In the history of inventions, it is difficult to find a more international product than a parachute. The idea, first expressed, as they say, by the Italian Leonardo da Vinci in the 15th century, was implemented by the French in the 18th century, finalized by the British in the 19th century. and improved by a Russian inventor at the beginning of the 20th century.
The initial task was a safe landing of a person (for example, when jumping from a balloon basket). Models of that time did not differ in a wide variety of species. Continued until the 1970s. improvement of the design and materials used, led to the differentiation of parachutes into two large groups: round and "wing". The most used in professional parachuting belong to the wing group.
Types of parachutes by purpose of use
According to the purpose, the following types are distinguished:
- for landing cargo;
- for solving auxiliary problems;
- for landing people.
The drag parachute has a long history. It was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian designer, and was originally intended for braking cars. In this form, the idea did not take root, but in the late 1930s. it is beginning to take root in aviation.
Today, the brake parachute is part of the braking system of fighter aircraft that have a high landing speed and a short landing distance, for example, on warships. When approaching the runway for such aircraft, one drag parachute with one or more canopies is ejected from the rear fuselage. Its use allows to reduce the braking distance by 30%. In addition, a drag parachute is used when landing space challengers.
Civil aircraft do not use this method of braking, because at the time of ejection of the canopy vehicle and the people in it experience a significant overload.
To land cargo thrown from aircraft, special parachute systems are used, consisting of one or more domes. If necessary, such systems can be equipped with jet engines that give an additional braking impulse before direct contact with the ground. Similar parachute systems are also used for the descent of spacecraft to the ground. Auxiliary task parachutes include those that are constituent parts parachute systems:
- exhaust, which pull out the main or spare dome;
- stabilizing, which, in addition to pulling, have the function of stabilizing the landing object;
- supporting, which ensure the correct process of opening another parachute.
Most parachute systems exist for landing people.
Types of parachutes for landing people
The following types of parachutes are used for the safe landing of people:
- training;
- rescue;
- special purpose;
- landing;
- gliding shell parachute systems (sports).
The main types are gliding shell parachute systems (“wing”) and landing (round) parachutes.
landing
Army parachutes come in 2 types: round and square.
The dome of a round landing parachute is a polygon, which, when filled with air, takes the form of a hemisphere. The dome has a cutout (or less dense fabric) in the center. Round landing parachute systems (for example, D-5, D-6, D-10) have the following altitude characteristics:
- the maximum height of the release is 8 km.
- the usual working height is 800-1200 m.
- the minimum ejection height is 200 m with stabilization for 3 s and descent on a filled canopy for at least 10 s.
Round landing parachutes are poorly controlled. They have approximately the same vertical and horizontal speed (5 m/s). Weight:
- 13.8 kg (D-5);
- 11.5 kg (D-6);
- 11.7 (D-10).
Square parachutes (for example, the Russian "Listik" D-12, the American T-11) have additional slots in the canopy, which gives them better maneuverability and allows the parachutist to control the horizontal movement. The rate of descent is up to 4 m/s. Horizontal speed - up to 5 m/s.
Training
Training parachutes are used as intermediate parachutes for the transition from landing to sports. They, like the landing ones, have round domes, but are equipped with additional slots and valves that allow the paratrooper to influence the horizontal movement and train landing accuracy.
The most popular training option is D-1-5U. It is he who is used when making the first independent jumps in parachute clubs. When pulling on one of the control lines, this model makes a full 360 turn ° C for 18 s. He is well managed.
Average sink rates (m/s):
- horizontal - 2.47;
- vertical - 5.11.
The minimum release height from the D-1-5U is 150 m with immediate deployment. The maximum height of the release is 2200 m. Other training models: P1-U; T-4; UT-15. Having characteristics similar to D-1-5U, these models are even more maneuverable: they make a full turn in 5 s, 6.5 s and 12 s, respectively. In addition, they are about 5 kg lighter than the D-1-5U.
Sports
Gliding shell parachute systems are characterized by the greatest species diversity. They can be classified according to the shape of the wing and the type of dome.
- Wing shape classification
Domes of the "wing" type can have the following shape:
- rectangular;
- semi-elliptical;
- elliptical.
Most of the wings are rectangular in shape. It provides ease of control, predictability of the behavior of the parachute.
The more elliptical the shape of the canopy, the better the aerodynamic performance of the parachute becomes, but the less stable it becomes.
Elliptical structures are characterized by:
- higher speed (horizontal and vertical);
- short stroke control lines;
- large loss of height during the turn.
Elliptical canopies are high-speed models designed for use by skydivers with more than 500 jumps experience.
- Classification by dome type
Sports modifications are divided according to the purpose of the dome into:
- classic;
- student;
- high-speed;
- transitional;
- tandem.
Classic domes have a large area (up to 28 m²), which makes them stable even when strong wind. They are also called precision.
ABOUTdistinguishing features:
- mobile in the horizontal plane (developing speed up to 10 m/s);
- allow you to effectively control the decline;
- used to practice landing accuracy.
The name "student dome" speaks for itself. Such parachute systems are used by skydivers with little jumping experience. They are quite inert, less maneuverable and therefore safer. In terms of area, the student's dome roughly corresponds to the range of the classical one, but has 9 sections instead of 7. Domes for high-speed parachutes are small - up to 21.4 m². These professional models distinguished by "agility" and high maneuverability. Some models develop a horizontal speed of more than 18 m/s. On average - 12-16 m / s. Used by trained paratroopers.
Tandem domes are designed for landing 2 people at the same time. Therefore, they have a large area, up to 11 sections. Differ in the increased stability and durability of a design. Transitional domes are more inert and slow, but fast enough: they can develop a horizontal speed of up to 14 m/s. They are used as training before mastering speed models. And planning shell parachute systems are designated by the letters PO (for example, PO-16, PO-9).
Rescue
Systems designed for emergency landing from a crashed aircraft are called rescue systems. As a rule, they have a round dome shape (for example, C-4, C-5). But there are also square ones (for example, C-3-3).
Emergency release can occur at speeds up to 1100 km / h (S-5K) at altitude:
- from 100 m to 12000 m (С-3-3);
- from 70 to 4000 m (S-4U);
- from 60 to 6000 m (С-4);
- from 80 to 12000 m (С-5).
When ejected at a very high altitude, it is allowed to open the parachute after passing the mark of 9000 m. appliances.
Spare
Whatever parachute systems are used, a reserve parachute is a mandatory part of them. It is attached to the parachutist's chest and is used as an emergency in cases where the main one failed or could not open correctly. The reserve parachute is designated by the letters "З" or "ПЗ". The reserve parachute has a large canopy area - up to 50 m². The shape of the dome is round. Vertical descent speed - from 5 to 8.5 m / s.
Various types of alarm systems are compatible with different types main parachutes:
- reserve parachute type Z-2 is compatible with landing and rescue models D-5, D-1-5, S-3-3, S-4.
- reserve parachute type PZ-81 must be used with sports options like PO-9.
- reserve parachute PZ-74 is designed for use with training models UT-15 and T-4.
special purpose
This group includes non-mass parachute systems. They are used in rescue and military operations.
Base jumping parachutes
The main dome for base jumping is the usual rectangular "wing". As a rule, they are made of airtight material (ZP-0). There is no reserve parachute: the low jump height makes it redundant.
When jumping like freefall, when the base jumper opens the parachute itself, the parachute system requires a large pilot chute, the thrust of which is enough to quickly open the main canopy. Assist jumps are less demanding on the size of the pilot chute, because. the extension of the main dome occurs "automatically". In roll over jumps, only the main, already unfolded, canopy is used.
In summer the sun rises early. As soon as the evening dawn has time to hand over its watch, it begins to turn red in the east, and soon a crimson-red disk of the daylight rolls out from behind the horizon.
Quiet, windless. Only in the heights the lark is flooded, and in the withered grass the grasshoppers chirp monotonously.
Despite the early hour, stuffy, hot. A group of staff officers headed by General M.T. Tonkaev had just arrived in this deserted steppe. The officers crowd around a small table, at which a navigator and a tablet player perched with their magazines and stopwatches. The general looked at his watch and said quietly, as if to himself:
- It starts now...
What exactly will begin - the officers did not need to explain. Today, on this plain, they were to receive a mass air assault from heavy Tu-4D airships flying at high speed. Such an experiment was carried out for the first time.
Everyone quickly rises from their seats. And here is the familiar, but always alarming sounding signal: “Go!”.
The paratroopers one by one rush to the hatch and disappear into the gray void.
The moment has come to jump and let out. Vladimir Doronin takes a step, another and, habitually bending down, throws himself head down into the abyss whistling from the rushing air stream. A tight wave immediately hit him in the face, turned his body and threw it to the side with force.
Then he felt a jolt. But not the same as it happens when the canopy of the main parachute opens, but weak, barely perceptible. "Something's wrong!" - burned thought. Doronin raised his head and saw a white tongue of cloth above him. The main part of the dome, twisted into a bundle, wriggled, clamped by strong parachute lines.
Vladimir knew well what this threatened.
“But if we open the reserve parachute now,” thought Vladimir, “then, having escaped from the satchel, it can wrap itself around the harness of the main parachute, and then it will be the end.
After waiting for an opportune moment, Vladimir pulled the reserve parachute ring and heard a familiar pop. The parachute filled with air. The rapid fall has stopped.
Landing on a reserve parachute, Vladimir unfastened the suspension system and, with pleasure, stretched out on the warm ground, buried his face in the grass. My God, how pleasantly these herbs smell, what a primordial aroma the earth itself exudes, how loudly the grasshoppers chirp. Why hadn't he noticed this before, why didn't he experience burning joy from these smells and these sounds? And my heart beat loudly, with jubilation: alive, alive! After a while, he struggled to his feet and looked around. Nearby, three paratroopers were lying in the grass, and next to them the faded and wrinkled parachute panels were white. It hasn't happened yet. Is there a problem with them?
But the paratroopers at the same time, as if on command, got up, collected their parachutes and headed towards Doronin. Other paratroopers also hurried to the gathering place.
- What's happened? - the officer asked one of the paratroopers, who a minute ago lay motionless in the grass. The boy stuttered and replied:
- Ku-pol ra-a-exploded ...
The same story, it turns out, happened to his friend.
At this time, another nine aircraft appeared over the landing area. One by one, paratroopers poured down from above. The sky was white with parachutes. Something went wrong with one of the paratroopers. Having overtaken his comrades, he continued to rapidly rush to the ground. Behind him stretched a twisted tourniquet of an unopened parachute.
Vladimir and the three paratroopers who approached him held their breath and watched a man in trouble approaching the ground.
- Tear the spare ring! - shouted Doronin, as if the paratrooper could hear his advice. But, to the delight of all who watched, the canopy of the reserve parachute finally opened over the paratrooper.
When the last paratrooper sank to the ground, Vladimir headed for the assembly point. The general was there. Doronin began to report to him about what had happened. But the general stopped him with a sharp gesture:
- I know. I know everything.
In the general's tone, Vladimir caught irritation. It's a joke to say: the landing almost ended in the death of several people.
What's the reason? Why did the canopies of the main parachutes in a number of cases not work, while Doronin's main canopy was turned inside out, torn and almost completely twisted into a tight tourniquet? For three people, the parachute lines were twisted to their entire length, and the canopies, as they are commonly called, turned out to be “crushed”. In two cases, an unknown force rolled the panels of the main parachutes into a ball and tied them with slings.
Later it turned out that several people at the time of opening the parachutes from a strong dynamic impact lost consciousness, others received severe bruises on the head and face with the free ends of the suspension system.
In the evening, a group of officers and generals from the headquarters of the Airborne Forces arrived at the field site where the troops landed. Such a phenomenon, when about ten parachutes were denied work at once, has not been noted in the entire history of the Airborne Forces. The headquarters was alarmed: D-1, who faithfully served the paratroopers for more than one year, suddenly misfired.
A commission was quickly formed. Vladimir Doronin also entered it as a leading test engineer. Specialists meticulously examined every fold of parachutes, checked the lines by touch, opened and closed the satchels, hoping to find at least the slightest clue. But in vain. No flaws were found in the parachutes.
What is the point then? This issue was discussed at a meeting of experts. They spoke passionately, passionately, sometimes arguing. In the end, they came to the conclusion that the speed at which the jumps from aircraft were to blame was to blame. The old, loyal D-1 was at odds with her.
- What do we do? - asked the participants of the meeting, the general who led the operation to drop the landing. - Go back to the sluggards? But this is not the way out. In the near future we will receive new, even faster aircraft. What is your opinion, comrade Doronin?
The general knew Vladimir as a master of sports, the inventor of many devices that were widely used in the troops.
- I can’t give an explanation right off the bat, Comrade General, - Vladimir answered. - I am firmly convinced of one thing - the D-1 is not suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft. We have to create something new. The development of a new parachute was carried out earlier. There were even individual samples. But they did not find practical application: the parachutes turned out to be heavy and bulky.
The Doronins took up the creation of a new model. Logic prompted the inventors that since the D-1 behaves abnormally at high flight speeds in a highly disturbed air flow, it means that it is necessary to look for a fundamentally new, consistent scheme for its entry into action. The phased introduction of the parachute into operation should guarantee not only the trouble-free and normal opening of the main canopy, but also bring the large dynamic load experienced by the paratrooper to normal limits.
Doronins made hundreds of various calculations, checking the developed structures in the air. To do this, we had to repeatedly jump from high-speed planes ourselves, and in especially dangerous cases, entrust the experiment to the trouble-free "Ivan Ivanovich". In the end, the picture, as if on photographic paper, lowered into the developer, appeared before them quite clearly.
As soon as the paratrooper leaves the plane, a small canopy of a stabilizing parachute opens behind him. In a strongly disturbed air flow, he immediately sets the person down with his feet in the direction of flight, stops his random tumbling, and reduces the speed of the fall.
At the same time, the stabilizing parachute also pulls out of the satchel the upper part of the main dome placed in the case - a train on which the paratrooper carries out a stabilizing descent to the desired height. Then the automatic device PPD-10 or KAP-3 is activated, releasing the stabilizing parachute, and that, in turn, easily “takes out” the rest of the main canopy from the inner pocket of the knapsack, pulls the cover off it and then the canopy is fully operational.
Now the parachutist could be firmly convinced that the surprises that made themselves felt when throwing a mass landing at high flight speed no longer lay in wait for him. The stabilizing parachute guarantees the normal opening of the main parachute, regardless of the speed of the aircraft, protects against strong dynamic shock and all kinds of injuries.
The use of a new landing parachute, named D-1-8, greatly contributed to the rapid development of high-speed transport aviation. He passed the state and military tests and was accepted for armament of the Airborne Forces and Air Force. Its first testers were the inventors themselves and their friends V. G. Romanyuk, N. K. Nikitin, A. V. Vanyarkho. They jumped from D-1-8 from An-8, An-10, An-12, Tu-4D and others, and in all cases he behaved flawlessly.
Tests, as well as mass landings at various military exercises from high-speed aircraft, led to the conclusion that the scheme proposed by the Doronins for the sequential introduction of landing parachutes into action has no equal. Its advantage was that pilot chutes could not get into the lines of the main domes. The slings of the pilot chute could no longer catch on to the legs, head, weapons, equipment of the paratrooper.
Previously, during jumps, the lines of the main dome were quite often tied with so-called "mechanical knots", pinching the lower edges of the domes. Sometimes the slings overlapped the domes and, of course, did not allow them to work normally. And how people suffered when the free ends of the suspension system hit the face or head. Now such phenomena are no longer observed.
The sequential scheme of the D-1-8 coming into action reduced the dynamic load on a person by two to three times, because the falling speed was extinguished gradually.
Of no small importance was the fact that the parachutist, immediately after separation from the aircraft, took up a position with his feet downstream. He did not experience any somersaults or strong rotations, had a good overview of the surrounding space and convenient access to the exhaust rings of the main and reserve parachutes, if he had a chance to use them in case of need.
This circumstance was also very important. The new parachute did not exclude, but assumed the use of any previously released serial canopies, because the stabilizing parachute took a significant share of the dynamic load on itself. Serial domes remained the same.
All this gave a great economic effect. If we calculate the cost of the material previously spent on the production of parachutes, and present in monetary terms the labor of factory teams, we get a figure that amounts to millions of rubles.
The main thing was that within two years all airborne and aviation units were provided with new parachutes suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft.
The Doronins created not only the parachute itself. In relation to it, they developed an original two-cone lock of the stabilizing system, introduced automatons that open the parachute, used the parachute pack as a power system that takes on dynamic loads. All this was a significant contribution to the development of domestic parachute equipment, approved the priority of our Motherland in this area.
The main merit belongs to the Doronin in the development of the D-1-8. But other specialists worked with them on its creation: design engineer F. D. Tkachev, who had previously created a dome for the D-1 round shape, designers A. F. Zimina, I. M. Artemov, S. D. Khahilev, I. S. Stepanenko, who developed a lineless ball pilot chute, colonels V. P. Ivanov, M. V. Arabin, A. V. Vanyarkho , A. F. Shukaev, N. Ya. Gladkov, engineer-lieutenant colonel A. V. Alekseev, head of the political department of the formation, Colonel I. I. Bliznyuk.
Tests of the new parachute were carried out under the leadership of Generals S. E. Rozhdestvensky, A. I. Zigaev and I. I. Lisov.
The appearance of parachutes D-1-8 affected the increase in the combat readiness of the airborne troops. With them, paratroopers jumped from high-speed planes at the largest military exercises "Dnepr", "Dvina", "South".
In the summer of 1967, an air parade took place at the Domodedovo airfield near Moscow. It was dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the Soviet state. Participants and spectators of this grandiose holiday will surely remember the following picture: an armada of heavy airships appeared from the western side of the airfield. They marched in close combat formation. Soon the sky above the airfield blossomed with bright domes.
And the planes kept coming and going. Some paratroopers left the planes, others, having landed, rushed to perform a combat mission. Over a thousand people with weapons in their hands for a record short term then fell to the ground. It was a breathtaking and unforgettable sight.
Massive parachute assault from high-speed aircraft! It became possible due to the fact that new equipment entered service with the army. And also because the D-1-8 parachute appeared. He had a high
reliability.
One document signed by the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel-General V.F. Margelov on May 10, 1967, states:
“The D-1-8 landing parachute has a fundamentally new sequential scheme for putting it into operation, which allowed the Airborne Forces and Military Transport Aviation to conduct normal combat training of personnel for jumping from all types of modern aircraft at flight speeds up to 400 km / h on the instrument and constantly stay in combat readiness for landing. This was convincingly demonstrated at the air parade in 1961 in Moscow and at many exercises of the Warsaw Pact countries and was twice highly appreciated by the Marshal Soviet Union comrade Malinovsky R. Ya. in his speeches at the XXII and XXIII Congresses of the CPSU. At present, more than three million jumps have been made on D-1-8 parachutes, and they "showed high reliability in operation."
Meanwhile, by chance, this parachute might not have seen the light of day, if the commander of the airborne troops, V.F. Margelov, had not taken part in its fate. He showed foresight, determination, took responsibility when the fate of a new product hung in the balance.
This happened at the first stage of military trials, when only one hundred and fifty jumps were included in the track record of D-1-8. One of the paratroopers hurried to leave the plane and during the jump made a mistake that cost him his life. The free part of the canopy of the main parachute fell under his legs in the bend of his knees, wrapped around him from below. The parachutist, falling down-back, did not take any measures to change the position of the body. Apparently he went into shock.
Everyone focused their attention on the black dot rapidly approaching the ground. Finally, the canopy of the reserve parachute shot up over the man. But it was already too late. To stop the rapid fall, the paratrooper lacked some ten to fifteen meters in height.
What is the reason for the parachutist's death? Lost, apparently, the guy consciousness, they said alone. Others summed up a different base for the state of emergency: the parachute, they say, was not brought to full condition and with military trials it would be better to wait.
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Fedor LUSHNIKOV
Landing parachute D-10- This is the system that replaced the D-6 parachute. 100 sqm dome area with improved performance and beautiful appearance- in the form of patisson.
Designed
Designed for jumps for both novice paratroopers and paratroopers - training and combat jumps from the AN-2 aircraft, MI-8 and MI-6 helicopters and AN-12, AN-26, AN-22, IL-76 military transport aircraft with full service weapons and equipment ... or without it ... Throw speed 140-400 km / h, minimum jump height 200 meters with stabilization 3 seconds, maximum - 4000 meters with a parachutist flight weight up to 140 kg. Descent speed 5 m/sec.
Horizontal speed up to 3 m/s. The forward movement of the canopy is carried out by rolling the free ends, where the free ends are reduced by rolling, the canopy goes there... Dome turns are carried out by control lines, the canopy is unfolded due to the slots located on the dome. The length of the lines for the D-10 parachute is different ... Lighter in weight, it got more control options ...
At the end of the article I will post the full performance characteristics of the D-10 (performance characteristics)
Parachute system D-10
Parachute system D-10 many people already know that the system came to the troops ... landing showed work in the air ... convergence became much less, because there are more opportunities under an open dome to run where there is no one ... with a parachute it will be even better in this regard .. Believe me, it's difficult ... to create a system that opens safely, give speed to the canopy, make turns, create such control that a paratrooper without jumping experience can handle it ... but for paratroopers when they go with full service weapons and equipment, maintain the rate of descent and allow easy control of the canopy ...
And in a combat situation during the landing, it is necessary to exclude as much as possible shooting-shooting at paratroopers, as at targets ...
The Research Institute of Parachute Engineering has developed a modification of the D-10 parachute... get to know...
From a height of 70 meters
The minimum drop height is 70 meters...! We have courageous paratroopers... it's scary to walk from 100 meters... :)) it's scary, because the ground is close... and from 70 meters... it's like heading into a whirlpool... :)) the ground is very close. .. I know this height, this is the approach to the last straight line on the sports dome ... but the D-10P system has been worked out for quick opening ... without stabilization for the forced opening of the knapsack ... the pull rope is attached with a carabiner to the cable in an airplane or helicopter, and the other end with a cable to close the parachute bag ... the cable is pulled out with a rope, the bag opened and the canopy went ... such an opening system for the parachute D-1-8, series 6 ... the possibility of leaving aircraft at a height of 70 meters - this is safety during landing in combat conditions ...
The maximum altitude of leaving the aircraft is 4000 meters...
The D-10P system is designed in such a way that it can be converted into the D-10 system ... and vice versa ... in other words, it can be operated without stabilization for the forced opening of the parachute or stabilization is attached, the parachute fits into work with stabilization and forward, into Sky...
The dome consists of 24 wedges, slings with a breaking strength of 150 kg each...
22 slings 4 meters long and four slings attached to the loops of the dome slots, 7 m long, made of ShKP-150 nylon cord,
22 external additional slings from the ShKP-150 cord, 3 m long
24 internal additional slings from the ShKP-120 cord, 4 m long, attached to the main slings ... two internal additional slings are attached to lines 2 and 14.
The performance characteristics of the PDS D-10
| Weight of a paratrooper with parachutes, kg | 140-150 |
| Aircraft flight speed, km/h | 140-400 |
| Maximum safe parachute opening height, m | 4000 |
| Minimum safe application height, m | 200 |
| Stabilization time, s | 3 or more |
| Speed of descent on a stabilizing parachute, m/s | 30-40 |
| The force required to open a two-cone lock using a manual opening link, kgf | no more than 16 |
| Speed of descent on the main parachute, m/s | 5 |
| Time to turn in any direction by 180 when the lock cord is removed and the free ends of the harness are pulled, s | no more than 60 |
| Time to turn in any direction by 180 with locked free ends of the suspension system, s | no more than 30 |
| Average horizontal forward and backward speed, m/s | not less than 2.6 |
| Weight of parachute system without parachute bag and parachute device AD-3U-D-165, kg, | no more than 11.7 |
| Number of applications | |
| with a total flight weight of a paratrooper-paratrooper of 140 kg, | times 80 |
| including with a total flight weight of a parachutist 150 kg | 10 |
| Shelf life without repacking, months | no more than 3 |
| Warranty period, years | 14 |
The D-10 parachute system allows the use of reserve parachutes of the Z-4, Z-5, Z-2 types. Parachute devices AD-3U-D-165, PPK-U-165A-D are used as a safety device for opening a two-cone lock.
Landing troops are required to undergo jump training at the training stage. Then the skydiving skills are already used during military operations or demonstration performances. Jumping has special rules: requirements for parachutes, aircraft used, training of soldiers. All these requirements must be known to the landing party for a safe flight and landing.
A paratrooper cannot jump without preparation. Training is an obligatory stage before the start of real airborne jumps, during which theoretical training and jumping practice take place. All the information that is told to future paratroopers during training is given below.
Aircraft for transportation and landing
What aircraft do paratroopers jump from? Russian army on this moment uses several aircraft to drop troops. The main one is IL-76, but other flying machines are also used:
- AN-12;
- MI-6;
- MI-8.
IL-76 remains preferable, since it is most conveniently equipped for landing, has a spacious luggage compartment and retains pressure well even on high altitudes, if the landing party needs to jump there. Its body is sealed, but in case emergencies the compartment for paratroopers is equipped with individual oxygen masks. Thus, each skydiver will not experience a lack of oxygen during the flight.
The aircraft develops speeds, approximately 300 km per hour, and this optimal indicator for landing in military conditions.
Jump Height
From what height do paratroopers usually jump with a parachute? The altitude of the jump depends on the type of parachute and the aircraft used for landing. The recommended optimal landing height is 800-1000 meters above the ground. This indicator is convenient in combat conditions, since at such an altitude the aircraft is less exposed to fire. At the same time, the air is not too rarefied for the paratrooper to land.
From what height do paratroopers usually jump in case of non-training actions? The opening of the D-5 or D-6 parachute during landing from the IL-76 occurs at an altitude of 600 meters. The usual distance required for full disclosure is 200 meters. That is, if the landing starts from a height of 1200, then the opening will occur at around 1000. The maximum allowable for landing is 2000 meters.
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More advanced models of parachutes allow you to start landing from a mark of several thousand meters. So, the modern model D-10 allows you to land at a maximum height of no more than 4000 m above the ground. At the same time, the minimum allowable level for deployment is 200. It is recommended to start deployment earlier to reduce the likelihood of injury and a hard landing.
Types of parachutes
Since the 1990s, two main types of landing parachutes have been used in Russia: D-5 and D-6. The first is the simplest, does not allow you to adjust the landing site. How many lines does a paratrooper's parachute have? Depends on the model. Lines in D-5 28, the ends are fixed, which is why it is impossible to adjust the direction of flight. The length of the lines is 9 meters. The weight of one set is about 15 kg.
A more advanced D-5 model is the D-6 paratrooper parachute. In it, the ends of the lines can be released and the threads can be pulled, adjusting the direction of flight. To turn left, you need to pull the lines on the left, to maneuver to the right side, pull the thread on the right. The area of the parachute dome is the same as that of the D-5 (83 square meters). The weight of the kit is reduced - only 11 kilograms, it is most convenient for still being trained, but already trained paratroopers. During the training, about 5 jumps are made (with express courses), D-6 is recommended to be issued after the first or second. There are 30 rafters in the kit, four of them allow you to control the parachute.
For complete beginners, D-10 kits have been developed, this is an updated version, which has only recently been made available to the army. There are more rafters here: 26 main and 24 additional. Of the 26 feet, 4 allow you to control the system, their length is 7 meters, and the remaining 22 - 4 meters. It turns out that there are only 22 external additional lines and 24 internal additional lines. Such a number of cords (all of them are made of nylon) allow you to control the flight as much as possible, adjust the course during disembarkation. The area of the dome at the D-10 is as much as 100 square meters. At the same time, the dome is made in the shape of a squash, a comfortable green color without a pattern, so that after landing a paratrooper it would be harder to detect it.
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Rules for disembarking from an aircraft
The paratroopers disembark from the cabin in a certain order. In IL-76 this happens in several streams. For disembarkation, there are two side doors and a ramp. During training activities, they prefer to use exclusively side doors. Disembarkation can be carried out:
- in one stream of two doors (with a minimum of personnel);
- in two streams from two doors (with an average number of paratroopers);
- in three or four streams from two doors (with large-scale educational activities);
- in two streams and from the ramp, and from the doors (during hostilities).
The distribution into streams is done so that the jumpers do not collide with each other upon landing and cannot be hooked. A small delay is made between threads, usually several tens of seconds.
Parachute flight and deployment mechanism
After landing, the paratrooper must calculate 5 seconds. It cannot be considered a standard method: "1, 2, 3 ...". It will turn out too quickly, the real 5 seconds will not pass yet. It is better to count like this: "121, 122 ...". Now the most commonly used account is starting from 500: "501, 502, 503 ...".
Immediately after the jump, the stabilizing parachute automatically opens (the stages of its opening can be seen on the video). This is a small dome that prevents the paratrooper from starting to "circle" during the fall. Stabilization prevents flips in the air, in which a person begins to fly upside down (this position does not allow the parachute to open).
After five seconds, the stabilization is completely removed, and the main dome must be activated. This is done either with the help of a ring, or automatically. A good paratrooper should be able to adjust the opening of the parachute himself, so trained students are given kits with a ring. After activating the ring, the main dome fully opens in 200 meters of fall. The duties of a trained paratrooper paratrooper also include camouflage after landing.
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Safety rules: how to protect the landing from injury
Parachutes require special treatment, care, so that jumps using them are as safe as possible. Immediately after use, the parachute must be properly folded, otherwise its service life will be drastically reduced. An improperly folded parachute may fail to deploy during landing, resulting in death.
