter" disappeared from the name of the fighter-anti-tank units, and in twenty years, together with the Soviet army, the last two dozen anti-tank artillery regiments and brigades disappeared. But whatever the post-war history of Soviet anti-tank artillery, she will never cancel the courage and those feats that have glorified their branch fighters and commanders of the fighter-anti-tank artillery of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.
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Soviet anti-tank artillery played a crucial role in the Great Patriotic War, there was about 70% of all destroyed Germanic. The warriors-anti-tankists fighting "to the last", often at the cost of their own life reflected attacks "Banzerwaff".
The structure and material part of the anti-tank units during the fighting were continuously improved. Until the autumn of 1940, anti-tank guns were part of the rifle, minor-rifle, motorized rifle, motorized and cavalry battalions, regiments and divisions. Anti-tank batteries, plats and divisions were thus enclosed in the organizational structure of the compounds, being an integral part. The rifle battalion of the rifle shelf of the pre-war state had a platoon of a 45-mm gun (two guns). Rifle regiment and moto rifle regiment They had a battery of 45-mm cannons (six guns). In the first case, the means of thrust were horses, in the second - specialized tracked armored tractors "Komsomolets". The rifle division and motorized division included a separate anti-tank division from eighteen 45-mm cannons. For the first time, the Anti-Tank Division was introduced into the state of the Soviet Railway Division in 1938.
However, maneuver with anti-tank guns was possible in that period only inside the division, and not on the scale of the hull or army. The command had very limited possibilities for the strengthening of anti-tank defense on tan hazardous directions.
Shortly before the war, the formation of anti-tank artillery brigades of the RGK began. According to staff in each brigade, there should have been forty-eight 76-mm guns, forty-eight 85 mm anti-aircraft guns, twenty-four 107 mm guns, sixteen 37 mm anti-aircraft guns. The staff number of the brigade was 5322 people. By the beginning of the war, the formation of the brigade was not completed. Organizational difficulties and the general unfavorable course of hostilities did not allow the first anti-tank brigades to fully realize their potential. However, in the first battles, the brigades demonstrated the wide possibilities of an independent anti-tank compound.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the anti-tank capabilities of Soviet troops underwent severe tests. First, most often the Rifle divisions had to fight, having exceeded the statutory standards of the defense front. Secondly, the Soviet troops had to face the German tactics of the Tank Wedge. It was that the tank regiment of the Tank Division of the Wehrmacht had a blow on a very narrow plot of defense. At the same time, the density of attacking tanks was 50-60 cars per kilometer of the front. Such a number of tanks on a narrow front of the front is inevitably saturated with anti-tank defense.
Large losses of anti-tank guns at the beginning of the war led to a decrease in the number of anti-tank guns in the rifle division. The program division of July 1941 had only eighteen 45 mm anti-tank guns instead of fifty-four over the prewar. In the July state, the platoon of 45-mm guns from the rifle battalion and a separate anti-tank division were completely excluded. The latter was restored in the state of the Rifle Division in December 1941. The lack of anti-tank guns to some extent recently recently adopted anti-tank guns. In December 1941, in the Rifle Division, the platoon of PTR was introduced at the regimental level. In total, there were 89 PTRs in the division.
In the field of artillery organization, the general trend of the end of 1941 was the increase in the number of independent anti-tank parts. As of January 1, 1942, in the current army and reserve, the BGK rates were: one artillery brigade (on the Leningrad Front), 57 anti-tank artillery regiments and two separate anti-tank artillery divisions. According to the results of autumn fights, five artillery regiments of PTO received the title of Guards. Two of them received the guard for the fights under Volokolamsky - they supported the 316th Rifle Division I. V. Panfilov.
1942 was a period of increasing the number and consolidation of independent anti-tank units. On April 3, 1942, the Resolution of the State Defense Committee on the formation of a fighter brigade was followed. According to the staff in the brigade there were 1795 people, twelve 45-mm cannons, sixteen 76 mm cannons, four 37-mm anti-aircraft guns, 144 anti-tank guns. The following decree dated June 8, 1942, twelve formed fighter brigades were combined into fighter divisions, three brigades in each.
The order for the anti-tank artillery of the Red Army was the order of the NKO USSR No. 0528 signed by I. V. Stalin, according to which: increased the status of fighter-anti-tank units, the personal composition was established by a double monetary salary, a monetary premium was established for each tank, the entire team and personal composition The fighter-anti-tank artillery parts was made on special accounting and was subject to use only in the specified parts.
The distinguishing sign of the anti-tank player was a broken sign in the form of a black rhombus with a red edging with crossed gun trunks. The increase in the status of anti-tankists has accompanied the formation in the summer of 1942 new fighter-anti-tank regiments. Thirty lungs were formed (twenty-76 mm cannons) and twenty anti-tank artillery regiments (twenty-45-mm cannons).
The shelves were formed in a short time and immediately thrown into battle at the threatened areas of the front.
In September 1942, another ten fighter-anti-tank shelves were formed on twenty-45-mm cannons. Also in September 1942, an additional battery of four 76-mm implements was introduced into the most distinguished shelves. In November 1942, part of the fighter-anti-tank regiments was combined into fighter divisions. By January 1, 1943, 2 fighter divisions, 15 fighter brigades, 2 heavy fighter-anti-tank shelves, 168 fighten-anti-tank regiments, 1 fighten-anti-tank regiments, consisted of fighter-anti-tank artillery of the Red Army.
The improved anti-tank defense system of the Red Army received the name "Pakfront" (Pakfront). Cancer is a German abbreviation to designate an anti-tank gun - Panzerabwehrkannone. Instead of the linear arrangement of guns on the defendant front at the beginning of the war, they were combined with groups under a single control. This allowed to concentrate on one purpose a fire of several guns. The basis of anti-tank defense was anti-tank areas. Each anti-tank area consisted of separate anti-tank reference points (PTOPs) located in the fire connection with each other. "To be in a fire connection with each other" - means the possibility of keeping the neighboring fires of fire for one purpose. Ptop satisfied with all kinds of firing agents. The basis of the fire system of the PTOP was 45mm implements, 76-mm regimental guns, partially cannon batteries of division artillery and fighter-anti-tank artillery parts.
A starry hour of fighter-anti-tank artillery was the battle at the Kursk Arc in the summer of 1943. At that time, 76-mm divisional guns were the main means of fighter-anti-tank parts and connections. "Sorokapyki" accounted for about a third of the total number of anti-tank guns on the Kursk arc. A long pause in the fighting on the front made it possible to improve the condition of parts and compounds due to the receipt of equipment from the industry and the dustcoming of anti-tank shelves by the personal composition.
The last stage of the evolution of the anti-tank artillery of the Red Army was the consolidation of its parts and the appearance of self-propelled guns as part of the anti-tank artillery. By the beginning of 1944, all fighter divisions and individual fighter brigades of the international type were reformed into fighter-anti-tank brigades. As of January 1, 1944, 50 fighter-anti-tank brigades and 141 fighten-anti-tank regiments were listed in fighter-anti-tank artillery. Order No. 0032 dated August 2, 1944. The composition of fifteen fighter-anti-tank brigades was introduced one by the SU-85 shelf (21 SAU). Really self-propelled guns received only eight brigades.
Special attention was paid to the preparation of the personnel of the fighter-anti-tank brigades, a targeted combat training of artilleryrs was organized to combat new German tanks and assault guns. Special instructions appeared in the anti-tank parts: "Artillerist's memo - the fighter of enemy tanks" or "a memo to combat tanks tiger." And in the armies were equipped with special rear polygons, where artilleryrs trained in shooting on tanks-layouts, including moving.
Simultaneously with an increase in artillery skill, tactics were improved. With quantitative saturation of troops with anti-tank agents, the "firebag" method became increasing. The guns were placed in "anti-tank sockets" of 6-8 guns within a radius of 50-60 meters and masked well. The nests were located on the ground to achieve flanking on distant distances with the possibility of fire concentration. Passing tanks moving in the first echelone, the fire has opened suddenly, in the flank, on medium and short distances.
In the offensive, anti-tank guns were promptly tightened after the upcoming units so that if necessary, to support them with fire.
The anti-tank artillery in our country began in August 1930, when a secret agreement was signed in the framework of military-technical cooperation with Germany, according to which the Germans have committed to help the USSR organize the gross production of 6 artillery systems. For the implementation of the Treaty in Germany, a submarine company "Bütst" was established (a limited liability company "Bureau for technical works and studies").
Among the other USSR offered, the guns were anti-tank 37-mm gun. The development of this gun, bypassing the restrictions imposed by the Versailles Agreement, was completed at Reinmetall Borzig in 1928. The first samples of the gun that received the name so 28 (Tankabwehrkanone, that is, the anti-tank gun is the word Panzer entered the use of later) entered the tests in 1930, and since 1932, deliveries began in troops. The gun so 28 had a barrel of 45 caliber length with a horizontal wedge shutter, providing sufficiently high rapidity - up to 20 SET / min. Rafting with sliding tubular beds provided a large angle of horizontal fitting - 60 °, but the chassis with wooden wheels was calculated only on horse rod.
In the early 1930s, this tool broke through the armor of any tank, perhaps was the best in his class, much ahead of development in other countries.
After modernization, having received the wheels with pneumatic tires allowing tugging by a car, improved faucets and an improved sight, it was tailored, under the designation of 3.7 cm Pak 35/36 (PanzerabWehrKanone 35/36).
Staying until 1942, the main anti-tank gun of the Wehrmacht.
The German cannon was launched on the production in the Moscow Plant. Kalinina (No. 8), where she received the factory index 1-k. The company mastered the production of a new tool with great difficulty, the guns were made half-pedal, with a manual fit of the details. In 1931, the plant presented 255 guns to the customer, but did not pass one because of the low quality assembly. In 1932 it was possible to pass 404 guns, in 1933 - another 105.
Despite problems with the quality of produced tools, 1-K was quite perfect for 1930 by the anti-tank gun. Her ballistics allowed all the tanks of that time, at a distance of 300 m, the armor-piercing projectile on the normal pierced 30-mm armor. The gun was very compact, his small weight allowed the calculation to easily move it on the battlefield. The disadvantages of the guns, which led to the rapid removal of it from the production, were a weak fragmentary effect of a 37 mm projectile and a lack of a subressing. In addition, the released tools differed in low quality assembly. The adoption of this weapon was considered as a temporary measure, since the leadership of the Red Army wanted to have a more versatile gun, which combined the functions of the anti-tank and battalion gun, and the 1st due to a small caliber and a weak fragmentation projectile was badly suitable for this role.
1-K was the first specialized anti-tank gun of the Red Army and played a big role in the development of this species. Very soon, it began to replace a 45-mm anti-tank gun, becoming almost imperceptible on its background. At the end of the 30s 1-K began to be treated from the troops and transferred to storage, remaining in operation only as training.
At the beginning of the war, all guns that had occurred in warehouses were thrown into battle, since in 1941, artillery deficiency was observed to complete a large number of newly formed compounds and replenishing huge losses.
Of course, by 1941, the characteristics of the armoredness of the 37-mm anti-tank gun 1-K could no longer be considered satisfactory, it could confidently affect only light tanks and armored personnel carriers. Against medium tanks, this instrument could be effectively only when shooting aboard from close (less than 300 m) distances. Moreover, the Soviet armor-piercing shells have significantly inferior on armor-proof of Germanic similar caliber. On the other hand, this tool could use trophy 37-mm ammunition, in this case its armor-proof increased significantly, exceeding even similar characteristics of 45-mm guns.
There were failed to establish any details of the combat use of these guns, probably almost all of them were lost in 1941.
Very big historical meaning The 1-K is that it became the investigator of the series of the most numerous Soviet 45-mm anti-tank guns and the Soviet anti-tank artillery in general.
During the "liberation campaign" to Western Ukraine, several hundreds of Polish 37 mm anti-tank guns were captured and a significant amount of ammunition to them.
Initially, they were sent to warehouses, and at the end of 1941 they were transferred to the troops, because due to the large losses of the first months of the war there were a large deficit of artillery, especially anti-tank. In 1941, for this gun, GAU issued " Short description, user's manual".
The 37-mm anti-tank gun developed by Borhas was a very successful tool capable of successfully fighting armored vehicles protected against anti-film armor.
The tool had a sufficiently high initial speed of the projectile and rapidity, small dimensions and mass (which facilitated the task of disguising the gun on the terrain and rolling it on the battlefield by the battle by the forms of calculation), and was also adapted to the rapid transportation of mechanical tag. Compared to the German 37mm anti-tank Pak 35/36 gun, the Polish gun had better armoredness, which is explained by a higher initial rate of projectile.
In the second half of the 1930s there was a tendency to increase thickness tank armorIn addition, the Soviet military wanted to get the anti-tank instrument capable of providing fire support for infantry. To do this, it was necessary to increase the caliber.
A new 45-mm anti-tank gun was created by overlaying the 45mm barrel to the yoke of 37 mm anti-tank gun. 1931. The flaws were also improved - the wheeing subressing was introduced. The semi-automatic shutter mainly repeated the 1-K schema and allowed to do 15-20 shutters / min.
The 45-mm projectile had a mass of 1.43 kg and was heavier than 37-mm more than 2 times. On a distance of 500 m, an armor-piercing projectile, 43-mm armor punched on normals. In the time of the adoption of 45-mm anti-tank gun. 1937 made his armor of any existing tank then.
The fragmentary 45-mm grenade with a break gave about 100 fragments that retain the slaughter force when the front is 15 m and in a depth of 5-7 m. Covering bullets for shooting form an affecting sector on the front to 60 m and in a depth of 400 m .
Thus, a 45-mm anti-tank gun had good anti-personnel opportunities.
From 1937 P1943 37354 guns were released. Shortly before the start of the war, a 45-mm gun was removed from production, as our military leaders believed that the new German tanks would have a thick reservoir thickness for these guns. Shortly after the start of the war, the gun was launched again into the series.
The 45-mm portion of the sample 1937 rely on the staff of the anti-tank platforms of the rifle battalions of the Red Army (2 tools) and anti-tank divisions of rifle divisions (12 guns). They were in the arms of individual anti-tank regiments, which included 4-5 four-sighted batteries.
For their time on the armor-proof "Sorokatka" was quite adequate. Nevertheless, the insufficient penetrative ability of 50-mm frontal armor PZ KPFW III AUSF H and PZ KPFW IV AUSF F1 is not doubtful. Often it was associated with low quality armor-piercing shells. Many parties of shells had a technological marriage. In case of violation of heat treatment regimen in production, shells were excessively solid and as a result, they split about the armor of the tank, but in August 1941 the problem was solved - technical changes were made to the production process (localizers were introduced into the production process).
For improving armor-made armor, a subcalibered 45-mm projectile was adopted, with a tungsten core, madeing a 66-mm armor at 500 m at a distance of 66-mm armor, and when shooting at a speed of a dweller fire in 100 m - armor 88 mm.
With the advent of podcaliber shells, the "Sorokyatka" began "on the teeth" Late modifications of PZ KPFW IV tanks. The thickness of the frontal armor, which did not exceed 80 mm.
At first, new shells were in special accounting and issued individually. For the unjustified consumption of podcaliber shells, the commander of the guns and the gunner could be given under the tribunal.
In the hands of experienced and tactically skilled commanders and trained calculations, a 45-mm anti-tank gun represented a serious threat to enemy armored vehicles. His positive qualities were high mobility and ease of disguise. However, for better defeat of the armored vehicles, a more powerful gun was urtility, which became a 45-mm gun of the arr. 1942 M-42, developed and adopted in 1942.
The 45-mm anti-tank gun M-42 was obtained by the modernization of the 45-mm of the 1937 sample gun at the plant No. 172 in Motovilich. Modernization was to lengthen the trunk (from 46 to 68 calibres), strengthening the throwing charge (the weight of the powder in the sleeve increased from 360 to 390 grams) and a number of technological measures to simplify mass production. The thickness of the armored cover armor was increased from 4.5 mm to 7 mm for better protection of the calculation of rifle armor-piercing bullets.
As a result of the modernization, the initial speed of the projectile increased by almost 15% - from 760 to 870 m / s. At a distance of 500 meters along the normal, the armor-piercing projectile pierced - 61mm, and the podcalibal shell pierced -81 mm armor. According to memories of veterans - anti-tankists, M-42 had a very high accuracy of shooting and relatively small returns when shooting. This allowed fire with high rapidity without fixing.
Serial production of 45-mm guns of arr. 1942 was started in January 1943 and was carried out only at factory No. 172. In the most stressful periods, the plant made 700 such guns every month. In just 1943-1945, 10,843 GRA guns were manufactured. 1942. Their production continued after the war. New tools as they were released to rearmament of anti-tank artillery regiments and brigades that had 45-mm anti-tank guns arr. 1937.
As soon as it turned out, M-42 armor doors to combat German heavy tanks with powerful anti-false booking PZ. KPFW. V "Panther" and PZ. KPFW. Vi "Tiger" was not enough. More successful was the shooting with podkalibar shells on sides, stern and chassis. However, due to the established mass production, mobility, ease of disguise and low cost, the weapon remained in service until the very end of the war.
In the late 30s, the question of creating anti-tank guns can affect tanks with anti-freel armor. Calculations showed the futility of a 45-mm caliber from the point of view of a sharp increase in armor-proof. Different research organizations examined gauges 55 and 60 mm, but in the end it was decided to stop at the caliber of 57 mm. The guns of such a caliber were used in the royal army and (nordenfeld and giek guns). For this caliber, a new projectile was developed - a standard sleeve was adopted as its sleeve from a 76-mm divisional gun with the suspension of the dool of the sleeve per caliber of 57 mm.
In 1940, the design of the main artillery control (GAU) was proceded to the design of a new anti-tank gun (GAU), the design team led by Vasily Gavurylovich robin. The main feature The new cannon was the use of a long 73-caliber long barrel. A tool at a distance of 1000 m pierced armor-piercing shell of a 90 mm thick armor
The prototype of the gun was made in October 1940 and was the factory tests. And in March 1941, the gun was adopted under the official name "57-mm anti-tank gun of the arr. 1941 " In total from June to December 1941, about 250 guns were handed over.
57-mm guns from experienced parties took part in hostilities. Piece of them were installed on the Light Catering Tractor "Komsomolets" - it was the first Soviet anti-tank saau, which due to the imperfection of the chassis was not very successful.
The new anti-tank gun easily pierced the armor of all the German tanks that existed then. However, due to the position of the GAU, the release of the gun was stopped, and the entire production ground and the equipment was conserved.
In 1943, with the advent of the Germans, heavy tanks, the production of the gun was restored. In 1943, the instrument of 1943 had a number of differences from the 1941 guns, aimed primarily at improving the technological production of tools. Nevertheless, the restoration of mass production took place with difficulty - technological problems with the manufacture of trunks arose. Mass edition of the guns under the name "57-mm anti-tank gun arr. 1943 " ZIS-2 was organized by October - November 1943, after the commissioning of new production facilities provided by the ledsis equipment.
Since the resumption of production, by the end of the war in the troops received more than 9000 guns.
With the restoration of the production of ZIS-2 in 1943, the guns entered the fighter-anti-tank artillery shelves (ITTAP), 20 guns on the regiment.
Since December 1944, ZIS-2 is introduced into the states of Guards Rifle divisions - to regimental anti-tank batteries and a fighter-anti-tank division (12 cannons). In June 1945, ordinary rifle divisions were translated into a similar staff.
The capabilities of the ZIS-2 allowed on typical distances of the battle to confidently affect the 80mm front armor of the most common German average pz.IV tanks and assault SAU STUG III, as well as onboard armor tank pz.vi "Tiger"; On the distances less than 500 m, the frontal armor "Tiger" was also amazed.
By the aggregate of the cost and processability of production, combat and service-operating characteristics of the ZIS-2 became the best Soviet anti-tank gun of the time of war.
Based on:
http://knowledgegrid.ru/2e9354f401817ff6.html
Broadcasting A. B. Genius soviet artillery: Triumph and tragedy V. Grabruba.
A.Ivanov. Artillery of the USSR in World War II.
Active work on the creation of self-propelled-artillery installations began in the USSR at the beginning of the 30s of the 20th century, although their design was held in 1920 at the end of 1933, the management of mechanization and motorizations of the Red Army, together with the main artillery management, developed recommendations for the inclusion of self-propelled artillery In the "system developed" artillery armament Red Army on the second five-year plan 1933 - 1938. The new weapon system approved by the People's Commissariat of the USSR Defense on January 11, 1934, determined the widespread development and introduction of self-propelled artillery into troops, and the mass production of SAU was planned to begin already since 1935
The main works on the creation of self-propelled guns were carried out at the factories No. 174. Voroshilova and No. 185. Kirov under the guidance of talented designers P. Syagintov and S. Ginzburg. But despite the fact that in 1934 - 1937. It was manufactured a large number of Experienced samples of SAU of various purposes, they almost did not do. And after at the end of 1936, P. Syagintov was repressed, work on the creation of self-propelled artillery was almost completely minimized. Nevertheless, until June 1941, the Red Army received a certain number of self-propelled-artillery settings for various purposes.
The SU-1-12 (or Su-12) developed in the Kirov plant in Leningrad began to be performed first in the army. They were a 76-mm regimental gun of the arr. 1927, mounted on gas-ala or "Morland" trucks (the latter were purchased at the beginning of the 30s in the United States for the needs of the Red Army). The gun had an armor shield and armor platform on the back of the cabin. In total in 1934 - 1935. The Kirov Plant manufactured 99 such machines enrolled in the artillery divisions of some mechanized brigades. Su-1-12 was used in battles at Lake Hasan in 1938, on the Khalkhin-Gol River in 1939 and during the Soviet-Finnish War 1939 - 1940. The experience of their operation showed that they have poor terrain and low vitality on the battlefield. By June 1941, most of the Su-1-12 was very worn and required repair.
In 1935, the Kurchevsky's self-propelled battalions (SPK) - 76-mm tucker (on the terminology of the time - a dynamoreactive) gun on the chassis of gas-TK (three-axis version of the passenger car GAZ-A) began to receive an intelligence battalions of the Red Army. The 76-mm tready tool was developed by the inventor Kurchevsky among a large gamut of a similar design of a similar design by a caliber from 37 to 305-mm. Despite the fact that some of the gunners of Kurchevsky were produced in large quantities - up to several thousand pieces - they had a lot of constructive flaws. After in 1937, Kurcevsky was repressed, all work on dynamoreactive tools was turned. Until 1937, 23 SPK passed in the Red Army. Two such installations participated in the Soviet-Finnish war, where they were lost. By June 1941, there were about 20 SEC in the troops, most of which were faulty.
The only serial pre-war self-propelled-artillery plant on the tank chassis was SU-5. It was designed in 1934-1935. At the plant number 185 them. Kirov in the framework of the so-called "Small Triplex" program. The latter was single basecreated on the chassis T-26 tank, with three different artillery systems (76-mm gun arr. 1902/30, 122-mm Gaubita arr. 1910/30 and 152-mm Mortira arr. 1931). After the manufacture and testing of the three SAU, which received the designations of SU-5-1, SU-5-2 and SU-5-3, respectively, the Red Army was adopted by the SU-5-2 (with 122-mm Gaubita). In 1935, they made an installation part of 24 Su-5-2, which entered the armament of the tank parts of the Red Army. SU-5 was used in hostilities at Lake Hasan in 1938 and during the Polish campaign in September 1939 they turned out to be quite effective machines, but had a small incurred ammunition. By June 1941, all 30 Su-5 were in the troops, but most of them (with the exception of those who were in the Far East) were lost in the first weeks of the war.
In addition to the SU-5, there was another machine that can be found in the class of self-propelled artillery on the tank base. We are talking about BT-7A tank (artillery), designed in Kharkov Plant No. 183. Comintern in 1934 BT-7A was intended for artillery support for linear tanks on the battlefield, fighting fire facility and opponent fortifications. From the BT-7 linear tank, it was distinguished by the installation of the larger tower with a 76-mm CT-27 instrument. In total in 1935 - 1937. Parts of the Red Army received 155 BT-7A. These machines were used in battles on the Khalkhin-goal River in 1939 and during the Soviet-Finnish War 1939-1940. During these conflicts, BT-7A, but respondents of the command of the tank parts, have proven themselves to best side As an effective means of supporting tanks and infantry on the battlefield. As of June 1, 1941, there were 117 BT-7A tanks in the Red Army.
In addition to SAO support, by the beginning of the war there were in the Red Army and anti-aircraft self-propelled installations. First of all, it is 76-mm anti-aircraft guns 3K, installed on Yag-K trucks) produced by the Yaroslavl auto plant. In 1933 - 1934 The troops received 61 such a setup, which by the beginning of the war was part of the parts of the Moscow Military District. In addition, there were about 2,000 anti-aircraft machine guns (s) - quadruple machine guns "Maxim" installed in the body of a gas-aaa car.
Thus, by June 1941, the Red Army had about 2,200 self-propelled-artillery settings for various purposes. Moreover, most of them were cars with arms installed on them without any armor protection. In addition, it should be borne in mind that the conventional civilian trucks that had very low passability on country roads were used as a base for them, not to mention the rough terrain. Therefore, these machines could not be used to directly support the troops on the battlefield. Full SAU on the tank chassis there were only 145 units (28 Su-5 and 117 BT-7A). In the first week of war (June - July 1941) most of them were lost.
During the first fighting of the Great Patriotic War, the question of the need for the earliest development of a anti-tank self-propelled-artillery plant, capable of changing positions and fight with German tank parts, which by mobility significantly exceeded the parts of the Red Army. July 15, 1941 at the factory No. 92 in urgent, urgent installation of the ZIS-30, which was a 57-mm anti-tank gun of the ZIS-2 mounted on the chassis of the armored tractor "Komsomolets". Due to the lack of a tractor, the production of which was discontinued in August, had to be looking for and withdrawing the "Komsomol members" from military units, to produce their repair and only after that put guns on them. As a result, the production of ZIS-30 began in mid-September and ended on October 15. During this time, the Red Army received 101 installation. They went to the armament of anti-tank batteries of motorized rifle battalions of tank brigades and were used only in battles near Moscow as part of the Western, Bryansky and right wing of the South-Western fronts.
Because of the large losses in tanks in the summer of 1941, the leadership of the Red Army adopted a resolution "On the shielding of light tanks and booking tractors". Among other measures, the manufacture was prescribed on Kharkov tractor factory Armored tractors under the index HTZ-16. The HTZ-16 project was developed in the Scientific Auto Tractor Institute (NATO) in July. HTZ-16 was a somewhat upgraded chassis of the agricultural Tractor of the STZ-3 with a bronperpus installed on it from 15-mm armor. The weapon of the tractor consisted of a 45-mm tank gun of the arr. 1932, installed in the front sheet of the hull and having limited corners of the shelling. In this way. HTZ-16 was a Anti-Tank Sau, although in the documents of the time he was called as "Armored Tractor". The production volume of HTZ-16 was planned pretty large - when the Kharkov is handed over in October 1941, there were 803 ready-made chassis for booking. But due to problems with the supply of armoredists, the plant made from 50 to 60 (according to various data) HTZ-16, which were used in the autumn battles of 1941, and some, judging by the photographs, "lived" and until spring 1942 .
In the summer - in the summer of 1941, work on the creation of self-propelled guns was actively conducted at Leningrad enterprises, primarily at the Izhora factors, Kirov, named after Voroshilov and the name of Kirov. Thus, in August, 15 SAUs were made with a 76-mm regimental gun of arr. 1927 on the chassis T-26 tank with a tower shot. The gun was installed behind the shield and had a circular shelling. These machines, which were under the documents under the index as T-26-SAU, were approved by the tank brigades of the Leningrad Front and quite successfully acted until 1944.
On the basis of T-26, anti-aircraft installations were manufactured. For example, in early September, the 124th tank brigade received "two T-26 tank with 37-mm anti-aircraft guns installed on them." These machines acted as part of the brigade until the summer of 1943
The Izhora factory in July - August made several dozen armored trucks ZIS-5 (armor completely defended the cabin and board of the cargo platform). From the car, mostly incoming the divisions of the Leningrad Army of People's Militia (Lano), equipped with a machine gun in the windshield sheet of the cabin and a 45-mm anti-tank fender of the Obr. 1932, which rolled into the body and could fire forward along the move. It was assumed to use these "armored suite" primarily for the struggle from ambushes with German tanks. Judging by the photographs, individual cars were still used in the troops when removing the blockade of Leningrad in the winter of 1944
In addition, the Kirov plant made several self-propelled sorties by type SU-1-12 with a set of 76-mm regimental gun per shield on the ZIS-5 truck chassis.
All SAUs created in the first months of the war have had a large number of constructive deficiencies due to the fact that they were rapidly created using the means and materials that had been under hand. Naturally, it could not talk about the serial production of machines created in such conditions.
On March 3, 1942, the Tank Industry Tank Industry signed an order to establish a special bureau of self-propelled artillery. Special Bureau was supposed to develop a single chassis for SAU using the T-60 and vehicle aggregates. On the basis of the chassis, it was assumed to create a 76 mm assault self-propelled tool of support and a 37-mm anti-aircraft self-propelled gun.
April 14-15, 1942, a plenum of the Artillery Committee of the Main Artillery Department (GAU) was held with the participation of representatives from the troops, industry and the People's Commissariat of Armament (NKV) of the USSR, at which issues of creating self-propelled artillery were discussed. In his decision, the Plenum recommended to create an SAU of the support of infantry with a 76-mm gun of the ZIS-3 and 122-mm M-30 Gaubita, as well as self-propelled guns with a 152-mm ML-20 gun-20 to combat strengthening and with a 37-mm anti-aircraft gun To combat air targets.
The decision of the Plenum of the Artillery Committee of the GAU was approved by the State Committee of Defense and in June 1942, the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry (NKTP), together with the NKV, developed a "Self-propelled artillery system for armament of the Red Army." At the same time, the NKV led the development and manufacture of the artillery part of the SAU, and the NKTP was engaged in designing the chassis. The overall coordination of work on SAU was carried out by Special Bureau NKTP, headed by a talented designer S. Ginzburg.
In the summer of 1942, the first samples of self-propelled guns came to the test. It was a 37-mm anti-aircraft and 76-mm storm Sau plant No. 37 NKTP. Both cars were made on a single chassis, which was created using T-60 and T-70 tank units. Testing machines ended successfully, and in June 1942, GKO ordered the preparation of SAU mass production after eliminating the identified deficiencies. However, the German attack on Stalingrad began to urgently increase the release of tanks and work on the creation of SAU.
In addition, at the plant No. 592 of the NKN (in the Moscow Region Sotisch), the design of the SAU 122-mm M-30 Gaubitz on the chassis of the Stug III trophy installation chassis. An experimental sample, which received the designation assault self-propelled Gaubitis "Artsturm" or SG-122A, was released only in September.
On October 19, 1942, GKO with its Resolution No. 2429ss decided to prepare the serial production of assault and anti-aircraft self-propelled guns of 37 - 122-mm caliber. The headquarters in the assault saau became factory No. 38. Kuibysheva (Kirov) and gas them. Molotova (Gorky), 122-mm self-propelled Gaubitsa developed Uralmashzavod and Plant No. 592 of the NKV. Design dates were established sufficiently rigid - already by December 1, it was necessary to report the GCO on the results of the test of new Sau samples.
And November, the first experimental samples of assault and anti-aircraft SAUs have been tested. These were the Su-11 (anti-aircraft) and Su-12 (assault) plant No. 38, as well as GAZ-71 (assault) and GAZ-72 (anti-aircraft) Gorkovsky auto plant. When they were created, the exhaust layout scheme was used, proposed in the summer of 1942. Special Bureau SAU PKTP - two paired parallel engines in the front of the machine and the combat compartment in the stern. Armament of machines consisted of 76 mm divisional gun ZIS-3 (assault sau) and 37-mm guns 31K (anti-aircraft SAU).
On November 19, the Commission held testing was the conclusion of the test of samples of the Sau Plant No. 38 and Gas. In it, GAZ-71 and GAZ-72 were characterized as the machines that do not meet the requirements imposed on them and was recommended to adhere to the Sau of the plant No. 38.
At the same time, Self-propelled samples of 122-mm M-30 Gaubitis: U-35 of Uralmashzavod, created on the T-34 Tank Chassis T-35 and SG-122 of the NKV Plant No. 592, developed on the basis of the Pz.KPFW trophy tank. III (the last sample was an improved version of ST-122A).
On December 9, 1942, SU-11, SU-12, SG-122 and U-35 began on the Gorokhovetsky Polygon. As a result, the government commission that conducted tests recommended that self-propelled SU-76 (SU-12) and SU-122 (U-35) (U-35) are adjacent to the troops. The Su-11 tests did not stand it because of the unsuccessful layout of the combat branch of the undershot unit of the target and disadvantages of a number of other mechanisms. From SG-122 refused due to its trophy base (at that time, the number of trophy tanks was still not large).
Even before completing the tests of prototypes of SAU, the GKO Resolution of November 25, 1942, a mechanical thrust and self-propelled artillery is created in the system of main artillery management of the Red Army. The responsibilities of the new management included control over the production, supply and repair of self-propelled-artillery installations. On December 2, 1942, GKO decides on the deployment of the production of self-propelled-artillery installations SU-12 and SU-122 for armament of the Red Army.
At the end of December 1942, the People's Commissar of Defense Directives No. 112467SS and 11210SS demanded to form 30 self-propelled-artillery regiments of the reserve rate of the Supreme Command, armed with the installations of new types. Already by January 1, 1943, the first batch of 25 Su-76 and the same amount of SU-122 was sent to the Novo-Forded Training Center for self-propelled artillery.
But already on January 19, in connection with the operation on the breakthrough of Leningrad, the two first formed self-propelled-artillery regiments (1433rd and 1434th), to solve the rate of the Supreme Command, were sent to the Volkhov Front. In March, two new self-propelled-artillery regiments sent to the West Front - 1485th and 1487th.
Already the first experience of combat use of self-propelled artillery showed that it is able to provide substantial support for the artillery fire of the coming infantry and tank parts. In a memorandum of the headquarters of the artillery headquarters of the Red Army, the member of GKO V. Molotov dated April 6, 1943 said: "Experience has shown that self-propelled guns are needed, since no other type of artillery has given such an effect in continuously accompanied by infantry attacks and tanks and interacting with them in the near combat. Material damage caused by the enemy self-propelled guns, and the results of the battle pays for losses ".
At the same time, the results of the first combat use of SAU revealed major drawbacks in their design. For example, in SU-122, there were frequent breakdowns of the fastening of the gun on the campaign and lifting mechanism. In addition, the unsuccessful layout of the combat branch of self-propelled creation strongly tired the calculation of the guns during operation, and the insufficient review made it difficult to effect the machine during the battle. But most of the shortcomings of the Su-122 managed to eliminate pretty quickly. It is much more difficult about the situation with SU-76.
During the first fighting, most SU-76 failed due to breakdowns of gearboxes and main shafts. Simple enhancement of the shaft design and gears of gearboxes did not succeed - such self-propelled facilities were out of order as often.
Soon it turned out that the cause of the accident was the parallel installation of two paired engines worked on the overall shaft. Such a scheme led to the emergence of resonant spinning oscillations on the shaft, since the maximum value of the resonant frequency accounted for the most loaded mode of operation of the engines (this corresponded to the Sau movement on the second transmission through the snow and dirt). It became clear that time required to eliminate this constructive defect. Therefore, on March 21, 1943, Su-12 production was suspended.
To compensate for the reduction of the SU-76 release, which urgently needed the front, on February 3, the plant No. 37 gave an order for the release of 200 self-propeller on the basis of the PZ.KPFW trophy tank. III. By that time, according to the trophy services, after graduation Stalingrad battleThe repair companies delivered about 300 German tanks and sau. Using the experience of works on SG-122, Factory No. 37 has developed in a short time, has experienced and put on production SU-76I self-propelled installation ("Foreign") created on the basis of pz.kpfw samples. III and an armed 76-mm F-34 gun adapted to install in SAU. Just December 1945, the Red Army received 201 Su-76. After that, their release was discontinued.
Meanwhile, Factory No. 38 in a rush order worked on the elimination of the shortage of SU-76 (SU-12). In April, the Su-12M machine was created. The presence between motor, gearboxes and the main gears of additional elastic couplings between the winds, gearboxes and the main gears. These measures allowed sharply reduce the emergency SU-76 and since May they are paid to the troops.
Technical difficulties in eliminating constructive flaws in the chassis and insufficient development of issues technical exploitation Self-propelled-artillery attitudes were the reason for the appearance of GKO Resolution dated April 24, 1943, in which the issues of the factory acceptance of SAU. The formation of parts of self-propelled artillery was transmitted from GAU to the maintenance of the commander of the armored and mechanized troops of the Red Army. All further work on the creation of new and improving the SAU samples was carried out through the main armored control of the Red Army (GBTU KA).
In May 1913, Plant No. 38 made an upgraded sample of self-propelled-artillery installation under the Su-15 index. In it, the layout of the motor-transmission department was performed by type T-70 tank: the engines stood consistently with each other, and the crankshafts were interconnected. Self-propeller had only one transmission box, and the roof over the combat department was dismantled to improve the conditions of the crew (there were cases when the crews were lit due to poor ventilation of the combat compartment). Tests of the installation, which received the SU-76M army designation, showed a completely commissioned work of the transmission and from June 1943. The car was delivered for mass production. In the fall of 1943, gas and Plant No. 40 (created on the basis of the NKV plant No. 592) were connected to the release of SU-76M. The production of this car was carried out until November 1945
GKO Resolution No. 2692 dated January 4, 1943, the plant No. 100 of the NKTP (Chelyabinsk) and the plant No. 172 of the NKV (Mr.) was prescribed within 25 days to construct and manufacture an experienced sample of self-propelled-artillery installation on the basis of Gankka KB-1C with 152 mm gun-20 ML-20. Despite the number of difficulties, the task was completed on time, and by February 7, the testing of an experimental sample was completed at the Chebarkul Polygon, which received the factory index KB-14. By the decision of the State Defense Committee of February 14, the KB-14 installation under the Su-152 index was adopted by the Red Army and was delivered for mass production. The first su-152 shelves took part in the battles on the Kursk Arc in the summer of 1943
To combat new German gangs "Tiger", captured at the beginning of 1943 near Leningrad, GKO Resolution No. 3289 dated May 5, 1943 obliged NKTP and NKV to manufacture an experienced sample of the average self-propelled-artillery installation with a 85-mm gun on the basis of tank T -34, intended for direct accompanation of medium tanks in their combat order.
The development of a new SAU was instructed by Uralmashzavod, and tools for him - the design office of the factory No. 9 and the Central Artillery Design Bureau (CACB). In early August 1943, two samples of installations were tested on the Gorokhovetsky artillery polygon - with an 85-mm gun D-5C of factory No. 9 and C-18 CACB. The A tool D-5C turned out to be more successful, and the decision of GKO No. 3892 of August 7, 1943, the new car was adopted by the Red Army under the Su-85 index. In the same month, the SU-85 serial production began, and the Su-122 production was discontinued.
In connection with the adoption of the Red Army of the new hard tank of IP in the fall of 1943 and withdrawing from the production of KB-1C, Plant No. 100 developed on the basis of a new heavy tank of 152-mm self-propelled-artillery installation, which was adopted under the index of the ISU 152 and since November is delivered for mass production, with the simultaneous termination of the release of SU-152.
Some constructive changes were made to the ISU-152 design, made according to the results of the experience of the combat use of SU-152 self-propelled-artillery installations.
Due to the fact that the ISU-152 self-propelled and artillery installation program was not provided by the required amount of 152-mm Gaubitz-guns ML-20C, in 1944. In parallel with ISU-152, ISU-122 installations armed with 122-mm gun were conducted. A-19. Subsequently, the A-19 cannon was replaced by a 122-mm gun D-25C arr. 1943 (similar to the Installed Pa Ganke IC-2) and the installation received the name ISU-122C.
In connection with the autumn of 1943, T-34 tank 85-mm gun and the need to strengthen the armament of medium-sized self-propelled-artillery installations, GKO Resolution No. 4851 dated December 27, 1943 obliged to develop a draft installation of a 100-mm gun on the basis of the existing average self-propelled Artillery installation Su-85.
Plant No. 9 on its initiative included in this work and before the established period designed, tested and presented on the Uralmashzavod 100-mm Punch D-10C for mounting into self-propelled installation. On February 15, 1944, the Uralmashzavod made two experimental facility of the Su-100 installation, one of which was armed with a gun of D-10C design of the plant No. 9, and the second - 100-mm C-TAPE development can be used. After the factory tests of the samples of shooting and mileage, on March 9, the plant presented self-propelled installation of the State Commission for Polygon Tests. The best results showed self-propelled-artillery installation with a gun for the design of the plant No. 9, which in July 1944 was adopted by the Red Army under the Su-100 index. However, due to problems with the organization of serial production of guns D-10C, the production of SU-100 began only in September 1944. Until this time, Uralmashzavod led the production of SU-85M, differing from the Su-85 using the bronoroneus of the new design (with a commander's turreka and more Tolstone armor) designed for Su-100.
It should be said that according to the experience of summer battles, which showed that not all serial self-propelled-artillery plants of the Red Army can successfully fight new German tanks and heavy sau. GKO in December 1943 proposed a GBTU and NKV to design, manufacture and for April 1944, to test self-propelled artillery settings with an enhanced power tools of the following types:
- with an 85-mm gun having an initial speed of the projectile 1050 m / s;
- with a 122-mm gun having an initial speed of the shell of 1000 m / s;
- with a 130-mm gun having an initial speed of the projectile 900 m / s;
- with a 152-mm gun with the initial speed of the projectile 880 m / s.
All these guns, except for 85-mm guns, had to punch armor to 200 mm on the range at 1500-20 m. Tests of these settings were held in the summer of 1944 - in the spring of 1945, but none of these tools was adopted.
Along with self-propelled installations of domestic production, the American, supplied in the USSR under the Lend Liza program was actively used in parts of the Red Army.
At the end of 1943, self-propelled-artillery installations T-18 (and Soviet documents are held as SU-57 began to be received. The T-48 represented a 57-mm gun installed on a half-sized armored personnel carrier M3. The order for the manufacture of these machines was given to the United Kingdom, but due to weakness of weapons, some of the cars were transferred to the Soviet Union. Su-57 was not popular in the Red Army: the car had large overall dimensions, weak armor protection and weapons. Nevertheless, with competent use, these self-propelled crews could act quite efficiently.
In 1944, the Red Army received two zenith self-propelled: SAU M15 and M17. The first presented the combined installation of 37-mm automatic gun M1A2 and two 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine guns on a half-sized armored personnel carrier M3. M17 differed from M15 base (armored personnel carrier M5) and weapons - it was four 12.7 mm Browning M2 machine gun. M15 and M17 were the only anti-aircraft self-propelled plants that consisted in the arms of the Red Army during the war. They were effective tool The protection of tank connections on a march from air attack, and was also successfully used for battles in cities, leading fire on the upper floors of buildings.
In 1944, a small batch of anti-tank self-propelled m10 Wolverine ("Wolverine") was received from the United States ("Wolverine"), created on the basis of the M4A2 middle American tank. The m10 armament consisted of 76-mm guns M7 installed in the circular rotation open from above. During the battles, M10 showed itself as a powerful anti-tank agent. They could successfully deal with severe German tanks.
Used in the Red Army and trophy German self-propelled. However, the number of them was small and hardly exceeded 80 units. The most commonly used assault guns Stug III, called in our army "arthurms".
The anti-tank artillery of the Red Army was divided into military and RGC. The military anti-tank artillery was first introduced into the rifle forces at the beginning of the 30s the year of the last century as a "separate anti-tank battery" in the rifle division. Due to the lack of material part of the battery, were fully introduced into rifle units in 1936. In 1938 A separate anti-tank division was introduced into the structure of the rifle division. The composition of the divisions and parts of anti-tank artillery in various divisions of the Red Army in a state on June 11, 1441 is given in Table No. 11 (data on June 11, 1941, the work does not address the application in the PTO system. Polic artillery batteries, batteries of divisional 76-mm guns of artillery regiments, separate anti-aircraft artillery divisions of divisions).
Studying the experience of the combat use of the veschus armored troops in 1939-1940, the Soviet military specialists came to the conclusion that attacks of the enemy tanks could be opposed only by massaging anti-tank fires. As an experienced organizational form This massing was elected a separate cannon artpol of RGC, armed with 76-mm P-11 guns and 85-mm anti-aircraft guns. In total, four such shelves were formed in Coo and Zapovo. These were the first anti-tank artillery parts of the RGC. But the results of the regiments of the new structure of the military unit of the anti-tank defense were determined by a brigade.
On October 14, 1940, the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR appealed to the SNK of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) with proposals, but holding new organizational events in the Red Army in the first half of 1941. In particular, it was suggested:
To form 20 machine gun-artillery motorized brigades with powerful cannon and machine-gun weapons intended to fight and counter tank and mechanized enemy troops. Dislocation e brigades to have:
but). L in- 5 brigades.
b). Pribovo - 4 brigades.
in). Zapovo - 3 brigades.
d). COVE - 5 brigades,
e). Bar - 1 brigade.
from). DVF - 2 brigades ... ".
The formation of the brigad was proposed to draw three artillery regiments of the fortified areas of COVE and ODO, as well as all four separate artillery shelf, armed with 76-mm cannons and 85-mm anti-aircraft guns created temporarily to strengthen COVE and Zapovo troops.
The formation permit was obtained, and on 4 November 1940, the formation of 20 machine gun-artistic motorized brigades began the formation of 20 machine gun-artillery motorized brigades on January 1, 1941, on January 1, 1941, began the formation of the Red Army defense for the Red Army's auto-artillery troops. Obtaining material part and technology was to occur gradually as the industry arrived soon, the phrase "machine-gun-artillery" was canceled, and the brigades began to be called "motorized", making confused into some publications on the history of the pre-red army, where they were called "motorized rifle". Motorized The brigades were formed in military time No. 05 / 100-05 / 112 (Scheme 1).
In total, the brigade was supposed to have: 6199 people, 17 T-26 tanks, 19 armored vehicles, machine guns: D11 - 56, machines - 156, anti-aircraft industry - 48. MINETS: 50-mm -90.82-mm - 28, 107 mm - 1 2. Guns: 45 mm anti-tank - 30.76-mm F-22 - 42.37-mm automatic anti-aircraft - 12, 76 mm or 85 mm of zenith - 36, tractors - 82. Automanims - 545.
The formation of the brigades were addressed: 4th (Coo) and the 5th (Zapovo) cannon artillery shelves. 48th Paint Artillery Regiment ODO, 191th Rifle Regiment of the Grodek Ur Far Eastern Front. Motorized brigades were formed in the following military districts (fronts): LVA - 1. 4.7, 10th; Pribovovo - 2,% 8, 11th, Zapovo - 3, 9, 13, 14th, Coo - 6, 15, 18, 20, 22nd, ODO-12 -1 and on the Far Eastern Front - 16 and 23 -I.
Considering the structure of a motorized brigade, one can see the main disadvantage - 76 and 85-mm anti-aircraft guns did not quite fit for the purposes of anti-tank defense due to their mass-duct characteristics and the absence of armored shield. In addition, divisions armed with these weapons did not have an artillery anti-aircraft fire control devices (Poazo) and range finders, which did not allow them to apply them for air defense purposes.
As it often happened in the domestic armed forces, did not have time to work and learn, in February-March 1941, all the brigades disbanded, the technique and personnel were not used for new formations - rifle divisions of the 6th-thousand composition and motorized division of mechanized buildings. For example, in the Lavo on the basis of the 4th Brigade by July 1, 1941, the 237th Infantry Division was formed, from the 10th Brigade - the 177th Infantry Division, in ODO on the basis of the 12th Brigade -218-I Motorized Division 18- th mehkorpus. In Pribovo on the basis of the 11th Brigade - the 188th Infantry Division.
In early 1911, the head of the GAU of the RKKA Marshal of the Soviet Union, Kulik, told the leadership of the Red Army. These intelligence data that the German army conducts in an accelerated pace rearmament of his tanks with tanks with an enlarged thickness armor, in the fight against which our entire artillery 45-mm caliber will be ineffective. In the received intelligence, it was most likely a speech about the trophy French tanks in-1 BIS. We had a 60 mm thick armor. In the spring of 19-11, a small amount of these machines was rearmed with flamethroughs and PL index K-2 entered into armament of individual vermachlet tank battalions.
Anyway, the leaders of the People's Commissariat of Defense perceived this information quite seriously. As a result of this, in front of the war, 45 mm of anti-tank and 76-mm divisional guns were discontinued, and preparations for the release of 107-mm guns had a hurry, instead of them.
In addition, on April 23, 1911, the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the SNKSSSR No. 1112-459ss "On the new formations in the Red Army" was planned for the formation by June 1, 1941 of ten anti-tank artillery brigades in the composition:
- Brigade Management:
- 2 artillery regiments:
- boat battery;
- Mino sapper battalion;
- Motor transport battalion.
According to the staff in the brigade there were 5322 people, 48,76-mm sample guns of 1936 (F-22), 48 85-mm anti-aircraft guns, 24 107-mm guns M-6O, 16 - 37 mm of anti-aircraft guns. 12 large-caliber machine guns, 93 hand gun DT. 584 trucks.
123 special cars, 11 passenger cars and 165 tractors (circuit 2).
Brigades were formed in Kiev (1. 2, 3.4 and 5th). West (6. 7,8) and the Baltic (9 and 10th) special military districts. All brigades were created on the ball formed in February - April 1941 of rifle divisions of the 6-thousand composition of the state N * 4/120. The management of the team was formed from the headquarters of the headquarters of the division artillery, other parts and divisions from the warm and light artpolkov of whole anti-aircraft arthdivizions, individual communications battalions, separate disposal battalions, car service of the division. The missing personnel in the state came from other parts of Coo. Zano and Pribovo. Man transport and tractors were staffed by road and tractors in the second half of 1941.
For example, all the brigades were formed on the basis of three rifle divisions who arrived in the district in the first half of May 1941 from Moscow (22-4 and 231th SD) and Siberian (201-s) of military districts.
The posts of commanders brigades were nominated by commander and mainly in the number of headlores of rifle and mechanized cases or divisions. For example, the commander of the 1st anti-tank artillery brigade of the dust was appointed head of artillery of the 2nd mechanized corps of the EDO General Major Artillery K. Moskalenko, and the commander of the 1st brigade - the head of artillery of the 160th rifle division MVO Colonel M. Nedel. Interestingly, both of these brigade commander were later the first and second commander-in-chief of the rocket troops of strategic destination.
It was believed that the anti-tank artillery brigade was able to create a density in 20-25 anti-tank guns per 1 km of front at the front and reflected in cooperation with other types of troops of the attack of one - two tank enemy tank divisions.
Apparently the presence of ten brigades of anti-tank defense seemed insufficient, therefore, to enhance the anti-tank capabilities of the troops of the Directive of the RKKA General Staff dated May 16, 1941, 50 tank regiments and several separate intelligence battalions of newly formed mechanized cases before receiving the tanks by July 1, 1941 should be armed with 76- MM p 45 mm cannons and machine guns DT at the rate: on a tank regiment 18 45-mm and 24,76-mm guns and 14 machine guns, at a reconnaissance battalion of 18 45-mm guns.
Checking the implementation of the ICS Directives) of the USSR, conducted by the RKKA GSH at the beginning of June 19 11, showed that the staffing of the brigades by the personnel, vehicles and other Guv's property were carried out slowly. On June 11, 194, the brigades had from 30 to 78% of the regular number of guns. So. In the 6th Iptabr, RGC was only about 11% of the number of cars put on the number of cars and there were no tractors at all. The 11th Iptabr RGK due to the lack of means of traction could only use 3 divisions from 11. In the 636th artillery regiment 9th Iptabr RGK on 68 guns there were only 15 tractors and cars of cars.
The first fights with the tank connections of the Wehrmacht revealed a new mental illness of the Warriors of the Red Army - the disease called "tankoboyazn". Numerous stories of retreating soldiers about the power and numerous numerous tanks capable of short time, suddenly, cover - "ticks * and environment - * boilers *, made an indelible impression on the leading front.
The bid of the General Command In the last decade of Nurse, it was decided to form a separate anti-tank artillery regiments of RGCs on state 04/133 (wartime) with a total number of 1551 people without a school of muddy commenders, 107-mm guns and air defense divisions. From 30 June 1941, the formation of such regiments in Orlovsk (753rd AP of readiness for the morning began on July 7, 761, the term of readiness for July 7, 761st AP. Kharkiv ("64th Axt of readiness for the 15th of August) military districts. Completion with the completion of the material part led to the fact that in order to accelerate the formation of the Directives of the Red Army, and 72 / Ords from July 18, 1911, all four The shelf was reorganized by a paid calculation in the composition of the five 4-gun battalion of 85 mm anti-aircraft guns. They received the name "Artillery Shelves of PTO".
On the formation of anti-tank artillery regiments were abandoned parts anti-heart defensewho had 76- and 85-mm anti-aircraft guns. Thus, the 509th and anti-aircraft artillery regiment (commander - Major V. A. Gerasimov) met the beginning of the war in the 4th air defense division in Lviv. The shelf batteries on the approaches to the city destroyed at least 11 enemy aircraft. After numerous battles, the regiment on July 7, 1941 focused in Ignatopol camps under Korosten. Where July 8 was reformed in the 509th anti-tank artillery regiment (from 1942 - the 3rd Guards Artillery Regiment of PTO).
Resolution of Goko № 172s dated July 16, 1941 "On the Mozhaisk Defense line" Commander of the Moscow Military District, Lieutenant General P. Artemyev was allowed to withdraw 200,85-mm guns from Moscow air defense and form 10 lightweight artillery (anti-tank shepherds (five batteries In every shelf). The readiness of these regiments (№№ 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876. 877, 878.879, 880) was set by the minimum - July 18-20.
Resolution of Goko No. 735 dated October 5, 1941 "On the formation of 24 PTC regiments. Armed with 85 mm and 37 mm anti-aircraft guns - to enhance the anti-tank defense of the Western Front army, it was prescribed to form 4 PTO artpol at the expense of the 1st air defense body, covered the capital from the air. Each regiment consisted of 8 - 85-mm and 8 - 37 mm of anti-aircraft guns, the readiness was installed on October 6. In addition, but the same decree in the Moscow Military District, another 20 artillery regiments of the NTO of the same composition were formed, but with the possibility of replacing 37-mm anti-aircraft guns with 45-mm anti-tank. The readiness of the first six regiments was installed on the 8th. The next four 10th and the remaining ten to October 15th.
On the Leningrad direction to strengthen and support the Ground Forces, the 2nd CFA Corps on July 5, 1941 allocated 100 anti-aircraft guns with the best calculations and sent them to anti-tank defense. By order of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front, August 11, 115. 189. 194 and the 351th anti-aircraft gunners additionally formed four anti-tank divisions and sent them to anti-tank defense in the Southern Fortified Area.
All further formations of PTO regiments were made in 4 or 6-batteries. The number of batteries in the shelf was determined mainly by the presence of the material part at the time of formation, as well as the desire to find out the most profitable form of the regimental organization. It was believed that the regiment of such a maneuvenen was easily managed, it is easier to be staffed, by matchmaker and personal composition due to littleness.
In total, in 1941, it was normalized and sent to the front according to the same data - 72, according to another - at least 90 artillery regiments of NTO. In addition, in the Leningrad Military District in July 1941, the 14th artillery brigade of PTO of two field composition, who took part and hostilities on the North (subsequently Leningrad) Front was formed.
The experience of the first fighting showed. that the anti-tank brigades of the RGC are a powerful means of fighting tanks. At the same time, their disadvantages have revealed - the difficulty of managing parts and units, cumbersomeness. organizational structure. Numerous control links (Brigade -Polk-Division - Battery) did not allow the information quickly and in time to the performers, to process it in a short time, timely deciding. The maneuverable character of the fighting has generated rapid changes in the situation and the ratio of forces and funds in certain sections of the front. The success of the reflection of tank attacks of the enemy in many respects depended on the continuous control of parts and units of the brigade from speed
their maneuver on threatened areas and timely opening of fire.
The brigade organization of anti-tank artillery made it difficult to fulfill these requirements. The shelves of anti-tank brigades are usually acted separately and often at a significant distance one from another, which not only made it difficult to manage them from the commander of the Brigade, sometimes and completely excluded it. At the same time, the regiment commander was very difficult to manage the actions of six divisions. Brigades, adopting the first blows of German tanks, disappeared in the hill battle of the first year of the war: 1st - in September as part of the 5th Army of the South-Western Front, 2nd - in August as part of the 12th Army of the Southern Front, The 3rd-in August as part of the 6th Army of the Southern Front, the 1st - in November as part of the 18th Army of the Southern Front of the 5th - in October, as part of the 40th Army of the South-Western Front, 6, 7 and The 8th-in June-July in the Western Front. The 9th - in September as part of the 11th Army of the North-West Front and the 10th in October as part of the North-West Front.
In military anti-tank artillery due to large losses of 45-mm guns overlapping four times the receipt from industry, as well as the formation of a significant number of new rifle and cavalry divisions, it was decided to reduce the number of 45-mm guns in small-scale divisions. On July 29, 19-11, the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR approved the new Staff of the Rifle Division No. 04/600 (wartime), which was translated by newly emerging divisions and divisions, restored after battles. Therefore, the fee was completely excluded - the platoon of 45-mm guns of the rifle battalion and a separate artillery division of 45-mm gunner division cannons. In total, 18 45-mm cannons remained in the rifle division instead of 54 at the pre-war. In the cavalry, and July 1941, a new state of light cavalry division No. 07/3 (military time) was introduced, according to which the number of cavalry regiments was reduced to three, and 45 mm guns in each shelf - up to two. Thus, the cavalry division had only 6,4-mm guns instead of 16 at the prewar state. According to such a claim, 81 cavalry divisions were formed in 1911.
To some extent, the reduction in the number of anti-tank guns was compensated by the start of production in October and the admission to the front in November anti-tank guns Simonov and Degtyarev. However, first the design of anti-tank guns went with large problems. The case came to the fact that on August 10, 1941, the Hermansky 7.92-mm anti-tank gun was launched in the Tula Armory of Go to the series, and the GOKO № 661ss of September 11, the anti-tank cartridge of the caliber 7 was adopted by the Red Army. 92- mm.
The state of a separate rifle brigade No. 04/730 (wartime) dated October 15, 1941, a separate anti-tank division of a three-bedtime composition was envisaged in its composition (12-57th anti-tank gears of the 1941 sample (ZIS-2)). On December 6, 1941, the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR approved the next state of the rifle division No. 04/750 (wartime), in which the company of anti-tank guns (27 PTRs) was introduced into the Rifle Regiment, the battery of 45-mm guns (6 guns, "and the division was restored Separate anti-tank division (12 - 57-mm guns. 8 PTRs). In total, the division has 12 - 57-mm. 18 -45-mm cannons and 89 PTRs.
As of January 1, 1942, in the current AR MNE and in the reserve of the BGK bets, there were: one artillery brigade. 57 artillery regiments and two separate artillery divisions of PTO. They were in the following fronts:
- Leningrad - 14 ADB PTO, 1.2. 3.4. 5, 6.7, B90AP PTO;
- Volkhovsky - 884 PTO AP;
- North-West - 171.698, 759 AP of PTO);
- Kalininsky- 873 AP. 213 ODN PTO;
- West- 289. 296, 304, 316. 483. 509. 533, 540. 551. 593. 600. 610. 693. 600. 610. 6-I, 694, 703, 766. 768.863.868,869.871,989,992 AP, 275 ODN PTO:
- Bryansk - 569.1002 AP PTO;
- South-West - 338. 582, 591, 595, 651. 738,760. 76-1 AP VTOs
- South-186.521.530.558.665.727.754. 756 AP PTO:
- 7th Separate army - 514 AP PTO; VGK rates reserve - 702.765 AN IITO.
More than 30 PTO regiments were lost in the first year of war. The previous numbers of the disbanded or reformed artillery regiments of PTO - 18 are known. 24, 39.79,117.121.197.367.395.421.452.453,455. 525, 559. 598. 603, 689, 696, 697. 699. 700, 7004, 753. 758, 761, 872, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880. 885th and regiment of Major Bogdanova Leningradsky Front.
For skillful fighting by order of NKO USSR No. 4 of January 8, 1942, five artillery regiments of NTO Western and one regiment of the South-Western fronts were transformed into Guards; 289, 296, 509, 760, 304, 871th, respectively, in 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6th Guards.
The release of the required amount of 76-mm cannons of F-22USV allowed to replace with them in anti-tank artillery parts 85-mm anti-aircraft guns. By the decision of the Goko No. Goko-1530s dated April 3, 1942, to replace and withdraw from the anti-tank shelves of fronts 85 mm of anti-aircraft guns * 272 guns from the front of the fronts were seized during April 1942:
- Western - 98,
- Kalininsky-20,
- North-Western - 6,
- Volkhovsky - 10.
- Crimean - 8,
- South-80.
- South-West-42.
- 7th separate army - 8.
All these guns were transmitted to the Moscow Air Defense Corps, and instead of the industry, the number of cannons of the SIR will receive Yves. A little later, the new decree of Goko No. 1541 of September 5, 1942 "On the strengthening of the anti-air defense of the mountains. Moscow to enhance the anti-air defense of the capital was required to be transferred at the expense of anti-tank artillery regiments of the fronts, another 100,85-mm anti-aircraft guns in April, and another 80 guns - in May 1942.
On April 3, 1942, the formation of 20 artillery regiments of the RGK began the formation of 20 76-mm F-22UV guns in each) with a readiness for April 25 (10 regions) and May 10, 1942.
Resolution of Goko No. Goko-1607 dated April 16, 1942 "On the organization, staffing composition and armament of a fighter brigade" began to form new anti-tank joints of the general-known type - individual fighter brigades (ONBR). According to the approved organization, the briga yes had in its composition:
but). Management of the brigade (with a platoon of communication and motorcycle platoon);
b). Two anti-tank battalions (72 1gg in each);
in). Anti-tank artillery regiment (four batteries of 76-mm CIS-3 guns (defense pendant in the draft decree offered guns F-22UV, but hand and red pencil I.V.Stalin in the text of the resolution was corrected by * ZIS-3 * -
Approx. authors), three batteries of 45-mm cannons, one battery 37 mm anti-aircraft guns):
d). Separate engineering and mine battalion;
e). Separate tank battalion (21 tank T-34, 11 T-60 or T-70 tanks);
e). Separate Rota automatic gunners (100 people);
g). Separate mortar division (8 -82-mm and 4 - 120 mm mortars).
The whole fighter brigade had 1 ~ 9s man. 453 gun-machine gun, 10 manual machine guns. 144 anti-tank guns. 4 37 mm anti-aircraft guns. 12-45-mm anti-tank guns, 16 - 76 mm CIS-3, 8-82-mm cannons and 4,120 mm mortar, 33 tanks, 193 cars and 22 motorcycles.
The decision was prescribed by the People's Commissariat of the USSR Defense formed "25 fighter brigades with a period - the first five to May 5th. Ten by May 20 and ten to June 28, 1942. In the Red Army, individual fighter brigades were kept on states No. 0 4/270 - 04/276 (wartime).
The following resolution No. Goko-1901 SS from June 8, 1942 was introduced new organization anti-tank connections. Twelve formed fighter brigades were combined into four fighter divisions (ID) for three brigades in each. Division was formed:
- in the Moscow Military District - 1st and 2nd; In the Volga Military District - 3rd;
- In the Ural Military District - 4th. Fighter divisions assumed
use: 1-y - on the southwestern, 2nd Bryansk, 3rd - on the West and 4th - on the Kalinin fronts.
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Data source: Quote from the magazine "Front illustration for 2003-5" "Anti-Tank Artillery of the Red Army"
