Military Thought number 2/1991

In foreign armies

(Based on foreign printing)

Major GeneralI. F. Losev ,

candidate of Military Sciences

Lieutenant colonelA. Ya. Manachinsky ,

candidate of Military Sciences

In the article on the basis of materials of foreign press, the experience of local wars, the practice of combat training is revealed by the main directions of improvement anti-heart defense NATO Ground Forces, taking into account new achievements in the development of the means of armed struggle.

Relying on the experience of local wars and military conflicts of the last decades, NATO military specialists focus on the ever-increasing role of air defense of the troops in modern battle (operations) and in this regard, there is an outlined tendency to attract an increasing amount of forces and means to suppress it. Therefore B. last years The military-political leadership of the block is specified by the tasks, the views on its organization, the construction and development of funds are revised.

The main objectives of the air defense of the ground forces are considered: the rehabilitation of the opponent's intelligence aviation in the areas of combat order of their troops and in the near approaches to them; Cover from air strikes of the most important objects, fireproof artillery positions, starting positions of rocket parts, control points (PU), second echelons, reserves and rear parts; Preventing the conquest of the other side of the superiority in the air. It is noted that a new challenge, from the decision of which already in the 90s largely may depend on the course and outcome of the fighting, will be the struggle with tactical rockets (TR), unmanned aerial vehicles (bla), cruise missiles (CR) and high-precision weapons (WTO) used with air carriers.

A significant place in publications is given to the analysis of the methods of breaking and suppressing air defense and on this basis to identify it weak places. In particular, there is insufficient effectiveness on large altitudes and in the stratosphere. It is explained by the fact that, firstly, the density of fire defense fires is falling with increasing height; Secondly, due to the ever-growing aircraft speeds, the time of their stay in the lesion zones of anti-aircraft missile systems (SPC) decreases; Third, in ground forces There is no sufficient number of complexes that can effectively affect air targets at these heights. All this is manifested in the field of large heights of the flight corridor, the most secure for the breakthrough of the air defense system and its suppression. Therefore, it is concluded that when developing the means of military PVAmore attention should be paid to the development of anti-aircraft complexes, capable of forceing the air enemy to descend on extremely small heights (less than 100 m), where to carry out a breakthrough of air defense systems is very difficult. Here - the most difficult conditions for aviation actions: the flight range is reduced, the piloting and navigation are complicated, the possibilities of applying onboard weapons are limited. Thus, the probability of detecting the objectives of the aircraft flying over the flat terrain at an altitude of about 60 m at a speed of 300 m / s is 0.05. And this is unacceptable to conduct hostilities by aviation, since only one of every 20 goals will be discovered and, possibly shepherd. In this case, according to NATO specialists, even if no air air air plane is shot down by means of air defense martialctions They can be considered effective because they force the air enemy to decrease to the height on which it is practically unable to hit ground objects. In general, it is concluded that it is advisable to "closely close" large heights, and the small leave "partially open". Reliable overlap of the latter is complex and expensive.

Considering the said, as well as the fact that at all heights of military operations, it is impossible to practically create a solid and highly efficient air defense air defense at all heights, emphasis is on the reliable cover of the most important groups of troops and objects due to multilayer areas of the defeat. To implement this principle in NATO countries, it is envisaged to use a large, medium and low range, portable SPCs (CRK) and anti-aircraft artillery complexes (Zack). Based on the high mobility of troops and maneuverability of combat operations, all firing and ensuring their funds are fairly stringent requirements for mobility, noise immunity, operational reliability, the ability to conduct long-term autonomous combat operations in all weather conditions. The air defense systems created on the basis of such complexes, according to NATO military leadership, will be able to affect air targets on distant approaches to covered objects in a wide range of heights and flight speeds. At the same time, an important role is assigned to portable SPC, which have high mobility, speed of reaction and are a means of direct cover from aviation blows from extremely small and small heights. The units armed with them can be used to cover the combined-arms parts and units, firing (starting) positions of artillery, rocket parts and units, command items and rear objects both independently and in combination with other air defense agents. While in battalion combat orders (divisions) preferably the first echelon, they ensure that they are covering them on the battlefield.

The main provisions on the combat use of anti-aircraft parts and units of army corps are also refined. Since the air defense tools for simultaneous and reliable protection of all objects is not enough, the priority in ensuring the cover is established on the basis of their operational-tactical importance, which may vary in each specific environment. The most characteristic of their ranking is the most characteristic: troops in the areas of concentration and march, control points, objects of rear, airfields, artillery parts and divisions, bridges, cramped or passes on routes of movement, nominating reserves, advanced bipāning points and fuel. In cases where the housing facilities are not ensured, the senior chief air defense facilities or it acts on an important operational direction, then the additional parts that are in service with a large and medium range can be enjoyed.

According to foreign press, recently on the exercises of the NATO ground troops, special attention is paid to improving methods combat application FEDERS. When extending the connections and parts to the Rube region of the intended meeting with the enemy, it is recommended, for example, anti-aircraft divisions to distribute on columns in such a way that their efforts are concentrated when covering the main forces on the march, in the prival regions and at the probable deployment of the deployment in combat order. In the hiking orders of parts, the air defense agent is distributed so that the lesions are created with dimensions exceeding the depth of the columns. It is believed that if the opponent's aviation inflicts group strikes on the extended parts (up to 4-6 aircraft), then up to 25-30 percent stand out for exploration. anti-aircraft drugs ready for immediate opening of fire. At the privals, SPC and ZAP occupy starting and firing positions near the covered parts there, where the appearance of aviation is most likely. The interaction of the air defense tools among themselves is carried out by appointing each of them the responsible sectors for conducting intelligence and fire, and with the covered troops - allocating places in columns in such a way that the conditions for timely detection and shelling are created primarily of low-fat goals from any direction. When conducting counter combat, fire and starting positions are located so that open flanks of parts and units are reliably protected from aviation strikes. Great importance It is attached to the maneuver with fire and divisions in order to timely concentrate the efforts of anti-air defense in the main direction. The NATO command believes that in the conditions of the fighting capacity, the constantly changing situation in organizing and conducting air defense is important, the specific setting of tasks with the senior head of the younger. In no case should the initiative of the latter, especially in the organization of interaction with neighboring air defense units and covered troops, the choice of combat positions for funds, regulation of the degrees of their combat readiness for the opening of fire. In case of reflection of massive blows of air attack (SVN), preference is given to centralized fire management. In this case, the consumption of ammunition on one destroyed target decreases by 20-30 percent ..

Analyzing the experience of local wars, military specialists note that the anti-air defense of the troops should acquire a new quality: to become an oppressive one. Foreign press emphasized that the solution "of this problem is greater difficulty. This is due to a significant difficulty and low range of detection of helicopters, limited time (25-50 s, and in perspective - 12-25 seconds) of their stay in the zones of lesion of anti-aircraft drugs, the unsuitable fighter Aviation to combat them. Abroad came to the conclusion that the task of a reliable cover of troops on the battlefield and march from helicopter strikes can be solved due to the widespread use of anti-aircraft self-propelled plants having high mobility, combat readiness, rapidity (600-2500 duct / min) and reaction time (7-12 s). In addition, the tendency of the creation of special SPCs, capable of fighting the thoring machines, was noted.

The continuous improvement and equipment of the CRKK troops began, special anti-toll shells for tanks and BMP began to be developed. To realize the advantages of SP and Zack in one installation, hybrid systems are created equipped with anti-aircraft guns and anti-aircraft missiles. Foreign military specialists believe that only the integrated use of mobile SPC and ZAK, attack aircraft and helicopters, armed air-air missiles, and clear coordination of the actions of all forces and means allow you to effectively deal with combat helicopters and other aircraft on small and extremely small Heights.

It is believed that after 2000, the main means of attack will be maneuverable aircraftscarrying out the launch of controlled missiles outside the air defense zone, and aircraft acting on extremely small and small heights. Therefore, to increase the possibilities of anti-aircraft drugs to combat prospective air targets, existing armaments are constantly being upgraded and new samples are created (Table 1). US experts designedconcept of the complex division system PVAFaads (Fig. 1), which includes: Multipurpose Systems of Advanced Basery CAI - improved samples of armored vehicles (tanks, BMP), capable of hitting helicopters and other low-tie ranges to 3 km, in perspective - up to 7 km; The Heavy Weapon of the First Echelon Losf-H, operating within the limits of direct visibility and intended for the defeat of low-fat targets for a distance of at least 6 km (for this purpose, it is planned to use the Rand-2, "Paladin" type (A3) and ADATS Shooting 6-8 km, as well as SPC "Shahin", "Liberty" fromshooting range up to 12 km); NLOS anti-aircraft weapon capable of destroying targets outside of direct visibility and protect objects from helicopters, as well as fight tanks and BMPs (preference is given to the complex with Zur Fog-M, in which fiber optic is used for visual guidance to the target to 10 km optical cable); An air defense weapon of the second echelon LOS-R, the main purpose of which is the cover of the control points, the objects of the division of divisions and other objects that have insufficient mobility (it is planned to use the AVENGER type SPC with a firing range of 5 km). Such a system having effective means Management and intelligence, according to the developers, will be able to ensure the cover of the troops from the blows of the air enemy from extremely small and small heights in the entire division band. The cost of the program is estimated at $ 11 billion. It is planned to complete it in 1991.

To combat operational-tactical and tactical missiles in the United States, the refinement of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Patriot" was completed: software, an anti-aircraft controlled missile system for guiding it on purpose. This allows you to carry out the missile defense of the object on the area of \u200b\u200b30x30 km. Applied for the first time multinational forces in hostilities in the Persian Gulf, the complex showed the high efficiency of the skate missiles.

By the end of the 90s, we should expect an admission to armared anti-aircraft parts and divisions of laser weapons, which will influence the optical and electronic systems for the guidance of managed weapons and organs of the crews of aircraft and helicopters on the range of up to 20 km and bring them out of action, and also affect Constructions of aircraft, helicopters, blazes to 10 km. As foreign experts believe, it will find a wide application against the winged missiles and controlled aviation bombs.

table 2

The organizational structure of parts and air defense unit

NATO troops

With the advent of new weapons systems and adoption of it, we should expect changes organizational structure divisions and units of air defense. Currently, for example, their composition includes divisions (batteries) of a mixed composition consisting of a small range and ZAK, as well as PZRK platforms (Table 2). According to foreign specialists, a complex of such events will allow to strengthen the air defense system of the land forces.

NATO Military Guide gives special importance to increasing the survivability of anti-aircraft divisions and parts. Already at the design and weapon design stages such technical solutionswho would allow partially solve this problem. For example, it is possible to attribute the enhancement of armor protection of the main elements of the SPC and ZAK, the creation of noiseless radio electronic tools (RES), the placement of complexes on a mobile and high-risk base, etc. In the charters and instructions on combat use of the air defense, various ways of preserving the survivability are envisaged. However, priority is given to the tactical aspect.

The most important event is the rational choice of starting and fighter positions. It is recommended to avoid the standard construction of the combat orders of units. Means of reconnaissance, management and communication are placed in the maximum permissible distance from fire units. The sequence of engineering equipment is established in such a way that the most important elements of the SPC and ZAK are primarily covered. It is widely used for these purposes terrain.

An effective direction of enhancement is a periodic change of combat positions. It has been established that it must be carried out at a distance of 1-2 km in possible short time After the span of the reconnaissance aircraft, the shooting, as well as in cases where the unit is relatively long time being on position. For example, for the divisions "Chapalel - volcano" it should not exceed 4-6 hours, and for the "HOC" divisions -8-12.

For the introduction of an enemy to delusion and reduce losses of forces and air defense tools, equipment of false positions is provided. To do this, the simulation layouts of combat equipment are widely used. Although the creation and content of the network of such positions require considerable costs, however, according to NATO experts, they justify themselves. As evidenced by the experience of local wars and military conflicts, in the presence of 2-3 false positions and the likelihoods of their adversary for real 0.6-0.8 expected damage from its impact on starting (fire) positions can be reduced in 2-2.5 times.

One of the most important ways to solve the problem of survivability is considered systematic, active and timely conduct of measures for radio and radio engineering disguises to hide from the enemy a system of anti-air defense. Ensuring the secrecy of the RES operation is achieved by changing the various characteristics of the radiated channels, the regulation of the time of their work and the implementation of continuous control over it. The use of camouflage networks with a properly selected material and aerosol formations, a change in the outlines of military equipment by special painting, the skillful use of natural cover of the area significantly reduces the opponent's ability to detect forces and air defense tools in positions.

In conditions of wide use of opponent's opponent's opponent, the direct cover of anti-aircraft missile systems of medium and large range is importantly acquired. To do this, it is recommended to use the ship "Volcan-Falanx" ship, placed on the chassis of a truck. It is believed that the timely destruction of the most dangerous purposes (RESA aircraft, exploration and retransmission of hands, aircraft management, etc.), a decisive role in which a large and medium range and fighter aircraft should be given to preserve the vitality of anti-aircraft divisions and parts and thereby Prevent or significantly weaken the blows of the enemy on the covered troops. An equally important area of \u200b\u200bproviding the survivability of the forces and air defense is to reduce the time of restoration of weapons. To this end, it is planned to troubleshoot and damage in place.

Analysis of the NATO command views on the role and place of air defense of the land forces in the system of armed struggle shows that it is paid to the closest attention, measures are planned and constantly being taken to improve it. It is believed that the implementation of such events as equipping of anti-aircraft parts and units with modern means of air defense, the transition of zenitious formations to a new organizational and staff structure, as well as the improvement of the techniques and methods of conducting combat operations, will significantly increase the possibilities for covering the troops, management points and objects From the blows of the enemy from the air.

Military technology. - 1986, - V. 10. - № 8. - P. 70-71.

NATO "S Fifteen Nations.- 1982.-Jfe.-5 * -p. 108-113.

ARMED FORCES JOURNAL. - 1986. - 10.- P. 34-35.

Europaische Wehrkunde. - 1986. - № 10.

To comment, you need to register on the site

Command NATO Definitely the following purpose of the combined air defense system:

Ø prevent the invasion of aviation means of a possible enemy into the airspace of NATO countries in peacetime;

Ø maximize the impact of the strikes during hostilities to ensure the functioning of the main political and military-economic centers, drum groups of Sun, RTS, aviation funds, as well as other strategic objects.

To perform these tasks it is necessary:

Ø Provide an advance warning of the command of a possible attack by continuous observation of the airspace and mining intelligence data on the state of the opponent's attack;

Ø cover from air strikes with nuclear forces, most important military-strategic and administrative and economic objects, as well as areas of focusing troops;

Ø Holding high combat readiness of the maximum possible amount of power and air defense tools for immediate reflection of the air attack;

Ø Organization of close interaction of air defense forces and means;

Ø In the event of a war - the destruction of the enemy air attack.

The basis of the creation of the combined air defense system is the following principles:

Ø cover not separate objects, but integers, strips

Ø allocation of sufficient forces and tools for covering the most important areas and objects;

Ø high centralization of control forces and air defense.

The general leadership of the NATO air defense system is carried out by the NATO Supreme Commander-in-Chief in Europe through its deputy for the Air Force (he is the head of NATO Air Force), i.e. commanderAir Force is the air defense commander.

The entire area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility of the United NATO air defense system is divided into 2 air defense zones:

Ø Northern zone;

Ø South zone.

Northern PVA area it occupies the territory of Norway, Belgium, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, and coastal waters of countries and are divided into three air defense areas ("North", "Center", "Northeast").

In each area of \u200b\u200b1-2 air defense sector.

Southern PVA area takes up the territory of Turkey, Greece Italy, Spain, Portugal, swimming pools Mediterranean Sea and the Black Seas and is divided into 4 dealers of air defense

Ø "Southeast";

Ø "South Center";

Ø "Southwest;

Air defense areas have 2-3 air defense sectors. In addition, within the borders Southern zone Created 2 independent sectors of air defense:

Ø Cyprus;

Ø Maltese;

For air defense purposes, used:

Ø Fighters - interceptors;

Ø SPC large, medium and low range;

Ø Anti-aircraft artillery (for).

A) in service fighters fighters NATOthe following groups of fighters are:

I. Group - F-104, F-104E (capable of attacking one goal on medium and large altitudes up to 10,000m from the rear hemisphere);

II. Group - F-15, F-16 (able to destroy one goal from all angles and at all heights),

III. Group - F-14, F-18, Tornado, Mirage-2000 (capable of attacking several goals from various angles and at all heights).

The challenges are assigned to fighters the challenge - interception of air targets at the highest possible heights of strokes from the place of basing over the enemy territory and outside the zone of the SPC.

All fighters are cannon and rocket arms And are all-weather equipped with a combined arms management system designed to detect and attack air targets.

This system usually includes:

Ø radar interception and aiming;

Ø counting and decisive;

Ø Infrared Vizier;

Ø Optical sight.

All BRLS operate in the range λ \u003d 3-3.5 cm in the pulse (F-104) or pulse-doppler mode. All NATO aircraft have a radar transcender from radar operating in the range λ \u003d 3-11.5 cm. Fighters are based on airfields removed from the front line at 120-150km.

B) Tactics of fighters

When performing combat missions, fighters are used three ways of combat operations:

Ø interception from the "duty on a / d" position;

Ø interception from the "duty in the air";

Ø Free attack.

"Duty on a / d"- the main type of combat tasks. Used in the presence of a developed radar and ensures the savings of the forces, the presence of a complete stock of fuel.

Disadvantages: displacement of the stroke of interception to its territory when interception of unauthorized goals

Depending on the threatening position and type of anxiety, the duty forces fighter fighters can be in the following degrees of combat readiness:

1. Goth.№1 - departure after 2min, after the order;

2. Goth.№2 - departure after 5min, after the order;

3. Goth.№3 - departure after 15min, after the order;

4. Goth.№4 - departure after 30min, after the order;

5. Goth.№5 - departure through 60 minutes after the order.

A possible border of the MTC meetings with a fighter from this position is 40-50km from the front line.

"Duty in the air" – it is used to cover the head of troops in the most important objects. At the same time, the band of the Army Group is divided into duty zones, which are fixed by airlines.

Duty produced on medium, small and large altitudes:

-In PMA - group of aircraft to the link;

-On SMU - at night - solitary aircraft, changing the cat. Performed in 45-60min. Depth - 100-150km from the front line.

Disadvantages: -Thability of rapid opponents of duty regions;

Ø are forced to adhere to defense tactics more often;

Ø The ability to create an opponent of superiority in the power.

"Free Hunt" – to destroy air targets in a given area that does not have a continuous cover of the SPC and a solid radar field depth - 200-300km from the front line.

Fighters air defense and ti, equipped in the detection and aiming, armed with air-air, apply 2 ways to attack:

1. Attack from the front hemisphere (under 45-70 0 to the target course). It is used in the case when there is a time and place of interception in advance. This is possible with longitudinal wiring target. It is the fastest, but requires high accuracy of guidance both in time and in time.

2. Attack with the rear hemisphere (in the tits of the course angle sector 110-250 0). It applies against all goals and with all types of weapons. It provides a high probability of targeting target.

Having good weapons and moving from one way of attacking to another, one fighter can perform 6-9 Atak allowing 5-6 BT aircraft.

Essential disadvantage air defense fighters, and in particular KRMS fighters, is their work based on applying the Doppler effect. The so-called "blind" courses (racurs of rapprochement with the aim) arise, in which the RLS fighter is not able to carry out the selection (selection) of the target against the background of the interfering reflections of the Earth or passive interference. These zones do not depend on the flight speed of the attacker of the fighter, but are determined by the target rate, exchange angles, rapprochement and the minimum radial component of the relative rate of approximation Δvsbl., Set by TTX BRLS.

BRLS is able to allocate only those signals from the target, the cat. Have a definite ƒ min Doppler. Such ƒ MIN is for BRLS ± 2 kHz.

In accordance with the laws of radar
where ƒ 0 is carrier, C-Vset. Such signals come from targets having V 2 \u003d 30-60 m / s. To achieve this V 2, the aircraft must fly in the course angle q \u003d arcos v 2 / v c \u003d 70-80 0, and the Sector of the Blind Currency Angles itself \u003d\u003e 790-110 0, and 250-290 0, respectively.

The main SPK in the unified system air defense system of NATO countries are:

Ø Sprink of high range (D≥60km) - Nike-Gerkules, Patriot;

Ø medium-range SPC (d \u003d from 10-15km to 50-60km) - improved "Hawk" ("U-HOC");

Ø Light range Sprink (d \u003d 10-15km) - "Chaparwel", "Rapra", "Roland", "Indigo", "Crosal", "Javelin", "Avenger", "Adans", "Fog-M", "Stinger", "Bloumaip".

Anti-aircraft agents NATO air defense principle of use divided into:

Ø centralized use, apply according to the plan of the senior boss in zone , district and the air defense sector;

Ø Air defense troops that are part of the land forces and apply according to the plan of their commander.

To the means applied by plans senior bosses these are a great and medium range. Here they work in automatic guidance mode.

The main tactical division of zenith means is division Equivinal parts to him.

A large and medium-range SPC with sufficient quantities are used to create a solid cover zone.

With small numbers, only individual, most important objects are covered.

Light range and for used to cover the ground forces, a / d, etc.

Each anti-aircraft agent has certain combat capabilities of fire and defeat the target.

Combat opportunities - Quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the possibilities of SPC units to perform combat missions at the prescribed time and in specific conditions.

Battery combat capabilities next characteristics:

1. The dimensions of the shelling zones and lesions in vertical and horizontal planes;

2. The number of simultaneously shelled goals;

3. System reaction time;

4. Battery ability to conduct long-term fire;

5. Number of starters when shelling this purpose.

These characteristics can be predetermined in advance. only For a non-lawing goal.

Shelling zone - Part of the space, in each point of which it is possible to guide the r.

Zone defeat - Part of the shelling zone within which, is provided with a meeting of p to and its defeat with a given probability.

The position of the lesion zone in the shelling zone may vary depending on the direction of the target of the target.

During the operation of the SPT in mode automatic guidance The damage zone takes such a position in which the bisector of the angle that limits the lesion zone in the horizontal plane always remains the parallel direction of flight to the goal meeting.

Since the goal may be approached from any direction, then the zone of the damage can occupy any position with the bisector of the angle that limits the lesion zone, turns after the turn of the aircraft.

HenceThe turn in the horizontal plane at an angle greater than half the angle that limits the lesion zone is equal to the aircraft outlet from the lesion zone.

The zone of defeat of any SPC has certain boundaries:

Ø n - lower and top;

Ø on d from start. mouth. - Far and neighbor, as well as limitations on the course parameter (P), which defines the side boundaries of the zone.

Lower border of the lesion zone - It is determined by the HMIN shooting at which the specified probability of targeting target is ensured. It is limited by the effect of reflection of the RTS emitted from the Earth and the corners of the closing of positions.

Correction angle position (α)– it is formed in the presence of exceeding the terrain and local items above the position of the batteries.

Top and Border the lesions zones are determined by the energy resource p.

Middle border The zones of the damage is determined by the time of unmanaged after starting.

Side borders The damage zones are determined by the term parameter (P).

Currency parameter R. - The shortest distance (km) from the battery point of yes projection of the line of the aircraft path.

The number of simultaneously redesigned goals depends on the number of radiation radar (reference) targets in the PRC battery.

The system reaction time is the time passing from the moment of the air target detection until the rocket intake.

The number of possible start-ups on the target depends on the long-range detection of the RLC goal, the rate parameter p, n goals and vtama, the system of responses of the system and the time between the launch of rockets.

Brief information About weapon guidance systems

I. Commands of telecommunications - The flight is carried out using commands generated on PU and transmitted to fighters or rockets.

Depending on the method of obtaining information distinguish:

Ø -comand television management systems of the form (Tu-I);

Ø -comand system of telecommunication systems II (Tu-II);

- a device accompaniment;

Rocket accompaniment device;

Device for generating management commands;

Command Radio Management receiver;

Starts.

II. Unlocking systems -Systems, in which the flight control P is carried out by the management teams formable on board the rocket itself.

In this case, the information necessary for their formation is issued by the on-board device (coordinator).

In such systems, self-controlled P is used in the field of flight control does not take part.

According to the type of energy used to obtain information on the parameters of the movement of the target distinguish systems - active, semi-active, passive.

Active - self-deployment systems in the cat. The source of irradiation of the target is installed on board p. The reflection of the target signals are taken by the onboard coordinator and serve to measure the motion parameters of the target.

Semiactive - The source of irradiation of the target is placed on PU. The signals reflected from the target are used by the onboard coordinator to change the mismatch parameters.

Passive - To measure the motion parameters of the target, the energy emitted is used. It can be a heat (radiant), light, radiotelepal energy.

The component of the homing system includes devices that measure the mismatch parameter: counting and decisive device, autopilot and steering tract

III. Telegoing system - Rocket management systems, cat. Flight control commands are formed on board the rocket. Their magnitude is proportional to the deviation of the rocket from the equivalent control, created by the radar bezers of the control point.

Such systems are called radiolism guidance systems. They are single and two-beam.

IV. Combined systems Guidance - Systems, in the cat. The target of the target is carried out consistently by several systems. They can be used in long-range complexes. This may be a combination of a command syst. TV administrations on the initial portion of the rocket trace tracketonia and self-deployment on the finite, or guidance on the radar at the initial site and self-deployment on the final. Such a combination of management systems ensures the guidance of rockets on the target with sufficient accuracy at large shooting ranges.

We now consider the combat capabilities of individual PVA air defense of NATO countries.

a) high-range SPC

–SPK - "Nike Hercules" - Designed to defeat goals on medium, large altitudes and in the stratosphere. It can be used to defeat the terrestrial targets with nuclear ammunition on D to 185 km. It is in service with the US Army, NATO, France, Japan, Taiwan.

Quantitative indicators

Ø Shelling zone-Korovaya;

Ø D Maxthe limiting zone of the lesion (where the target is still possible, but with a low probability);

Ø The near border of the lesion zone \u003d 11km

Ø Nizhn. The boundary of the pore zone. -500m a d \u003d 12km and to n \u003d 30km with increasing range.

Ø V Max P.-1500m / s;

Ø V Max striking.r.-775-1200m / s;

Ø N Max cancer-7;

Ø T nave (flight) rocket-20-200s;

Ø The shooting rate for 5min → 5 missiles;

Ø T / Roll. Movable VNK -5-10C;

Ø T / folding - it 3h;

Qualitative indicators

Survey control system "N-g" radio commands when separate radar addition for the purpose of the rocket. In addition, by installing on board special preparations can carry out homing to the source of interference.

In the battery control system, pulse radar of the following types are used:

1. 1 radar target designation operating in the range λ \u003d 22-24 cm, such as AN / FRS-37- D Max Rel. \u003d 320km;

2. 1 radar target designation c (λ \u003d 8.5-10cm) with D MAX rel. \u003d 230km;

3. 1 radar tracking (λ \u003d 3.2-3.5 cm) \u003d 185km;

4. 1 radar is defined. range (λ \u003d 1,8 cm).

The battery can simultaneously fire only one goal, since only one target and one rocket and one rocket can be accompanied simultaneously, and such radars in the battery on one can accompany simultaneously tracking the purpose and rocket.

Ø Mass of the usual BC500kg;

Ø Nuclear BC. (Trot. eq.) -2-30ct;

Ø Starting M Cancer.-4800kg;

Ø Type of explosion- Combined (contact + radar.)

Ø Radius of lesion at large altitudes: - Of the BC 35-60m; Poison. BCH 210-2140m.

Ø Probably. Defeats of Nemnamevrir. Objectives 1 cancer. on efficient. D.–0,6–0,7;

Ø T Recharge Pu-6min.

Strong zones of SP "N-g":

Ø large dams and significant reach of n;

Ø The ability to intercept high-speed goals "

Ø good noise immunity of all radar batteries on corner coordinates;

Burnt of homing to the source of interference.

Weaknesses of the Sprink "N-g":

Ø the impossibility of defeating the goal of flying on N\u003e 1500m;

Ø with increasing d → reduced rocket guidance accuracy;

Ø is strongly susceptible to PLS interference via the range channel;

Ø Reducing efficiency when shooting on a maneuvering target;

Ø Not high rainfall battery and the impossibility of shelling at the same time more than one goal

Ø Low mobility;

SPK "Patriot" - It is an all-weather complex designed to defeat aircraft and ballistic missiles of operational and tactical purposes at low altitudes
In the conditions of a strong radio counter of the enemy.

(In service with the United States, NATO).

The main technical unit is a division of 6 batteries for 6 firewalls in each.

The composition includes:

Ø Multifunctional radar with headlights;

Ø up to 8 PU settings Zur;

Ø Cargo car with generators, power supply for radar and KPU.

Quantitative indicators

Ø Shelling zone - circular;

Ø The lesion zone for a non-lawing target (see Fig.)

Ø Far Border:

on NB-70KM (limited to the vilit and ri rocket);

on nm-20km;

Ø The near border of the lesion (limited. Via T ad. Rocket flight) - 3km;

Ø The upper limit of the area of \u200b\u200bthe prime. (restriction. according to RU rocket \u003d 5 units.) - 24km;

Ø minimal. The boundary of the lesion zone - 60m;

Ø Frak. - 1750m / s;

Ø Vc.- 1200m / s;

Ø t floor. cancer.

Ø Tapol.-60s.;

Ø Namax. cancer. - 30 units;

Ø Trekts. Syst. - 15 seconds;

Ø TEMP Footing:

One PU -1 cancer. After 3 seconds;

Different PU - 1 cancer. After 1sek.

Ø Tserut .. complex -. 30 minutes.

Qualitative indicators

Survey of Zur Zur "Paryot" combined:

On the initial stage The Rocket Flight Control is carried out by the 1st View Command Method, when adjusting the rocket to the target (for 8-9 ° C), transition from the command method to Met. Guidance through the rocket (command guidance of the 2nd view).

The guidance system uses RLS from headlights (AN / MPQ-53). It allows you to detect and identify air targets, accompany up to 75-100 goals and provide data for guidance to 9 missiles for 9 goals.

After the start of the rocket on a given program enters the zone of the radar action zone and its command guidance begins, for which, in the process of viewing space, accompaniment of all selected goals and a rocket indoable. At the same time, the command method can enable 6 missiles for 6 purposes. At the same time, the radar operates in a pulse mode in the range L \u003d 6.1-6.7 cm.

In this mode, the review sector QA \u003d + (-) 45º Q) \u003d 1-73º. Width of the beam 1.7 * 1.7º.

The command method of pointing stops when the meeting of R. with C. remains 8-9 seconds. At this point, there is a transition from the command method to the method of guiding through the rocket.

At this stage, under the irradiation of C. and R. RLS, it works in pulse-doppler mode in the range of waves \u003d 5.5-6.1 cm. In the guidance mode through the rocket, the accompaniment sector corresponds to the beam width at the reservoir 3.4 * 3.4º .

D MAX ONN. at \u003d 10 - 190 km

Start Mr - 906 kg

On this day:

Toughie

On October 24, 1702, Peter the first with the army and fleet took possession of the Swedish fortress Noteburg, which was an original Russian and used to be called nut. The first information about it is available in the Novgorod chronicle, which tells that "in the summer 6831 ... (i.e. in 1323) was built by the Novgorod Prince Yuri Danilovich, Alexander Nevsky's grandson, a wooden fortress called Nut".

Toughie

On October 24, 1702, Peter the first with the army and fleet took possession of the Swedish fortress Noteburg, which was an original Russian and used to be called nut. The first information about it is available in the Novgorod chronicle, which tells that "in the summer 6831 ... (i.e. in 1323) was built by the Novgorod Prince Yuri Danilovich, Alexander Nevsky's grandson, a wooden fortress called Nut".

At the end of the 15th century, Veliky Novgorod with his own ownership entered the Moscow state, which began to study the strengthening of all former Novgorod fortresses.

The old nut fortress was disassembled to the foundation, and a new powerful defensive structure was built in her place, which meets all the requirements of protection during siege with artillery. On the perimeter of the whole island, the twelvethimeter height of the stone walls with a length of 740 meters, 4.5 meters thick, with six round towers and one rectangular. The height of the towers reached 14-16 meters, the diameter of the inner premises is 6 meters. All towers had four tiers of battle, the lower from which was blocked by a stone arch. In different tiers of the towers, the towers and special openings were placed for lifting ammunition. At thenus of this fortress is another fortification - the citadel with three tower, between which vaulted galleries for storing food and ammunition and combat move - "Vlas". Channels with folding bridges, enveloped the citadel, not only blocking the approach, but also served as an inner harbor.

The fortress of the nut, located on an important trading path on the Neve to the Finnish Baltic Sea Bay, blocked the everlasting rivals - the Swedes entrance to Lake Ladoga. In the second half of the XVI century, the Swedes were made twice attempts to master the fortress, but both times were successfully repulsed. In 1611, the Swedish troops still mastered the nuts after a two-month blockade, when no more than a hundred years left as a result of hunger and diseases from 1300 defenders of the fortress.

During the Northern War (1700-1721), the capture of the fortress Noteburg Peter first put the primary task. Her island provision required for this to create a fleet. Peter ordered in Arkhangelsk to build thirteen ships, of which two vessels - the "Holy Spirit" and "courier" - the wolf through the swamps and Taiga, Zanezhsky men dotted from White Sea Before the lake, where they descended into the water, and then the ships came to the origins of the Neva on the sighs and Ladoga Lake.

The first Russian detachments led by Peter I appeared under the Noteburg on September 26, 1702, the next day the siege of the fortress began. October 11 under Art. Art., After a ten-day bombardment, the Russians went to the assault on the past 13 hours. Noteburg again became Russian fortress, the official transfer occurred on October 14, 1702. Regarding the capture of the fortress, Peter wrote: "True, that the bearer of this nut was, however, thank God, heels happily." According to the royal decree, in the memory of the capture of the Noteburg, a medal was knocked out with the inscription: "The enemy was 90 years old." The fortress of Noteburg Peter was renamed Shlisselburg, which means translated from the German "key city". 200 Fortress for more than years, the fortress performed defensive functions, then became a political prison. Since 1928, there was a museum. During the Great Patriotic War The Schlisselburg fortress for almost 500 days was heroically defended and resulted, without allowing the closure of the ring of the blockade around Leningrad. The garrison of the fortress contributed to the liberation of the city of Shliselburg, which in 1944 was renamed Petroxapity. Since 1966, the Shlisselburg Fortress (nut) became a museum again.

Squoke Nadezhda Troyan

On October 24, 1921, Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan was born (Mind 2011), Soviet intelligence and nurse of the partisan detachment "Storm", Hero Soviet Union, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Lieutenant Medical Service.

Squoke Nadezhda Troyan

On October 24, 1921, Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan was born (mind 2011), Soviet intelligence and nurse of the partisan detachment "Storm", Hero of the Soviet Union, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Lieutenant of Medical Service.

Her childhood passed in Belarus.With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, being in the territory temporarily occupied by German troops, participated in the work of the underground organization in the city of Smolevichi of the Minsk region. The members of the underground Komsomol organization, created on the peat, collected intelligence on the enemy, replenished the rows of partisans, assisted their families, wrote and opened leaflets. Since July 1942 was a connected, intelligence, nurse of partisan detachments "Stalinskaya five" (commander M. Vasilenko), "Storm" (commander M. Skorornik), Brigades "Uncle Kolya" (commander - Hero of the Soviet Union P. G. Lopatin) in Minsk region. Participated in operations on the explosion of bridges, attacking enemy calls, more than once participated in battles. On the instructions of the organization, together with M. B. Osipova and E. G. Mazanik in the operation of the destruction of the German Gauliratra Belarus of Wilhelm Cuba. About this feat of Soviet partisans told in the art film "The clock was stopped at midnight" ("Belarusfilm") and the series "Hunting on Gaulier" (director Oleg Basilov, 2012). The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the "Golden Star" medal (№ 1209) Nadezhda Viktorovna Troyan was awarded on October 29, 1943 for courage and heroism, manifested in the fight against the German-fascist invaders.

After the war in 1947 he graduated from the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. He worked as Director of Sanitary Enlightenment of the USSR Ministry of Health, Associate Professor of the Department of Surgery of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute.

Day of the Special Forces divisions

October 24, 1950 Military Minister of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky published directive about the formation of 46 mouth special purpose a regular number of 120 people in each.

Catastrophe at Start

On October 24, 1960, there was an explosion of the experimental intercontinental R-16 Ract at the starting ground in Baikonur. As a result, 74 people died, including the Chairman of the State Commission, the main marshal of artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedel.

Information exchange

If you have information about any event that corresponds to the subject of our site, and you want us to be published, you can use a special form:

Not so long ago, the head of the operational department of the Russian General Staff, Lieutenant General Viktor Poznihir, told reporters that the main goal of creating an American pro is significant neutralization of strategic nuclear potential Russia and almost complete elimination of the Chinese rocket threat. And this is not the first sharp statement of Russian high-ranking officials on this matter, few of the US actions cause such annoyance in Moscow.

Russian military and diplomats have repeatedly stated that the deployment of the American global system will lead to a violation of the fragile equilibrium between nuclear states, which has developed in the period of the Cold War.

The Americans, in turn, argue that the global missile defense is not directed against Russia, its goal is to protect the "civilized" world from the rogue countries, for example, Iran and North Korea. At the same time, the construction of new system elements continues at the most russian borders - in Poland, Czech Republic and Romania.

Expert opinions on missile defense in general and the US system in particular will differ very much: some see in America's actions a real threat to the strategic interests of Russia, others talk about the inefficiency of the American pro against the Russian strategic arsenal.

Where is the truth? What is the US missile system? What does it consist of and how does it work? Is there any missile defense of Russia? And why is a pure defensive system causes such an ambiguous reaction from the Russian leadership - what is the trick?

History pro

Anti-missile defense is a whole set of activities aimed at protecting certain objects or territories from the defeat of rocket weapons. Any complex is included in not only systems directly destroying rockets, but also complexes (radar and satellites) that ensure the detection of missiles, as well as powerful computers.

In the mass consciousness, the system is usually associated with counteraction nuclear threatwhich is carrying ballistic missiles with a nuclear combat part, but it is not entirely true. In fact, the missile defense concept is wider, pro is any kind of protection against enemy rocket weapons. It can also be attributed to the active protection of armored vehicles from ptruh and RPG, and anti-air defense tools that can destroy tactical ballistic and winged enemy rockets. So it will be more correct to divide all systems about tactical and strategic, as well as allocate in a separate group of self-defense complexes from rocket weapons.

Rocket weapons first began to be massively applied during World War II. The first anti-tank missiles, RSZO, German Fow-1 and Fow-2 killed residents of London and Antwerp. After the war, the development of missile weapons went accelerated pace. It can be said that the use of rockets radically changed ways of conducting hostilities. Moreover, very soon rockets became the main means of delivering nuclear weapons and turned into a major strategic tool.

Upon appreciation the experience of the Martial Application of the FAU-1 and Fau-2 missiles, the USSR and the USA almost immediately after the end of World War II, engaged in creating systems that can effectively deal with a new threat.

In the USA in 1958 developed and adopted anti-missile complex MIM-14 Nike-Hercules, which could be used against nuclear enemy nuclear warheads. Their defeat also occurred at the expense of the nuclear combat part of the anti-dispersion, since this SPK did not differ in particular accuracy. It should be noted that the interception of a goal flying at a huge speed at a height of tens of kilometers is a very difficult task even at the modern level of technology development. In the 60s, it could be solved only with the use of nuclear weapons.

The future development of the MIM-14 Nike-Hercules system was the LIM-49A Nike Zeus complex, his tests began in 1962. Zeus anticircles also equipped with a nuclear combat part, they could hit targets at an altitude of up to 160 km. Successful tests of the complex were carried out (without nuclear explosions, of course), but still the effectiveness of such a pro was under a very big question.

The fact is that in those years, Nuclear Arsenals of the USSR and the United States grew simply unthinkable pace, and from the Armada of Ballistic missiles, launched in a hemisphere, could not protect any missile defense. In addition, in the 60s nuclear rockets We learned to throw out numerous false goals, which were extremely difficult to distinguish from real warheads. However, the main problem was the imperfection of the anti-abslicas themselves, as well as target detection systems. The deployment of the Nike Zeus program was to do the American taxpayer at $ 10 billion - a gigantic at that time, and this did not guarantee sufficient protection against Soviet ICBMs. As a result, the project was refused.

In the late 60s, the Americans began another program about, which was called SafeGuard - "Precautions" (It was originally called Sentinel - "Watch").

This control system should have protected the areas of the dislocation of American ICBM of mine basing and in the event of the war to ensure the possibility of applying the response rocket strike.

SAYFGARD was in service with two types of anti-absorption: heavy "spartan" and light sprint. Respets "Spartan" had a radius of 740 km and had to destroy nuclear combat Blocks The enemy is still in space. The task of lighter missiles "Sprint" was "to hold" those warheads who were able to pass by "Spartans". In space, warheads were to be destroyed using rigid neutron radiation streams, more efficient than megaton nuclear explosions.

In the early 1970s, the Americans have begun practical implementation of the SafeGuard project, but only one complex of this system was built.

In 1972, between the USSR and the United States, one of the most important documents in the field of control over nuclear weapons - Agreement on the restriction of missile defense systems. He and today, after almost fifty years, is one of the cornerstone of the global nuclear safety system in the world.

According to this document, both states could deploy no more than two missile defense systems, the maximum ammunition of each of them should not exceed 100 anti-abslicas. Later (in 1974) the number of systems was reduced to one unit. The United States covered the SAFEGUARD area of \u200b\u200bthe MBR deployment area in North Dakota, and the USSR decided to protect the capital of the state from the rocket strike.

Why this contract is so important for the balance between the largest nuclear states? The fact is that around the mid-60s it became clear that a large-scale nuclear conflict between the USSR and the United States will lead to the complete destruction of both countries, so nuclear weapons have become a kind of deterrence tool. By deploying a fairly powerful system of pro, any of the opponents could be in front of the temptation to be first and hiding from the "Promotion" with the help of anti-cancer. Refusal to protect its own territory. In progress in unified nuclear destruction guaranteed an extremely cautious attitude of the management of the State Signatories to the "Red" button. For the same reason, the current deployment of NATO's missile defense causes such concern in the Kremlin.

By the way, the Americans did not unfold the SAFeguard system. In the 70s, they had ballistic missiles of Sea Basery "Trident", so the US military leadership considered more appropriate to invest in new submarines and BRPLs than to build a very expensive complex about. And Russian units and today are protected by the sky of Moscow (for example, the 9th division of missile defense in Sofrino).

The following stage of the development of the American system was the SOI program ("Strategic Defense Initiative"), the initiator of which was the fortieth president of the United States Ronald Reagan.

It was a very large-scale project. new system US missile defense, absolutely contradicted agreement of 1972. The soybean program envisaged the creation of a powerful, echelonized system with elements of cosmic basing, which should have covered the entire territory of the United States.

In addition to the anti-cancer, this program provides for the use of means of lesion based on other physical principles: lasers, electromagnetic and kinetic weapons, rails.

This project was never implemented. The developers arose numerous technical problems, many of which are not resolved today. However, the operations of soybeans were later used when creating the US National Light Defense, the deployment of which continues today.

Immediately after the end of World War II, the creation of protection against rocket weapons was engaged in the USSR. Already in 1945, the Specialists of the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy began work on the project "Anti-Fau".

The first practical development in the field of missile defense in the USSR was "System A", the work on which was conducted in the late 50s. A whole series of tests of the complex was carried out (some of them were successful), but due to the low efficiency "System A" and was not adopted.

In the early 60s, the development of the Pro For the Protection of the Moscow Industrial District began, it was named A-35. From now on, until the collapse of the USSR, Moscow has always been covered with a powerful anti-missile shield.

The development of A-35 was dragged into combat duty, this system was delivered only in September 1971. In 1978, it was upgraded to the modification of A-35M, which remained in service until 1990. The radar of the Danube-3U complex was on battle duty before the start of the two thousandths. In 1990, the A-35M system was replaced by A-135 Amur. The A-135 was equipped with two types of anti-lamp with a nuclear combat part and a range of 350 and 80 km.

The newest complex of anti-missile defense A-235 "Airplane-M" must come to replace the A-135 system, now it is at the test stage. It will also be in service with two types of anti-absorption with a maximum lesion range of 1 thousand km (according to other data - 1.5 thousand km).

In addition to the above systems, in the USSR, at different times, work was carried out on other projects of protection against strategic missile weapons. It is possible to mention the Homeyevskaya pro "Taran", which was supposed to ensure the protection of the entire territory of the country from American ICBM. This project was assumed to establish on Far North Several powerful radars that would control the most possible trajectories of American ICBM - through the North Pole. Destroy the enemy rockets was assumed with the help of powerful thermonuclear charges (10 megaton) mounted on anti-flashes.

This project was closed in the mid-60s for the same reason as the American Nike Zeus - Rocket and Nuclear Arsenals of the USSR and the United States grew an incredible pace, and no missile defense could protect against massive strike.

Another promising Soviet system of pro, which never fell into armament, became the C-225 complex. This project was developed in the early 60s, later, one of the C-225 anti-225 was used as part of the A-135 complex.

American Pro.

Currently, several missile defense systems (Israel, India, Japan, EU) (Israel, India, Japan, EU) are deployed or developed, but they all have a small or average radius. Only two countries in the world - the United States and Russia possess the strategic system. Before proceeding to the description of the American Strategic System, it is necessary to say a few words about the general principles of such complexes.

Intercontinental ballistic missiles (or their combat blocks) can be shot down on different sections of their trajectory: on the initial, middle or final. The defeat of the rocket on the takeoff (Boost-Phase Intercept) looks the simplest task. Immediately after the start of the ICBR, it is easy to track: it has a low speed, not covered with false targets or interference. One shot can destroy all the combat blocks that are installed on the ICBM.

However, the interception at the initial stage of the trajectory of the rocket has a significant difficulty that almost completely legitimate the amounts listed. As a rule, areas of dislocation of strategic missiles are located in the depths of the territory of the enemy and are securely covered with aircraft and missile defense systems. Therefore, it is almost impossible to approach them for the required distance. In addition, the initial stage of the flight of the rocket (acceleration) is only one or two minutes, for which it is necessary not only to detect it, but also send the interceptor to destroy it. It is very difficult.

Nevertheless, the interception of the ICBM at the start stage looks very promising, so work on the means of destroying strategic missiles during acceleration continues. Laser system of space-based laser systems look most promising, however, there are no active complexes of such weapons.

Rockets can be intercepted on the middle plot of their trajectory (Midcourse intercept) when the combat blocks have already separated from the ICBM and continue to fly in the outer space by inertia. Interception on the middle segment of the flight also has both advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage of the destruction of warheads in space is a large time interval that has a system of pro (according to some sources up to 40 minutes), but the interception itself is associated with many complex technical issues. First, combat blocks have a relatively small size, a special anti-frame coating and are not emitted to the space, so they are very difficult to detect. Secondly, to even more difficult the work of pro, any ICBM, in addition to the combat units themselves, carries a large number of false goals indistinguishable from the reasons on the radar screens. Well, thirdly: anticrafts that can destroy the combat blocks on the space orbit are very expensive.

The warheads can be intercepted after they are inserted into the atmosphere (Terminal Phase intercept), or speaking in other words, at their last stage of the flight. There are also its pros and cons. The main advantages are: the possibility of placing the system of pro on its territory, relative simplicity of tracking of goals, low cost of missile interceptor. The fact is that after entering the atmosphere, lighter false goals are eliminated, which allows you to define real warheads.

However, there is an interception at the final stage of the trajectory of combat units and significant cons. The main one is very limited to which the program has a program - about a few tens of seconds. The destruction of the warhead at the final stage of their flight is essentially the last frontier of the missile defense.

In 1992, the American president George Bush initiated the beginning of the US Protection Program from a limited nuclear strike - this appeared a project of non-strategic missile defense (NPRO).

Development modern system The national pro began in the United States in 1999 after signing by President Bill Clinton of the relevant draft law. The purpose of the program was declared the creation of such a missile defense system, which could protect the entire territory of the United States from the ICBM. In the same year, the Americans conducted the first test within this project: over Safety ocean The Minitman rocket was intercepted.

In 2001, the next White House owner George Bush Jr. stated that the pro will protect not only America, but also its main allies, the first of which was called the UK. In 2002, after the Prague NATO Summit, the development of a military-economic justification began to create a system about the North Atlantic Alliance. The final decision on the creation of European missile defense was taken at the NATO summit in Lisbon, held at the end of 2010.

It was repeatedly emphasized that the purpose of the program is to protect against rogue countries like Iran and the DPRK, and it is not directed against Russia. Later, a number of Eastern European countries joined the program, including Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania.

NATO anti-missile defense is a complex complex consisting of a variety of components, which includes satellite tracking systems of ballistic missiles, terrestrial and marine detection complexes rocket launches (RLS), as well as several rocket lesion systems at different stages of their trajectory: GBMD, Aegis (Igeis), Thaad and Patriot.

GBMD (Ground-Based Midcourse Defense) is a ground complex designed to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles on the middle plot of their trajectory. It includes the early warning radar, which tracks the launch of the ICBM and their trajectory, as well as mine-based bazing missions. The range of their action ranges from 2 to 5 thousand km. To intercept combat blocks of ICBM GBMD uses kinetic combat parts. It should be noted that at the current moment GBMD is the only fully deployed complex of American strategic pro.

The kinetic combat part of the rocket is not chosen by chance. The fact is that for the interception of hundreds of enemy warheads, an array of anti-absorption is needed, the triggering of at least one nuclear charge on the path of combat units creates a powerful electromagnetic pulse and is guaranteed blinding radars about. However, on the other hand, the kinetic BC requires much greater accuracy of the guidance, which in itself is a very complex technical task. And taking into account the equipping of modern ballistic missiles by combat parts that can change their trajectory, the effectiveness of interceptors is even more decreasing.

While the GBMD system can "boast" 50% of accurate hits - and then during the exercises. It is believed that this complex can effectively work only against monoblock MBR.

Currently, GBMD antirakets are deployed on Alaska and California. Perhaps another area of \u200b\u200bstation deployment on the US Atlantic Coast will be created.

Aegis (Igeis). Usually, when they talk about American missile defense, they mean the AEGIS system. Even in the early 1990s, the idea was born to use the Aegis ship Bius for the needs of the missile defense, and to intercept the ballistic missiles of medium and low range to adapt the excellent anti-aircraft missile "Standard", which was started from the standard MK-41 container.

In general, the placement of the elements of the system of the program on the warships is quite reasonable and logical. In this case, the anti-missile defense becomes mobile, it gets the opportunity to act as close as possible from the distillation areas of the opponent's ICBM, and, accordingly, shoot down enemy rockets not only on medium, but also at the initial stages of their flight. In addition, the main flight direction russian missiles It is the area of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Arctic Ocean, where to place mine installations anti-missiles simply nowhere.

In the end, the designers managed to place more fuel in the anticraft and significantly improve the homing head. However, according to experts, even the most advanced modifications of SM-3 anti-missiles will not be able to intercept the newest maneuvering combat units of the Russian ICBMs - for this they have a trite not enough fuel. But to take the interception of the usual (non-lawing) warheads by these anti-cancers are quite powerful.

In 2011, the system about Aegis was deployed on 24 ships, including on five Creectera class cruisers and on the nineteen destroyers of the Arle Berk class. In total, in the plans of the US military until 2041 to equip the IJIS system 84 US Navy. At its base of this system, a terrestrial Aegis Ashore system has been developed, which has already been placed in Romania and will be placed in Poland until 2019.

Thaad (Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense). This element of the American system should be attributed to the second echelon of the US national missile defense. This is a mobile complex that was originally developed to combat medium and low range missiles, it cannot intercept the goals in outer space. Combat part Thaad complex missiles is kinetic.

Part of the Thaad complexes are located on the mainland of the United States, which can be explained only by the ability of this system to fight not only against the ballistic missiles of medium and low range, but also intercept the ICBM. Indeed, this system can destroy the combat blocks of strategic missiles on the final portion of their trajectory, and it makes it quite effectively. In 2013, the teachings of the National American missile defense were held, in which the Aegis, GBMD and Thaad system took part. The latter showed the greatest efficiency by knocking down 10 goals out of ten possible.

From the minuses Thaad you can note its high price: one rocket-interceptor costs 30 million dollars.

PAC-3 Patriot. Patriot is an anti-missile system of the tactical level intended for the cover of military groups. The debut of this complex took place during the first American war in the Persian Gulf. Despite the wide PR campaign of this system, the efficiency of the complex was not very satisfactory. Therefore, in the mid-90s, a more advanced version of "Patriot" appeared - PAC-3.

.

The most important element of the American system is a satellite SBIRS grouping, designed to detect ballistic missile launches and track their trajectories. The system deployment began in 2006, it must be completed until 2019. Its full composition will consist of ten satellites, six geostationary and four on high elliptic orbits.

Is the American system about Russia threaten?

Can a missile defense system protect US from massive nuclear strike from Russia? Unambiguous answer - no. The effectiveness of American pro is estimated by experts in different ways, but to ensure the guaranteed destruction of all the warheads running from the territory of Russia, it will definitely not be able to.

The grounding GBMD system has insufficient accuracy, and there are still two sets so far. The "IJIS" ship system can be quite effective against the ICBM on the accelerated (initial) stage of their flight, but it will not be able to intercept the rockets starting from the depths of the Russian territory. If we talk about the interception of combat units on the middle section of the flight (outside the atmosphere), the SM-3 anti-missions will be very difficult to fight the last generation maneuvering warheads. Although obsolete (unnemone) blocks will be able to be amazed by them.

Domestic criticism of the American AEGIS system forget one very important aspect: The most deadly element of the Russian nuclear triad is the IBC placed on nuclear submarines. The ship about quite can carry duty in the launch area of \u200b\u200brockets with atomic submarines and destroy them immediately after the start.

The defeat of the warhead on the flight of the flight (after their separation from the rocket) is a very difficult task, it can be compared with an attempt to get the bullet to another bullet, flying towards it.

Currently (and in the foreseeable future), the American pro will be able to protect the territory of the United States only from a small amount of ballistic missiles (no more than twenty), which is still a very serious achievement, given the rapid spread of missile and nuclear technologies in the world.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

Page 1 of 3

In service with the armies of many states, along with self-propelled and towed anti-aircraft missile complexes and hard anti-aircraft artillery consist of portable anti-aircraft rocket complexes Middle action. The main purpose of them is the fight against low-fat targets. The complex "Red ah" is the first of NATO countries that entered the countries. It includes a starting installation (gun), a cooler battery unit and an anti-aircraft controlled rocket (ZUR). The launcher is a cast fiberglass pipe in which Zur is stored. Pipe sealed and filled with nitrogen. It is located on it a telescopic sight and devices for the preparation and launch of the rocket. In combat conditions, after starting the pipe is not reused. The telescopic sight has a 2.5-fold increase, the field of view of its 25 ". In the optical system of the sights there are a mesh with divisions to make corrections for the protection, as well as two wedge-shaped moving / index, signing about the readiness of ZUR to start and capturing the goals of the homing head (GSN).

The cooler battery unit is designed to supply the electricity of the on-board equipment of the rocket (cooling system by gaseous freon of the sensing element of the GSN). This unit is connected to starting Through a special socket-fitting. It is one-time and with a failed start to be replaced.

The FIM-43 rocket is a single-stage, performed according to the aerodynamic scheme "Duck". Engine solid fuel. Guidance on the target is made by the passive IR homing head. Fur in the warmate of shock, slow motion, with a preservative and executive mechanism and self-recognition.

The main disadvantages of the "Red ah" complex are, firstly, its inability to hit targets in counter courses, secondly, the absence of the "Own - Alien" as part of the SPM equipment. Currently in the ground forces and marine infantry The United States Complex "Red A" is replaced by Sprink "Stinger". However, it remains in service with the armies of some NATO countries.

Sprink "Stinger" is able to strive in conditions of good visibility of low-fat air targets not only on the cutting, but also on counter courses. The complex includes the instrument of identifying "its own - someone else's". The FIM-92A rocket is made according to the aerodynamic scheme "Duck". In the nose of it there are four aerodynamic surfaces. The launch of the rocket from the container is made using a separated accelerator starter, which due to the inclined position of the nozzles relative to the Zur body reports to it the initial rotation.

The aerodynamic steering wheel and stabilizers are disclosed after the rocket from the container. In order to maintain the rotation of Zur in the flight of the plane of the tail stabilizer are installed at an angle to its body.

Marsh engine solid fuel, with two modes of thrust. It turns on when the rocket is removed from the start place of 8 m. In the first mode, it disperses the rocket to the maximum speed. When moving to the second mode, the level of thrust decreases, remaining, however, sufficient to maintain the supersonic flight speed.

On the rocket there is an all-arctic IR of the homing head, operating in the range of waves of 4.1-4.4 microns. Radiation receiver cooled. Combining the axis of the optical system of the head with a direction to the target during the tracking process is carried out using a gyroscopic drive.

The transport and starting container in which the rocket is placed, made of fiberglass. Both end of the container are closed with covers that are destroyed when starting. The front cover is made of material through which IR radiation passes. The shelf life of the rocket in the container is 10 years old.