The report published today on the SIPRI website, it is reported that eight global nuclear powers have, a total of 20530 nuclear warheads. Of these, 5027 are in the deployment state. A leading position and here is Russia: at the disposal Rocket forces strategic appointment (RVSN) 2427 rockets with nuclear waters. A little inferior in this regard the United States - on their account 2150 unfolded nuclear warheads. Almost 300 similar rockets are available in France, and almost half less - in the UK.
However, 5 thousand deployed warheads are only the top of the world nuclear iceberg. The number of combat nuclear charges canned on military warehouses exceeds this figure three times. Strategic nuclear reserves of large atomic fives - Russia, USA, France, Great Britain and China, and also joined India, Pakistan and Israel, are 15,500 warheads.
A unconditional leader and here Russia remains capable of equipping 8570 rockets with nuclear warheads. The United States lags lagging behind: 6350 warheads are stored on their warehouses. On account of Great Britain and France, respectively, 65 and 10 nuclear shells. The entire atomic arsenal of China in the amount of 200 warheads is contained in a non-verminated state. Military nuclear potential Delhi and Karachi is estimated by approximate figures: 80 - 100 warheads in India and 90 - 100 in Pakistan. Israel, according to experts, has 80 nuclear warheads.
While major nuclear powers are making efforts on global nuclear disarmament, analysts note the growth of military nuclear potential among third-world countries. So, in the framework of the Russian Treaty and the United States on reducing strategic and offensive arms (START-3), Russia reduced its arsenal per thousand nuclear warheads. The United States cut off its offensive reserves in proportion to 900 units. But India and Pakistan, judging by the calculations of experts, increased their battle power for about 20 nuclear warheads each.
Note that, according to the US State Department, published its report on American strategic potential a few days ago, in the United States and warheads than in Russia. The report states that Americans have 882 deployed ballistic missilesrussia, and Russia has only 521. At the same time, the United States has 1800 nuclear warheads, in the Russian Federation - 1537.
The published information was the result of the exchange of data between nuclear powers under the START-3 Agreement. The exchange of information when the United States passed its database to Russian colleagues without pointing out, however, specific numbers.
Meanwhile, the implementation of START-3 remains threatened due to the disagreements of Russia and the United States about American pro in Europe. In mid-May, the Russian Foreign Ministry threatened with access to the contract if the Americans continue to place their weapons in European countries. Earlier, the head of the main operational department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Andrei Tretyak said that the deployment of the American missile defense system (pro) near russian borders Our nuclear deterrence (s). Such conclusions, research organizations of the Ministry of Defense came during the analysis of US modernization plans.
At the session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, many states have already signed an agreement on the prohibition of nuclear weapons (it was adopted on July 7, 2017 at the UN headquarters and is open for signing on September 20. - Ed.). According to the UN Secretary General Anthony Guterry, they want to create the world "without a weapon of the Judgment Day." But countries possessing nuclear weapons (Yao) are not involved in the initiative.
W.who is nuclear weapon and how much?
It is believed that today in the world actually there are nine nuclear powers - USA, Russia, France, United Kingdom, China, India, Pakistan, Israel and DPRK. At their disposal, according to the Stockholm Institute for the Problem of Peace Problems (SIPRI) for January 2017, there are a total of about 15 thousand nuclear warheads. But they are distributed among the countries "nine" very unevenly. The share of the United States and Russia comes 93 percent of all atomic warheads on the planet.
Who has official nuclear status, and who has no?
Officially nuclear powers are considered only those who signed an agreement on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons from 1968. This (in the order of creating its first atomic bombs) - USA (1945), USSR / Russia (1949), United Kingdom (1952), France (1960) and China (1964). The remaining four countries at least have Yao, the contract for its non-proliferation did not join.
North Korea came out of the contract, Israel has never officially recognized the presence of nuclear weapons from him, but it is believed that it is in Tel Aviv. In addition, in the United States, Iran continues to work on creating an atomic bomb, despite the official refusal to the military use of nuclear energy and control by the IAEA.
How varying the number of nuclear warheads
Although over time, more and more states began to possess Yao, the number of nuclear warheads today is significantly lower than in times cold War. In the 1980s there were about 70 thousand. Today, their number continues to decline in accordance with the disarmament agreement concluded and Russia in 2010 (START-III). But the quantity is not so important. Almost all nuclear powers modernize their arsenal and make it even more powerful.
What are the initiatives on nuclear disarmament?
The oldest such initiative is an agreement on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The signatory of his states who do not have Yao take over the obligation to abandon its creation for a long time. Official nuclear powers undertake to negotiate disarmament. However, the agreement did not stop the distribution of Yao.
Another weakness Agreement - he in the long run divides the world on those who have nuclear weapons, and those who have it. The criticism of the document also note that the five official nuclear powers are also permanent members of the UN Security Council.
Were successful contracts about nuclear disarmament?
US and USSR / Russia after the end of the Cold War destroyed a significant number of nuclear warheads and their carriers. Under the START-I Treaty (signed in July 1991, he entered into force in December 1994, expired in December 2009. - Ed.), Washington and Moscow significantly reduced their nuclear arsenals.
Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev signed the START-III contract, April 2010
This process was not easy, from time to time he was inhibited, but the goal was so important for both parties that Presidents Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev signed the SNA-III contract. Obama then announced his desire for the nuclear-free world. The further fate of the treaty is considered uncertain against the background of the demonstration policy. military forceconducted by the US President Donald Trump, and Russian actions against Ukraine.
Which countries have abandoned nuclear weapons
From attempts to create an atomic bomb, there was shortly before the abolition of the South Africa's apartheid regime, as well as Libya in 2003. The former Republic of the USSR, inherited after his decomposition of nuclear weapons, is the mansion here. Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed the Lisbon Protocol, which made them parties in the START-1 Agreement, and then joined the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
The biggest arsenal, the third in the world after the United States and Russia, was from Ukraine. Refusing to him, Kiev received financial assistance in return, as well as guarantees of safety and territorial integrity from nuclear powers, enshrined in the so-called Budapest Memorandum. However, the Memorandum was the nature of the voluntary obligation, not ratified by any of the signatories and did not provide for the sanctions mechanism.
Context
With the beginning in 2014, conflict in the east of Ukraine criticized the memorandum says that Kiev's refusal did not justify himself. They believe that the presence of nuclear weapons will not allow Russia annexation of the Crimea. On the other hand, experts note that the example of North Korea may cause a chain reaction, when more and more countries want to get atomic waters.
What are the prospects for the ban Yao
The current initiative to ban YAO is nothing more than a symbolic gesture against the rice of nuclear weapons. At least because all nine nuclear powers do not accept participation in this initiative. They argue that nuclear weapons - best defense From attack, and indicate an existing non-proliferation agreement. But in this contract it is not about the prohibition.
NATO also does not support the contract, open on September 20 for signing. The campaign on his signing, as stated in the official statement of the Alliance, "does not take into account the increasingly threatening international situation in the field of security." Jean-Yves Le Drian, Foreign Minister of France, called the initiative "almost irresponsible" "self-deception." According to him, she can only weaken the non-proliferation agreement.
On the other hand, Beatris Fin, the head of the international campaign for the refusal of nuclear weapons, called on the countries of the world to join the initiative. She emphasized that Yao - "the only type of weapons mass lesionwhich is still not prohibited, despite its destructive strength and threat to humanity. "According to it, with the coming to power in the US, Donald Trump has increased this threat.
See also:
Rockets and bombs of North Korea
Rocket launches in the DPRK in last years markedly. Pyongyang is experiencing ballistic missiles in spite of UN resolutions and gradually tightened sanctions. Experts do not even exclude the beginning of hostilities on the Korean Peninsula.
Rocket and nuclear tests of the DPRK: a project of three generations of kimov
Beginning - in the time of late Kim Il Sen
Although the number of missile tests has risen in the last four years, the first of them were held back in 1984 - with the then North Korean leader Kim Il Seine. According to Nuclear Threat Initiative, over the past 10 years of its rule, the DPRK conducted 15 tests, and from 1986 to 1989 there were no inclusive launches.
Rocket and nuclear tests of the DPRK: a project of three generations of kimov
Kim Jong Il: the beginning of nuclear testing
Kim Jong Il, Son Kim Il Siena, who led the country in July 1994, also did not stay aside. For 17 years of his reign, 16 missile trials were held, although almost all of them came to two years - 2006 (7 launches) and 2009 (8). This is less than in the first 8 months of 2017. However, it was for the Board of Kim Jong Ira that the first first tests of Pyongyan nuclear weapons were accounted for - in 2006 and 2009.
Rocket and nuclear tests of the DPRK: a project of three generations of kimov
Kim Jong Yun: Unprecedented Activity
With the son and grandson of the former rulers, the activity of the DPRK in the rocket sphere reached an unprecedented level. For 6 years, Pyongyang has already implemented 84 launch of ballistic missiles. Not all of them were successful, in some cases, rockets exploded at the start or in flight.
Rocket and nuclear tests of the DPRK: a project of three generations of kimov
In the direction of Guama
In early August 2017, there were reports that the army of North Korea is developing a plan for the launch of four medium-range ballistic missiles towards the US military base on the GUAM island in the Pacific. US President Donald Trump has been predicted with a tough and threatening.
Rocket and nuclear tests of the DPRK: a project of three generations of kimov
Above the territory of Japan
On August 29, 2017, the DPRK produced next tests, and this time the rocket flew over the territory of Japan - Hokkaido Island. Kim Jong Yun stated that the launch of the rocket towards Japan was preparing for war in the Pacific Ocean.
Rocket and nuclear tests of the DPRK: a project of three generations of kimov
Sixth nuclear
A few days after the launch of the rocket over Japan, the DPRK announced that he had successfully testing nuclear weapons, specifying that we are talking About the hydrogen bomb. This one was already the sixth underground nuclear explosionphenyang. Experts estimated the capacity of the bomb approximately 100 kilotons.
Rocket and nuclear tests of the DPRK: a project of three generations of kimov
Meetings and condemning statements
Almost after each North Korean testing of missile or nuclear weapons on emergency meetings, security tips are collected different countries and UN Security Council. But they, as well as condemning statements by world leaders, do not bring.
In recent months, the DPRK and the United States are actively exchanged by threats to destroy each other. Since both countries have a nuclear arsenal, the world tensely monitors the development of the situation. On the day of the struggle for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons, we decided to remind you who and in what quantities they have. To date, it is officially aware of the presence of such weapons in eight countries that form the so-called nuclear club.
Who exactly has nuclear weapons
The first and only state that applied nuclear weapons against another country is USA. In August 1945, during World War II, the United States was dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombs. As a result of the attack killed more than 200 thousand people.
Nuclear mushroom over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right). Source: wikipedia.org. Year of the first test: 1945
Nuclear charge carriers: submarines, ballistic missiles and bombers
The number of warheads: 6800, including 1800 deployed (ready-to-use)
Russia It has the greatest nuclear reserve. After the collapse of the Union, Russia became the only heir to the nuclear arsenal.
Year of the first test: 1949
Nuclear charge carriers: submarines, rocket complexes, heavy bombers, in the future - nuclear trains
The number of warheads: 7000, including 1950 deployed (ready-to-use)
Great Britain - The only country that has not conducted a single test on its territory. In the country - 4 submarines with nuclear waters, other types of troops are disbanded by 1998.
Year of the first test: 1952
Nuclear charge carriers: submarines
The number of warheads: 215, including 120 deployed (ready-to-use)
France He conducted terrestrial nuclear charge tests in Algeria, where he built a landfill for this.
Year of first test: 1960
Nuclear charge carriers: submarines and fighters-bombers
The number of warheads: 300, including 280 deployed (ready-to-use)
China Test weapons only on its territory. China has pledged to be the first not to apply nuclear weapons. PRC in the transfer of technologies for the manufacture of nuclear weapons to Pakistan.
Year of the first test: 1964
Nuclear charge carriers: Ballistic rocket carriers, submarines and strategic bombers
Number of warheads: 270 (in reserve)
India Announced nuclear weapons in 1998. In India Air Force, French and Russian tactical fighters can be media.
Year of the first test: 1974
Nuclear charge carriers: small, medium and enlarged rockets
Number of warheads: 120-130 (in reserve)
Pakistan Tried his weapons in response to the actions of India. The reaction to the appearance of nuclear weapons has become world sanctions. Recently ex-president Pakistan Rame Musharraf, that Pakistan considered the possibility of applying a nuclear strike in India in 2002. Bombs can be delivered by fighter-bombers.
Year of the first test: 1998
Number of warheads: 130-140 (in reserve)
DPRK. He declared the development of nuclear weapons in 2005, and in 2006 he conducted the first test. In 2012, the country proclaimed himself a nuclear power and made appropriate amendments to the Constitution. Recently, the DPRK holds a lot of tests - the country of intercontinental ballistic missiles and threatens US by a nuclear strike by american island Guama, which is located 4 thousand km from the DPRK.
Year of first test: 2006
Nuclear charge carriers: nuclear bombs and rockets
Number of warheads: 10-20 (in reserve)
These 8 countries openly declare weapons, as well as tests conducted. The so-called "old" nuclear powers (USA, Russia, United Kingdom, France and China) signed an agreement on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and the "young" nuclear powers - India and Pakistan refused to give signatures under the document. The DPRK first ratified the agreement, and then recalled the signature.
Who can now develop nuclear weapons
The main "suspect" is Israel. Experts believe that Israel owns nuclear weapons of its own production since the late 1960s - early 1970s. Also expressed the opinions that the country conducted joint tests from South Africa. In assessing the Stockholm Institute for the study of the problems of the world, Israel has about 80 nuclear warheads for 2017. The country can use to deliver nuclear weapons-bombers and submarines.
Suspicion that Iraq develops weapons of mass lesion, was one of the reasons for the invasion of the US and British troops (we remind the famous US Secretary of State Colin Powell in the UN in 2003, in which he stated that Iraq was working on biological and biological and chemical weapons and possesses two of the three necessary components for the production of nuclear weapons. - approx. Tut.BY). Later in the United States and the UK recognized that there were grounds for the invasion in 2003.
10 years under international sanctions were Iran Due to renewal under President Ahmadinejad, uranium enrichment programs in the country. In 2015, Iran and six international intermediaries concluded the so-called "nuclear transaction" - were removed, and Iran pledged to limit its nuclear activity only by a "peaceful atom", putting it under international control. With the coming to power in the US, Donald Trump against Iran again introduced. Tehran in the meantime began.
Myanm In recent years, also suspected of an attempt to create nuclear weapons, it was reported that the technology of the country exported North Korea. According to experts, in Myanmar, there is not enough technical and financial opportunities for developing weapons.
In different years, many states suspected in the desire or ability to create nuclear weapons - Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Libya, Mexico, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Taiwan, Sweden. But the transition from a peaceful atom to non-live or was not proved, or countries turned their programs.
Which countries were allowed to keep nuclear bombs, and who refused
In some European countries, US warheads are stored. According to the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) for 2016, 150-200 US nuclear bombs is kept in underground storage facilities in Europe and Turkey. Countries have aircraft capable of delivering charges to alleged purposes.
Bombs are stored on air bases in Germany (Buchel, more than 20 pieces), Italy (Avian and GED, 70-110 pieces), Belgium (Klein Brogl, 10-20 pieces), Netherlands (Wolve, 10-20 pieces) and Turkey (Indezhirylik, 50-90 pieces).
In 2015, it was reported that the Americans would deflate the newest atomic bombs B61-12 on the basis of B61-12, and American instructors teach work with these nuclear ammunition of Poland Air Force and Baltic.
Recently, in the United States, they declared negotiations on the placement of their nuclear weapons in which it was stored until 1991.
Four countries voluntarily refused nuclear weapons on their territory, including Belarus.
After the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine and Kazakhstan were in the third and fourth places in the world by the number of nuclear arsenal in the world. Countries agreed to bring weapons to Russia under international security guarantees. Kazakhstan Transferred strategic bombers, and in the United States sold Uranus. In 2008, President of the country Nursultan Nazarbayeva put forward to the Nobel Prize of the World for his contribution to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
Ukraine In recent years, it is talking about restoring the country's nuclear status. In 2016. The Verkhovna Rada He proposed to cancel the law "On the accession of Ukraine to an agreement on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons." Earlier, the Secretary of the National Security Council of Ukraine, Alexander Turchinov, said that Kiev was ready to use available resources to create effective weapons.
IN Belarus Completed in November 1996. Subsequently, the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko repeatedly called this decision the most serious mistake. In his opinion, "if nuclear weapons remained in the country, they would now speak differently with us."
South Africa He is the only country that has independently produced nuclear weapons, and after the fall of the apartheid regime voluntarily refused it.
Who turned their nuclear programs
A number of countries voluntarily, and some under pressure, or turned, or at the stage of planning the development of the nuclear program, abandoned it. For example, Australia In the 1960s, after providing its territory for nuclear tests Great Britain decided on the construction of reactors and build a plant for uranium enrichment. However, after domestic political debates, the program was cooled.
Brazil After unsuccessful cooperation with Germany in the development of nuclear weapons in the 1970-90s, the "parallel" nuclear program was led outside the IAEA control. Work was carried out on uranium extraction, as well as enrichment, however, at the laboratory level. In 1990-2000, Brazil recognized the existence of such a program, and later it was closed. Now the country has nuclear technologies, which, when making a political decision, will allow you to quickly start developing weapons.
Argentina He began its development on the wave of rivalry with Brazil. In the 1970s, the program received the greatest impulse when the military came to power, but by the 1990s the administration was replaced by civilian. When the program was turned on, according to experts, it remained about a year of work to achieve the technological potential for the creation of nuclear weapons. As a result, in 1991, Argentina and Brazil signed an agreement on the use atomic energy solely for peaceful purposes.
Libya With Muammar Gaddafi after unsuccessful attempts to purchase ready-made weapons from China and Pakistan decided on its nuclear program. In the 1990s, Libya was able to purchase 20 centrifuges to enrich uranium, but the lack of technologies and qualified personnel did not allow to create nuclear weapons. In 2003, after negotiations with the United Kingdom and the United States, Libya turned its program for creating mass destruction weapons.
Egypt Refused the nuclear program after the accident at the Chernobyl NPP.
Taiwan He led its development 25 years. In 1976, under pressure from the IAEA and the United States, officially refused the program and dismantled the installation on the release of plutonium. However, later resumed nuclear research secretly. In 1987, one of the leaders of the Zhongshan Institute of Science and Technology fled to the United States and spoke about the program. As a result, the work was stopped.
In 1957. Switzerland Created a commission to study the possibility of possession of nuclear weapons, which concluded that weapons are necessary. The options for buying weapons in the United States, Great Britain or the USSR, as well as developing it with France and Sweden have been considered. ABOUT dako by the end of the 1960s the situation in Europe calmed down, and Switzerland signed an agreement on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Then, for some time, the country supplied nuclear technology abroad.
Sweden Actively developed since 1946. Its distinctive feature was the creation of a nuclear infrastructure, the leadership of the country was focused on the implementation of the concept of a closed nuclear fuel cycle. As a result, by the end of the 1960s, Sweden was ready for serial production nuclear warheads. In the 1970s, the nuclear program was closed, because The authorities decided that the country would not pull the simultaneous development of modern types of conventional weapons and the creation of a nuclear arsenal.
South Korea It began its developments in the late 1950s. In 1973, the Arms Research Committee developed a plan for 6-10 years to create nuclear weapons. Negotiations with France were conducted on the construction of the plant on the radiochemical processing of irradiated nuclear fuel and the release of plutonium. However, France refused to cooperate. In 1975, South Korea ratified an agreement on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The United States promised to provide the country "Nuclear Umbrella". After the President of America Carter declared his intention to bring troops from Korea, the country secretly resumed a nuclear program. Work continued until 2004 until they became public. South Korea turned his program, but today the country is capable of short time Implement the development of nuclear weapons.
05/13/2015 at 18:08 · Johnny. · 105 260
Top 10 nuclear powers of the world
Today, nuclear weapons are thousands of times more powerful than two notorious atomic bombs, destroyed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August forty-fifth. From the moment of this bombardment, the nuclear weapon race was transferred to another phase, and under the pretext of nuclear deterrence never stopped.
10. Iran.
- Status: accusation in unofficial storage.
- First test: Never.
- Last test: Never.
- Arsenal size: 2 400 kilograms of low-enriched uranium.
The best American military officials in one voice declare that Iran can produce at least one unit of nuclear weapons annually, and it requires a maximum of five years to develop a modern workable atomic bomb.
Currently, the West regularly places Tehran charges in developing nuclear weapons, which is just as regularly denied by the leadership of Iran. At the official position of the latter, the nuclear program of the state wears exclusively peaceful goals and is developed for the energy needs of enterprises and medical reactors.
After the international audit in the sixties, Iran had to abandon its nuclear program (1979). However, according to the secret documents of the Pentagon, it was renewed in the mid-nineties. For this reason, the Asian state was imposed on UN sanctions, the introduction of which should stop the development of the Iranian nuclear program that threatens the world in the region, nevertheless Iran is a nuclear power.
9. Israel
- Status: Not officially.
- The first test: maybe 1979.
- Last test: Maybe 1979.
- Arsenal size: up to 400 units.
- Treatment prohibit contract (CTBT): signed.
Israel is considered a country not only with full-fledged nuclear weapons, but also capable of delivering it to various points through intercontinental ballistic missiles, aviation or fleet. The state began its research in the nuclear field shortly after its foundation. The first reactor was built in 1950, and the first nuclear weapons in the sixties.
Currently, Israel does not strive to maintain the Renome of the nuclear power, but many European countries, including France and the UK, actively contribute to Israel in this industry. It should be known that the information was leaked, as if the Israelis created nuclear mini-bombs that are small enough to be installed in the suitcase. In addition, it was reported that they possess an unknown number of neutrons of bombs.
8.
- Status: Official.
- First test: 2006.
- Last test: 2009.
- Arsenal size: less than 10 units.
In addition to possessing a significant arsenal of modern chemical weapons, North Korea is a full-fledged nuclear power. Currently, the state of the Korean national Democratic Republic It has a pair of active atomic reactors.
To date, in the asset of North Korea, two successful nuclear tests that were confirmed by international specialists in the survey and monitoring of seismic activity in the test areas.
7.
- Status: Official.
- First Test: May 28, 1998.
- Last test: May 30, 1998.
- Arsenal size: from 70 to 90 units.
- Treaty prohibit agreement (CTBT): Not signed.
Pakistan resumed his previously interrupted, nuclear program in response to the "smile of Buddha", conducted by India. The official statement of the authorities contains the following words: "If India creates an atomic bomb, we will eat grass and leaves for a thousand years, or even starve, but we get a similar weapon. Christians, Jews, and now the Indians have a bomb. Why does Muslims do not allow themselves? ". This phrase belongs to Pakistan Prime Minister to Zulfira Ali Bhutto after testing in India.
Recall that Pakistan's nuclear program was born back in 1956, but was frozen by order of President Ayuba Khan. The nuclear engineers tried to prove that the nuclear program is vital, but the president of the country stated that in the event of a real threat, Pakistan would be able to acquire ready-made nuclear weapons.
Pakistan's air force has two units operating Nanchang A-5C (Squadron No. 16 and No. 26), which are great for the delivery of nuclear warheads. Pakistan takes the seventh place of our nuclear powered rating of the world.
6. India
- Status: Official.
- First test: 1974.
- Last test: 1998.
- Arsenal size: less from 40 to 95 units.
- Treaty prohibit agreement (CTBT): Not signed.
India has an impressive number of nuclear weapons, as well as is able to deliver it to its intended purpose with aircraft and surface ships. In addition, its nuclear submarine rocket mines are at the final stage of development.
The first nuclear test conducted by India had the original name "smiling Buddha", as if this nuclear explosion was pursued exclusively peaceful goals. The world's response to such actions followed after the 1998 tests. Economic sanctions against India introduced the United States, Japan and their Western allies.
5.
- Status: Official.
- First test: 1964.
- Last test: 1996.
- Arsenal size: about 240 units.
- Treatment prohibit contract (CTBT): signed.
Almost immediately after testing the first atomic bomb, China conducted tests of its hydrogen bomb. These events occurred in 1964 and 1967, respectively. Currently, the People's Republic of China possesses the 180th active nuclear warheads and is considered one of the most powerful global powers.
China is the only state with a nuclear arsenal, which gave security guarantees to all countries that do not have similar technologies. The official part of the document reads: "China undertakes not to apply, and not to threaten the use of nuclear weapons against states that do not have nuclear weapons, or zones free from nuclear weapons, regardless of time and under any circumstances."
4.
- Status: Official.
- First test: 1960.
- Last test: 1995.
- Arsenal size: at least 300 units.
France is a member of the "Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Yao" and, as you know, have weapons of mass destruction. Developments in this direction in the fifth republic began after the end of World War II, but the atomic bomb was created only in 1958. Make sure the working capacity of weapons allowed the tests of 1960.
To date, France has produced more than two hundred nuclear tests, and its potential puts the country to the fourth place in world rating of nuclear powers.
3.
- Status: Official.
- First test: 1952.
- Last test: 1991.
- Arsenal size: more than 225 units.
- Treatment prohibit contract (CTBT): ratified.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain ratified the "Treaty of Non-Proliferation of Yao" in 1968. The United States and the United Kingdom are tightly and mutually benefit on nuclear safety, starting at the signing of a 1958 mutual defense treaty.
In addition, these two countries (US and the United Kingdom) are also actively exchanged by various secret information received by the special services of states.
2. Russian Federation
- Status: Official.
- First test: 1949.
- Last test: 1990.
- Arsenal size: 2,825 units.
- Treatment prohibit contract (CTBT): ratified.
The Soviet Union was the second country blowing the nuclear bomb (1949). From this point on, until 1990, Russia has carried out at least 715 nuclear tests associated with testing 970 different devices. Russia is one of the strongest nuclear powers in the world. The first nuclear explosion, with a capacity of 22 kilotons, received his own name "Joe-1".
"Tsar Bomb" today is the most severe atomic ammunition of all time. She was inspected in 1967, demonstrating with the undermining of the colossal 57,000 kiloton. This charge was initially developed from the calculation of 100,000 kilotons, but was reduced to 57,000 kilotons due to the high probability of falling out of the excessive amount of radioactive precipitation.
1. United States of America
- Status: Official.
- First test: 1945.
- Last test: 1992.
- Arsenal size: 5,113 units.
- Treatment prohibit contract (CTBT): signed.
In total, the United States held more than 1050 nuclear tests and occupies a leading place in our dozens nuclear world powers. At the same time, the state has rockets that have a range of delivery of atomic warheads up to 13,000 kilometers. The first TRINITY atomic bomb test was held in 1945. It was the first in world history an explosion of this kind, which demonstrated to mankind new Type Threats.
One of the greatest shines of the scientist, Albert Einstein, turned to President Franklin Roosevelt, with a proposal to create an atomic bomb. So the creator involuntarily became the destroyer.
Today, more than twenty secret objects work according to North America's nuclear program. It is curious that during the tests in the United States, many incidents with nuclear weapons were noted, which, fortunately, did not lead to irreparable consequences. Examples can serve in cases near Atlantic City, New Jersey (1957), at Thule Air Base, Greenland (1968), in Savannah, Georgia (1958), in the sea near Paloares, Spain (1966), At the coast of Okinawa, Japan (1965), etc.
Confrontation between the world's most powerful nuclear powers of Russia and USA: video
The nuclear picture of the world is not coming down only to the two-day US-USA (see: NVO 03.09.2010 "Nuclear tandem as a guarantee of equilibrium"). As the strategic nuclear forces of two leading powers are reduced relatively more notable, the strategic potentials of the remaining nuclear states are the permanent members of the UN Security Council and the countries of the NPT.
Meanwhile, in addition to a number of one-sided obligations, submitted data and declarations, they still do not have legally binding and checked restrictions on their nuclear products and their development programs.
The "nuclear five" complements four states with nuclear, but not participating in the NPT. It is with them, as well as with the "threshold" modes (primarily with Iran), the risk of further nuclear distribution, the combat use of the YAO in regional conflicts and the ingress of nuclear materials or technologies in the hands of terrorists.
France - Triomfan and Mirage
This country is in third place in the world according to strategic nuclear weapons with its 108 carriers and approximately 300 securities. France has experienced Yao in 1960 and has a capacity of 100-300 CT in service with the thermalide wage.
The basis of the French forces is currently 3 triomophan type plates with 48 M45 and 240-type missiles and one boat of the previous project type "Inflexible". One submarine is constantly in repair, and one is on sea patrol. Interestingly, France for the purpose of saving supports the BRPL kit only for promptly deployed underwater missilers (i.e., in this case for three). Additionally, "shock forces" of France includes 60 Mirage 2000N aircraft and 24 deck fighter-bomber "Super et altar" capable of delivering to targets in the amount of about 60 air-earth missiles. France has no other nuclear weapons systems.
The modernization program involves the commissioning of the 4th-submarine type "Triomfan" (instead of the inflexible-type lathed out of the combat composition) and the deployment of new BRPLs of the M51.1 of the increased range, as well as the adoption of the new aircraft Systems - Fighter Type "Raphael". The aviation component of French Speals refers to operational tactical means on the Russian-American classification, but is part of the strategic "shock forces" of France. In 2009, Paris announced the intention half to reduce the aircraft component, which will reduce the quantitative level of simply up to 100 carriers and 250 warheads.
Having a relatively small nuclear potential, France openly focuses on a very offensive, even "looting" type of a nuclear strategy, which includes the concepts of the first use of Yao, massive and limited blows both by traditional opponents and by country - "Rubber", and in the last Time and in China (for this it creates a new BRPL of increased range).
At the same time, the level of combat readiness of the French "shock forces" is reduced, although the details are unknown. France has ceased production of uranium in 1992 and plutonium in 1994, dismantled installations for the production of dividing materials for military purposes (inviting to visit their representatives of other states) and closed the nuclear test polygon in Polynesia. She also announced the upcoming one-sided reduction on a third of their nuclear funds.
Eastern nuclear tiger
The People's Republic of China held the first Yao test in 1964. Currently, China is the only five great powers, permanent members of the UN Security Council and recognized five nuclear powers of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which does not provide any official information on its armed forces, including nuclear products.
The official substantiation of such secretion is that the Chinese nuclear forces are small and technically incomparable with the nuclear facilities of other powers of the "fives", and therefore, to maintain their potential of nuclear deterrence, China needs to maintain uncertainty against His Syas.
At the same time, China is the only one of the great powers, which at the official level adopted the obligation to the non-use of Yao first, and without any reservations. This obligation is accompanied by some vague informal clarifications (probably authorized by the authorities) that in peacetime, Chinese nuclear warheads are stored separately from rockets. It is also indicated that in the case of a nuclear strike, a task is set for two weeks to deliver warheads to media and put a retaliatory blow to the aggressor.
It is usually believed that the nuclear power that made the obligation to non-suite Yao is based on the concept and response means. However, according to the generally accepted estimates, so far the Chinese figures, as well as a missile attack warning system (SPRN), the infrastructure of combat management points and communication is too vulnerable to ensure that there is a response hit after the hypothetical disarmament nuclear strike of the United States or Russia.
Therefore, the official doctrine of the People's Republic of China is interpreted as a predominantly political and propaganda tool (such as the Soviet commitment on the non-use of Yao first of 1982), which does not reflect the actual operational planning of SAYAS, in reality aimed at a proactive blow in the event of a direct threat of a nuclear attack. In view of the complete closedness of official data, all Nuclear Ratio Estimates are based on information of foreign government and private sources. So, according to some of them, China has about 130 strategic ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads. In their composition there are 37 old ICBM of stationary-based type "Dongfan-4 / 5a" type and 17 old stationary ballistic missiles of medium-range (BRSD) type "Dongfan-3A". Also expanded about 20 new Dunfan-31A Mobile MBR type (Chinese analogue russian rocket "Poplar") and 60 new Mobile Mobile Brasses "Dongfan-21". (According to other data, China has 12 Dongfan-31 / 31A and 71 Dongfan-21AB.) All these rockets have a monoblock GC.
A new MBR type "Dongfan-41" is also being developed with a separating head (6-10 warheads) for primer-mobile and railway-mobile starting plants (similar to removed from weapons of the Russian ICBM RS-22). China periodically pulled an Experimental Nuclear Submarine type "XIA" with 12 Padded Installations of the JULANG-1 type, and builds the second Gin type boat with a larger distance "Julang-2" rockets. The aviation component is represented by 20 obsolete average bombers of the Hong-6 type, copied from the Soviet aircraft of the Tu-16 output of the 50s.
Although Beijing denies the presence of operational-tactical nuclear weapons, there are estimates that about 100 such funds are deployed in China.
In total, China's nuclear arsenal is estimated at about 180-240 warheads, which makes it the 4th or 3rd nuclear power after the United States and the Russian Federation (and possibly France), depending on the accuracy of the unofficial estimates available. Chinese nuclear fuel inackers are mainly to thermonuclear class with a power range of 200 CT - 3.3 MT.
There is no doubt that the economic and technical potential of the PRC allows you to quickly extend rocket and nuclear weapons throughout the range of their classes. Attention is noted that, apparently, in the context of some kind of church political line in contrast with extremely "modest" strategic declarations at a military parade on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Education of the PRC on October 1, 2009, China clearly sought to make the impression of rapidly growing Military power, including strategic nuclear weapons.
Bet on "Trainea"
The United Kingdom is most discovered in relation to their nuclear potential. Her Yao was first tested in 1952, and now English thermonuclear fluorescents have the power of about 100 CT and, possibly, the subklitone class.
The country's strategic forces consist of four Wangard submarines, which include 48 BRPL "Triandent-2" purchased in the United States, and 144 English nuclear warheads. The BRPL set, as well as in France, is designed for three submarines, because one is constantly in repair. Additionally, 10 spare missiles and 40 warheads are in warehouse storage. There are unofficial assessments that some BRPL are equipped with one low-power warhead and aimed at the "Relief" countries. There are no other nuclear forces of Britain.
After the hot debate in the middle of the current decade, it was decided to start the design of a new type of Plandent-2 procurement and planning the procurement of modified Lenident-2 missiles in the United States, as well as develop new type nuclear warheads for the period after 2024, when Vangard submarines will end the service life . It is likely that progress in the US nuclear disarmament and Russia (new and subsequent START agreements) will entail the revision of these plans.
Providing options for limited nuclear strikes through "outcasts", London (in contrast with Paris) does not emphasize the support on the Yao and adheres to the "minimum nuclear deterrence" strategy. It is officially announced that nuclear forces are in a state of reduced combat readiness and their application will require a long time (week) after the transfer of the Order of the Supreme Guide. However, there were no technical explanations on this score. The United Kingdom announced the total volume of its stocks of splitting materials, and also placed splitting materials that are no longer required for defense goals under international warranties of the IAEA. It has provided all objects for enrichment and processing for international IAEA inspections and the beginning of work on national historical reporting on cleaving materials produced.
Pakistani nuclear rocket Middle range "Ghaauri"
Nuclear shield Jerusalem
Israel differs from the rest of nuclear states by the fact that not only does not report official data on their nuclear potential, but also does not confirm its existence. Nevertheless, no one in the world in the world does not question the presence of nuclear weapons in Israel, and Tel Aviv does not intentionally disputes this assessment. By analogy with the American line regarding their nuclear products on ships and submarines based in Japan, Israel conducts a strategy of nuclear deterrence on the principle "not to confirm and not deny".
The officially recognized nuclear potential of Israel, according to the country's leadership, has a completely tangible deterrence effect on the surrounding Islamic countries and at the same time - does not exacerbate the uncomfortable position of the United States when providing military assistance and political security support to Israel. Open recognition of the fact of the possession of Yao, as apparently, the Israeli leaders believe, could provoke the surrounding Arab countries to exit from the NPT and creating their own Yao.
Apparently, Israel created a nuclear weapon in the late 60s. The Israeli nuclear warheads are designed on the basis of weapons plutonium, and although they have never passed to inventive tests, no one doubts them in their combat capability due to the high scientific and technical level of Israeli nuclear cores and those who contributed to them abroad.
According to expert estimates, Currently, the Israeli nuclear arsenal has from 60 to 200 warheads. of different types. Of these, about 50 are nuclear warheads for 50 ballistic missiles of the Jerichon-2 type of medium range (1500-1800 km). They overlap almost all countries of the Middle East, including Iran, the Caucasus zone and the southern regions of Russia. In 2008, Israel experienced the Iberihon-2 missile with a range of 4800-6500 km, which corresponds to the intercontinental class system. The remaining Israeli nuclear waters, apparently, are airbags and can be delivered by shock aviation, primarily more than 200 aircraft F-16 aircraft. Additionally, Israel recently acquired three diesel-electric submarines such as Dolphin and ordered two more. Probably, the torpedo devices of these boats were adapted to launch a tactical CRM type "Garpun" (range up to 600 km) acquired from the United States and able to strike terrestrial targets, including nuclear warheads.
Although Israel for obvious reasons does not explain its nuclear doctrine, it is obvious that it provides for the first application of the Yao (preventive or proactive blow). After all, according to the logic of things, she is intended to prevent the situation, expressing the formula of the Russian military doctrine, "When the very existence of the state is at risk." Until now, for 60 years in all wars in the Middle East, Israel defeated only ordinary armed forces and weapons. However, every time it was more difficult and cost Israel all big losses. Apparently, in Tel Aviv, it is believed that such effectiveness of the use of the Israeli army cannot continue forever - taking into account the vulnerable geostrategic state of the state, the huge superiority of the surrounding Islamic countries in the population, the size of the armed forces, with their volume purchases modern arms and official declarations about the need to "erase Israel with a political map of the world."
At the same time, the trend of recent times may question the Israeli national security strategy. In the event of a further spread of nuclear weapons, primarily through the acquisition of His Iran and other Islamic countries, the nuclear detection of Israel will be neutralized by the nuclear potential of other states of the region. Then it is possible to catastrophic defeat of Israel in one of the future wars using ordinary weapons or a large catastrophe as a result of a regional nuclear war. At the same time, it is no doubt that the "anonymous" nuclear potential of Israel is a serious problem to strengthen the non-proliferation regime of the Yao in the Middle and Middle East.
Atomic Industan
India along with Pakistan and Israel applies to the category of states - Yao owners who do not have legal status Nuclear power according to article IX NPO. Delhi does not provide official data on their nuclear forces and programs. Most experts evaluate the Indian potential about 60-70 nuclear warheads based on weapons plutonium with a capacity of 15-200 CT. They can be placed on the corresponding number of monoblock tactical rockets ("Pritkhvi-1" range of 150 km), operational-tactical missiles ("Agni-1/2" - from 700 to 1000 km) and undergoing tests of medium-range ballistic missiles ("Agni-3" - 3000 km). Also India is experiencing ballistic missiles of low-range sea base type "Dhanush" and K-15. The average bombers of the "Mirage-1000 Great" type and Jaguar IS Shamsher are likely to serve as nuclear airbabers, like purchased fighters-bombers type MiG-27 and SU-30MKI, and the latter are equipped for refueling in air from aircraft IL-78 also Russian production.
After conducting the first test of a nuclear explosive device in 1974 (announced by the test for peaceful purposes), India openly experienced Yao in 1998 and declared its nuclear powers to deterrence the PRC. However, like China, India has committed an obligation to non-use Yao first, making an exception for a nuclear retaliatory strike in the event of an attack on it using other types of wow. Judging by the information available, India, like the PRC, practices separate storage of missile carriers and nuclear warheads.
Pakistan held the first test of Yao in 1998 almost simultaneously with India and with the official purpose of deterring the latter. However, the very fact of almost simultaneous test indicates that the development of Yao was carried out in Pakistan throughout the long preceding period, possibly since the Indian "peaceful" nuclear experiment of 1974. In the absence of any official information, the Pakistani nuclear arsenal is estimated at approximately 60 with extensive warheads based on enriched uranium with a power of subkloton-scale up to 50 CT.
As carriers, Pakistan uses two types of operational and tactical ballistic missiles by a range of 400-450 km (Hraft-3 Ghantwaii and Hraft-4 type), as well as a BRSD range up to 2000 km (Hraft-5 Ghaauri type "). New ballistic rocket Systems The average range (type "Hraft-6 Shahin-2" and "Ghaauri-2") are tested, like the winged ground-based rockets (type "Hraft-7 Babur"), similar to the technology with Chinese Dongfan-10 krnb. All rockets are placed on the primer mobile starting installations And have a monoblock GC. The winged rockets of the HAF-7 Babur type are also tested in aviation and marine base options - in the latter case, apparently, to equip diesel-electric submarines of the type "Agosta".
Probable delivery facilities include fighters-bombers type F-16 A / B American production, as well as French fighters "Mirage-V" and Chinese A-5.
Operational-tactical rockets are nominated on the frontiers within reach of Indian territory (as well as Indian - near Pakistani). Medium-range systems overlap almost the entire territory of India, Central Asia and Russian Western Siberia.
The official nuclear strategy of Pakistan is openly based on the concept of the first (preventive) nuclear strike - with reference to the superiority of India, forces of general purpose (as in Russia, in the context of US superiority, NATO and in perspective - China). Nevertheless, according to available information, Pakistani nuclear warboards are stored separately with carriers, as well as Indian, which implies the dependence of Pakistani nuclear deterrence from a timely warning of a possible war with India.
Separate storage in the case of Pakistan is of great importance - due to the unstable domestic political position of the country, a big influence of Islamic fundamentalism there (including in the officer corps), its involvement in a terrorist war in Afghanistan. Also, you can also forget the experience of deliberate leakage of nuclear materials and technologies through the Nobel laureate of Abdul Kadir Khan on the world "black market" through the Nobel Laureate of the Pakistani Atomic Bomb.
The most problematic nuclear power
The Korean People's Democratic Republic in terms of its nuclear status is a rather curious legal incident.
From point of view international law The five of the Great Powers consists of legally recognized according to the NDO Nuclear Power - "States with nuclear weapons" (article IX). The three remaining de facto nuclear states (India, Pakistan and Israel) are recognized as politically, but are not considered nuclear powers in the legal sense of this concept, since they were never members of the NPT and cannot join it as nuclear powers as mentioned article.
North Korea has become another category - a state with unrecognized nuclear status. The fact is that the DPRK took advantage of the military to the fruits of peaceful nuclear cooperation with other countries within the NPT, made explicit violations of his articles on the warranties of the IAEA and eventually came out of the NPT in 2003 with gross violations of his article X, which determines the allowed exit order From the contract. Therefore, the recognition of the nuclear status of the DPRK would be equivalent to encouraging flawing violations of international law and would show a dangerous example to other possible to the intruders.
Nevertheless, the DPRK conducted a test of nuclear explosive devices based on plutonium in 2006 and 2009 and, according to expert estimates, has about 5-6 such warheads. It is assumed, however, that these waters are not compact enough to place them on rocket or aviation media. With the improvement of these warheads, North Korea theoretically could deploy them on several hundreds of ballistic missiles of a low-range type "Hwans" and several dozen BRSD type "Nodong". The TEPODong type ICBR tests in 2007-2009 were unsuccessful.
When equipping with nuclear warheads, Hwans mow could overlap all South Korea, adjacent areas of the PRC and Russian Primorye. The Nodong medium range rockets in addition to this could reach Japan, Central China, Russian Siberia. And the intercontinental missiles "Tepodong" in the event of a successful completion of their development would have gained reach to Alaska, the Hawaiian Islands and the Western coast of the main territory of the United States, almost all regions of Asia, the European zone of Russia and even Central and Western Europe.
