Parachute jumps are popular in modern world. Some people are professionally engaged in this sport, for other parachute jump - the way to rush the nerves and get a dose of adrenaline. And someone wondered how much is parachutes?
What is parachute?
Parachute is a brilliant and simple invention of the engineer from St. Petersburg Kotelnikova Gleb Evgenievich. He was the first to create a recorder, received a patent in its invention a patent in nine hundred twelve year.
The parachute is a hemisphere, built of fabric, to which cargo or suspended system is attached due to the sling. It is intended for slowing down and mitigating falling from height. Used to safely plant a person or cargo, has several varieties.
How much is the land of parachutes?
This, of course, a very interesting question. Parachutes exist a few species, all of them with different number of sling. There is the main parachute and spare, landing, army and for cargo. The slings are basic and additional, they are all produced from high-quality durable fibers, withstand the load (each) to two hundred kilograms. To answer the question of how many land in parachutes, you need to consider every instance separately.
Army parachute
In the armed forces, parachutes of some series have been used for many years. From the sixties and to this day, it is parachutes D-5 and D-6. They differ in size, weight and quantity of sling.
How much is the land of the army parachute d-5? There are twenty-eight of them, nine meters each. The parachute itself has the form of the dome, it is not possible to manage. Land with him as and where lucky. This is the only one, but serious minus of this series.
Following the parachute of D-6. It has thirty sling. Twenty-eight ordinary, and two are designed to control the dome. They are in side parachute side cuts. If you pull these slings, you can turn and deploy the dome in the desired direction. This is very useful qualityIf the landing is occurring not at the training ground, but in mountain conditions, forest arrays or in a place where there are reservoirs.
Parachute paratrooper
In order for paratroopers to quietly feel during the jump, they are provided by parachutes of the D-10 series. This is an enhanced version of D-6. It has the shape of the patisson, the size of the dome of a hundred square meters! This parachute will be able to easily manage even a beginner parachutist. The ease of control depends on how much the sling in the landing parachute: the more they are more, the easier the management.
D-10 has twenty-six main slings: twenty-two four-meter slings and two semenstera, attached to the hinges in the dome slots. There are also twenty-two additional slings, located on the outside, their length is three meters, made of durable Shkp-150 cord.
There are still twenty-four additional internal slings. They are attached to additional stalls. The second and fourteenth is attached at once two additional. This is the answer to the question of how much sling in the airborne parachute. D-10 is considered one of the safest parachutes in history.
Why do you need a spare parachute?
A spare parachute must be in a parachutist at a jump. It is intended for emergency disclosure when the main is not disclosed or if it twisted it. In such a situation, it is no longer important, the managed dome or not, how much is the land of parachutes - none of the additional will help. Of course, an experienced parachutist will try to first straighten the main one, which will lose extra time. If you failed to straighten, then the spare parachute will save the position. It is quickly and easily revealed.
To learn how to use the feet, you don't need many trainings, even a child will cope with this task.
How many sling near the spare parachute? Typically, such parachutes are the same for all major species. This series is 3 and 4. The slings in the spare are located in four groups. Each has six slings. In the amount we get twenty-four. Of course, the spare parachute is not designed to manage, its main task is to quickly reveal and save the life of a person.
What you need to know, first making a parachute jump?
If you are not in and a parachute jump - just a dream, not a military duty, then it is necessary to begin to resemble training courses. Even if you jump with an instructor in tandem, learning is necessary in order not to harm neither by yourself or instructor. He is so scary to jump with man, and even for the life of someone else to answer. There are such courses from three thousand rubles - it depends on the company providing these services.
Before going to the club, take care of the receipt of medical reference: a heart attack during jumping is a serious and dangerous thing. And he can happen, because when you jump into the abyss, so much adrenaline is splashed, which is enough for a year. Yes, and the fear of the jump can also be brought to sad consequences if the heart shalit. Pressure should also be like when entering space troops. If there excess weight, it is also worth consulted with a doctor, it is worth or not to jump.
If you have not achieved eighteen years old, a written permission for the commission from parents is useful. Do not forget to warn them what you are going to do, without their written consent, the instructor for a parachute will not allow a kilometer. People with mental disorders are not allowed to jump, after recently transferred operations, with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, with the disease of the respiratory tract.
If your weight is more than one hundred and twenty kilograms, then you will be denied a tandem jump. Weight less than forty-five kilograms - contraindication for solitary jump. Pregnant women are also not allowed. First, calmly take a child, do not hide your position from the instructor in order to take a jump.
Parachute jump is a dream of many. In no case do not eat alcohol before him. It is clear that the joy is excised, but it is better to note this event after the commission, especially since you will not be allowed to jump with the smell of alcohol. And if you decide to drink, so that it was not scary, then it is better to refrain at all from this venture. And all the past medical examination - good luck!
- "Of the five thousand inhabitants of Rostov, celebrating the Day of the Airborne Forces, only one and a half thousand really served in the landing troops"
Today is the day of airborne!
Airborne Forces Day!
Day of paratroopers or "assaults"!
Of course, every year, the "landings" behave all quieter. Slowly leaving the past grandiose fights and disassembly with the "watermelon" mafia in the markets. Still, our country is becoming increasingly tougher to every damage on one side, on the other hand we fight in some places of the ball. And for a long time noticed if the country's army leads real martialctions, less people Swimming in the fountains and goes to protest rallies.
Therefore, the question is always relevant, how to distinguish the real paratrooper from the one who simply taping the tannik and takes, and maybe taking the "outllock" by a frustration, thumps in the fountain and tells army bikes.
By the way, Muscovites are distinguished by this. Anyone who served in the Airborne Forces knows that it is among those designed from Moscow who are more commonly met with rotten soldiers ...
Of course not all, among the guys from Moscow there are many excellent fighters. My army myself was "friendly" from the capital.
But putting your hand on the heart, everyone knows that among the residents of Moscow is found "not quite good comrades", more than with the country's outskirts ...
Our company was "Moskvich", the only communist among the soldiers. By the way, he was sent to the army after the "ball" (ball or scold another slang expression in the army and airborne) on a citizen. He was the liberated secretary of the Komsomol, I do not remember where. There was a delay, but flew, and was sent to serve in luxury troops. I am sure he bathes in the fountain and thumps in bechers and tan.
But one real paratrooper accounts for several lime. So let's start learning to detect a deceiver. I will give below a few questions and some unfolded answers to these questions.
Knowing the answers to these questions, you can reveal a fake "landing"!
1. Where did you serve?
The answer in the Airborne Forces or DSB does not roll, like DMB (this is demob!). Like a place of service, such as Pskov, Ryazan and so on. Maybe he listened to the army baakeks of the elder brother or neighbor. By the way, an addition, in the military town of the landing part there may be even buildingbatovtsy. For example, in Pskov. If anyone remembers, soldiers from Stroybat went to the photographer and made a photo in the "Dembel Paradke with accelets" and blue take. Send home and boldly told about what serve in the Airborne Forces. Of course they did it secretly. Buildings Stroybat did not love very much. In Pskov, there was a garrison lip (Gaubwacht), this is a place where they contain soldiers and officers for small and large violations of military discipline. Guarded the lip guard of the Pskov Division
2. Part number?
Each V / h has a number. Part number is driven by a soldier. Like a vehicle number and military ticket. I served almost 30 years ago and still remember.
3. What kind of vaccine?
VUS, this military accounting specialty is written in a military ticket. If such a landing, will show you your military warrior, then looking at his VUS, you will understand who he really is. "Military-accounting specialty (VUS) is an indication of the military specialty of the operating or in the reserve of the military of Russia and other troops and formations. Information about VUS is entered into a military ticket. All VUS is divided into groups, the designation itself is a multivalued number (for example, VUS-250400).
Possible list of military accounting specialties
Open sources containing deciphering codes of all current VS applicable does not exist: Catalog VUS is a document of the Ministry of Defense of Russia with the degree of secrecy "Secret".
The first three digits of the guardianship, sergeants, elders and soldiers denote the specialization (VUS code), for example:
100 - rifle
101 - snipers
102 - Grenadeomate
106 - Military Intelligence
107 - parts and units SPN
122 - BMD
461 - RV radio stations
998 - not having military training, suitable K. military service
999 - the same, only limitedly suitable to V. Slugub, etc.
The following three numbers indicate a position (position code):
97 - ZKV.
182 - Co.
259 - MV.
001 - battery, etc.
The letter at the end indicates "Special Signs of Service":
A - not having those
B - Specialists in rocket weapons
D - WVD.
K - Plastic Supplies
M - MP
P - V.V.
P - PV (FPS)
C - MES (?)
T - Construction Units and Divisions
F - SPN, etc.
E - Fraight for ensigns, sergeants, soldiers
4. How many times jumped? Usually you will hear the breathtaking figures of 30-40-50, and maybe 100 jumps. "Annual norm for a consumer soldier - 12 jumps, 6 in each academic period. In general, parachute preparation is a prerequisite service in airborne. We are flying everything - from General to Private "- Interview with Shamanov. Who is not aware, Vladimir Shamanov Commander of the Airborne Forces and Colonel-General. Even in the USSR, jump more than 20 times, for the urgent service it was problematic. Because the soldiers fell into the guard (this is when Chalovka with a gun is hung up "luban", warehouses and parks with technician), went to the park outfits (where the technique stands), finally in the dining room (where cleaned potatoes, covered on the table and Soap dishes), stood "on the bedside table" (Outfit on the company), and so on ... In the army, self-service, the soldier did everything himself and for the commission of the jump, his no one loosen. Of course, in the army were sports. These are free divisions, where soldiers are mostly trained and advocated for a part. For example where I served, there was a "squadron". The sedns of the athletes-parachutists who only engaged in the fact that they jumped and performed at competitions. But this is a separate caste, they even walked in a kind of form, officer coins and epauphors of conscripts. Proportion of the contract army. I do not speak about sergeants contracts and ensigns. They were already professional military then. But the usual paratrooper jumped is not very much. Like now. Only "on demob" could buy "Toshnik" (the badge of the parachutist in the form of a dome with a pendant in the form of numbers in the number of jumps) with a large number of jumps.
5. For combat jumped? Many lime paratroopers do not know that the Airborne Forces and in every way special forces, you can jump in several versions.
I will give the simplest way:
Without weapons and RD (parstnik backpack)
With RD and weapons in the transport position. Automatic, SVD and even RPG, in a special transport case, "fastened" behind the back of the damage.
With RD and GK (cargo container)
With weapons "on combat", on the chest under the chest jumper of the suspension system. Allows you to fire when you descend on the parachute, right from the skies.
Then there are night, on the forest, water, high and so on.Only within the technique no one jumps, although this option is worked out for the war. The son of the legendary founder of the Airborne For Vasily Marghelova, Alexander Margelov, back in 1973 he made a parachute leap inside the BMD-1. For this feat, he was assigned the title of Hero of Russia, after 20 years ... Since then, more than 110 people jumped inside the equipment, but these are tests. An ordinary paratrooper who will tell you about it, just pi ...!
6. Jumping with the ISS? For reference, the ISS is a multi-pool system for landing equipment, such as MKS-5-760. A person simply can't jump with this kinovina. But I met the landings that they argued that they were jumping with her ... In the Airborne Forces, they jump mainly with parachutes: D-1-8 The most ancient parachute was created in 1959. This parachute has the main dignity, the dome cover clings through the extension Fal coach or helicopter. There is even no rings in the paratrooper. Love to the hatch, gave pink under the ass. Further everything works automatically without any devices. This is the perfect parachute for the first jump. 300% warranty, the main thing when laying do not twist the slings. D-1-5U The most ancient managed parachute. D-6 and all sorts of its modifications. You saw this dome in most FEDER films. Marine paratroopers fly for some time on a stabilizing small dome. The same dome, pulls the main dome of the parachute, if you pull for the ring or when the insisting of the instrument of the PPK-y is triggered. PPK-y - semi-automatic parachute combined unified (device) - designed to disclose parachute wreck (after a certain period of time at a certain height). Now plan to put in the troops D-10. PSN - parachute Special purpose. I jumped with PSN-71, it is more manageable. It has rigs for better controllability (which we forbidden to donate) and locks on the suspension system. When landing, you can immediately sweep the dome. For example, with wind, when jumping into water or in battle. It was created for the special forces of GRU and explosion of airborne. By - planning shell. These are the most rectangular "wings" or "mattresses" on which all athletes are jumping. From P-9, the time of the USSR, to modern PO-16, in 17 and famous "crossbows". The conscript never jumped with such domes!
7. And finally, what is a "razor - smile"? Or did you shake you smile? This is a flexible stud from the very device of PPK-y. In the Airborne Forces and civilian parachutes, the most fashionable key chain and souvenir. On the neck, on the keys and so on. The hairpin during extension specifically clings the hairs, not worse than the epilator. In the army, it is used as for the punishment of negligent fighters, and simply "on joke." Humor WVV, I shaved a smile. Have you been a smile shaved? Only paratroopers are understandable.
In principle, there is still a lot of information that only served in the Airborne Forces can know. But I think, and what I wrote is enough to identify fake paratroopers who disgrace the glorious name of Uncle Vasi troops. Vasily Margelov Founder of the Airborne Forces and the Father of all paratroopers!
All real paratroopers Happy Airborne Forces!
Nobody except us!
I work fitness instructor. I have professional education and 25 years of coaching experience. I help people to lose weight or gain muscle mass and keep health. We carry out training via the Internet or in the fitness club "Mamba" in the city of Rostov-on-Don.
Airborne troops perform a huge combat complex. And the aircraft jumps are one of the main trumps used by paratroopers. For this purpose, specially prepared aircraft and helicopters are applied. In the aircraft equipment there is a large number of Modern effective weapons, special vehicles, military equipment that make it possible to cope with the tasks set by them with high efficiency.
The task of the Fighters of the Airborne Forces - the seizure of strategic industrial facilities, administrative and political centers, regions of the concentration of force probable opponent, capture and retention of infrastructure nodes, mountain passes, crossing, communications lines; Destruction of funds mass lesion, power plants, runways and airfields, other key objects; Violation of the enemy's work in the deep and neighbor rear and coordination of his forces, disrupting the movement of the reserves of the enemy.
One of the main tasks of the Airborne Forces is related to the implementation of operational tactical landing into particularly important directions of potential local conflicts.
Execution of such a task is impossible without airborne aircraft jumping. In the Airborne Forces, the personnel is especially scrupulously trained. Therefore, paratroopers carefully acquainted with the theoretical foundation of parachute jumps, tutoring technique, modern systems Parachute-reactive and parachute, landing containers, platforms and systems, with which the installation of weapons and military equipment is carried out. Special attention is paid to the study of relevant military transport aviation.
Jumping the Airborne Forces at the stage of the appearance and development of the kind of troops
The first jump in the Airborne Forces took place in the thirties of the last century. It was then that a new genus of troops appeared in the Red Army - Airborne Forces. The first paratroopers had to fulfill a fully accessible task - to land in a given area, where they were delivered by aviation technology. Paratrootters with parachutes were initially transported on any available aircraft: Strategic heavy bombers TB-1 or training U-2, which were not the best solution for the young man of troops. The choice of flights depended on the number of paratroopers transported.
It turned out to be addressed to solve the issue of transporting cars, armored vehicles or tools. We decided to stop the choice on the TB-1 bombard. To create specialized systems, with which the technique should have been successfully set, the OKB was created. Among the very first types of weapons adapted for air transportation and landing should be called a mountain canter of 76-mm caliber, invented in 1909, selected due to suitable weights and dimensions. The calculation of the gun was transported together with the gun and had the ability to land with a parachute from the aircraft, slightly reducing the flight data of the bombarder. Then the first parachute jump took place in the Airborne Forces, and since then, paratroopers have passed a huge path.
Jumping airborne parachute in modern Army Russia
Transfer B. modern life Warriors of airborne troops. In 2012, more than 11 thousand parachute jumps were fulfilled by the military personnel of this kind of troops on military service. Including the aircraft jumping from ILA-76 amounted to more than four hundred. Nowadays, jumping in the period of large light days is performed with the intensity of two parachute jumps per minute, and even more often.
There was a message about how many jumps are made in the Airborne Forces, for example, in a division departing in Ivanovo. As it turned out, 2800 division jumps. In the mountain, argument-assault compound, placed in Novorossiysk, and the airborne Tula division paratroopers take 2000 jumps. Ryazan school cadets manage to make more than one and a half thousand jumps.
Airbagging were more regular in the Soviet Army. For example, in the 80s, an ordinary paratrooper performed about 30 airborne jumps with IL-76 for urgent service. In the 90s, their number sharply decreased, but today it is possible to once again observe the gradual growth of the role of military preparation of paratroopers, and therefore - an increase in the number of airborne courses with a parachute for cadets and urgent service soldiers.
Learning of recruits Airborne Armenia
Many jumps make representatives of the young replenishment arriving in the part of the Airborne Forces. Young soldiers have to do a lot airborne preparation. The proud title of paratroopers are assigned after the first parachute jumps are performed.
In addition, in Ryazan constantly prepared and teach technicians specializing in parachute instruments. There are also seminars on retraining of the commanders of parachute-landing units. They study questions of landing and preparation of military equipment. In a summer period, which is characterized by favorable weather conditions, the plans of Russian paratroopers are fulfilling more than 35 thousand airborne jumps with parachute.
Make jumping with a parachute of people who do not know how to own themselves in the sky, categorically impossible. In order to exclude a disorderly fall, a stabilizing exhaust dome is included in the packaching of Parachutes D-5 and D-6. Due to the presence of the dome of the parachutist cannot be carried in a messy fall. There seems to be an inexperienced person that the Earth is everywhere from him. The function of the stabilizing dome is that the slings did not interfere with the parachutist go into the sky. The dome comes out first, after which for five seconds there is a triggering of the device of the PPK-U, which reveals the wretcher. The solo is equipped with a two-circus lock, which opens either with the help of the ring, or using the instrument. Shoot the ring the parachute can, without waiting for the expiration of five seconds of free fall. With the help of the stabilizing parachutics, the dome is completely pulled out of the parachute's wreck.
SPW jumps with IL-76
Speaking about the preparation of paratroopers, it is impossible not to say about the role of military transport aviation. Airbagging with IL-76 can be called most effective today. The IL-76 main military transport aircraft easily copes with the following tasks:
- parachute landing l / from units;
- parachute landing of the standard military equipment and cargo;
- landing towing l / s units of airborne parts;
- landing towing military equipment and goods established dimensions;
- transportation and evacuation of the wounded in the rear.
In each of the above options, the use of specialized equipment is provided.
When landing with IL-76, use:
- two streams in the side doors, to minimize the possibility of converging parachutists in the air;
- three threads, one of which goes into the ramp, and the other two in the side doors;
- four threads - two in the ramp and side doors (if there are combat conditions).
During landing personnel, the aircraft speed reaches 300-m km / h. We note the tightness of the IL-76 freight cabin. If it is necessary to perform long-range flights at high altitude, the pressure value in the cabin is equal to the pressure at an altitude of 2.5 km. Increased Airborns with IL-76 over the years are considered one of the safest and most effective types of landing. In emergency cases, all seats are equipped with oxygen masks, so all paratroopers have the opportunity to individually obtain oxygen power.
Precious preparation in airborne
Before preparing a real paratrooper - it is necessary to pass serious combat training. Intercession preparation in the Airborne Forces is delivered at the most modern level. Not a single paratrooper is allowed to real parachute jumps without careful special training.
IL-76 is an aircraft that fully corresponds to the tasks that are put before the paratroopers. In the cabin of the aircraft there are all nuances, thanks to which the safety of parachute jumps is achieved. At all outputs from the aircraft installed traffic lights. On both sides of the ramp installed traffic lights. The green light lights up with the inscription "went", yellow - with the team "Get ready", red - with the command "Fuck". When the yellow traffic light is turned on, simultaneously turning on the short siren, and when the green traffic light is turned on, the long roaring siren is turned on. It continues to root until there is no parachute in the plane.
Each paratrooper who performed jumps in airborne parachute will not be able to forget this siren never. During the far flight, the motor buzzes smoothly and calmly, which is located to sleep, but due to the sound of sirens, nothing remains. After the team to "get ready" and the short warning siren jumps each paratrooper, waiting for the team jumping into the sky.
Photo and video HPV jumps
Photo of airborne jumps are characterized by special entertainment. You can admire the parachutists flying in the sky, the second suspended deck of IL-76MD transport, IL-76 freight. Due to the increased capacity, the load salon of the IL-76 transport accommodates three BMD-1, and can land them with a parachute or landing method.
Among the capabilities of the aircraft, the landing of four cargo weighing 10 tons each, or two cargo weighing on the 21st ton. IL-76MD is available in a two-layer version and is able to transport up to 225 fighters, and not as in one-lubber - no more than 145 fighters.
Watch the landing of equipment from the IL-76 aircraft is always amazing. Jumping airborne video, thanks to the Internet today can see anyone. An interesting fact is to establish high-rise worldwide records by Soviet paratroopers. These jumps of our athletes-parachutists were committed in 1975, and then in 1977. From an IL-76 aircraft, flying at an altitude of fifteen thousand meters, with parachutes jumped up girls. And then the records installed then no one has managed to beat.
Video Airborne Airborne Parachute can transfer the external impression from this unique and exciting process. And the parachutists themselves consider it the most exciting moments of their lives. Each jump is not similar to the previous one. Especially many emotions delivers the first jump.
Parachute d-5 jump is required height from 800 to 1000 meters. With minimal height of the release of 600 meters. The period from the moment of exiting the aircraft until the moment when the parachute should be revealed, is 200 meters. Parachutist has to fly under the dome about six hundred meters.
Today, instead of the parachutes of old systems, use the landing parachute of D-10, with an area of \u200b\u200bdome per 100 sq.m., improved parameters and a form resembling a patisson. On the armament of aircraft Received D-12, a leaf recognized as an excellent parachute system that has no analogues in the world.
German parachute troops were used in World War II to solve independent problems of operational nature and tactical tasks in the framework of operations of larger compounds of the land army. Operation "Freudental". Which planned to spend during the sudansky crisis, was that the German arrows of parachutists were to "open" the Czechoslovatsky line of fortifications from the rear. She thought as a very independent operation. Other independent operations of parachutist shooters followed: only partially capturing the "Holland Fortress" in May 1940, the capture of Crete Island in May 1941 is the largest and truly self-intent operation, as well as a number of smaller operations carried out in Eastern Mediterranean Sea In the fall of 1943, after Italy ruined the Union with Germany. Planned as a major distracting maneuver, a landing of German parachutes in Northern Ireland at the end of the autumn of 1940, as well as an unfulfilled plan for the seizure of Malta Island in the summer of 1942 should have been independent operations of parachute troops. The compounds of the army, fleet and aviation, appointed to interact with parachute regions, should have been carried out by tactical tasks within the operations of parachute troops.
At the heart of all the largest of these airborne operations, there was almost the same idea: first attack in several places from the air and create several reference points to hack from the inside the enemy defense system, prevent him from focusing on any one site and cut the necessary communications for defense; Then choose one of the created reference points, concentrate on it all the available and newly arrived forces, so that they are spread, like the ink spot, until the main support point is somewhat with others and will not absorb them. This tactics - I would call it the "ink stain tactics" - the Germans preferred in all airborne operations in opposition to the tactics of the "carpet", used by the allies and concluded that on the area to be seized, parachutists from the very beginning were diverged evenly. The tactics of the "ink stain" justified themselves in Holland and in Crete.
Along with the use of German parachute troops to solve problems of operational nature, the German Supreme Command in the course of the war has increasingly stood on parachutists tactical tasks within the fighting of large front-line compounds. At the same time, parachute troops were used mostly as advanced detachments or as an ariecargard, that is, to some extent, modernized cavalry was likened. The actions of parachute troops in Norway - in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Dombos and at the Oslo airfield in April 1940 - and the attack of the sperm platoon of the parachute troops of Fort Eben-Emael, capture and providing a crossing through the Alberta Channel and mastering crossings through the Nizhny Rhine on May 10, 1940 may be considered as actions Parachute troops in the role of advanced detachments. At the occurrence of Alexandria, Rommel also plucked first to use four combat teams of the brigade frame as an advanced squad for a sudden seizure and destruction of anti-tank barriers to the British. The planned use of one of the compounds of parachute troops for the sudden seizure of the oil district North-west Baku until the moment when the retreating enemy destroys it, also put the parachute troops into the role of an advanced squad. Finally, combat group Background Heidte, discarded during the last large hostilities of German parachutes in December 1944 in the mountain area Eifel to ensure the north flank of the advancing and to capture mountain passes and roads, was also an advanced detachment.
It goes without saying that in the framework of large air amphibian operation A small part of parachute shooters thrown with parachute or landed on glider performs the tasks of an advanced squad. So, for example, during the fights on Crete, the rods of the assault regiment landed in the Malesee district and Eastern Kania on cargo glider before the parachutists; When planning an operation to seize the island of Malta, the above battalion was supposed to, using the dive of cargo gliders, fail the island anti-aircraft artillery. Much less often was planned to use parachute and parachute-planer landing as an ariecard. Thus, in August 1943, parts of the 2nd parachute division, landed in Sicily on the Western and South slopes of Etn, with the task of equiping a shut-off position between retreating and partially defeated by Italian troops and pursuing them from the opponent's parts and to ensure the creation of a powerful bridgehead at the Messinsky Strait before When the troops are evacuated from Sicily, were a kind of managard. To the use of parachutists in the role of an ariecard to some extent approaching the other kind of them combat application. On the soldiers' jargon, it is called "fire extinguishing". It consists in the fact that the paratrooper shooters are thrown into the emergence to restore the continuous line of the front. No matter how large was the number of cases when parachutists replaced infantry parts, but I do not know a single example, when such a "fire extinguishing" would be carried out with air parachute and parachute-planer landings. True, one day the High Command planned such an enterprise (to establish a connection with a surrounded German group in the area of \u200b\u200bthe hill in the spring of 1942), but it was not conducted.
If you follow the progress of large German airborne operations and for those few cases of tactical use of parachute troops, it is inevitably the impression that the German High Command does not skillfully use parachute troops in accordance with their characteristics. It is hesitantly and reluctant to accept proposals that proceeded from representatives of the parachute troops themselves, and in particular from General Student. All this led to the fact that such a valuable compound for the army, which was completely from the selected volunteer soldiers and had excellent equipment, weapons and expensive equipment, turned into a conventional infantry connection.
The actions of German parachute and parachute-planer landing sunts suggest that the fear of commands before the larger losses was completely unreasonable. True, the losses of parachute troops in such operations were undoubtedly severe, since the actions of any major assault were a fierce heavy struggle. However, the use of a parachute acent always gives command the possibility of achieving an operational or tactical goal in the cost of much smaller forces than in the ground operation ground ForcesWhere to achieve such a goal should be used significantly larger forces. Even if we assume that the goals stood in front of parachuterates in the Netherlands (1940) and in Crete (1941) could be achieved without the use of land assaults, only due to the actions of the ground forces, it would take much more time and Much more strength, while the absolute figures of losses would be, of course, not less. In any case, the use of parachutist shooters always justifies itself, but for this, parachute troops should be entered into battle in the direction of the main strike. They should not be dispersed and perform various secondary tactical tasks. It is extremely doubtful, whether the principle of the 6th command observed tank Army "CO" during the last landing of German parachute troops in December 1944.
When performing tactical tasks, a separate group of parachutists must provide more freedom of action. Nowhere is not harmful stamp and stencil, as when attacking air, be it a jump or action from the glider. Despite this, it is necessary to confess that during the Second World War, German paratroopers and planer landings used three main types of air attack: a discharge or disembarkation directly to the object, discharge or disembarkation next to the object and discharge or disembarking away from the object.
Directly discharge to the object is possible only if the object is small in size. In this case, this form of attack is even necessary. A typical example is a landing for Fort Eben-Emael on May 10, 1940. Fort managed to take only due to the disembarkation directly to the object. In the same way, when planning an operation to seize the island of Malta, a landing of a landing with dive gliders directly on the position of anti-aircraft artillery was envisaged. I thought about landing the landing on the anti-tank barrage and Rommel when he wanted to take offense at Alexandria. The first English parachute landing launched in February 1942 north of the Garara was also a release on the object. His task was to eliminate the German radar plant "Würzburg" and to withdraw from it the details necessary by the British. The prerequisite strengthening can be seized from the air only if the landing of the landing is made directly to the bridge, as was done, for example, German parachuters in 1940 in the Lower Rhine and in 1941 at the Corinth Carison. Ignoring the British of this elementary rule of parachute tactics in Arnhem in September 1944 was worth it with the loss of one of the best parachute divisions. The capture of the bridge requires unloading or disembarking on both prerequisites, and this is an undisputed rule.
A typical case of discharge or disembarkation next to the object can be an airfield capture. The landing directly to the object with the help of gliders or parachutes would cause here in the conditions of open areas, completely unnecessary losses.
The discharge or landing distance from the object is deprived of the benefits of a sudden attack from the air directly to the object or next to it. If the release or disembarking directly to the object or next to it can be compared with the attack from the stroke, then the landing distance from the object is essentially occupied by the initial position for the offensive. In this case, after the occupation of the initial position, the landing launches the attack, guided by the general principles of infantry actions. As an example, such a landing distance, the actions of the 3rd parachute-rifle shelf on Crete can be away from the object. This regiment had a task to master the capital of the island - the city of Kania. To fulfill the task, the regiment was jumped on the parachutes on the road of Kania - Alikian, approximately 3 km south-west of the outskirts of Kania. Then, the regiment refined from the opponent was planned to develop an offensive in the northeast direction to the main city of the island.
The commander of a separate parachute will decide on the release of the landing away from the object only if the object has a greater length (area), and the enemy's situation is completely unclear. As part of a large landing operation, the command of parachute troops will use a separate part under certain circumstances away from the object also because, if necessary, she can change the task, ordered to participate in ground-based battle at other sites. In the example above, the 3rd parachute regiment had all the indicated prerequisites.
It would be an error to assume that at the moment the parachuterates turn out to be on Earth - whether when disembarking right on the object, next to it, Il and away from it, - the actions of the parachutist arrow lose their specific features, and everything that happens later , takes the character of a conventional infantry combat leading on the old, tested rules. Even after unloading or disembarking, paratroopers saves their singular features. The fight in the conditions of the landing, in contrast to the battle of normal infantry units, is characterized mainly by three moments: the need to defend from all sides, that is, to conduct a circular defense; The lack of preceding the battle of neighboring exploration and intelligence of the fight and, not least, the lack of artillery. The old truth that the creature of the offensive lies in the harmonious interaction of fire and movement, in the conditions of the battle of the air landing loses its meaning. In this case, the fire retreats to the background, freeing his place to move. Its overwhelming and paralyzing effect turns out to be not as effective as a stunning suddenness, thoughtful order and overturning power, which characterize the attack of the air landing. After landing, the commander of the parachute regiment is no longer a conductor of a large "fire orchestra", and to a certain extent a "commissioner for saving ammunition", which seeks to compensate for insufficient firepower, skillful and unexpected fire maneuver of his heavy weapons. Where it is the art of fire maneuver was replaced by bombing and fire from airplanes, for example, on the island of Crete and in South Holland (September 1944), instead of a clear, complementary, and ensuring the success of the interaction of fire and movement, only awkward and rather useless "assistance "
During the last landing of German parachutes in the Eiffel Mountain Area in December 1944, advanced observers - divisions (batteries) of long-range artillery and an artillery communications team that managed fire from the deep rear of the enemy were included in the combat group. The results of their actions have shown that such use of observers is quite justified.
Divisions similar to the Russian airborne troops exist in many countries of the world. But they are called in different ways: air infantry, winged infantry, aerobile troops, highly mobile landing troops and even commanders.
In early 1936, the UK leadership was demonstrated by documentary film director about the air destination created in the USSR first in the world. According to the results of viewing, General Alfred Knox in the sidelines of Parliament carelessly noticed: "I have always been convinced that the Russians are a nation of dreamers." In vain, already during the Great Patriotic War Russian paratroopers proved that they are capable of impossible.
Moscow in danger. Parachutes - do not need
Soviet landing troops from the first days of their existence were applied to fulfill the most complex military operations. However, the feat was perfect in the winter of 1941, otherwise as fantastics and it is difficult to call.
During the most dramatic days of the Great Patriotic pilot Soviet armyThe intelligence flight, unexpectedly, and horror for himself found the column of the fascists of the fascists moving towards Moscow, on the path of which there were no Soviet troops. Moscow was bare. There was no time to meditate. The High Command ordered to stop fast moving to the capital of the fascists by the forces of airborne troops. It was assumed that it would be necessary to jump from aircraft going on the shaking flight, without parachutes, in the snow and going into battle. When the command announced the condition of the operation before the landing company of Siberians, emphasizing that it was not an order in it, but a request, no one refused.
It is not difficult to imagine the feelings of the Wehrmacht's soldiers, when the wedges of Soviet aircraft flying at an extremely low height appeared in front of them. When an increasing hero of air sprinkled from aircraft in the snow, the Germans and did not cover panic at all. Behind the first aircraft walked the following. The end was not visible. This episode is most brightly described in the book Yu.V. Sergeeva "Princess Island". Fight walked fierce. Large losses Bared both sides. But as soon as the Germans have begun substantially superior and weapons, they began to win the top, because of the forest there were new aircraft of the Soviet landing and the battle flared up again. Victory remained for Soviet paratroopers. German mechanized columns were destroyed. Moscow turned out to be saved. Moreover, as it was later calculated, with no parachute jumps in the snow killed about 12% of the landing. It is noteworthy that it was not the only case of such a landing during the defense of Moscow. A story about a similar operation can be found in the autobiographical book "From the sky to battle", written by the Soviet intelligence officer Ivan the beginning, one of the record holders on parachute jumps.
The first north poles took paratroopers
For a long time, a feat of Soviet paratroopers, a decent book of Records Guinness, was hidden under the Gryph "Top Secret". As you know, after the end of World War II, a heavy shadow has hung over the world cold War. Moreover, the countries participating in it have no equal conditions in the event of the beginning of the fighting. The United States possessed bases in Europe, where their bombers were located. And the USSR could put a nuclear strike on the US only through the territory of the Northern Ocean. But in the late 1940s - early 1950s, this path was long for heavy bombers, and the country needed the airfields of "sweat" in the Arctic, which it was necessary to guard. For this purpose, the command of the troops decided to organize the first landing of the Soviet soldiers in full combat equipment on the North Pole. To fulfill such a responsible mission was instructed by Vitaly Volovich and Andrei Medvedev.
Poland to the poles they should have been in a landmark day on May 9, 1949. Parachute leap was successful. Soviet paratroopers landed exactly in a predetermined point. Installed the flag of the USSR and photographed, although it was a violation of the instruction. When the mission was successfully completed, paratroopers took the Li-2 plane, landed near the ice. For the registered record, the parachutists received the Order of the Red Banner. The most amazing thing that the Americans were able to repeat their jump only 32 years later in 1981. Of course, they were in the book of Records Guinness, they were exactly: Jack Willer and Rocky Parsons, although Soviet paratroopers made the first parachute jump on the North Pole.
"9 Rota": in movies from life
One of the most famous domestic films about the airborne troops of Russia is the film of Fyodor Bondarchuk "9 Rota". As you know, the plot of blockbuster affecting drama is built on real eventswho took place during the infamous war in Afghanistan. The film was based on the battle of the battle for the dominant height of 3234 in the Afghan city of Host, to keep the 9th company of the 345th Guards Separate Parachute Regiment. The battle occurred on January 7, 1988. Against 39 Soviet paratroopers, several hundred Mujahideen performed. Their task was to capture the dominant height, to then get control over the road Gardenz host. Using the terraces and hidden approaches, the Mujahideen was able to approach the positions of Soviet paratroopers per distance of 200 meters. The battle went over for 12 hours, but unlike the film had not such a dramatic finale. Mujahideen led a merciless fire on the positions of paratroopers from mortars, automata and grenade launchers. During the night, the attackers nine times stormed the height and the same time they were reset back. True, the last attack almost led them to the goal. Fortunately, at that moment, the reconnaissance platoon of the 3rd parachute regiment arrived at the face of paratroopers. It solved the outcome of the battle. Mujahideen, which have lost significant losses, without achieving the desired, retreated. The most amazing thing is that the losses among ours were not so great as it was shown in the film. Six people died, and 28 were injured in various gravity.
Russian answer NATO
It is noteworthy that the first military-political victory of Russia after the crash Soviet Union Brought the airborne troops. During the 1990s tragic for the country, when the United States ceased to take into account the Russian interests, the last straw, which was overwhelmed by the Bowl of the Bombing of Serbia. Protests of Russia, requiring exclusively peaceful resolution of the conflict, NATO did not take into account.
As a result, over several months in Serbia, more than 2000 alone civilians were killed. Moreover, during the preparation in 1999, operations " Union Strong"Russia is not only not mentioned as a possible participant in the resolution of the conflict, her opinion was not taken into account at all. In this situation, military leadership decided to conduct his own advanced operation and take the only major airport in Kosovo, forcing himself to be considered. The Russian peacekeeping battalion was ordered to nominate from Bosnia and Herzegovina and make a march of 600 km long. The paratroopers of the Summary Battalion of the Airborne Forces should have been the first, before the British, take the airport Pristina Slatina, the main strategic object of the country. The fact is that it was the only airport in the region capable of taking any types of aircraft, including military-transport. It was here that it was planned to transfer the basic forces of NATO for land combat.
The order was performed on the night from 11 to 12 June 1999, on the eve of the beginning of the NATO land operation. Russians met with flowers. As soon as NATO was understood what happened to the Slatina airfield, the column of English tanks has hurriedly. Forces, as usual, were unequal. Russia wanted to additionally transfer the airborne division airport, but Hungary and Bulgaria refused the air corridor. Meanwhile, the British General Michael Jackson gave orders to tankers to free the airport from the Russians. In response, Russian servicemen took military technique NATO on sight, showing the seriousness of his intentions. They did not allow landing at the airport and British helicopters. NATO sharply demanded from Jackson to knock Russian from Slatina. But the general said he was not going to start the third world War And retreated. As a result, during the bold and successful operation of paratroopers, Russia received zones of influence, including control over Slatina airport.
Nowadays, the airborne troops of Russia, as before, continue to defend the military political interests of Russia. The main tasks of the Airborne Forces during the fighting includes the coverage of the enemy from the air, the fulfillment of combat operations in his rear. The priority is to disorient the enemy's troops by violating its management, as well as the destruction of ground elements of high-precision weapons. In addition, airborne troops are used as a rapid response force.
